Energy saving using zigbee

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Abstract
As home energy use is increasing and renewable energy systems are deployed, home
energy management system (HEMS) needs to consider both energy consumption and generation simultaneously to minimize the energy cost. This seminar proposes a smart HEMS
architecture that considers both energy consumption and generation simultaneously. ZigBee
based energy measurement modules are used to monitor the energy consumption of home
appliances and lights. A PLC based renewable energy gateway is used to monitor the energy generation of renewable energies. The home server gathers the energy consumption
and generation data, analyzes them for energy estimation, and controls the home energy use
schedule to minimize the energy cost. The remote energy management server aggregates
the energy data from numerous home servers, compares them, and creates useful statistical
analysis information. By considering both energy consumption and generation, the proposed
HEMS architecture is expected to optimize home energy use and result in home energy cost
saving.
Index Terms : Home Energy Management System, ZigBee, Renewable Energy, Power
Line Communication

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Contents
Abstract

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Contents

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List of Figures

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1 Introduction

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2 Literature Review

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3 Energy Management
3.1 Smart Home Energy Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4 Zigbee Technology
4.1 Zigbee Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Zigbee Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Zigbee System Structure . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Zigbee Operating Modes and Its Topologies
4.5 Applications of Zigbee Technology . . . . . .

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5 Components of Home Energy Management System Including Renewable
Energy
5.1 Energy Management and Communication Unit (EMCU) . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Zigbee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Solar Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Solar Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Smart Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Power-line Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8.1 Concentrating Solar Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.10 A Typical Wind Turbine Consists of The Following Components: . . . . . .
5.11 Wind Energy Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6 System Discription
6.1 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Home Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Energy Management and Communication Unit
6.4 Renewable Energy Gateway and PLC Modem
6.5 Remote Energy Management Server (REMS) .
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(EMCU)
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Application

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8 Conclusion
8.1 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Bibliography

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iii

List of Figures
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

Zigbee modem . . . . . . . . . . .
Zigbee protocol architecture . . .
Zigbee Communication Operation
Comparison Table of Zigbee . . .

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5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

Zigbee module . . . . . . . . .
Solar panel . . . . . . . . . .
Wind turbine . . . . . . . . .
Solar inverter . . . . . . . . .
smart meter . . . . . . . . . .
Parabolic Trough . . . . . . .
Solar Tower . . . . . . . . . .
Linear Fresnel Reactor (LFR)
Solar Dish . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Wind Turbine . . . .

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6.1

Architecture of smart home energy management (HEMS) considering both
energy consumption and generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Function blocks of a home server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy measurement and communication unit (EMCU) and protocol stack. .
Architecture of a renewable energy gateway (REG) and a PLC modem. . . .
Remote energy management server (REMS) connected to the home servers of
subscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

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iv

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Chapter 1
Introduction
Continuous increase in global energy consumption gives rise to the current energy crises
and the environmental problem. Residential energy consumption accounted 22 percent of US
total energy consumption in 2009. The increasing number of home appliances and consumer
electronics causes the growth of home energy use. Therefore, reducing energy use in homes is
a very challenging target to mitigate the energy crisis and the environmental problem. The
technology to reduce and manage home energy use is known as home energy management
system.
The current energy crisis has required significant energy reduction in all areas. The energy
consumption in home areas has increased as more home appliances are installed. Energy
saving and renewable energy sources are considered as methods of solving home energy
problem. Both energy consumption and generation should be simultaneously considered to
save the home energy cost.
Now a days in home areas world most considerable topic is energy saving and generation
of power by smart home energy management system by using solar panel and wind turbine.
Usage of wireless devices is increasing day by day so this application helps us to know the
energy consumption and generation. Energy management systems can be used to control
devices like lighting systems and High Voltage Alternating Current units across multiple
locations, such as office buildings, grocery, retail, restaurants sites. Energy management
systems also provide metering and monitoring functions, which allows them to take decisions
regarding energy activities across their sites. Energy management includes planning and
energy related production and consumption units.
The current energy crisis requires significant reduction in energy consumption in all areas.
Energy saving and renewable energy sources (RES) are considered as methods of solving the
problem. In home area, the increasing number of home appliances and consumer electronics
causes residential energy use to grow rapidly. Optimized home energy management system
(HEMS) is needed to reduce energy use and save money. Optimization of home power
consumption based on power line communication (PLC) has been studied. A HEMS that
monitors, compares, and controls home appliances has been proposed.In addition, RES such
as a photo voltaic energy system and wind energy system are deployed to conserve residential
energy use and to reduce energy cost. Energy management systems including renewable
energy have been studied to advance smart home. In this paper, we propose smart home
energy management system including renewable energies based on ZigBee and PLC networks
1

to optimize home energy use. The home server gathers both the energy consumption data
through ZigBee and energy generation data through the REG. By taking into account both
consumption and generation, the home server optimizes home energy use.

2

Chapter 2
Literature Review
Smart buildings and homes are becoming a key player in the future green and sustainable energy grid, due to the integration of distributed energy sources and the demand control
capabilities. Advanced smart metering systems are required for the operation of the future
smart grid. Smart metering systems allow to monitor the energy consumption of end-users,
while provides useful information regarding power quality. The information provided by
these systems is used by the system operator to enhance the energy supply, and several techniques, as load scheduling, demand side management, non-intrusive load monitoring, can be
applied for this purpose. This seminar shows an advanced smart metering infrastructure for
integration in future smart homes, where not only the electrical consumption is monitored,
but also the gas, water, and heating. Therefore, by monitoring all energy systems in the
building, the users could be aware of their whole energy consumption, and advanced control
techniques can achieved by the Energy Management Systems (EMS).[1]
This seminar describes a home energy management system (HEMS) based on power
line communication. Smart metering and power line communication can provide detailed
information of energy consumption patterns and intelligent controlling to appliances at home.
This reference propose a HEMS that can provide easy-to-access information on home energy
consumption in real time, intelligent planning for controlling appliances, and optimization
of power consumption at home. The HEMS consists of three modules: an advanced power
control planning engine, a device control module, and a power resource management server.
Our prototype system reduces the cost of power consumption by about 10 percent [2]
Home Energy Management System (HEMS) is a technology to reduce and manage home
energy use. The feedback on energy consumption to energy users is known to be effective
to reduce total energy use. A typical HEMS just shows the energy consumption of the
whole home and home appliances. Users cannot figure out how efficient a home appliance is,
compared to the others. So it is necessary to compare the energy usage of home appliances
to that of the same kinds of home appliances.[3]
To inculcate the Home Energy Management System (HEMS) based on ZigBee communication using remote controller and sensor. This technique brings out the more efficient home
energy management system to reduce power consumption in home area. This reference consider the room easily controllable with an IR remote control of a home appliance. The room
has power outlets, a light, sensor and a ZigBee hub. The ZigBee hub has an IR code learning
function and educates the IR remote control signal of a home appliance connected to the
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power outlet. Then it can control the power outlets and the light in the room. The PIR
sensor which detects the presence of the human and then it allows the power on the light..
A LCD is used in the hardware module for the user interface. The LCD displays the power
consumed and the value of PIR sensor. The ZigBee hubs in each room communicate with
the home server and report the power consumption information to the home server. The
proposed architecture gives more efficient energysaving HEMS. [4]
As the numbers of large-sized electric home appliances are increasing, the home energy consumption is also increasing proportionally. To reduce the home energy cost, it is
necessary to consider both energy consumption and generation. In this application intelligent home uses renewable energies. The problems of home energy management systems
are solved by implementing energy saving method and renewable energy sources. Energy
sources are connected to the grid via battery and inverter, the output of battery is connected
to microcontroller. For displaying the battery voltage and availability of energy source microcontroller is connected to LCD. Some units will be consumed whenever load is connected,
consumed units will be calculated with the help of microcontroller and it is displayed on the
LCD.[5]
A low-power programmable processor named icyflex1 was designed combining features
of a digital signal processor (DSP) and a micro-controller unit (MCU). Implemented as a
synthesizable VHDL software intellectual property core, the processor implements a broad
range of power saving features including its customizable architecture and reconfigurable
instruction set. Its performance is compared with other processors from the market and
values are given for its integration in a 180 nm technology. The processor targets applications with tight power consumption constraints and correspondingly significant processing
performance.[6]

4

Chapter 3
Energy Management
”Energy management” is a term that has a number of meanings, but we’re mainly
concerned with the one that relates to saving energy in businesses, public-sector/government
organizations, and homes.
The energy-saving meaning
When it comes to energy saving, energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling, and conserving energy in a building or organization. Typically this involves the
following steps
1. Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data.
2. Finding opportunities to save energy, and estimating how much energy each opportunity could save. You would typically analyze your meter data to find and quantify
routine energy waste, and you might also investigate the energy savings that you could
make by replacing equipment (e.g. lighting) or by upgrading your building’s insulation.
3. Taking action to target the opportunities to save energy (i.e. tackling the routine waste
and replacing or upgrading the inefficient equipment). Typically you’d start with the
best opportunities first.
4. Tracking your progress by analyzing your meter data to see how well your energy-saving
efforts have worked.
It’s not just about saving energy in buildings - the term ”energy management” is also
used in other fields:
• It’s something that energy suppliers (or utility companies) do to ensure that their
power stations and renewable energy sources generate enough energy to meet demand
(the amount of energy that their customers need).
• It’s used to refer to techniques for managing and controlling one’s own levels of personal
energy. We’re far from qualified to say anything more about this!
• It also has relevance in aviation it’s a skill that aircraft pilots learn in some shape
or form. We know nothing about aircraft energy management, but we can at least
manage a picture of a man on a plane...
5

3.1

Smart Home Energy Management System

The concept of home energy management system has been an interesting topic for
researchers and practitioners during the last few years. The majority for recent techniques
concentrate on exploiting wireless communications on the way to make communicate with
the other devices such as Mobile phones and Laptops.
Mostly Smart HEMS architectures are prepared by using the renewable energies and
PLC controller. The energy readings are taken by the smart meter sometimes they preferred
digital meters. This be prepared the smart home energy management system implementation
cost is higher as PLC controller is cost wise higher than embedded controllers reminiscent
of 8051, PIC, ARM.
Controllers are interface with the Bluetooth for display the reading in mobile phones and
Laptops. But the bluetooth range is short then it cannot send the reading informations for
longer distance. Now-a-days there are lots of techniques used to send the data for longer
duration. One of the far and wide used techniques is internet.
Zigbee based Smart home energy management system are integrated with Wi-Fi network
through gateway. Gateway can provide the user interface and openness to the particular
system. Through using Zigbee designed for take the electrical readings such as energy consumption from home appliances.
A system via the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Internet was
proposed for real-time monitoring and remote control in home appliances to display the energy readings. These add flexibility for the implemented system, but, it increases the cost
when using GSM technology. The designing system also exploits Internet for monitor the
home energy also from outside.
Why is it important?
Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance of energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects
energy prices, emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you should save energy at your organization specifically.
The global need to save energy.
If it wasn’t for the global need to save energy, the term ”energy management” might
never have even been coined... Globally we need to save energy in order to:
• Reduce the damage that we’re doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would
probably find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try
to make it last.
• Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in
supply.
Controlling and reducing energy consumption
Energy management is the means to controlling and reducing your organization’s energy
consumption... And controlling and reducing your organization’s energy consumption is
important because it enables you to:
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• Reduce costs this is becoming increasingly important as energy costs rise.
• Reduce carbon emissions and the environmental damage that they cause - as well as
the cost-related implications of carbon taxes and the like, your organization may be
keen to reduce its carbon footprint to promote a green, sustainable image. Not least
because promoting such an image is often good for the bottom line.
• Reduce risk the more energy you consume, the greater the risk that energy price
increases or supply shortages could seriously affect your profitability, or even make it
impossible for your business/organization to continue. With energy management you
can reduce this risk by reducing your demand for energy and by controlling it so as to
make it more predictable.

7

Chapter 4
Zigbee Technology
What is Zigbee Technology?
Zigbee communication is specially built for control and sensor networks on IEEE
802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is the product from
Zigbee alliance. This communication standard defines physical and Media Access Control
(MAC) layers to handle many devices at low-data rates. These Zigbees WPANs operate
at 868 MHz, 902-928MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies. The data rate of 250 kbps is best
suited for periodic as well as intermediate two way transmission of data between sensors and
controllers.

Figure 4.1: Zigbee modem

4.1

Zigbee Modem

Zigbee is low-cost and low-powered mesh network widely deployed for controlling and
monitoring applications where it covers 10-100 meters within the range. This communication
system is less expensive and simpler than the other proprietary short-range wireless sensor
networks as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Zigbee supports different network configurations for
master to master or master to slave communications. And also, it can be operated in
different modes as a result the battery power is conserved. Zigbee networks are extendable
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with the use of routers and allow many nodes to interconnect with each other for building a
wider area network

4.2

Zigbee Architecture

4.3

Zigbee System Structure

Zigbee system structure consists of three different types of devices such as Zigbee
coordinator, Router and End device. Every Zigbee network must consist of at least one
coordinator which acts as a root and bridge of the network. The coordinator is responsible
for handling and storing the information while performing receiving and transmitting data
operations. Zigbee routers act as intermediary devices that permit data to pass to and fro
through them to other devices. End devices have limited functionality to communicate with
the parent nodes such that the battery power is saved as shown in the figure. The number
of routers, coordinators and end devices depends on the type of network such as star, tree
and mesh networks.
Zigbee protocol architecture consists of a stack of various layers where IEEE 802.15.4
is defined by physical and MAC layers while this protocol is completed by accumulating
Zigbees own network and application layers.
Physical Layer: This layer does modulation and demodulation operations up on transmitting and receiving signals respectively. This layers frequency, date rate and number of
channels are given below.
MAC Layer: This layer is responsible for reliable transmission of data by accessing
different networks with the carrier sense multiple access collision avoidance (CSMA). This
also transmits the beacon frames for synchronizing communication.

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Figure 4.2: Zigbee protocol architecture
Network Layer: This layer takes care of all network related operations such as network
setup, end device connection and disconnection to network, routing, device configurations.
Application Support Sub-Layer: This layer enables the services necessary for Zigbee
device object and application objects to interface with the network layers for data managing
services. This layer is responsible for matching two devices according to their services and
needs.
Application Framework: It provides two types of data services as key value pair and
generic message services. Generic message is a developer defined structure, whereas the key
value pair is used for getting attributes within the application objects. ZDO provides an
interface between application objects and APS layer in Zigbee devices. It is responsible for
detecting, initiating and binding other devices to the network.

4.4

Zigbee Operating Modes and Its Topologies

Figure 4.3: Zigbee Communication Operation
Zigbee two way data is transferred in two modes: Non-beacon mode and Beacon
mode. In a beacon mode, the coordinators and routers continuously monitor active state of
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incoming data hence more power is consumed. In this mode, the routers and coordinators do
not sleep because at any time any node can wake up and communicate. However, it requires
more power supply and its overall power consumption is low because most of the devices are
in an inactive state for over long periods in the network.
In a beacon mode, when there is no data communication from end devices, then the
routers and coordinators enter into sleep state. Periodically this coordinator wakes up and
transmits the beacons to the routers in the network. These beacon networks are work for
time slots which means, they operate when the communication needed results in lower duty
cycles and longer battery usage. These beacon and non-beacon modes of Zigbee can manage
periodic (sensors data), intermittent (Light switches) and repetitive data types.
Zigbee Topologies
Zigbee supports several network topologies; however, the most commonly used configurations are star, mesh and cluster tree topologies. Any topology consists of one or more
coordinator. In a star topology, the network consists of one coordinator which is responsible
for initiating and managing the devices over the network. All other devices are called end
devices that directly communicate with coordinator. This is used in industries where all the
end point devices are needed to communicate with the central controller, and this topology
is simple and easy to deploy.
In mesh and tree topologies, the Zigbee network is extended with several routers where
coordinator is responsible for staring them. These structures allow any device to communicate with any other adjacent node for providing redundancy to the data. If any node fails,
the information is routed automatically to other device by these topologies. As the redundancy is the main factor in industries, hence mesh topology is mostly used. In a cluster-tree
network, each cluster consists of a coordinator with leaf nodes, and these coordinators are
connected to parent coordinator which initiates the entire network.
Due to the advantages of Zigbee technology like low cost and low power operating modes
and its topologies, this short range communication technology is best suited for several
applications compared to other proprietary communications, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.
some of these comparisons such as range of Zigbee, standards, etc., are given below.

Figure 4.4: Comparison Table of Zigbee

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4.5

Applications of Zigbee Technology

Industrial Automation: In manufacturing and production industries, a communication link continually monitors various parameters and critical equipments. Hence Zigbee
considerably reduce this communication cost as well as optimizes the control process for
greater reliability.
Home Automation: Zigbee is perfectly suited for controlling home appliances remotely
as a lighting system control, appliance control, heating and cooling system control, safety
equipment operations and control, surveillance, and so on. Smart Metering: Zigbee remote
operations in smart metering include energy consumption response, pricing support, security
over power theft, etc.
Smart Grid monitoring: Zigbee operations in this smart grid involve remote temperature monitoring, fault locating, reactive power management, and so on.

12

Chapter 5
Components of Home Energy
Management System Including
Renewable Energy
5.1

Energy Management and Communication Unit (EMCU)

In the energy consumption part, the EMCU is a key component; it is composed
of measurement and communication blocks. The measurement block measures the power,
energy, and power factor of plugged home appliances. It uses an energy metering IC for
measuring them. The metering IC measures the voltage and current in a sample period; it
multiplies them; it integrates them continuously. The power and energy is calculated with
this process. The power factor is measure based the phase difference between voltage and
current. The measurement block stores only the accumulated energy data at a memory;
it calculates the power and power factor on demand in real time. The measurement block
includes the power control block that supplies or blocks the electricity to connected home
appliances.

5.2

Zigbee

It is the wireless device for transmitting and receiving data purpose or simply it called
as Transceiver. Zigbee is based on the IEEE802.15.4 protocol. The range of the Zigbee
is covered as 100m. It range is 10 times better than bluetooth device so it can be more
preferable one in wireless device. The data rate is very low for transmission while using
this device. The communication block supports data transfer between the EMCU and the
home server. It adopts ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area network (WPAN)
as communication methods. It transfers not only the measured energy, power, and power
factor but also the voltage and current.

13

Figure 5.1: Zigbee module

5.3

Solar Panel

A solar panel is consists of many Photo voltaic cells. It used to absorb the sun rays at
day time and take a backup for use it night time. In today world the usage of the solar panel
is very high to reduce the power consumption. To increasing the power generation in solar
panel by using Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique. This technique can be simply
done by using two LDR and a DC motor.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are made up of many solar cells. Solar cells are made of
silicon, like semiconductors. They are constructed with a positive layer and a negative layer,
which together create an electric field, just like in a battery. When photons hit a solar cell,
they knock electrons loose from their atoms. If conductors are attached to the positive and
negative sides of a cell, it forms an electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a
circuit, they generate electricity. Multiple cells make up a solar panel, and multiple panels
(modules) can be wired together to form a solar array. The more panels you can deploy, the
more energy you can expect to generate.

Figure 5.2: Solar panel

14

5.4

Wind Turbine

Wind turbine is used to absorb the wind from atmosphere and using the kinetic energy
from wind to generate the electrical power. Battery with Charge controller: Here 12v battery
can be used to store the power from wind turbine and solar panel. Both can produce above
ranges then it can be controlled by using Charge controller circuit. Here a NPN transistor
should be used to provide the safety purpose for drive the power from renewable energy
to battery supply and maintain to dont send the power from battery to renewable energy
sources such as solar panel and wind turbine.

Figure 5.3: Wind turbine

5.5

Solar Inverter

A solar inverter, or converter or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC)
output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC)
that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network.
It is a critical balance of system (BOS)component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use
of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for
use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding
protection.
Solar inverters may be classified into three broad type
1. Stand-alone inverters:used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy
from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from an AC source, when
available. Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as
such, are not required to have anti-islanding protection.
2. Grid-tie inverters: which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply, for safety
reasons. They do not provide backup power during utility outages.

15

Figure 5.4: Solar inverter
3. Battery backup inverters: are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from
a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy
to the utility grid. These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads
during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-islanding protection.

5.6

Smart Meter

A Smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in
intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the
utility for monitoring and billing. Smart meters enable two-way communication between
the meter and the central system. Unlike home energy monitors, smart meters can gather
data for remote reporting. Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from
traditional automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communications
with the meter.

Figure 5.5: smart meter

16

5.7

Power-line Communication

Power-line communication (PLC) is a communication protocol that uses electrical
wiring to simultaneously carry both data, and Alternating Current (AC) electric power
transmission or electric power distribution. It is also known as power-line carrier, powerline digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power-line telecommunications,
or power-line networking (PLN). A wide range of power-line communication technologies are
needed for different applications, ranging from home automation to Internet access which
is often called broadband over power lines (BPL). Most PLC technologies limit themselves
to one type of wire (such as premises wiring within a single building), but some can cross
between two levels (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring). Typically transformers prevent propagating the signal, which requires multiple technologies to
form very large networks. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations.
A number of difficult technical problems are common between wireless and power-line
communication, notably those of spread spectrum radio signals operating in a crowded environment. Radio interference, for example, has long been a concern of amateur radio groups.
Types of PLC
PLC can be broadly grouped as narrowband PLC and broadband PLC, also known as
low frequency and high frequency respectively. They may also be grouped as AC or DC.
Functionally, there are four basic forms of power line communications:
• Narrowband in-house applications: where household wiring is used for low bit rate
services like home automation and intercoms.
• Narrowband outdoor applications. These are mainly used by the utility companies for
automatic meter reading and remote surveillance and control.
• Broadband In-house mains power wiring can be used for high speed data transmission
for home networking.

5.8

Solar Energy

solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and
its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending
on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar
water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building
to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties,
and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development
Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar
energy was 1,57549,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012. In 2011, the International Energy Agency
17

said that ”the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies
will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance
sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil
fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of
the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be
wisely spent and need to be widely shared”. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar
power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area
of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric
effect.
Solar power is anticipated to become the world’s largest source of electricity by 2050,
with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the
global overall consumption, respectively. Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the
1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert
of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include
the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station,
both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221
MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the worlds largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects
exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small
rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are connected to the grid using net metering and/or
a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1 of the world’s total grid electricity.

5.8.1

Concentrating Solar Power

In Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants use Mirrors to concentrate sun- light sun
light on to receiver, which collects and transfers the solar energy to a heat transfer fluid
(synthetic oil) that can be used to supply heat for end- use applications or to produce superheated steam that drives a Rankine cycle steam turbine connected to an electricity generator
to generate electricity. Unlike solar photo-voltaics (PV), CSP uses only the direct component
of sunlight and provides heat and power only in regions with high DNI.
Classification of CSP
1. Parabolic Trough Parabolic trough-shaped mirror reactors are used to concentrate
sunlight on to thermally efficient receiver tubes placed in the trough focal line.

Figure 5.6: Parabolic Trough

18

2. Solar Tower A circular array of heliostats (large individually-tracking mirrors) is
used to concentrate sunlight on to a central receiver mounted at the top of a tower.

Figure 5.7: Solar Tower
3. Linear Fresnel Reactor (LFR)
A Linear Fresnel Reactor (LFR) array is a line focus system similar to parabolic troughs
in which solar radiation is concentrated on an elevated inverted linear absorber using an
array of nearly at reactors

Figure 5.8: Linear Fresnel Reactor (LFR)
4. Solar Dish A parabolic dish-shaped reactor is used to concentrate sunlight on to a
receiver located at the focal point of the dish.

19

Figure 5.9: Solar Dish

5.9

Wind Energy

Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind energy (or wind power) describes the
process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic
energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into
electricity. Mechanical power can also be utilized directly for specific tasks such as pumping
water. The US DOE developed a short wind power animation that provides an overview of
how a wind turbine works and describes the wind resources in the United States.

Figure 5.10: Typical Wind Turbine

20

5.10

A Typical Wind Turbine Consists of The Following Components:

The Tower
Towers are mostly cylindrical, made of steel, painted light grey, and from 25 to 75 metres
in height.
Rotor Blades
Wind turbines can have from one to three rotor blades, made of fibreglass-reinforced
polyester or wood-epoxy. The blades are usually between 30 and 80 metres in diameter.
The longer the blades, the greater the energy output. They rotate at 10-30 revolutions per
minute at constant speed, although an increasing number of machines operate at a variable
speed. The blades can be rotated to change the pitch angle and modify power output.
The Yaw Mechanism
The yaw mechanism turns the turbine to face the wind.
Wind Speed and Direction Monitor
Sensors are used to monitor wind direction and the tower head is turned to line up with
the wind. Power is controlled automatically as wind speed varies and machines are stopped
at very high wind speeds to protect them from damage.
The Gear Box
Most wind turbines have gearboxes, although there are increasing numbers with direct
drives.

5.11

Wind Energy Basics

Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, variations in
the earth’s surface, and rotation of the earth. Mountains, bodies of water, and vegetation
all influence wind flow patterns,Wind turbines convert the energy in wind to electricity by
rotating propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor turns the drive shaft, which turns
an electric generator. Three key factors affect the amount of energy a turbine can harness

21

from the wind: wind speed, air density, and swept area.
Equation for Wind Power

Wind speed
The amount of energy in the wind varies with the cube of the wind speed, in other words,
).
if the wind speed doubles, there is eight times more energy in the wind (
Small changes in wind speed have a large impact on the amount of power available in the
wind .
Density of the air
The more dense the air, the more energy received by the turbine. Air density varies with
elevation and temperature. Air is less dense at higher elevations than at sea level, and warm
air is less dense than cold air. All else being equal, turbines will produce more power at
lower elevations and in locations with cooler average temperatures.
Swept area of the turbine
The larger the swept area (the size of the area through which the rotor spins), the more
, where r = radius
power the turbine can capture from the wind. Since swept area is
of the rotor, a small increase in blade length results in a larger increase in the power available
to the turbine.

22

Chapter 6
System Discription
6.1

System Architecture

Figure 6.1: Architecture of smart home energy management (HEMS) considering both energy
consumption and generation
Fig. 6.1 shows the schematic overview of the proposed smart HEMS. The smart
home consists of two parts: energy consumption and energy generation. The energy consumption in home is caused mainly by home appliances and lights. Outlets and lights are
equipped with an energy measurement and communication unit (EMCU). The communication capability is based on ZigBee, which is well known as a low power communication
method. The EMCU measures the energy consumption of home appliances and the lights.
The EMCU in outlets and lights reports the measured values to the home server periodically
through ZigBee. The home server acquires and stores the energy information of home appliances and lights. The home server has the mapping information about which home appliance
23

is connected to which outlet and about the location of lights. It then analyzes the energy and
power usages of home appliances and lights continuously. Users can figure out the energy
usage status of home appliances and lights and find out which one is unnecessarily turned
on. The outlets and lights in home can be controlled for energy saving either automatically
by the home server or manually by the users. Users can also access the information of home
energy usage information through a smart mobile device both locally and remotely.
The energy generation part consists of a solar power generator and a wind power one,
which are two of the most popular RES. Solar panels on the roof are connected to the
inverter, which converts dc power to ac one. Each solar panel is equipped with a PLC
modem to monitor the status of all solar panels for maximum power generation. The PLC is
considered as a retrofit technology because it needs no additional communication lines. The
Renewable energy gateway (REG) gathers all the status information from the solar panels
based on PLC and from the inverter through a serial communication. TheREG monitors
the performance and status of all solar panels in real time. The status information of each
solar panel enables users to maintain the performance of solar power generator. The REG
also gathers the wind power status from the wind inverter. The home server aggregates all
the power generation information and utilizes it for home energy management.
From the information of the energy consumption and the energy generation, the home
server can manage and control home energy use according to the circumstances in real time.
It estimates the renewable energy generation based on the weather information from the
weather forecasting web service, which provides solar radiation, cloud amount, wind speed,
and so on. The home server provides users with various aspects of analysis and helps them
optimize home energy use manually or automatically. Moreover, the energy management
server gathers and stores the energy information of client homes, and it provides the energy
portal service and helps clients compare the energy information of them with that of others

6.2

Home Server

The home server manages the EMCUs installed in outlets and lights through a ZigBee
AP. The home server monitors and controls the EMCUs through the node control block. The
device table manages both home appliances and lights connected to the EMCUs. The home
server identifies home appliances and lights using this table. The energy consumption data of
home appliances and lights are stored in the information database. The aggregated data are
continuously accumulated over time. The energy consumption manager (ECM) analyzes the
aggregated data over time, day, week, and month. It creates energy consumption information
such as: energy use patterns of homeappliance and lights; total energy use pattern of the
whole home.The home server figures out the energy consumptioninformation of a home using
this energy consumption manager.
The REG transfers the status data of solar panels, a solar inverter, and a wind inverter to
the home server. The transferred data describe the performance of each solar panel, the solar
power system, and the wind power system. The data aggregator gathers the transferred data
and stores them in the information database. The home server uses weather data and stores
them in the information database. The weather data is used to generate the correspondence
between energy generation and weather. The energy generation manager (EGM) analyzes
24

Figure 6.2: Function blocks of a home server
the renewable energy generation and draws patterns over weather. Solar energy generation
relates to the solar radiation; wind energy generation relates to the wind speed. The EGM
can estimate renewable energy generation based on the weather forecast.
Based on the estimated energy generation, the home server modifies the home devices
schedule so that the energy cost is reduces. For example, in the low renewable energy
generation time and in high price time, the operation of several home devices can be moved
to other times when the price is low. The home server decides which operation is moved
based on the priority of the operation.
The home user interface (UI) provides a variety of contents about home energy information to home users. The UI shows the energy consumption and generation information
over time. Users can browse and check the energy usage of each home appliance and each
light; they can also figure out how much energy is being generated and how much cost is
being saved. The web service enables smart devices to access the home server and search
the home energy information. Users can browse the home energy information through smart
devices anytime and anywhere through Internet. The home server provides the contents to
smart devices on demand. The smart devices can directly access the information using smart
device applications. The home server transfers the home energy information to the REMS
that manages numerous client homes.

6.3

Energy Management and Communication Unit (EMCU)

In the energy consumption part, the EMCU is a key component; it is composed
of measurement and communication blocks. The measurement block measures the power,
energy, and power factor of plugged home appliances. It uses an energy metering IC for
measuring them. The metering IC measures the voltage 9-+8and current in a sample period;
it multiplies them; it integrates them continuously. The power and energy is calculated with
this process. The power factor is measure based the phase difference between voltage and
current. The measurement block stores only the accumulated energy data at a memory;
it calculates the power and power factor on demand in real time. The measurement block
25

includes the power control block that supplies or blocks the electricity to connected home
appliances.
The communication block supports data transfer between the EMCU and the home
server. It adopts ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area network (WPAN) as
communication methods. It transfers not only the measured energy, power, and power
factor but also the voltage and current. Fig. 3 shows the data transfer message that is
loaded on the ZigBee payload. The MCU in the communication block controls the state of
the power control block in response to the command from the home server.

Figure 6.3: Energy measurement and communication unit (EMCU) and protocol stack.

6.4

Renewable Energy Gateway and PLC Modem

In the energy generation part, the REG is a key component; it is connected to the
PLC modems, the solar inverter, and the wind inverter. The PLC modems communicates
with TCP/IP protocol over PLC. They have their own IP address as an identifier. The connection manager controls connection with the REG. The sensing agent measures the voltage
and current of a solar panel. The performance can be figured out from those sensed data.
The PLC modem transfers the sensed data the REG. The REG has three communication
interfaces: PLC for each solar panel, Ethernet for the home server, and an RS-485 for inverters. For typical network communication, TCP/IP protocol is used over PLC and Ethernet.
The connection manager controls the connection with each PLC modem to aggregate the
status data. Solar and wind inverters are connected through the RS-485 interface. The data
aggregator sends a data request message to each PLC modem and inverters; it receives the
status data. The data sender transfers the aggregated data to the home server periodically.

6.5

Remote Energy Management Server (REMS)

Individual homes can subscribe the energy portal service that is provided by the REMS.
The home server in each home transfers the home energy information to the REMS. The
26

Figure 6.4: Architecture of a renewable energy gateway (REG) and a PLC modem.
client manager maintains the connection to the home server of subscribers. The REMS aggregates the detailed energy information from the client home server that provides the energy
use of home appliances and lights. The energy generation information is also transferred.
All aggregated information is stored in the information database. The REMS calculates
the average, maximum, minimum energy usage regarding homes and home appliances. The
calculated information shows the standard energy usage pattern. It motivates subscribers to
compare their energy usage with that of others and to reduce home energy use. The energy
portal service provides numerous subscribers with the statistical energy consumption and
generation.

Figure 6.5: Remote energy management server (REMS) connected to the home servers of
subscr

27

Chapter 7
Application
1. Energy cost can be reduced
2. Increase the power generation
3. Energy Monitoring
4. Know the cost of energy usage

28

Chapter 8
Conclusion
The smart home energy management system is works well on real time. The system
can be fully controlled by controller. Power consumption details are successfully uploaded
into the web server continuously. Solar power and wind energy are enough for production
of power to supply the home appliances. The implementation cost of the system is low and
this System is also reducing the cost of the power. During peak hour the heavy load home
appliances kept off to maintain the energy management and save the energy for nature and
upcoming future generations. The benefits are we can not only have the power but also have
the knowledge of consumption.

8.1

Future Scope

• Ensure reliable power supply
• Encourage energy conservation and Emission reduction
• Enhance the use of green energy

29

Bibliography
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Proc. IEEE International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Hong Kong,
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2. Young-Sung Son and Kyeong-Deok Moon, Home energy management system based on
power line communication, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1380
to 1386, Aug. 2010
3. Jinsoo Han, Chang-Sic Choi, Wan-Ki Park, and Ilwoo Lee, Green home energy management system through comparison of energy usage between the same kinds of home
appliances, in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics, Singapore, pp. 1to4, Jun. 2011.
4. Alphy John, I.Bildass Santhosam, Home Energy Management System Based On
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5. Archana.S.Kokatanur1, Susham.K.Rao2 , Intelligent Home Energy Management System Including Renewable Energy Based On Micazs Ijret, International Journal Of Research In Engineering And Technology ,Volume: 04 Issue: 04 — Apr-2015, Available
Http://Www.Ijret.Org 842

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