Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
An English-to-Chinese language resource for interpreters and bilingual staff in New York City’s courts, justice agencies, and nonprofit organizations
City of New York Michael R. Bloomberg
Mayor
DISCLAIMER
The Vera Institute of Justice has prepared this legal glossary in collaboration with experienced translators, interpreters, and bilingual staff. While extensive revision and review was undertaken to ensure the accuracy of all terms in this glossary, the Vera Institute does not guarantee the accuracy of the translations. It is not intended to provide legal advice and should be used for general reference purposes only. If you have a specific legal concern or question, you should consult legal counsel. For more information, please contact the Vera Institute’s Communications Department at (212) 334-1300.
The Vera Institute of Justice is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing safety and justice, promoting fair and efficient policy and practice, and working with leaders of government and civil society to improve the systems people rely upon for safety, security, and justice. Vera is a founding member of the Altus Global Alliance.
TRANSLATING JUSTICE: A TRADITIONAL CHINESE GLOSSARY FOR NEW YORK CITY
The Vera Institute of Justice developed this translated glossary of criminal and juvenile justice terms to serve as a resource for interpreters, translators, and bilingual staff at New York City’s justice and public safety agencies, courts, and nonprofit organizations. We hope the use of this glossary will improve Chinese-speaking New Yorkers’ access to justice, and will assist interpreters, translators, and bilingual staff in providing vital communication—both written and oral—to limited English proficient residents of our city. The glossary includes 640 legal and criminal justice words and phrases used in New York courts, justice agencies, and nonprofit organizations. The terms are organized both alphabetically and in the following categories—Agency Names, Court Proceedings & Sentencing, Detention & Corrections, Drugs & Weapons, Juvenile Justice, Law Enforcement & Investigations, Penal Law & Offenses, and Probation & Parole. Existing glossaries from New York agencies and other state justice agencies were used as a starting point and ongoing reference for the project. We commissioned a team of bilingual staff and interpreters to collaboratively generate translations for the terms. Collectively, the translation team had decades of interpreting and translating experience and were representative of the regional diversity of the Chinese-speaking world. Our translation team tirelessly discussed each term and collectively decided on a translation or, in some cases, multiple translations. This final product reflects the thought, discussion, and collaboration our reviewers invested in this document. While we took great care to be inclusive and thorough in developing this glossary, we recognize that there may be errors, omissions, or additional translations for the terms in the glossary. We welcome any suggestions you have to improve the glossary. Please contact the Vera Institute’s Communications Department at (212) 334-1300 to share your comments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was made possible with generous support and funding from the New York City Council and the Council’s Committee on Fire & Criminal Justice Services and the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services.
We would like to thank the following individuals for their advice and guidance throughout the course of this project: Nathalie Alvarado, NYC Department of Probation; Kimberly Arena, NYC Law Department; Sandra Bryan, NYS Office of Court Administration Interpreting Services; Mari Curbelo, Criminal Justice Agency; John Evangelista, NYC Department of Probation; Nancy Festinger, Southern District of New York Court Interpreter’s Office; Megan Golden, Vera Institute of Justice; Linda Green, Manhattan Treatment Court volunteer; Anita Khashu, Vera Institute of Justice; Krista Larson, Vera Institute of Justice; Yumari Martinez, Vera Institute of Justice; Kleber Palma, NYC Department of Education Translating Unit; Pedro Perez, NYS certified court interpreter; Cynthia Peterson, NYC Office of the Criminal Justice Coordinator; Lisa Poris, Legal Information for Families Today; Officer Mildred Roman, New York City Police Department; Yanet Santiago, Safe Horizon; Barbara Taveras; Luisa Taveras, Vera Institute of Justice; Diane Ward, NYC Department of Correction; and Jon Wool, Vera Institute of Justice.
We would like to thank the four individuals who worked collaboratively on the traditional Chinese translation of this glossary: Kwan Kit Chan Mr. Chan is a bilingual staff member of the New York City Asian Women’s Center, a nonprofit domestic violence agency. Maria Ho Ms. Ho is a bilingual staff member of the Chinese American Planning Council, a nonprofit organization that serves New York City’s Asian communities. Stella Lay Ms. Lay is a certified Cantonese and Mandarin court interpreter with the New York State Office of Court Administration. Way Moy Mr. Moy is a certified Cantonese and Mandarin court interpreter with the New York State Office of Court Administration.
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
A
TERM
Abandonment Abet Abortion Abscond Absconder Accessory Accessory after the fact Accessory before The fact Accessory during the fact Accomplice Accusatory instrument Accuse (v.) Accused (n.) Acquit Acquittal Adjourn Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal (ACD) Adjudicate Adjudication of delinquency
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
A
TERM
Adjustment Administer an oath Admissibility Admissible evidence Admission [into custody or incarceration] Admission [statement or confession] Admit into evidence Adultery Affidavit Affirm (v.) Aftercare Aggravated arson Aggravated assault Aggravated criminal contempt Aggravated harassment Aggravated sexual abuse Aggravated theft Aggravated unlicensed operation of a vehicle Aggravating circumstances
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
B
TERM
Burglary Buy & bust operation
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 入室盜竊 買及拉 ; 買抓行動
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Drugs & Weapons; Law Enforcement & Investigations
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
C
TERM
Calendar Calendar part Capacity to consent Capital punishment Carjacking Caseload Casing Cemetery desecration Certificate of disposition Certificate of relief from disabilities Certified copy Chain of custody Change of venue Charge (n.)
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
C
TERM
Citation [legal reference] Citation [summons] CJA panel attorney Clear and convincing evidence Clear and present danger Cocaine base Cocaine Coercion Collateral attack [on a conviction] Collateral review Collusion Commercial bribe receiving Commercial bribing Commitment Community court Community service Commutation Competence of defendant Competent evidence
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
C
TERM
Crime Crime of terrorism Crime scene Criminal conduct Criminal contempt Criminal court Criminal facilitation Criminal impersonation Criminal mischief and related offenses Criminal negligence Criminal nuisance Criminal possession Criminal possession of a weapon Criminal purchase of a weapon Criminal record Criminal sale of a firearm Criminal sale of marijuana Criminal simulation Criminal solicitation
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
C
TERM
Criminal tampering Criminal trespass Criminal use of a firearm Criminal usury Criminally negligent homicide Cross examination Culpability Cumulative sentence Custodial interference Custody
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 非法干預 非法侵入 非法使用軍火 非法高利貸 刑事疏忽殺人 對方盤問 罪責 累積刑期 妨礙監護權 監管
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations; Juvenile Justice; Detention & Corrections
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
D
TERM
Dangerous instrument Deadly physical force Deadly weapon Decline to prosecute Defendant Defense Defense counsel/lawyer Definite sentence Delinquency Delinquency proceeding Delinquent Designated felony act Desk Appearance Ticket (DAT) Detainee Detention Determinate sentence Detoxification Direct examination Directed verdict
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
D
TERM
Discharge Discovery [or disclosure] Dismiss a case Dismissal Dismissal with prejudice Dismissal without prejudice Disorderly conduct Disposition Dispositional hearing District Attorney (DA) Diversion Domestic violence Domicile Double jeopardy Drive-by shooting Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) Drug (n.) Drug abuse
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
E
TERM
Early Case Assessment Bureau (ECAB) Eavesdropping Ecstasy Embezzle Endangering the welfare of… Enter a plea to the indictment Entertain a motion Entrapment Entry of judgment Equal protection of laws Escape (n.)
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Juvenile Justice Penal Law & Offenses; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations; Detention & Corrections; Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Juvenile Justice Juvenile Justice Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Juvenile Justice; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations Drugs & Weapons Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing
False imprisonment Falsely reporting an incident Family Court Family Court Appearance Ticket (FCAT) Felony Female genital mutilation Fencing File a motion File notice of appeal Finding (n.) Fingerprints Firearms First degree murder Fixed sentence
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
F
TERM
Force (n.) Forcible rape Forcible touching Forfeiture Forgery Foster care Fraud Fraudulent accosting Frisk Fugitive
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 武力 強姦 強行撫摸 充公 ; 沒收 偽造 寄養 欺詐 ; 詐騙 假意答訕 搜身 逃犯
CATEGORY
Law Enforcement & Investigations; Detention & Corrections Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses Juvenile Justice Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Detention & Corrections; Law Enforcement & Investigations
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
G
TERM
Gambling Gang assault Good time [served on a sentence] Graffiti (n.) Graffiti (v.) Grand jury Grand larceny Guardian Guardian ad litem Guilty plea Guilty verdict
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 賭博 群毆 已服刑期 塗鴉 塗鴉 大陪審團 巨額侵佔他人財物 監護人 訴訟監護人 認罪的答辯 有罪裁決
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Detention & Corrections Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing; Juvenile Justice Juvenile Justice Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
H
TERM
Habeas corpus [writ of] Habitual offender Hacker Halfway/transition house Handgun Harassment Hate crime Hazing Hearing (n.) Hearing examiner Hearsay Heroin Hindering prosecution Homicide Hung jury
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 人身保護令 慣犯 黑客 中途宿舍 手槍 騷擾 仇視犯罪 欺辱 聽證會 聽證官 傳聞 海洛英 ; 白粉 妨礙檢舉 殺人 懸判
CATEGORY
Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Probation & Parole Drugs & Weapons Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Drugs & Weapons Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
I
TERM
Identity theft Illegal possession of a gun Illegal search and seizure Illegally seized evidence Immigration hold Immunity Impeach [a witness] Imprisonment Incapacitated person Incest Inciting to riot Incompetent person Inculpatory statement Indecent exposure Indeterminate sentence Indictment Indigent Information Informer/informant
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Law Enforcement & Investigations Detention & Corrections Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Detention & Corrections Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
I
TERM
Infraction Initial appearance Insanity defense Insurance fraud Intake Intent Interpreter Interrogation [custodial] Intimidating a victim or witness Intoxication Investigation and Report (I&R) Involuntary manslaughter Issuing a bad check
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 違法 第一次出庭 精神失常辯護 保險詐騙 落案 意圖 口譯員 盤問 恐嚇受害者或證人 酒醉 ; 濫用禁藥 調查與報告 (I&R) 過失殺人 簽發空頭支票
CATEGORY
Court Proceedings & Sentencing; Probation & Parole Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations; Detention & Corrections; Juvenile Justice Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses Drugs & Weapons Court Proceedings & Sentencing; Probation & Parole Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
K
TERM
Kidnapping Knives
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 綁架 刀
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Drugs & Weapons
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
L
TERM
Lack of consent [on a sex offense] Larceny Latent prints Law Law guardian Lawyer Legal Aid Society Lesser included charge Lesser included offense Letter of disposition Liability Litigate Live ammunition Local supervision Loitering Lookout [for a sale]
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 未經同意 [性攻擊] 非法侵佔財物 隱藏的指印 法律 法律監護人 律師 法律援助協會 包括的較輕指控 包括的較輕控罪 結案證書 責任 訴訟 實彈 地方監管 遊蕩 把風
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
M
TERM
Minor [juvenile] Miranda hearing Miranda rights Miranda Rule Miranda warning Misapplication of property Misdemeanor Mistrial Mitigating circumstances Money laundering Monitoring Moral turpitude Motion (n.) Motion to dismiss Motive Mug shot Murder (n.)
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 未成年人 米蘭達聽證會 米蘭達權利 米蘭達規則 米蘭達警告 濫用財產 輕罪 無效審判 減輕罪責的情況 洗錢 監視 有違道德 動議 撤消動議 犯罪動機 落案相片 謀殺
CATEGORY
Juvenile Justice Law Enforcement & Investigations; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations Law Enforcement & Investigations Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations; Probation & Parole Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Juvenile Justice; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
N
TERM
Neglect (n.) Negligence Negligent manslaughter New York City Department of Correction (DOC) New York City Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) New York City Department of Probation (DOP) New York City Family Justice Center New York City Law Department New York City Police Department (NYPD) New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) New York State Division of Parole New York State Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS) No true bill Nolle prosequi Nolo contendere Non-support of a child Notary public Notice (n.)
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
N
TERM
Notice of appeal
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 上訴通知書
CATEGORY
Court Proceedings & Sentencing
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
O
TERM
Oath Objection Obscenity Obstruction of justice Offender Offense Offensive exhibition Order of protection Organized crime
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 誓詞 反對 猥褻 阻礙司法 罪犯 罪行 不文露體 保護令 有組織犯罪
CATEGORY
Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing; Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
P
TERM
Pardon Parole Parole [to release on…] Parole revocation Parole supervision Parole violation Patronizing a prostitute Pedigree information Penalty Penitentiary Perjury Perpetrator Persistent felony offender Persistent sexual abuse Persistent violent felony offender Persons In Need of Supervision Persons In Need of Supervision (PINS) proceeding Petit larceny Petition (n.)
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
P
TERM
Pretrial release Prima facie case Prior conviction Prison Prisoner Pro se Probable cause Probable cause hearing Probation Probation officer Probation revocation Probation termination Probation violation Probationer Proceeding Proffer Promoting gambling Promoting prostitution Property
CATEGORY
Court Proceedings & Sentencing; Detention & Corrections Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Detention & Corrections Detention & Corrections Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing; Law Enforcement & Investigations Juvenile Justice; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Probation & Parole Probation & Parole Probation & Parole Probation & Parole Probation & Parole Probation & Parole Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
P
TERM
Property crime Prosecution Prosecutor Prostitute Prostitution Protective custody Public defender Public lewdness Punishment
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 涉及財產的罪行 起訴 控方 ; 檢控官 妓女 賣淫 暫時寄養 公設辯護律師 當衆猥褻 處罰
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
R
TERM
Racketeering Rap sheet Rape Rearrest notification Reasonable cause Reasonable doubt Reasonable force Receiving stolen property Reckless assault Reckless endangerment Record Recuse (v.) Rehabilitation Released on Own Recognizance (ROR) Remain silent Remand (n.) Remand (v.) Rent gouging
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
S
TERM
Sale or exchange Sanction Seal the record Search (n.) Search and seizure Search incident to an arrest Search warrant Second degree murder Seizure Self defense Semi-automatic gun Sentence (n.) Sentencing hearing Sex offense Sexual abuse Sexual assault Sexual intercourse Sexual misconduct Sexual predator
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Probation & Parole; Juvenile Justice Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations Law Enforcement & Investigations Law Enforcement & Investigations Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Court Proceedings & Sentencing Drugs & Weapons Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
S
TERM
Sheriff Shotgun Sodomy Speedball [mix of cocaine & heroin] Speedy trial Split sentence Stalking Statement Status offender Status offense Statute Statute of limitations Stay (n.) Steerer [assists in a sale by directing customers] Stickup Stipulation of settlement Stolen property Stop and frisk Strict liability
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
T
TERM
Taking into custody Tampering with a consumer product Technical violation Temporary order of protection Temporary restraining order Testify Testimony Theft Theft of services Time served Trace Trademark counterfeiting Treatment Trespass (v.) Trespasser Trial
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 拘押 對消費品的干預 技術上違規 暫時保護令 暫時管制令 作證 證詞 盜竊 竊取服務 已相抵刑期 痕跡 偽造商標 治療 侵入 侵入者 審判
CATEGORY
Law Enforcement & Investigations; Detention & Corrections Penal Law & Offenses Probation & Parole Law Enforcement & Investigations; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Detention & Corrections; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Drugs & Weapons
Penal Law & Offenses
Drugs & Weapons Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
U
TERM
Unauthorized use of a vehicle Unauthorized use of credit card, debit card or public benefit card Unconditional release/discharge United States Attorney's Office (USAO) Unlawful assembly Unlawful imprisonment Unlawful possession Unlawful possession of a weapon Unmarked police car Unreasonable search and seizure
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 未經授權使用車輛
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses
未經授權使用信用卡、借記卡或福利卡 Penal Law & Offenses 無條件釋放 美國總檢察長辦公室 (USAO) 非法集會 非法拘禁 非法擁有;非法持有 非法持有 ; 擁有武器 便裝警車 不合理的搜查和扣留
Probation & Parole; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Agency Names Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Law Enforcement & Investigations Penal Law & Offenses
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
V
TERM
Vandalism Vehicular assault Vehicular manslaughter Venue Verdict Victim Victim-impact statement
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 損毀行為 駕車攻擊 駕車殺人 審判地點 判決 受害者 被害後果陳述 違法;違規 暴力犯罪 暴力罪行 故意殺人
CATEGORY
Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Court Proceedings & Sentencing Law Enforcement & Investigations; Probation & Parole; Court Proceedings & Sentencing Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses
Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
W
TERM
Waive Warden Warrant Weapon Welfare fraud Wiretapping Witness Work release Writ
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 放棄 獄長 許可令 武器 福利欺詐 竊聽 證人 工作上的假釋 令狀
CATEGORY
Court Proceedings & Sentencing Detention & Corrections Law Enforcement & Investigations Drugs & Weapons Penal Law & Offenses Penal Law & Offenses; Law Enforcement & Investigations Court Proceedings & Sentencing Detention & Corrections Court Proceedings & Sentencing
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
Y
TERM
Youthful offender
TRADITIONAL CHINESE TRANSLATION 少年犯
CATEGORY
Juvenile Justice
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Translating Justice: A Traditional Chinese Glossary for New York City
REFERENCES
General Black’s Law Dictionary: Abridged Fifth Edition. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1983. Criminal Law Handbook of New York. Binghamton, NY: Gould Publications, 2003. New York Family Law Handbook. Binghamton, NY: Gould Publications, 2006.
Chinese Kiang, Yi-seng. An English-Chinese Glossary of American Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law. Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, 1989. Li, Zhong E. (Ed.) Everyday Law Compendium for Hong Kong (Vols. 1-3). Hong Kong: Commercial Press, 1991.