Energy Audit in Jordan
Content
Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Sustainable Cities and Society
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scs
Energy audit, an approach to apply the concept of green building for a
building in Jordan
K. Hassouneh a,∗ , A. Al-Salaymeh b,1 , J. Qoussous a
a
b
Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Available online 27 August 2014
Keywords:
Green building
Energy audit
Low energy building
a b s t r a c t
An energy audit for one department at the faculty of Engineering and Technology at the University of
Jordan has been conducted as a way to apply the concept of green building to an existing structure.
According to the Jordanian green building code, a classification for the green building has been carried
out according to its saving in energy and water in addition to the other factors such as indoor quality and
material.
The heating and cooling loads were calculated and the results were compared with the values for
the same building after amendments to the windows and walls. The insulation for external walls of the
building has been introduced in addition the double glazing instead of the current single glass windows
for the building. The electricity for the lighting consumption of this building was obtained and analyzed
and the potential of utilizing a lighting sensor for different halls and rooms was studied and analyzed.
The boiler performance has been studied and an estimation of efficiency enhancement was proposed. It
has been found that choosing a larger window area facing south, east and west can save more energy
in winter and decreasing the heating costs using a certain types of double glazing, while decreasing the
glazing area facing north can save money and energy. Also, it has been found that the payback period for
the annual saving in fuel and electricity bills is less than 3 years. The needed investment for obtaining
the energy saving is shown in the paper.
© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. Introduction and methodology
Energy took an important place through the Human being history, starting from the prehistoric age. Before 1970, the supply and
consumption of energy were relatively obscure matter to most people. Within less than a decade, however, “energy” has emerged as
one of the most provocative words of the times.
Energy demand in Jordan is increasing largely during the last
20 years and it will continue increasing by the same rate. Energy
consumption might be doubled between 2015 and 2020 referring
to low production of energy and high growth of energy, (Al-Saeh,
Al-Heeh, & Dolat, 2010).
The shortages and high prices that occurred with the oil
embargo of 1973 and the rapid economical development, combined
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +962 65355000; fax: +962 65355588.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (K. Hassouneh), [email protected]
(A. Al-Salaymeh), [email protected] (J. Qoussous).
1
Tel.: +962 65355000x22788; fax: +962 65300851.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.08.010
2210-6707/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
with the growing prices of energy, lead to an increasing recognition
and understanding for the need of energy audit.
The running cost of green building is considered to be less than
conventional buildings because the benefits of typical green buildings exceed the additional costs. Within the first two or three years
and over a 15 year period provide financial benefits about ten times
larger than the extra cost of building green.
Now homeowners and business owners are interested in
upgrading their homes and facilities to be more energy efficient
and to reduce the cost of their monthly energy bills, (Free Guide,
2010).
In the last few years, energy and electricity price in Jordan
increased many times. The energy bill for Jordan represents 20%
of the Jordanian GDP and it affects the most aspects of the Jordanian life. Therefore, the motivation in the country is moving quickly
toward the energy saving buildings in order to reduce the operating
cost of the building.
The main goal of this study is to use energy audit to reduce
energy consumption rate of an existing building at the University of
Jordan, by understanding how energy is being presently used and
possibly being wasted and to recommend proper condition that
K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
ensure human comfort of users of the department. The novelty of
this study is that it suggests some important points that should
be taken into consideration to reduce energy bell in an important
building in Jordan.
The methodology which was adopted for this audit was
visual inspection and data collection, observations on the existing
condition of the facility, equipments and quantification, identification/verification of energy consumption and other parameters by
measurements and potential energy saving opportunities.
The calculation of the cooling and heating loads in each zone
of the building is the most important step in determining the size
of the cooling and heating equipment. Cooling and heating load
calculations were conducted to size HVAC (heating, ventilating, and
air-conditioning) systems and their components. In principle, the
loads were calculated to maintain the indoor design conditions and
reduce energy consumption, e.g. (Bhatia, 2012; Green Seal, 2011).
As infiltration in building has great effect on the fuel consumption, highly performance and very well sealed openings (doors and
windows) were used in the building so the influence of infiltration
was considered to be ignorable.
457
• Heat transfer (gain) through the building skin by conduction, as
a result of the outdoor–indoor temperature difference.
• Solar heat gains (radiation) through glass or other transparent
materials.
• Heat gains from ventilation air and/or infiltration of outside air.
• Internal heat gains generated by occupants, lights, appliances,
and machinery.
Because of the inherent differences in these types of heat flows,
they are calculated using the following equations
• Heat transfer through floor, doors and ceiling
Q = U ∗ A ∗ (T adj − Ti)
(4)
• Heat gain due to solar effects
Qs = U ∗ A ∗ (CLTD)corr.
(5)
• Heat gain through the glass window
Qg = A ∗ (SHG) ∗ (CLF) ∗ (SC)
(6)
• Heat gain due to occupancy
2. Study case
Qoc = (No. of person ∗ SG/1000) ∗ (CLF)oc.
(7)
• The heat gain due to lights
The case study, which was investigated, was a department at
the faculty of engineering and technology at the University of Jordan in Amman. The total area of each floor in the department
is about 400 m2 . The maximum temperature at the University of
Jordan is taken as 35 ◦ C, and the minimum is 2.4 ◦ C. The inside
designed temperature is considered as 24 ◦ C, the maximum relative humidity is 75% and the minimum relative humidity is taken
to be 45%. The Latitude of Amman is 32.1 N and the longitude is
35.52 E. The department has five floors; each floor has unequal sections: classrooms, halls, bathrooms, stairs and offices. One floor at
the department was built under ground and the other four floors
stand over it by 13 m.
Tadj = 29 ◦ C.
3. Heating and cooling load calculation
(CLTD)corr. = (CLTD + LM)k + (25.5 − Ti ) + (To,m − 29.4)f
The calculation of heating and cooling loads on a building or zone
is the most important step in determining the size of the cooling and
heating equipment which means savings in initial and operating
cost of mechanical equipment and increased comfort to occupants.
Heat loss is divided into two groups:
where k = 1.0 and f = 1.0 for no roof fan and 0.75 if there is roof fan.
To find the saving, cost and payback period the following equations were used
• The heat transmission losses through walls, floor, ceiling, glass,
or other surfaces.
• The infiltration losses through cracks and openings, or heat
required to warm outdoor air used for ventilation.
The following equations are mainly used to calculate the heating
load,
Q = A ∗ U ∗ (Ti − To)
(1)
Qsensible = Vf ∗ air ∗ Cp ∗ (Ti − To)
(2)
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and its values for
wall is 1.7 W/m2 ◦ C, for doors is 2.8 W/m2 ◦ C, and for window single
glass is 6.7 W/m2 ◦ C (AL-Saad and Hammad, 2009).
Vf = No. of ACH/h ∗ Room Volume
(3)
air = 1/vo ,
Using psychometric chart, it was found that the value of
vo = 0.89 m3 /kg (AL-Saad and Hammad, 2009).
Cooling loads fall into the following categories, based on their
sources:
QLt = (Insulated lamp ∗ A/1000) ∗ (CLF)Lt.
(8)
• Heat transmitted due to infiltration
Qf = (Vf/vo) ∗ (ho − hi)
(9)
where U for floor is 2.1 W/m2 ◦ C, for doors is 2.8 W/m2 ◦ C, for ceiling
is 1.8 W/m2 ◦ C and for window single glass is 6.7 W/m2 ◦ C (AL-Saad
and Hammad, 2009). The above values of U were obtained from
Amman Chamber of Industry 2007.
(10)
S = (Q 1 − Q 2) ∗ N ∗ H ∗ Ce, f
(11)
Cost = Aw,g ∗ (Cost of new unit + Installation process)
(12)
Payback period = Cost/Saving
(13)
Heating and cooling load can be reduced by changing the type
of window glass and insulating walls (NLPIP, 1990). Using double
glass instead of single glass reduces solar heat gain in windows as
shown in the Fig. 1.
The more heat flow resistance insulation provides, the lower
the heating and cooling cost. Properly insulating the building not
only reduces heating and cooling costs but also improves comfort,
(Touqan, Yaseen, Zakarneh, & AL-zamer, 2012).
In this work, the glass was changed from single glaze to double
glaze so that the U-value has been changed from 6.7 W/m2 ◦ C to
3.5 W/m2 ◦ C. Also the walls were insulated so that the U-value has
been changed from 1.7 W/m2 ◦ C to 1.2 W/m2 ◦ C.
4. Lighting audit
The energy which is used for lighting inside the building is large
and replacing the conventional lighting fixtures and lambs with
more efficient fixtures and lambs can help in reducing the operating
costs and the overall effects of electricity generation on the environment. To conduct lighting audit, basic lighting information was
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K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Fig. 1. (a) Single window glass and (b) double window glass, e.g. (EEG, 2006).
Table 1
Lighting components and their powers.
Lights
Number of
units
Power per unit
(Watt)
Halogen spotlight
Fluorescent lights
Sum
54
283
36
36
Total power
(Watt)
1944
10,188
12,132
gathered. Information which is needed in order to understand the
contribution of lighting in the current energy bill at the department
is the number of light bulbs, their location, and their operation time.
The previous studies showed that the replacement of the lighting
is very economic and the payback period is very short. Therefore, a
systematic approach has been used to identify the utilized lighting
equipment which is currently in service, e.g. (Wang, Huang, & Cao,
2010). The used lighting system in the department depends mainly
on usage of halogen spot lights and fluorescent lights. The department has five floors includes offices, classrooms, bathrooms and
corridors, and the distribution of the lights are shown in Table 1.
4.1. Energy efficient lights
A compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) is a fluorescent light
bulb that has been compressed into the size of a standard-issue
incandescent light bulb. Installing compact fluorescent light bulbs
is a simple way to save energy and money, while protecting the
environment. CFLs use up to 75% less energy Compared to generalservice incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light.
CFL also use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last
8–15 times longer. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change, (Al-Saeh et al., 2010) and considered as
a good choice for the environment. A CFL has a higher purchase
price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its
purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime.
The following equations were used to calculate the saving in
energy by adapting new efficient lights:
S = (P1 − P2) ∗ N ∗ H ∗ Ce
(14)
Cost = N ∗ (Cost of new unit + Installation process)
(15)
4.2. Occupancy sensors
Sensors located throughout a building can help to maximize the
energy savings potential of infrequently used areas. Some lecture
rooms in the department have the light even there is no one in these
halls since there is no sensor installed. There are two main occupancy sensor technologies for lighting; infrared (IR) and ultrasonic
(US). Sensors work best in areas with low occupant densities, such
as meeting rooms, hallway, laundry rooms, warehouses, loading
areas, and storage spaces. The cost of the sensors can be covered in
a short time through energy savings. Even though lamp life may be
somewhat shortened by increased on–off switching, the overall life
of lamps is usually extended by the reduced daily burn hours. As
with any automated controls, maintenance practices must ensure
that the sensor controls are operating properly. The proper installation and maintenance of daylight and occupancy sensors is an
essential task. Placement of sensors should take into account furniture placement and the geometry of the space as much as possible,
as occupancy sensors need to sense all occupants to avoid turning
off lights while the space is occupied. At the same time, “false-on”
incidents can be triggered by an automatic on/off sensor that senses
passersby in an adjoining hallway if the settings are too sensitive.
Sensors with too low a sensitivity or too short a delay time can
annoy occupants.
Lights in bathrooms or other infrequently used areas are frequently left on for extended periods, either due to forgetfulness or
deliberately to serve as nightlights, they can be a significant source
of lighting energy use.
LED-based lights provide sufficient illumination to assist occupants in the transition from light to dark, and then switch on the
appropriate light when occupants enter the space or resume movement. These systems address concerns about lights turning off in
areas where occupants tend to remain inactive for long periods,
and can reduce lighting energy use in these areas by 50–75%, e.g.
(NLPIP, 1990).
The following calculations were made to calculate electricity
consumption for each kind of light and its saving
S = P1 ∗ N ∗ H ∗ Ce
(16)
Saving = Etotal ∗ saving rate
(17)
4.3. Ballasts
Ballasts consumed electricity while they are providing the necessary circuit conditions (voltage, current and wave form) to start
and operate Fluorescent lamps. There are three kinds of ballast,
magnetic, hybrid and electronic ballast.
For higher power installations, too much energy wasted in resistive ballast, so alternatives are used that depend upon the reactance
of inductors, capacitors, or both, (NLPIP, 1990).
K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
459
Table 2
Total area for each zone in the building.
Zones
Definition for each zone
Total area (m2 )
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
Basement
Ground
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
190.80
85.000
192.12
192.06
197.74
Table 3
Heating and cooling load for zone 1 in the case of single glazing and noninsulated
walls.
Fig. 2. Energy balance diagram of a boiler (EEG, 2006).
Zone 1
4.4. Dimmers
Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By
decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and, hence, the mean
power to the lamp, it is possible to vary the intensity of the light
output.
Dimmers range in size from small units the size of a light
switch used for domestic lighting to high power units used in large
hall lighting installations. Small domestic dimmers are generally
directly controlled, although remote control systems are available.
Modern professional dimmers are generally controlled by a digital
control system. In newer systems, these protocols are often used in
conjunction with Ethernet, (Free Guide, 2010).
Previous studies for dimmers showed a variable saving can be
achieved depending mainly on the dimming percentage of light
which can be controlled by the user.
5. Boiler
Boilers are available in different types just like fire tube, water
tube, packaged, fluidized pulverized fuel, stoker fired, high pressure
steam and low pressure steam. All of those types consist of a burner,
control and pressure vessel, e.g. (Al-Saeh et al., 2010).
Boilers are often one of the largest energy consumers in the
building. Boiler operation and maintenance is therefore a good
place to start when looking for ways to reduce energy consumption and energy bill. Boiler efficiency tests help us to find out the
deviation of boiler efficiency from the best efficiency and target
problem area for corrective action, (EEG, 2006).
The combustion process in a boiler can be described in the form
of an energy flow diagram. This shows graphically how the input
energy from the fuel is transformed into the various useful energy
flows and into heat and energy loss flows. The thickness of the
arrows indicates the amount of energy contained in the respective
flows (Fig. 2).
A heat balance is an attempt to balance the total energy entering
a boiler against that leaving the boiler in different forms. Boiler efficiency, in the simplest terms shows the difference between energy
input and energy output. Boiler efficiency can be indicated by combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency and fuel to fluid, (EEG, 2006)
many factors affects boiler efficiency such as, stack temperature,
fuel specification, excess air, ambient temperature, radiation and
convection losses, e.g. (Al-Saeh et al., 2010)
The efficiency of the old boiler and a new one was calculated in
order to calculate fuel saving using the following calculations
% efficiency saving = (new − old/new) ∗ 100%
(18)
Fuel saving (Liter) = Fuel consumption ∗ efficiency saving
(19)
Saving (JD) = Saving (Liter) ∗ Tariff (JD/Liter)
(20)
It is very necessary to control the level of concentration of the
solids in suspension and dissolved in the boiled water. Blow down
is necessary to protect the surfaces of the heat exchanger in the
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Floor area (m2 )
64.8
65.8
60.2
Cooling load
Heating load
(Kw)
(Kw/m2 )
(Kw)
(Kw/m2 )
13.5
13.2
12.3
0.2089
0.2006
0.2052
8.2
8.4
7.0
0.1265
0.1277
0.1163
Table 4
Heating and cooling load for zone 1, in the case of double glazed windows and
insulated walls.
Zone 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Floor area (m2 )
64.8
65.8
60.2
Cooling load
Heating load
2
(Kw)
(Kw/m )
(Kw)
(Kw/m2 )
12.8
12.9
11.7
0.1975
0.1960
0.1944
6.7
7.6
6.7
0.1034
0.1155
0.1113
boiler. However, blow down can be a significant source of heat loss,
if improperly carried out (EEG, 2006).
Conductivity measurement is used for monitoring the overall TDS present in the boiler. A rise in conductivity indicates
a rise in the “contamination” of the boiler water. Conventional
methods for blowing down the boiler depend on two kinds of
blow down, intermittent and continuous. Controlling boiler blow
down can significantly reduce treatment and operational costs that
include, lower pretreatment costs, less make-up water consumption, reduced maintenance downtime, increased boiler life and
lower consumption of treatment chemicals.
6. Results
The calculation for heating and cooling load of the department
has been carried out for different scenarios. The first scenario took
into consideration the current situation of the department which
has a single glass for windows and its external walls are not insulated. A schematic diagram of the department was made and the
department was classified into 5 zones each zone indicates one
floor as shown in Table 2.
Cooling and heating load for each zone was calculated considering the existing situation in which walls are not insulated and
single glass windows are used. It was found that the cooling load
which is required for each zone is much higher than the heating
load for the same zone.
The second scenario took into consideration is the new situation of the department which has a double glass for windows and
its external walls are insulated. It was found that the cooling load
which is required for each zone is also much higher than the heating
load for the same zone.
A sample of the above results is abbreviated in Tables 3 and 4.
6.1. Heating and cooling load cost and payback period
After calculating the value of heating and cooling load in each
floor for each condition, finding the cost, saving and payback period,
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K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Fig. 3. Monthly saving due to new situation for heating and cooling load.
Fig. 4. Monthly saving due to new situation for lighting system.
Table 5
The cost, saving and payback period for each floor.
Floors
Saving
(JD/year)
Cost (JD)
3490
13,106
7677
8622
8411
41,306
7410
11,903
11,359
5984
5774
42,430
Basement
Ground
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Total
Payback period
(months)
16.2
11.0
8.1
8.3
8.2
12.3
it was found that the payback period for the whole department is
about 1 year which is very economic and money and energy saving
(Table 5).
installing dimmers. It is also found that replacing the halogen lamps
with and energy efficient lamps, can save energy as shown in
Table 6, these lamps used for general lighting and any reduction
in there wattage will lead to around (25–40%) saving electricity.
By installation of occupancy sensors inside the department to
prevent dissipation of energy with no one is occupying, studies
show a saving off (40–50%). The lighting components will be connected to a sensor to achieve a 40% in classrooms, 13%in private
offices, 30–80% in corridors. Energy saving for the lights with occupancy sensors is shown in Table 7.
The electronic ballasts can be used with the lamps to eliminate
the dissipation of energy, many studies showed a saving percentage (20–40%) when using these electronics ballasts as sown in
Table 8.Using dimmers in the department can also save energy as
shown in Table 9.
6.2. Lighting system
The lighting system was analyzed to discover the main opportunities of the electricity saving by applying proper energy auditing
methods such as using efficiency lights, installing occupancy
sensors, replacing the magnetic ballast by electrical ballast and
6.3. Boiler saving analysis
The performance parameters of a boiler, like efficiency and evaporation ratio, reduces with time due to poor combustion. A heat
Table 6
Energy saving from replacing halogen lights with energy saving lights.
Light
Number of units
Power (Watt)
Saving (JD/year)
Cost (JD)
Payback period months
Halogen spot light
54
13
938.39
162
2.07
Table 7
Summary of energy saving for the lights with occupancy sensors.
Light
Number of
units
Power (Watt)
Power (Watt)
Cost of electricity (JD/year)
Saving
(JD/year)
Halogen spot light
Fluorescent lights for the classrooms
Fluorescent lights for the offices
54
153
130
36
36
36
1944
5508
4680
1468.79
4161.57
3535.97
9166.33
440.64
1664.63
459.68
2564.95
Payback period months
2.8
Table 8
Energy saving from replacing magnetic ballast by electrical ballast.
Light
Number of units
Power (Watt)
Saving (JD/year)
Cost of (JD)
Payback period months
Fluorescent lights
54
36
1539.51
1981
15.4
K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
461
Table 9
Energy conservation measures by installation of dimmer.
Light
Number of units
Power (Watt)
Power (Watt)
Cost (JD)
Saving (JD/year)
Payback period months
Halogen spot light
54
36
1944
312
293.6
12.7
balance helps us to identify avoidable and unavoidable heat losses.
Boiler efficiency tests help us to find out the deviation of boiler
efficiency from the best efficiency and target problem area for corrective action (EEG, 2006).
It was found that the total fuel consumption for the engineering faculty is 360,000 Liter of diesel and for the department is
51,429 Liter of diesel with cost of 36,000 JD for the whole year. The
target of this study is to compare the possible current efficiency
with target one which is 95% and the current one is 70%. According
the previous data and equations, the saving was found to be about
25% as shown below:
% efficiency saving = 95 − 70% = 25%
Fuel saving (Liter) = 51,429 ∗ 0.25 = 12,857.25 Liter.
So, by improving the efficiency of combustion from 70% to 95%,
the amount of fuel saved will be 12,857.25 Liter and the money
saving was calculated using previous equations taking into consideration the cost tariff which is 0.7 (JD/Liter).
Saving (JD) = 12,857.25 ∗ 0.7 = 9000.08 JD
Fig. 5. The percentage saving in (JD/year) for each system.
Total heating and cooling load for the whole building was calculated and the results in using single glass and double glass were
compared, it was found that the value of heating–cooling load
Fig. 6. Annual saving in Liter for each assumed efficiency %.
Fig. 7. Annual saving in JD for each assumed efficiency %.
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K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Fig. 8. The percentage saving in (JD/year) for each system %.
changed and reduced in the insulated areas while poorly insulated
areas will continue to be major sources of heat/cooling loss.
It was found that the initial cost for changing the amount of
heating and cooling load is 42,430 JD and according to this initial
cost the amount of saving will be approximately about 3442.16 JD
through 12 months as shown in the following diagram (Fig. 3).
Calculations of amount of saving in lighting system was calculated as shown in the following diagram (Fig. 4).
The percentage of saving using each lighting system is shown
below in Fig. 5.
It was found that when the efficiency of the boiler increases the
amount of saving in Liter and JD increased because the amount of
heat loss reduced when the boiler efficiency increased as shown in
Figs. 6 and 7.
A according to the previous calculation of saving it was found
that if the walls are insulated and window are replaced from single
to double 74% of the annual amount paid by the university will be
saved as shown in Fig. 8.
7. Conclusions
It was found that insulation resists the flow of heat, keeping
the building cooler in summer and warmer in winter. A properly
insulated building allows for HVAC equipment “rightsizing” which
means that less money is spent on initial equipment costs, and more
money is saved in the long run as your HVAC equipment does not
work as hard to maintain a comfortable temperature.
Also, it has been found that installing double glass rather than
single one reduces heat loss through building, and around 60% of
heat loss in the building occurs through standard, single pane windows. The cost of double glazing will pay for itself very quickly by
saving in heating bills. Once the double glazing has been installed,
heating costs should decrease by around 10–12%. As well as saving on heating bills, double glazing is very good at cutting down on
noise pollution and internal condensation.
The electrical bill for the department in 2012 indicates that the
electrical consumption of the building is 98,589.6 kWh per year
with cost 22,675.6 JD, this means that the electrical load building has a good saving potential to be investigated. Calculations
of lighting showed that the electrical load consumption for each
kind of light which is 1944 W, for halogen spot light and 10188 for
fluorescent lights.
Installing occupancy sensors in class rooms, offices and other
facilities which let light when need for it, the occupancy sensors will turn the light off when no occupants in the room, this
trend can provide saving of (20–50%) depends in the facility function.
Replacing the magnetic ballasts by electronic ballasts which can
reduce the energy losses and heat and eliminate hum and annoying flicker, the electronic ballasts can provide an energy saving by
(25–35%).
Installing dimmers in the rooms and other facilities which need
a variable luminance in several periods of the day, the dimmers
can provide a good potential saving which ranges from 10% to 60%
depending on the user.
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Sustainable Cities and Society
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scs
Energy audit, an approach to apply the concept of green building for a
building in Jordan
K. Hassouneh a,∗ , A. Al-Salaymeh b,1 , J. Qoussous a
a
b
Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Available online 27 August 2014
Keywords:
Green building
Energy audit
Low energy building
a b s t r a c t
An energy audit for one department at the faculty of Engineering and Technology at the University of
Jordan has been conducted as a way to apply the concept of green building to an existing structure.
According to the Jordanian green building code, a classification for the green building has been carried
out according to its saving in energy and water in addition to the other factors such as indoor quality and
material.
The heating and cooling loads were calculated and the results were compared with the values for
the same building after amendments to the windows and walls. The insulation for external walls of the
building has been introduced in addition the double glazing instead of the current single glass windows
for the building. The electricity for the lighting consumption of this building was obtained and analyzed
and the potential of utilizing a lighting sensor for different halls and rooms was studied and analyzed.
The boiler performance has been studied and an estimation of efficiency enhancement was proposed. It
has been found that choosing a larger window area facing south, east and west can save more energy
in winter and decreasing the heating costs using a certain types of double glazing, while decreasing the
glazing area facing north can save money and energy. Also, it has been found that the payback period for
the annual saving in fuel and electricity bills is less than 3 years. The needed investment for obtaining
the energy saving is shown in the paper.
© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. Introduction and methodology
Energy took an important place through the Human being history, starting from the prehistoric age. Before 1970, the supply and
consumption of energy were relatively obscure matter to most people. Within less than a decade, however, “energy” has emerged as
one of the most provocative words of the times.
Energy demand in Jordan is increasing largely during the last
20 years and it will continue increasing by the same rate. Energy
consumption might be doubled between 2015 and 2020 referring
to low production of energy and high growth of energy, (Al-Saeh,
Al-Heeh, & Dolat, 2010).
The shortages and high prices that occurred with the oil
embargo of 1973 and the rapid economical development, combined
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +962 65355000; fax: +962 65355588.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (K. Hassouneh), [email protected]
(A. Al-Salaymeh), [email protected] (J. Qoussous).
1
Tel.: +962 65355000x22788; fax: +962 65300851.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.08.010
2210-6707/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
with the growing prices of energy, lead to an increasing recognition
and understanding for the need of energy audit.
The running cost of green building is considered to be less than
conventional buildings because the benefits of typical green buildings exceed the additional costs. Within the first two or three years
and over a 15 year period provide financial benefits about ten times
larger than the extra cost of building green.
Now homeowners and business owners are interested in
upgrading their homes and facilities to be more energy efficient
and to reduce the cost of their monthly energy bills, (Free Guide,
2010).
In the last few years, energy and electricity price in Jordan
increased many times. The energy bill for Jordan represents 20%
of the Jordanian GDP and it affects the most aspects of the Jordanian life. Therefore, the motivation in the country is moving quickly
toward the energy saving buildings in order to reduce the operating
cost of the building.
The main goal of this study is to use energy audit to reduce
energy consumption rate of an existing building at the University of
Jordan, by understanding how energy is being presently used and
possibly being wasted and to recommend proper condition that
K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
ensure human comfort of users of the department. The novelty of
this study is that it suggests some important points that should
be taken into consideration to reduce energy bell in an important
building in Jordan.
The methodology which was adopted for this audit was
visual inspection and data collection, observations on the existing
condition of the facility, equipments and quantification, identification/verification of energy consumption and other parameters by
measurements and potential energy saving opportunities.
The calculation of the cooling and heating loads in each zone
of the building is the most important step in determining the size
of the cooling and heating equipment. Cooling and heating load
calculations were conducted to size HVAC (heating, ventilating, and
air-conditioning) systems and their components. In principle, the
loads were calculated to maintain the indoor design conditions and
reduce energy consumption, e.g. (Bhatia, 2012; Green Seal, 2011).
As infiltration in building has great effect on the fuel consumption, highly performance and very well sealed openings (doors and
windows) were used in the building so the influence of infiltration
was considered to be ignorable.
457
• Heat transfer (gain) through the building skin by conduction, as
a result of the outdoor–indoor temperature difference.
• Solar heat gains (radiation) through glass or other transparent
materials.
• Heat gains from ventilation air and/or infiltration of outside air.
• Internal heat gains generated by occupants, lights, appliances,
and machinery.
Because of the inherent differences in these types of heat flows,
they are calculated using the following equations
• Heat transfer through floor, doors and ceiling
Q = U ∗ A ∗ (T adj − Ti)
(4)
• Heat gain due to solar effects
Qs = U ∗ A ∗ (CLTD)corr.
(5)
• Heat gain through the glass window
Qg = A ∗ (SHG) ∗ (CLF) ∗ (SC)
(6)
• Heat gain due to occupancy
2. Study case
Qoc = (No. of person ∗ SG/1000) ∗ (CLF)oc.
(7)
• The heat gain due to lights
The case study, which was investigated, was a department at
the faculty of engineering and technology at the University of Jordan in Amman. The total area of each floor in the department
is about 400 m2 . The maximum temperature at the University of
Jordan is taken as 35 ◦ C, and the minimum is 2.4 ◦ C. The inside
designed temperature is considered as 24 ◦ C, the maximum relative humidity is 75% and the minimum relative humidity is taken
to be 45%. The Latitude of Amman is 32.1 N and the longitude is
35.52 E. The department has five floors; each floor has unequal sections: classrooms, halls, bathrooms, stairs and offices. One floor at
the department was built under ground and the other four floors
stand over it by 13 m.
Tadj = 29 ◦ C.
3. Heating and cooling load calculation
(CLTD)corr. = (CLTD + LM)k + (25.5 − Ti ) + (To,m − 29.4)f
The calculation of heating and cooling loads on a building or zone
is the most important step in determining the size of the cooling and
heating equipment which means savings in initial and operating
cost of mechanical equipment and increased comfort to occupants.
Heat loss is divided into two groups:
where k = 1.0 and f = 1.0 for no roof fan and 0.75 if there is roof fan.
To find the saving, cost and payback period the following equations were used
• The heat transmission losses through walls, floor, ceiling, glass,
or other surfaces.
• The infiltration losses through cracks and openings, or heat
required to warm outdoor air used for ventilation.
The following equations are mainly used to calculate the heating
load,
Q = A ∗ U ∗ (Ti − To)
(1)
Qsensible = Vf ∗ air ∗ Cp ∗ (Ti − To)
(2)
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and its values for
wall is 1.7 W/m2 ◦ C, for doors is 2.8 W/m2 ◦ C, and for window single
glass is 6.7 W/m2 ◦ C (AL-Saad and Hammad, 2009).
Vf = No. of ACH/h ∗ Room Volume
(3)
air = 1/vo ,
Using psychometric chart, it was found that the value of
vo = 0.89 m3 /kg (AL-Saad and Hammad, 2009).
Cooling loads fall into the following categories, based on their
sources:
QLt = (Insulated lamp ∗ A/1000) ∗ (CLF)Lt.
(8)
• Heat transmitted due to infiltration
Qf = (Vf/vo) ∗ (ho − hi)
(9)
where U for floor is 2.1 W/m2 ◦ C, for doors is 2.8 W/m2 ◦ C, for ceiling
is 1.8 W/m2 ◦ C and for window single glass is 6.7 W/m2 ◦ C (AL-Saad
and Hammad, 2009). The above values of U were obtained from
Amman Chamber of Industry 2007.
(10)
S = (Q 1 − Q 2) ∗ N ∗ H ∗ Ce, f
(11)
Cost = Aw,g ∗ (Cost of new unit + Installation process)
(12)
Payback period = Cost/Saving
(13)
Heating and cooling load can be reduced by changing the type
of window glass and insulating walls (NLPIP, 1990). Using double
glass instead of single glass reduces solar heat gain in windows as
shown in the Fig. 1.
The more heat flow resistance insulation provides, the lower
the heating and cooling cost. Properly insulating the building not
only reduces heating and cooling costs but also improves comfort,
(Touqan, Yaseen, Zakarneh, & AL-zamer, 2012).
In this work, the glass was changed from single glaze to double
glaze so that the U-value has been changed from 6.7 W/m2 ◦ C to
3.5 W/m2 ◦ C. Also the walls were insulated so that the U-value has
been changed from 1.7 W/m2 ◦ C to 1.2 W/m2 ◦ C.
4. Lighting audit
The energy which is used for lighting inside the building is large
and replacing the conventional lighting fixtures and lambs with
more efficient fixtures and lambs can help in reducing the operating
costs and the overall effects of electricity generation on the environment. To conduct lighting audit, basic lighting information was
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K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Fig. 1. (a) Single window glass and (b) double window glass, e.g. (EEG, 2006).
Table 1
Lighting components and their powers.
Lights
Number of
units
Power per unit
(Watt)
Halogen spotlight
Fluorescent lights
Sum
54
283
36
36
Total power
(Watt)
1944
10,188
12,132
gathered. Information which is needed in order to understand the
contribution of lighting in the current energy bill at the department
is the number of light bulbs, their location, and their operation time.
The previous studies showed that the replacement of the lighting
is very economic and the payback period is very short. Therefore, a
systematic approach has been used to identify the utilized lighting
equipment which is currently in service, e.g. (Wang, Huang, & Cao,
2010). The used lighting system in the department depends mainly
on usage of halogen spot lights and fluorescent lights. The department has five floors includes offices, classrooms, bathrooms and
corridors, and the distribution of the lights are shown in Table 1.
4.1. Energy efficient lights
A compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) is a fluorescent light
bulb that has been compressed into the size of a standard-issue
incandescent light bulb. Installing compact fluorescent light bulbs
is a simple way to save energy and money, while protecting the
environment. CFLs use up to 75% less energy Compared to generalservice incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light.
CFL also use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last
8–15 times longer. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change, (Al-Saeh et al., 2010) and considered as
a good choice for the environment. A CFL has a higher purchase
price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its
purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime.
The following equations were used to calculate the saving in
energy by adapting new efficient lights:
S = (P1 − P2) ∗ N ∗ H ∗ Ce
(14)
Cost = N ∗ (Cost of new unit + Installation process)
(15)
4.2. Occupancy sensors
Sensors located throughout a building can help to maximize the
energy savings potential of infrequently used areas. Some lecture
rooms in the department have the light even there is no one in these
halls since there is no sensor installed. There are two main occupancy sensor technologies for lighting; infrared (IR) and ultrasonic
(US). Sensors work best in areas with low occupant densities, such
as meeting rooms, hallway, laundry rooms, warehouses, loading
areas, and storage spaces. The cost of the sensors can be covered in
a short time through energy savings. Even though lamp life may be
somewhat shortened by increased on–off switching, the overall life
of lamps is usually extended by the reduced daily burn hours. As
with any automated controls, maintenance practices must ensure
that the sensor controls are operating properly. The proper installation and maintenance of daylight and occupancy sensors is an
essential task. Placement of sensors should take into account furniture placement and the geometry of the space as much as possible,
as occupancy sensors need to sense all occupants to avoid turning
off lights while the space is occupied. At the same time, “false-on”
incidents can be triggered by an automatic on/off sensor that senses
passersby in an adjoining hallway if the settings are too sensitive.
Sensors with too low a sensitivity or too short a delay time can
annoy occupants.
Lights in bathrooms or other infrequently used areas are frequently left on for extended periods, either due to forgetfulness or
deliberately to serve as nightlights, they can be a significant source
of lighting energy use.
LED-based lights provide sufficient illumination to assist occupants in the transition from light to dark, and then switch on the
appropriate light when occupants enter the space or resume movement. These systems address concerns about lights turning off in
areas where occupants tend to remain inactive for long periods,
and can reduce lighting energy use in these areas by 50–75%, e.g.
(NLPIP, 1990).
The following calculations were made to calculate electricity
consumption for each kind of light and its saving
S = P1 ∗ N ∗ H ∗ Ce
(16)
Saving = Etotal ∗ saving rate
(17)
4.3. Ballasts
Ballasts consumed electricity while they are providing the necessary circuit conditions (voltage, current and wave form) to start
and operate Fluorescent lamps. There are three kinds of ballast,
magnetic, hybrid and electronic ballast.
For higher power installations, too much energy wasted in resistive ballast, so alternatives are used that depend upon the reactance
of inductors, capacitors, or both, (NLPIP, 1990).
K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
459
Table 2
Total area for each zone in the building.
Zones
Definition for each zone
Total area (m2 )
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
Basement
Ground
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
190.80
85.000
192.12
192.06
197.74
Table 3
Heating and cooling load for zone 1 in the case of single glazing and noninsulated
walls.
Fig. 2. Energy balance diagram of a boiler (EEG, 2006).
Zone 1
4.4. Dimmers
Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By
decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and, hence, the mean
power to the lamp, it is possible to vary the intensity of the light
output.
Dimmers range in size from small units the size of a light
switch used for domestic lighting to high power units used in large
hall lighting installations. Small domestic dimmers are generally
directly controlled, although remote control systems are available.
Modern professional dimmers are generally controlled by a digital
control system. In newer systems, these protocols are often used in
conjunction with Ethernet, (Free Guide, 2010).
Previous studies for dimmers showed a variable saving can be
achieved depending mainly on the dimming percentage of light
which can be controlled by the user.
5. Boiler
Boilers are available in different types just like fire tube, water
tube, packaged, fluidized pulverized fuel, stoker fired, high pressure
steam and low pressure steam. All of those types consist of a burner,
control and pressure vessel, e.g. (Al-Saeh et al., 2010).
Boilers are often one of the largest energy consumers in the
building. Boiler operation and maintenance is therefore a good
place to start when looking for ways to reduce energy consumption and energy bill. Boiler efficiency tests help us to find out the
deviation of boiler efficiency from the best efficiency and target
problem area for corrective action, (EEG, 2006).
The combustion process in a boiler can be described in the form
of an energy flow diagram. This shows graphically how the input
energy from the fuel is transformed into the various useful energy
flows and into heat and energy loss flows. The thickness of the
arrows indicates the amount of energy contained in the respective
flows (Fig. 2).
A heat balance is an attempt to balance the total energy entering
a boiler against that leaving the boiler in different forms. Boiler efficiency, in the simplest terms shows the difference between energy
input and energy output. Boiler efficiency can be indicated by combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency and fuel to fluid, (EEG, 2006)
many factors affects boiler efficiency such as, stack temperature,
fuel specification, excess air, ambient temperature, radiation and
convection losses, e.g. (Al-Saeh et al., 2010)
The efficiency of the old boiler and a new one was calculated in
order to calculate fuel saving using the following calculations
% efficiency saving = (new − old/new) ∗ 100%
(18)
Fuel saving (Liter) = Fuel consumption ∗ efficiency saving
(19)
Saving (JD) = Saving (Liter) ∗ Tariff (JD/Liter)
(20)
It is very necessary to control the level of concentration of the
solids in suspension and dissolved in the boiled water. Blow down
is necessary to protect the surfaces of the heat exchanger in the
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Floor area (m2 )
64.8
65.8
60.2
Cooling load
Heating load
(Kw)
(Kw/m2 )
(Kw)
(Kw/m2 )
13.5
13.2
12.3
0.2089
0.2006
0.2052
8.2
8.4
7.0
0.1265
0.1277
0.1163
Table 4
Heating and cooling load for zone 1, in the case of double glazed windows and
insulated walls.
Zone 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Floor area (m2 )
64.8
65.8
60.2
Cooling load
Heating load
2
(Kw)
(Kw/m )
(Kw)
(Kw/m2 )
12.8
12.9
11.7
0.1975
0.1960
0.1944
6.7
7.6
6.7
0.1034
0.1155
0.1113
boiler. However, blow down can be a significant source of heat loss,
if improperly carried out (EEG, 2006).
Conductivity measurement is used for monitoring the overall TDS present in the boiler. A rise in conductivity indicates
a rise in the “contamination” of the boiler water. Conventional
methods for blowing down the boiler depend on two kinds of
blow down, intermittent and continuous. Controlling boiler blow
down can significantly reduce treatment and operational costs that
include, lower pretreatment costs, less make-up water consumption, reduced maintenance downtime, increased boiler life and
lower consumption of treatment chemicals.
6. Results
The calculation for heating and cooling load of the department
has been carried out for different scenarios. The first scenario took
into consideration the current situation of the department which
has a single glass for windows and its external walls are not insulated. A schematic diagram of the department was made and the
department was classified into 5 zones each zone indicates one
floor as shown in Table 2.
Cooling and heating load for each zone was calculated considering the existing situation in which walls are not insulated and
single glass windows are used. It was found that the cooling load
which is required for each zone is much higher than the heating
load for the same zone.
The second scenario took into consideration is the new situation of the department which has a double glass for windows and
its external walls are insulated. It was found that the cooling load
which is required for each zone is also much higher than the heating
load for the same zone.
A sample of the above results is abbreviated in Tables 3 and 4.
6.1. Heating and cooling load cost and payback period
After calculating the value of heating and cooling load in each
floor for each condition, finding the cost, saving and payback period,
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K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Fig. 3. Monthly saving due to new situation for heating and cooling load.
Fig. 4. Monthly saving due to new situation for lighting system.
Table 5
The cost, saving and payback period for each floor.
Floors
Saving
(JD/year)
Cost (JD)
3490
13,106
7677
8622
8411
41,306
7410
11,903
11,359
5984
5774
42,430
Basement
Ground
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Total
Payback period
(months)
16.2
11.0
8.1
8.3
8.2
12.3
it was found that the payback period for the whole department is
about 1 year which is very economic and money and energy saving
(Table 5).
installing dimmers. It is also found that replacing the halogen lamps
with and energy efficient lamps, can save energy as shown in
Table 6, these lamps used for general lighting and any reduction
in there wattage will lead to around (25–40%) saving electricity.
By installation of occupancy sensors inside the department to
prevent dissipation of energy with no one is occupying, studies
show a saving off (40–50%). The lighting components will be connected to a sensor to achieve a 40% in classrooms, 13%in private
offices, 30–80% in corridors. Energy saving for the lights with occupancy sensors is shown in Table 7.
The electronic ballasts can be used with the lamps to eliminate
the dissipation of energy, many studies showed a saving percentage (20–40%) when using these electronics ballasts as sown in
Table 8.Using dimmers in the department can also save energy as
shown in Table 9.
6.2. Lighting system
The lighting system was analyzed to discover the main opportunities of the electricity saving by applying proper energy auditing
methods such as using efficiency lights, installing occupancy
sensors, replacing the magnetic ballast by electrical ballast and
6.3. Boiler saving analysis
The performance parameters of a boiler, like efficiency and evaporation ratio, reduces with time due to poor combustion. A heat
Table 6
Energy saving from replacing halogen lights with energy saving lights.
Light
Number of units
Power (Watt)
Saving (JD/year)
Cost (JD)
Payback period months
Halogen spot light
54
13
938.39
162
2.07
Table 7
Summary of energy saving for the lights with occupancy sensors.
Light
Number of
units
Power (Watt)
Power (Watt)
Cost of electricity (JD/year)
Saving
(JD/year)
Halogen spot light
Fluorescent lights for the classrooms
Fluorescent lights for the offices
54
153
130
36
36
36
1944
5508
4680
1468.79
4161.57
3535.97
9166.33
440.64
1664.63
459.68
2564.95
Payback period months
2.8
Table 8
Energy saving from replacing magnetic ballast by electrical ballast.
Light
Number of units
Power (Watt)
Saving (JD/year)
Cost of (JD)
Payback period months
Fluorescent lights
54
36
1539.51
1981
15.4
K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
461
Table 9
Energy conservation measures by installation of dimmer.
Light
Number of units
Power (Watt)
Power (Watt)
Cost (JD)
Saving (JD/year)
Payback period months
Halogen spot light
54
36
1944
312
293.6
12.7
balance helps us to identify avoidable and unavoidable heat losses.
Boiler efficiency tests help us to find out the deviation of boiler
efficiency from the best efficiency and target problem area for corrective action (EEG, 2006).
It was found that the total fuel consumption for the engineering faculty is 360,000 Liter of diesel and for the department is
51,429 Liter of diesel with cost of 36,000 JD for the whole year. The
target of this study is to compare the possible current efficiency
with target one which is 95% and the current one is 70%. According
the previous data and equations, the saving was found to be about
25% as shown below:
% efficiency saving = 95 − 70% = 25%
Fuel saving (Liter) = 51,429 ∗ 0.25 = 12,857.25 Liter.
So, by improving the efficiency of combustion from 70% to 95%,
the amount of fuel saved will be 12,857.25 Liter and the money
saving was calculated using previous equations taking into consideration the cost tariff which is 0.7 (JD/Liter).
Saving (JD) = 12,857.25 ∗ 0.7 = 9000.08 JD
Fig. 5. The percentage saving in (JD/year) for each system.
Total heating and cooling load for the whole building was calculated and the results in using single glass and double glass were
compared, it was found that the value of heating–cooling load
Fig. 6. Annual saving in Liter for each assumed efficiency %.
Fig. 7. Annual saving in JD for each assumed efficiency %.
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K. Hassouneh et al. / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2014) 456–462
Fig. 8. The percentage saving in (JD/year) for each system %.
changed and reduced in the insulated areas while poorly insulated
areas will continue to be major sources of heat/cooling loss.
It was found that the initial cost for changing the amount of
heating and cooling load is 42,430 JD and according to this initial
cost the amount of saving will be approximately about 3442.16 JD
through 12 months as shown in the following diagram (Fig. 3).
Calculations of amount of saving in lighting system was calculated as shown in the following diagram (Fig. 4).
The percentage of saving using each lighting system is shown
below in Fig. 5.
It was found that when the efficiency of the boiler increases the
amount of saving in Liter and JD increased because the amount of
heat loss reduced when the boiler efficiency increased as shown in
Figs. 6 and 7.
A according to the previous calculation of saving it was found
that if the walls are insulated and window are replaced from single
to double 74% of the annual amount paid by the university will be
saved as shown in Fig. 8.
7. Conclusions
It was found that insulation resists the flow of heat, keeping
the building cooler in summer and warmer in winter. A properly
insulated building allows for HVAC equipment “rightsizing” which
means that less money is spent on initial equipment costs, and more
money is saved in the long run as your HVAC equipment does not
work as hard to maintain a comfortable temperature.
Also, it has been found that installing double glass rather than
single one reduces heat loss through building, and around 60% of
heat loss in the building occurs through standard, single pane windows. The cost of double glazing will pay for itself very quickly by
saving in heating bills. Once the double glazing has been installed,
heating costs should decrease by around 10–12%. As well as saving on heating bills, double glazing is very good at cutting down on
noise pollution and internal condensation.
The electrical bill for the department in 2012 indicates that the
electrical consumption of the building is 98,589.6 kWh per year
with cost 22,675.6 JD, this means that the electrical load building has a good saving potential to be investigated. Calculations
of lighting showed that the electrical load consumption for each
kind of light which is 1944 W, for halogen spot light and 10188 for
fluorescent lights.
Installing occupancy sensors in class rooms, offices and other
facilities which let light when need for it, the occupancy sensors will turn the light off when no occupants in the room, this
trend can provide saving of (20–50%) depends in the facility function.
Replacing the magnetic ballasts by electronic ballasts which can
reduce the energy losses and heat and eliminate hum and annoying flicker, the electronic ballasts can provide an energy saving by
(25–35%).
Installing dimmers in the rooms and other facilities which need
a variable luminance in several periods of the day, the dimmers
can provide a good potential saving which ranges from 10% to 60%
depending on the user.
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