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ECE VISTA
MONTHLY NEWSLETTER FROM ECE DEPARTMENT PROJECT IDEAS

AUGUST 2013

AUTOMATIC FAN CONTROLLER
Here is a simple Circuit to automatically switch ON and control a speed of a Fan.* Working : This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature. Output voltage of this sensor is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. This sensor uses the fact that- as temperature increases, the voltage across a diode increases at a known rate. Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for e.g. if temperature is 45 degree then the output of sensor will be 450mv or 0.45V. Output data of sensor is applied to a current amplifier circuit and fed to a low power DC motor. We have made current amplifier by using a general purpose NPN transistor (BC548). Transistor will start conducting when base voltage reaches to 0.40 V (40 Degree). You will see fan start to rotate and at 0.60V (60 degree) it will be at full speed. At this voltage transistor is fully conducted means resistance is low.

Part List: 1. IC LM35 2. Any general purpose NPN Transistor e.g. BC548 3. Low power DC Motor (you can easily get from old thrown DVD Player or Tape Recorder 4.small fan Blade Circuit Diagram of Automatic Fan Controller 5. 10Ω or 4.7 Ω resistance 6. Battery etc. *For the simplicity of the circuit we have not included control to threshold level.

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ECE VISTA

Battery-level indicator
Normally, in mobile phones, the battery level is shown in dot or bar form. This lets you easily recognise the battery level. Here we present a circuit that lets you know the battery level of a device from the number of LEDs that are glowing. It uses ten LEDs in all. So if three LEDs glow, it indicates battery capacity of 30 per cent. Unlike in mobile phones where the battery-level indicator function is integrated with other functions, here only one comparator IC (LM3914) does it all. The LM3914 uses ten comparators, which are internally assembled in the voltage divider network based on the current-division rule. So it divides the battery level into ten parts.

the battery capacity is full, i.e., the battery is fully charged. When the battery is fully charged, relay-driver transistor T1 conducts to energise relay RL1. This stops the charging through normally-open (N/O) contacts of relay RL1. For calibration, connect 15V variable, regulated power supply and initially set it at 3V. Slowly adjust VR1 until LED1 glows. Now, increase the input voltage to 15V in steps of 1.2V until the corresponding LED (LED2 through LED10) lights up. Now the circuit is ready to show any voltage value with respect to the maximum voltage. As the number of LEDs is ten, we can easily consider one LED for 10 per cent of the maximum voltage. Connect the voltage from any battery to be tested at the input probes of the circuit. By examining the number of LEDs glowing

The circuit derives the power supply for its operation from the battery of the device itself. It uses ten LEDs wired in a 10-dot mode. The use of different coloured LEDs makes it easier to recognise the voltage level on the basis of the calibration made. Red LEDs (LED1 through LED3) indicate battery capacity of less than 40 per cent. Orange LEDs (LED4 through LED6) indicate battery capacity of 40 to less than 70 per cent and green LEDs (LED7 through LED10) indicate battery capacity of 70 to fewer than 100 per cent. The brightness of the LEDs can be adjusted by varying the value of pre-set VR2 between pins 6 and 7. Diode D1 prevents the circuit from reverse-polarity battery connection. The tenth LED glows only when

you can easily know the status of the battery. Suppose five LEDs are glowing. In this case, the battery capacity is 50 to 59 per cent of its maximum value. Assemble the circuit on a general- purpose PCB. Calibrate it and then encl

ANURAG GROUP OF INST IT UTIONS, GHATKESAR

ECE VISTA

GADGETS

Apple MacBook Air
. Despite its slim profile and smaller form factor, the 11-inch MacBook Air is no pushover in terms of speed and performance Apple's MacBook Air continues to be an elegant style statement that remains hard to emulate. Launched late last month, the new 11-inch MacBook Air is the slimmest, lightest Apple MacBook ever. The new 11-inch MacBook Air isn’t only a whole new form factor but it opens a fresh chapter in mainstream laptop computers -- one which dispenses traditional spinning hard drives with built-in flash storage. The new 11-inch MacBook Air also sports improved Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics. What’s more the 11inch MacBook Air sells for a great price, so let’s see if you should buy one or not.

Specifications: Screen CPU RAM HDD Graphics USB Ports DVD writer Gigabit Ethernet Wi-Fi HDMI/Display port Multicard reader Express card slot Weight OS 11.6-inch glossy LEDbacklit, 1366x768 res Intel Core 2 Duo 1.4-GHz SU9400 2GB DDR3 Onboard 128GB flash Nvidia GeForce 320M 2 No No 802.11 b/g/n No/yes No No 1.06-kg Mac OS X 10.6.5

Full performance: The 11inch MacBook Air ultraportable laptop's screen is slightly larger than the Apple iPad tablet's as is evident from the image below. In terms of their weight, the iPad is slightly lighter weighing about 700gm compared to the 11inch MacBook Air laptop's weight of just over 1-kg. WorldBench 6 Adobe photoshop(sec) Microsoft office 2003(sec) Multitasking(sec) Cinebench PC Mark Vantage PC Mark 05 3D Mark 06 Battery life(min) 77 664 430 523 3223 4366 4597 4300 120

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ECE VISTA

SCIENTISTS

Braun Ferdinand Karl (1850-1918),
German physicist, inventor, and Nobel Prize winner. Braun is best known for his invention of the first oscilloscope (an electronic instrument that displays changes in the voltage of an electric circuit) made out of a cathoderay tube (CRT), but he also contributed much to the study of electricity and telegraphy, or wireless communication (see Radio), through groundbreaking research and inventions. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in physics with Italian electrical engineer and inventor Guglielmo Marconi for their work on wireless communication. Born in Fulda, Braun studied at the University of Marburg and received his doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1872, after a dissertation on the vibrations of elastic rods and strings. He began his career as a research assistant at the University of Würzburg, and later held positions at universities in Leipzig, Marburg an der Lahn, Karlsruhe, and Tübingen, where he founded the Physics Institute. From 1880 to 1883 Braun was at Strasbourg, France, and he returned there in 1895 to become professor of physics and director of the Strasbourg Physics Institute. In 1874 Braun published some of the results of his research on mineral-metal sulfides. He found that these crystals conducted electric currents in only one direction. At the time, the information was important in electrical studies and in measuring electrical conductivity, but Braun's discovery found practical application in the early 20th century when it was employed in crystal radio receivers. The crystal rectifier allowed current to flow in only one direction and improved radio transmission. Braun also created the first oscilloscope, and then called a Braun tube, in 1897. The Braun tube was a valuable laboratory instrument, and modified versions are used in electronic testing and research today. The principle of the Braun tube, moving an electron beam by means of alternating voltage, is the principle on which all television tubes operate.

fundamental modification of Marconi's wireless transmitting system. Braun tried to overcome the difficulty in increasing the range of a transmitter beyond 15 km (9 mi). He believed he could expand this range by increasing the power of the transmitter. Studying the Marconi transmitter, which used a sparking apparatus to produce periodic waves that travel through the air, he learned that attempts to increase the power output by increasing the length of the spark gap eventually reached a limit at which the spark caused a decrease in output. Braun solved this dilemma by producing a sparkles antenna circuit. He magnetically coupled the power from the transmitter to the antenna circuit using a transformer effect instead of having the antenna directly in the power circuit. Braun's circuit has been applied to all similar transmission, including radio, radar, and television. A patent was granted on this circuit in 1899. Braun also invented a transmitter that channelled the transmission of electric waves in one direction. Braun gained notoriety outside the laboratory as well when he was called to the United States in 1914 to testify in litigation involving radio broadcasting. He was still in the country in 1917 when the United States entered World War I, and he was not allowed to return to Germany. He died in a Brooklyn, New York, and hospital in 1918.

While Braun also made many contributions to pure science, he won honours for his
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ECE VISTA

GUEST LECTURERS

Vivek Bhandari -Dr Vivek Bhandari was the
Director and Professor of Social Science at the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) in India. He is an alumnus of St. Stephen’s College, Delhi, and the University of Pennsylvania. After earning his doctorate from UPenn, he became a faculty member at the School of Social Sciences at Hampshire College in Amherst, MA. In this capacity, Dr Bhandari also taught and researched collaboratively at academic institutions in the Five College Consortium located in Massachusetts. He had been in this present role since 2007, when he moved to India after fifteen years in the US.

the country’s fast-unravelling rural transformation. In 2008, Business Today magazine included him in its list of “India’s Top 25 Young Executives under the age of 40.” Most recently, on a short break from IRMA, he was a Visiting Scholar at the Centre for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) at the University of Pennsylvania.

Born on March 4, 1970, Dr Bhandari is an alumnus of St. Stephen’s College, Delhi, and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. He did his BA (Honors) in History from St. Stephen’s College, and then a Master’s in Modern History from the University of Delhi. He went on to do a second Master’s in South Asian Studies at the University of Pennsylvania and proceeded to complete his PhD in History from the same university.

Most recently, as a co-author of "The State of Panchayats Report: An Independent Assessment, 2007-08,” India’s first macrostudy of institutions of local self-governance in India, Dr Bhandari has taken a particular interest in the study of social and community mobilizations in India, and explored strategies for mediation between the state and extremist movements. His work as a professor and the director of IRMA involves an in-depth engagement with the changing character of rural India, and the role that academic and civil society organisations can play in shaping
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ECE VISTA

RECENT INVENTIONS

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ANURAG GROUP OF INST IT UTIONS, GHATKESAR

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