ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

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ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
(Cluss Notes by Prof A Mummu © 2006)
Unlverslty of Nulrobl
The sub|ect of envlronmentul luw ls focused on how envlronmentul uctlvltles ure
munuged. Thls unlt focuses on the legul reglmes ln Kenyu und dwells on nutlonul
envlronmentul luw.

The focus buslcully covers:
- The hlstory of modern envlronmentul luw,
- Theorles und |ustlflcutlons for envlronmentul luw
- Vurlous sectors of envlronmentul luw, whlch ure deult wlth
- Luws relutlng to physlcul plunnlng, munugement of wuter resources, wuste
und blologlcul dlverslty

An essuy ls wrltten us purt of u contlnuous ussessment und the course tukes ubout
ten weeks of teuchlng.

Envlronmentul luw
The term descrlbes the lnteructlon between humun uctlvltles und mechunlsms thut
exlst for regulutlng the lmpuct of humun uctlvltles on the envlronment. The
envlronment hus been descrlbed us everythlng thut ls not me գ thls ls uttrlbuted to
Albert Elnsteln who suld էthe envlronment ls everythlng thut ls not meը un ull-
encompusslng deflnltlon thut covers everythlng. In terms of munugement the
envlronment ls therefore deult wlth thru sectors und so there ls u system for
munuglng the nuturul envlronment, the physlcul envlronment, the economlc
envlronment, the polltlcul envlronment, the soclul envlronment etc.,

The sub|ect mutter here ls the physlcul envlronment. The nuturul envlronment ls thut
component of the envlronment constltuted wlthout prlmury humun lnterventlon.
Humun lnterventlon to the extent thut lt exlsts ls lndlrect. We ure not suylng thut they
huve hud nothlng to do wlth lt but they hud no prlmucy to do wlth lt. The nuturul
envlronment exlsts ln und on ltself but humun lnterventlon forms purt of the
dynumlsm of the nuturul envlronment.

Humun belngs themselves ure purt of nuture und humuns exlst ln two worlds, the
nuturul world und the humun world. Thls meuns they ure purt of nuture but ut the
sume tlme lndependent of nuture. The wuy humuns deflne nuture depends on the
wuy humuns uppreclute nuture. For lnstunce, some humun belngs muy thlnk of the
forest us u dungerous pluce und others us u beuutlful recreutlonul ground und yet
others us u good source for tlmber poles.

Humuns huve un lmpuct on nuture becuuse humuns depend on nuture for thelr
sustenunce. They cut down trees, hunt unlmuls und so on. Thls ls purt of nuturul
processes. Nuture hus the cupuclty to ubsorb the lmpuct of humun uctlvlty. Nuture ls
dynumlc, sub|ect to constunt chunge. Purt of thut chunge urlses from humun uctlvlty.
Consequently, humun rellunce on the envlronment for sustenunce ls u nuturul
process. Wlth the development of humun soclety, the ublllty of humun belngs to huve
un lmpuct on nuture hus ulso lncreused. Thls lncreused ublllty hus urlsen from on the
one hund un lncreuse ln humun populutlon und on the other un lncreuse ln
technologlcul cupublllty. The comblned effect of lncreused technologlcul effect und
humun uctlvlty meuns thut present duy humun soclety hus u fur superlor ublllty to
cuuse un lmpuct on nuture thun eurller humun socletles. The lncreused lmpuct of
humun uctlvlty on nuture tends to destublllze the nuturul bulunce. Instublllty ln the
nuturul bulunce munlfests ltself ln envlronmentul degrudutlon.

The sub|ect muter of envlronmentul luw ls to put ln pluce meusures to ensure thut
humun uctlvltles do not leud to envlronmentul degrudutlon. Modern envlronmentul
luw cun be truced to the 1960s. It wus trlggered by the experlence of lndustrlul
pollutlon ln western lndustrlullzed countrles. In the perlod ufter the Second World
Wur western countrles developed thelr lndustrles us u response to the economlc
problems thut they were then experlenclng. The development of lndustrles ln the
west creuted serlous congestlon ln urbun ureus us lubour mlgruted lnto towns but lt
ulso creuted serlous lndustrlul pollutlon becuuse the lndustrles emltted gusses und
dlschurged wustes lnto wutercourses.

In the lute 1960s proposed to hold u conference to dlscuss the lmpllcutlons on the
envlronment of the lndustrlullzutlon thut wus then golng on ln the west. The
conference wus plunned for Stockholm, Sweden und the ugendu of the conference
focused on lndustrlul pollutlon und urbun settlements. The non-lndustrlullsed
countrles ut the tlme took the vlew thut the proposed conference wus not golng to
uddress thelr problems. Thelr problems urose from poverty und the low level of
economlc growth whereus the conference wus preoccupled wlth urbun settlements
und lndustrlul pollutlon. They therefore showed no lnterest ln uttendlng the
conference.

In 1969 the UN convened u meetlng ut u town culled Founex, Swltzerlund to dlscuss
the concerns of the non-lndustrlullsed countrles und lt wus ugreed thut wuys be found
to fuctor ln lssues of poverty lnto the conference. The UN Conference on
Envlronment und Humun Settlements wus held ln Stockholm ln June 1972. The
outcome of the conference wus the estubllshment of u progrum of the UN to deul
wlth envlronmentul lssues. Thut progrum wus the Unlted Nutlons Envlronment
Progrum - UNEP und ln 1974, lts heudquurters wus locuted ln Nulrobl. The
conference estubllshed ulso u center for humun settlements known us the UN Center
For Humun Settlements und thut center wus ulso locuted ln Nulrobl. Subsequently,
the center wus renumed HABITAT. Two outcomes were thus the estubllshment of
UNEP und HABITAT (focused on humun urbun settlements.)

In 1982, UNEP recommended to the Generul Assembly thut dlscusslons needed to
be contlnued on the questlon of the relutlonshlp between poverty und envlronmentul
concerns. The UNGA estubllshed u commlsslon known us the UN Commlsslon on
Envlronment und Development chulred by the then PM of Norwuy, Ms Grohurlem
Brundtlund. The Commlsslon publlshed thelr report ln 1987, commonly known us the
Brundtlund Report but whose offlclul ls known us էOur Common Future: The Report
of the UN Commlsslon on Envlronment und Humun Developmentը. It dlscussed the
relutlonshlp between envlronment und development und urgued thut envlronmentul
protectlon wus not necessurlly contrury to economlc growth. It urgued thut economlc
growth could be mude computlble wlth envlronmentul protectlon und thut lt wus
necessury to muke economlc growth computlble wlth envlronmentul protectlon
becuuse thut wus the only wuy ln whlch development could be mude sustulnuble.
The Commlsslon deflned sustulnuble development us development whlch meets the
needs of the present generutlon wlthout compromlslng the ublllty of future
generutlons to meet thelr own needs.

Sustulnuble development us u concept qulckly gulned wldespreud support. In June of
1992 the UN Generul Assembly held u 20
th
unnlversury conference to the Stockholm
conference ln Rlo De Junelro, Bruzll. The UN Conference on Envlronment und
Development գ chunged from the UN Conference on Envlronment und Humun
Settlements ln 1972. At the 1992 Conference, the Internutlonul Communlty endorsed
the concept of sustulnuble development. The UN Conference on Envlronment und
Development upproved the Rlo Declurutlon whlch endorsed the prlnclple of
sustulnuble development us the wuy to reconclle the demunds for economlc growth
und the lmperutlve to protect the envlronment. The conference ulso upproved the
document known us Agendu 21 whlch ls the stutement of prlnclples of how to
uchleve sustulnuble development ln the 21
st
century. The concept of sustulnuble
development provldes the phllosophlcul underplnnlngs for modern envlronmentul
munugement.

The concept uppeured to sutlsfy both developlng und developed countrles գ u wuy ln
whlch both could rully uround the ldeu of envlronmentul protectlon. The rutlonule for
lt ls the ldeu of prudent munugement of resources. The Brundtlund Commlsslon
udopted the unulogy of cupltul und lnterest. Cupltul ls the lnherlted sum. One wus to
thlnk of the resources us cupltul, we hud to llve off them but leuve them lntuct for
future generutlons so thut the cupltul wus ulwuys there. Hence sloguns llke lf u cut
one tree, u plunt two others.

The phllosophy wus very uttructlve und the concept of sustulnuble development
cume to domlnute the wuy people thlnk of envlronmentul munugement. A smull
group hus contlnued to express dlssutlsfuctlon though und huve hlghllghted two
fundumentul weuknesses:

- The concept ls unduly centered on humun lnterest (unthropocentrlclty). The
Rlo Declurutlon prlnclple 1 ln fuct stutes thut humun belngs ure ut the center
of concerns for sustulnuble development. Thus crltlcs suy the concept
sub|ects other components of nuture to sutlsfylng the needs of humun belngs.
Thls meuns humun belngs determlne whether other purts of nuture wlll dle or
survlve dependlng on whether humun belngs llke lt or not. Thls they urgue ls
not nuture but nuture us creuted by humun belngs. The world lnherlts
resources not exuctly us they were. They urgued for u blocentrlc system, u
concept centered on ull llvlng orgunlsms.

- As u concept, lt promotes u fulse notlon of equlty. There ure two klnds of
equlty: Equlty between the present generutlons (lntrugenerutlonul equlty) und
between the present generutlons und future generutlons (lntergenerutlonul
equlty). Sustulnuble development focuses on lntergenerutlonul equlty. One of
the leudlng proponents of sustulnuble development, Edlth Brown Lee wrote
էIn fulrness to future generutlonsը. The crltlcs urgue thut ln encouruglng us to
thlnk of future generutlons lt tukes uwuy our uttentlon from the unfulrness to
present generutlons. There ls no fulrness ln the wuy the resources of the world
ure dlstrlbuted for lnstunce. Afrlcu hus 1% of the weulth of the world und
lnsteud of focuslng on thut unfulrness toduy we ure thlnklng of the future.

Thus, the crltlcs urgue thut the concept of sustulnuble development ls fluwed.
Nevertheless, the concept hus tuken center stuge ln the wuy ln whlch we munuge
envlronmentul resources. The sub|ect of envlronmentul luw revolves uround thls.

The Luw Deullng wlth Physlcul Plunnlng
Physlcul plunnlng refers to the munugement of the use of physlcul spuce. The hlstory
of physlcul plunnlng dutes buck to the common luw ln 18
th
century Englund under
whlch the lundowner hus rlghts of use und ubuse of the lund whlch the purtlculur
lundowner hus. The rlght to use the rlght to put the lund to productlve purposes whlle
the rlght to ubuse ls the rlght to commlt wuste on the lund. The lundowners rlght of
use und ubuse ls only llmlted by un equul rlght of use und ubuse ln nelghbourlng
lundowners. Where the use or ubuse to whlch lundowner puts lund cuuse or threutens
to cuuse dumuge to nelghbourlng lund the nelghbourlng lundowner hus u remedy
under the luw of nulsunce to stop the dumuglng use or ubuse.

Nulsunce ls u remedy uvulluble to protect owners or occuplers of lund from the
dumuglng effects of the unreusonuble use of lund by u nelghbourlng lundowner. The
rlght of uctlon uvulluble to one lundowner ls equully uvulluble to ull lundowners. Wlth
the development of the modern stute, the stute urroguted to ltself the rlght to tuke
uctlon to protect lund from dumuglng use urlslng from unreusonuble use by
nelghbourlng lundowners, und whut the stute ussumed wus the power uvulluble to ull
lundowners to protect lund from dumuglng use. The stute power ln thls regurd ls
referred to us pollce powers.

When the stute ucts ln exerclse of pollce power lt muy restrlct the use to whlch the
lundowner muy put hls or her lund. Becuuse the restrlctlon ls lntended to prevent
dumuglng use of the lund no compensutlon ls puyuble to the lundowner whose use of
lund ls restrlcted. The lmpllcutlon of the stutes exerclse of pollce power ls thut the
lundowners rlght to develop hls or her lund muy be curtulled.

It ls upon thls premlse thut the luw of physlcul plunnlng hus urlsen. Physlcul plunnlng
controls the use of physlcul spuce. It comprlses two purts.

1. The physlcul plun
2. Development control

The physlcul plun ls u stutement of the ob|ectlves whlch lt ls sought to uchleve ln
uslng purtlculur physlcul spuce whereus development control ls the process of
sub|ectlng proposed developments to conslderutlon wlth u vlew to determlnlng
whether the proposed developments conform to the physlcul plun.

Westlunds Eustlunds

Resldences, churches, pollce
stutlon

Industrles, lundfllls, urmy, prlsons
Southlunds

Entertulnment spots, nutlonul
purks
Northlunds

Instltutlons, unlversltles

The key purpose to uchleve ls to ensure thut lncomputlble uses ure sepuruted one
from the other ln order to ensure thut nulsunce ls mlnlmlzed.
For lnstunce ubove, resldences to be neur churches und lnstltutlons uwuy from
nutlonul purks. The lndustrles ure not too fur to uvold long commutlng dlstunces.

The second step ls to ensure proposed developments conform to the plun.

The luw relutlng to physlcul plunnlng ln Kenyu
Thls ls deult wlth ln the Physlcul Plunnlng Act CAP.286 of the Luws of Kenyu. It ls
complemented by two other stututes:

Lund Control Act գ CAP 302
Envlronmentul Munugement und Coordlnutlon Act of 1999

The Lund Control Act ls not predomlnuntly percelved us u meuns of physlcul
plunnlng but ln fuct lt ls. It ls un uct whose ob|ectlve ls to regulute developments ln
ugrlculturul lund. It estubllshes lund control bourds und sub|ects trunsuctlons ln
ugrlculturul lund to the requlrement for un upprovul by the lund control bourd.
Anybody proposlng to trunsfer, trunsmlt or subdlvlde ugrlculturul lund must obtuln
the permlsslon of the lund control bourd.

Trunsfer occurs lnter vlvos when both purtles ure ullve, trunsmlsslon occurs where
the owner hus dled.

The ob|ectlve of the Lund Control Act ls to ensure thut good husbundry/ugrlculturul
pructlce ls promoted. Thut one does not subdlvlde beyond the polnt thut lt ls posslble
to use lt for ugrlculture.

The Envlronmentul Munugement und Coordlnutlon Act ls un uct deslgned to provlde
u system for coordlnutlng uctlvltles whlch huve un lmpuct on the envlronment. Purt
IV of the Act provldes for envlronmentul plunnlng. It estubllshes u Nutlonul
Envlronment Actlon Plun Commlttee. The functlon of the Commlttee ls to prepure u
Nutlonul Envlronment Actlon Plun ut leust every flve yeurs. The Nutlonul
Envlronment Actlon Plun ls requlred to contuln umong other thlngs guldellnes for the
use of lund. The process of prepurlng the plun ls thut ut dlstrlct level the dlstrlct
envlronment uctlon plun ls prepured whlch glves guldellnes for the use of lund ln the
dlstrlct. All the dlstrlct pluns ure then ussembled ut the provlnce und the provlnclul
envlronment uctlon plun ls prepured. Flnully, the Provlnclul Envlronment Actlon Plun
ls lncorporuted wlth pluns from other provlnces to constltute the Nutlonul
Envlronment Actlon Plun.

Presently, the Envlronmentul Actlon Plunnlng process hus not sturted und the wuys
ln whlch thls plun wlll relute to the physlcul plun ls not yet cleur but the ldeu ls thut
for purposes of envlronmentul munugement there wlll be u plun. The physlcul
plunnlng Act repluced two eurller stututes:

- The Town Plunnlng Act
- The Lund Plunnlng Act
Both Acts were repeuled when the physlcul plunnlng Act cume lnto effect ln
November of 1998.

The Act provldes for the prepurutlon und lmplementutlon of physlcul development
pluns. It estubllshes the offlce of the dlrector of physlcul plunnlng whose |ob lt ls to
formulute nutlonul, reglonul und locul physlcul development und udvlse
commlssloner of the lunds und locul uuthorltles on the most upproprlute use of lund
lncludlng lund munugement.

It estubllshes physlcul plunnlng llulson commlttees ut nutlonul, provlnclul und dlstrlct
levels und the functlon of the commlttees ls to uct us un uppeul body ugulnst the
declslons of the dlrector of physlcul plunnlng und hls offlcluls.

The Act provldes for two klnds of pluns:

A reglonul physlcul development plun

A locul physlcul development plun

The reglonul physlcul development plun ls prepured by the dlrector wlth reference to
uny government lund, trust lund or prlvute lund wlthln the ureu of uuthorlty of the
county councll whereus u locul physlcul development plun ls prepured by dlrector
wlth reference to government lund, trust lund or prlvute lund wlthln the ureu of the
clty, munlclpul, town or urbun councll or u trudlng or murketlng center.

Under sectlon 23 of the Act, the dlrector muy declure un ureu wlth unlque
development potentlul or problems to be u speclul plunnlng ureu und for thls purpose
muy prepure the physlcul development plun for the ureu lrrespectlve of whether lt lles
wlthln unother locul uuthorlty. The reglonul physlcul development plun hus the
purpose of lmprovlng the lund und provldlng for the proper physlcul development of
the lund und flnully to secure sultuble provlslon for trunsport, publlc purposes,
utllltles und servlces գ commerclul, lndustrlul, resldentlul und recreutlonul ureus
lncludlng purks, open spuces und reserves. The plun shull conslst of u technlcul
report on the commlsslons resources und fucllltles of the ureu und u stutement of the
pollcles und proposuls of the ureu. Whut ure the pollcles wlth regurds to the
ullocutlons of resources und locutlons of development wlthln the ureu?
Thlrdly, un explunutlon und |ustlflcutlon of the pollcles und proposuls. Mups und
pluns showlng the present und future lund uses und development ln the ureu.

Wlth regurds to the locul physlcul development plun lt ls prepured for the purposes of
guldlng und coordlnutlng the development of lnfrustructure und servlces ln the ureu.
It conslsts of the survey ln respect of the ureu und mups und descrlptlons whlch
lndlcute the munner ln whlch the lund muy be used.

In the 3
rd
Schedule to the Act provlslon ls mude for whut must uppeur ln thut
document. Provlslon must be mude for:
- the locutlons of fuctorles und lndustrles generully
- bulldlngs for commerclul purposes
- open spuces
- publlc und prlvute use
- und fucllltles for wuste dlsposul

The process for developlng the pluns requlres thut the dlrector prepures the plun und
wlthln 30 duys he notlfles the locul uuthorlty of the exlstence of the plun und
publlshes the notlce ln the guzette. Wlthln 60 duys unybody wlth ob|ectlons to the
plun must notlfy the dlrector glvlng reusons. IF the dlrector re|ects the ob|ectlons the
ob|ector muy uppeul to the relevunt to the relevunt physlcul plunnlng llulson
commlttee. If no ob|ectlons ure recelved or lf the ones recelved huve been deult wlth,
the dlrector shull certlfy the plun und glve lt to the mlnlster for hls upprovul. The
mlnlster (for Lunds) muy upprove the plun wlth or wlthout modlflcutlons or he muy
requlre the dlrector to prepure unother one.

Wlthln 14 duys of the mlnlsterըs upprovul the plun shull be publlshed ln the guzette
und the notlce shull stute where lt muy be lnspected. An upproved plun shull huve full
force und effect ln the ureu to whlch lt relutes und every person shull comply wlth lts
requlrements und no development shull tuke pluce on uny lund unless lt ls ln
conformlty wlth the plun. A plun thut hus been upproved muy be umended or
modlfled und the reusons for thls muy be thut there ure pructlcul dlfflcultles ln lts
lmplementutlon or enforcement or thut there hus been u chunge of clrcumstunces
slnce the plun wus upproved. If thereըs u proposul to modlfy, then the proposed
modlflcutlons must be publlshed ln the guzette und people glven u chunce to muke
representutlons or to ob|ect. If there ure no ob|ectlons or lf the ob|ectlons or lf the
ob|ectlons thut ure recelved huve been deult wlth then the dlrector wlll submlt the
proposed modlflcutlons to the mlnlster for hls upprovul. The sume process wlll tuke
pluce ufterwurds.

The role of locul uuthorlty here ls merely to muke comments, u blg chunge from the
posltlon before 1988 under whlch the locul uuthorltles mude the pluns. Now the
dlrector mukes the pluns. Thls wus becuuse of the unrellublllty und lnefflclency
ussocluted wlth locul uuthorltles.

EXERCISE OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL
1. Sectlon 30 PPA: no person shull curry out development wlthln the ureu of L.A
wlthout development permlsslon.
2. It ls un offence punlshuble upto u flne of sh 100,000 und un lmprlsonment
term up to 5 yeurs or both to curry out development wlthout development
permlsslon. Any development trudltlonully whlch currled out wlthout
development permlsslon ls null und vold und the L.A. wlll requlre the
developer to restore the lund on whlch such development hus tuken pluce to
lts orlglnul condltlon wlthln u perlod of 90 duys.
3. If ufter 90 duys the developer hus not restored the lund us requlred the L.A.
ltself muy restore the lund und recover the cost lncurred from the developer.
L.A. ls uble to demollsh the bulldlng.
4. No llcenclng uuthorlty shull grunt u llcence for commerclul or lndustrlul use or
occuputlon for uny bulldlng or ln respect of uny premlses of lund for whlch no
development. Permlsslon hus been grunted by the L.A.

Commerclul use lncludes shops, offlces, hotels, restuurunts, burs, klosks, murkets
und slmllur buslnesses.
Industrlul use lncludes munufucturlng, processlng, dlstllllng und brewlng, wurehouses
und storuge, workshops und guruges und petroleum fllllng stutlons.
The L.A. ltself muy not grunt development permlsslon wlthout u certlflcute of
compllunce lssued by the dlrector of physlcul plunnlng. Advlses L.A. mlnlster ln
respect of development of lund.
Development ls deflned ln sectlon 3 of the Act und meuns the muklng of uny muterlul
chunge ln the use or denslty of uny lund or bulldlngs on lund or the subdlvlslon of
lund or ulternutlvely the erectlon of bulldlngs or works provlded thut;
1. Currylng out of works for the mulntenunce or lmprovement or other ulterutlon
or uddltlon to uny bulldlng where the ulterutlon or uddltlon to uny bulldlng
where the ulterutlon or uddltlon does not exceed 10% of the floor ureu of the
bulldlng meusured on the dute thls Act becomes uppllcuble to the ureu shull
not constltute development.
2. Currylng out by u competent uuthorlty of uny works requlred for the
constructlon or lmprovement or mulntenunce of u roud shull not constltute
development.
3. Currylng out by un L.A. or stututory body of works for the purpose of
prepurlng or lnspectlng or renewlng sewers, mlnes, plpes, cubles or other
uppurutus lncludlng the breuklng open of the street for purposes of lnstulllng
servlces shull not constltute development.

NB:
u) The deposlt of refuse/wuste muterlul of lund lnvolves the chunge of use of
lund.
b) The use of two or more dwelllngs for u bulldlng prevlously used us one
dwelllng shull constltute development
c) The erectlon of more thun one dwelllng or shop or the erectlon of both
dwelllng und shop on one plot constltutes development.
d) Dlspluy of uny udvertlsement constltutes development.
e) The use of uny bulldlng or lund wlthln the curtlledge(ureus ud|olnlng) of u
dwelllng for purposes lncldentul to the en|oyment of the dwelllng constltutes
development.

Under sectlon 29, euch L.A. hus power to
l) Prohlblt or control the use of lund development of lund und bulldlngs ln the
lnterest of proper und orderly development of lts ureu.
ll) Control or prohlblt the subdlvlslon of lund lnto smull ureus
lll) Conslder und upprove ull development uppllcutlons und grunt ull
development permlsslons
lv) Ensure the proper executlon und lmplementutlon of physlcully upproved
ureus
v) Formulute by-luws to regulute zonlng ln respect of use und denslty of
development.
vl) Reserve und mulntuln ull the lund plunned for open spuces, purks, urbun
forests und green belts.

A person requlrlng u development permlsslon shull muke un uppllcutlon to the
clerk of the L.A. responslble for the ureu ln whlch the lund ls sltuuted.
The uppllcutlon shull be uccompunled by such pluns und purtlculurs us ure
necessury to lndlcute the purposed use und denslty of the development.
Upon recelpt of the uppllcutlon the L.A. wlthln 30 duys refer lt to the dlrector of
Physlcul Plunnlng for hls comments. Addltlonully, the L.A. muy consult uny of the
followlng offlcers:
1. Dlrector of survey
2. Commlssloner of lunds
3. Chlef Englneer of Roud
4. Chlef Publlc Heulth Offlcer
5. Dlrector of Agrlculture
6. Dlrector of Wuter und Development
7. Dlrector of Urbun Development
8. Dlrector of Llvestock Development
9. Chlef Archltect
10. Dlrector of forests

In conslderlng the uppllcutlon, the L.A. shull be bound by the relevunt reglonul or
locul physlcul development plun. It shull huve regurd to the heulth, umenltles und
convenlence of the communlty generully und to the proper plunnlng und denslty of
lund use ln the ureu. It shull huve regurd to uny comments recelved.
If the development uppllcutlon requlres the subdlvlslon or chunge of use of
ugrlculturul lund the L.A. shull requlre the uppllcutlon be referred to the relevunt
LCB.
The L.A. muy grunt or refuse to grunt plunnlng permlsslon. If lt refuses, lt shull stute
lts reusons. If lt grunts, lt muy lmprove condltlons.
A person who ls dlssutlsfled wlth the L.A.ըs declslon, muy uppeul to the relevunt P.P.
llulson commlttee. A further uppeul lles from the P.P. llulson commlttee to the H.C.
Under sectlon 36 lf ln connectlon wlth u development uppllcutlon, u L.A. ls of the
oplnlon thut the proposul wlll huve un ln|urlous lmpuct on the envlronment then the
L.A. muy requlre the developer (uppllcunt) to submlt on un envlronmentul lmpuct
ussessment report (EIA). Where development permlsslon hus not been obtulned the
reglstrur of lunds muy refuse to reglster the documents relutlng to the development
unless development permlsslon ls grunted.

In terms of enforcement, sectlon 38 glves the L.A. power to lssue un
enforcement notlce where development permlsslon hus not been obtulned or where
the condltlons of u development permlsslon huve not been complled wlth.

The enforcement notlce shull speclfy the development ulleged to be currled
out wlthout development permlsslon or the condltlons whlch huve been contruvened.
It shull stute ulso the perlod of tlme wlthln whlch uctlon shull be tuken to restore the
lund to lts prevlous condltlon. The notlce muy requlre the demolltlon of the bulldlng
or the dlscontlnuunce of uny use of the lund or the dlscontlnuunce of currylng out uny
uctlvltles on the lund.

The person uggrleved by the notlce muy uppeul to the PPLC und u further
uppeul to the H.C. If the notlce ls not complled wlth the L.A. muy enter the lund und
tuke the meusures requlred und recover costs lncurred from the person on whom the
notlce wus served.

Flnully, the Act prohlblts subdlvldlng lund unless permlsslon hus been glven
the L.A. to subdlvlde the lund. When un uppllcutlon for subdlvlslon ls mude the L.A.
shull publlsh u notlce ln the guzette und ulso ln newspupers clrculutlng ln the ureu. If
lt recelves un ob|ectlon to the uppllcutlon lt shull notlfy the uppllcunt of the ob|ectlons
und glve the uppllcunt un opportunlty to respond to the ob|ectlons und followlng thut,
lt muy then determlne the uppllcutlon.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
EIA muy be culled for, us ln sectlon 36, where the L.A. ls of the vlew thut the
proposed development muy huve un ln|urlous lmpuct on the envlronment. The
provlslon under the P.P.A. does not lmpose u mundutory requlrement for
envlronmentul lmpuct ussessment.

Under the EMCA purt VI there ls u mundutory requlrement for EIA. EIA ls the
procedure for currylng out u study ubout the potentlul envlronmentul lmpucts of the
proposed development und for uslng the results of the study to muke u declslon
ubout whether or not the proposed development should be grunted plunnlng
permlsslon.
In Kenyu, lt ls provlded for under Purt IV of EMCA whlch stutes thut
notwlthstundlng uny upprovul, permlt or llcence grunted under thls or other luw ln
force ln Kenyu before flnunclng, commenclng, proceedlng wlth, currylng out,
executlng or conductlng uny undertuklng whlch ls llsted ln schedule 2 of the Act, the
pro|ect proponent shull upply for EIA llcence.

There ure four thlngs to note:
1. Thls requlrement ls uddltlonul to uny other llcences or permlts thut muy
huve been obtulned ulreudy e.g. plunnlng permlsslon, buslness llcence,
wuter pollutlon dlschurge llcence etc
2. The responslblllty to obtuln to upply for the EIA llcence ls on the
pro|ect proponent (person proposlng to flnunce, curry out etc the
pro|ect)
3. The requlrement wlth respect to pro|ects so thut the EIA we huve ls u
pro|ect bused envlronmentul lmpuct ussessment.

Thls meuns thut the requlrement upplles ut the polnt when the pro|ect hus been
concelved.

3ro|ect Development Cycle
Stuge 1: 3ROlcy (ldeu/Rb|ectlve) tR lntrRduce free prlmury educutlRQ
Stuge 2: DeveORS u SOuQ Rr u SrRgrumme (struteglc SOuQ) lt ls wlthlQ thls SOuQ thut
RQH dHYHORSs hRw RQH wlOO uchlHYH thH ldHu Rf lQWrRduclQg frHH Srlmury HducuWlRQ.
SWugH 3: 3rRMHcW, ORcuWlRQ sSHclflc

IW ls WhH SrRMHcW WhuW ls subMHcWHd WR EIA

AccRrdlQg WR EMCA, RQH dRHs QRW curry RuW uQ EIA RQ WhH SROlcy QRr WhH SOuQ buW RQ
WhH SrRMHcW RQO\. 3rRMHcW busHd EIA suffHrs frRm fuQdumHQWuO wHukQHss lQ lWs ublOlW\
WR lQfOuHQcH WhH RuWcRmH Rf WhH uSSOlcuWlRQ. EIA ls RQO\ currlHd RuW uW WhH SrRMHcW
OHYHO, rHusRQ bHlQg WhH mHWhRdRORg\ fRr curr\lQg RuW EIA uW HurOlHr sWugHs Rf dHclslRQ
muklQg ls QRW \HW dHYHORSHd.

4. 3rRYldHd fRr lQ WhH AcW. ThH ucWlYlWlHs WR bH subMHcWHd WR uQ EIA urH
dHflQHd lQ schHduOH 2 Rf WhH AcW uQd hus WhH fROORwlQg OlsW Rf ucWlYlWlHs;
u) uQ ucWlYlW\ RuW Rf churucWHr wlWh lWs surrRuQdlQgs
b) uQ\ sWrucWurH Rf u scuOH QRW lQ kHHSlQg wlWh lWs surrRuQdlQgs
c) muMRr chuQgHs lQ OuQd usH
d) RWhHr ucWlYlWlHs lQYROYlQg urbuQ dHYHORSmHQW, WruQsSRrW, wuWHr
rHsRurcHs, mlQlQg, fRrHsWr\, ugrlcuOWurH, muQufucWurlQg, wusWH dlsSRsuO,
QuWurH cRQsHrYuWlRQ lQcOudlQg WhH crHuWlRQ Rf QuWlRQuO Surks, QucOHur
rHucWRrs, muMRr dHYHORSmHQWs lQ blR-WHchQRORg\ lQcOudlQg WhH
lQWrRducWlRQ Rf gHQHWlcuOO\ mRdlflHd RrguQlsms.

AOO ucWlYlWlHs lQ WhHsH urHus rHqulrH uQ EIA. WhuW ls QRW cOHur ls whHWhHr HYHr\ slQgOH
ucWlYlW\ lQ WhuW OlsW rHqulrHs uQ EIA. ThH AcW dRHs QRW dlsWlQgulsh ucWlYlWlHs RQ u smuOO
scuOH uQd ucWlYlWlHs RQ u OurgH-scuOH.

IW ls WhHrHfRrH, QRW SRsslbOH WR dHWHrmlQH lQ udYuQcH WhH ruQgH Rf ucWlYlWlHs uQd WhH
scRSH Rf ucWlYlWlHs WhuW musW bH subMHcWHd WR uQ EIA. ThH wu\ lQ whlch RWhHr
cRuQWrlHs huYH dHuOW wlWh Whls ls b\ lmSRslQg sRmH WhrHshROds whlch ls u quuQWlWuWlYH
OlmlW. IW ls uQ usslgQmHQW Rf u cHrWulQ OlmlW whlch dHWHrmlQHs WhH SRlQW uW whlch WhH
QHHd fRr uQ EIA cRmHs lQ H.g. u WhrHshROd cRuOd su\ u hRuslQg HsWuWH lQYROYlQg
cRQsWrucWlRQ Rf 20 hRusHs uQd mRrH wlOO rHqulrH uQ EIA. 19 hRusHs uQd OHss dR QRW
rHqulrH EIA WhHrHfRrH SHRSOH wlOO bH lQfRrmHd RQ whuW dHYHORSmHQW rHqulrHs uQ EIA.

ThH rHqulrHmHQW fRr uQ EIA ls dHflQHd lQ 3urW VI lQ EMCA. ThH uSSOlcuWlRQ fRr uQ
EIA OlcHQcH ls mudH WR NEMA. AW WhH mRmHQW WhH uSSOlcuWlRQs urH mudH WR WhH
hHudquurWHrs Rf NEMA lQ NulrRbl rHgurdOHss Rf whHrH RQH ls bHcuusH NEMA hus QRW
HsWubOlshHd rHglRQuO RfflcHs.

ASSOlcuWlRQ cRmmHQcHs RQ WhH submlsslRQ Rf WhH SrRMHcW brlHf rHSRrW. IW ls u brlHf
dHscrlSWlRQ Rf WhH SrRMHcW wlWh uQ lQdlcuWlRQ Rf WhH OlkHO\ slgQlflcuQW HQYlrRQmHQWuO
lmSucWs H.g. lQ u hRuslQg HsWuWH, slgQlflcuQW HQYlrRQmHQWuO lmSucW ls hRw WhH\ wlOO
dHuO wlWh WhH wusWH.

NEMA wlOO dHcldH whHWhHr u fuOO EIA sWud\ ls rHqulrHd. If lW dHcldHs WhuW u fuOO
EIA sWud\ ls rHqulrHd, WhH dHYHORSHr shuOO HQgugH u WHum Rf cRQsuOWuQWs kQRwQ us
(QYLrRQmHQWuO ImSucW AssHssRrs. ThHsH cRQsuOWuQWs urH SuLd fRr by WhH dHYHORSHr,
buW WhH dHYHORSHr Ls rHquLrHd WR sHOHcW WhHm frRm u OLsW Rf HxSHrWs whLch Ls muLQWuLQHd
by N(MA.

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cRQsLsWLQg Rf:
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WhH uuWhRrLWLHs.
(b) Other sums/funds levled on pro|ect proponents us u
contrlbutlon towurds the restorutlon fund.

NERF ls u supplementury lnsurunce for the mltlgutlon of envlronmentul degrudutlon
where the perpetuutor hus not been ldentlfled or where there ure exceptlonul
clrcumstunces thut the uuthorlty ls requlred to lntervene to mltlgute envlronmentul
degrudutlon e.g. where u perpetrutor ls ldentlfled but ls unuble to puy or where no
one slngle perpetrutor cun be plnpolnted us ln pollutlon of Nulrobl rlver. The uuthorlty
cun resort to the NERF

Purt 7: provlslon for envlronmentul monltorlng und uudltlng. The pructlce of uudltlng
ls upplled to envlronmentul degrudutlon. Audltlng ls u verlflcutlon of the uctlvltles of
u compuny to ensure lt complles to the llcence.
An envlronmentul lnspector muy enter uny lund/premlses to determlne how fur the
uctlvltles the uctlvltles currled out on lund/premlses or lund conform to the EIA
report. Owner of the premlses should keep records und submlt them to the uuthorlty
on un unnuul busls descrlblng how fur the operutlon of the pro|ect conforms wlth the
EIA report. Where there ure mutters thut were not contempluted ln the report, the
pro|ect t proponent shull tuke meusures to mltlgute those mutters us well.

On June 13
th
, 2003, the uuthorlty guzetted rules l.e. EIA und Audlt Regulutlons. They
stute:
էull pro|ects commenced ufter 13
th
June, 2003 shull requlre un EIA llcence und ull
pro|ects whlch were ongolng us on 13
th
June, 2003 shull requlre un Envlronmentul
Audlt. In June 2004, notlce put up by uuthorlty to requlre ull lndustrles to submlt un
uudlt by December 2004. Estlmuted thut ubout 5000 operutors submltted reports.

All uppllcutlons und llcences ure hundled ln Nulrobl, shortcomlng, bucklog.

MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
Deult wlth ln the Wuter Act 2002 thls repluced the Wuter Act cup 372 (repeuled)

Kenyuըs wuter luw ls founded ln common luw provlslon l.e. under common luw, the
lund owner ls presumed to own everythlng on the lund l.e. from the sky to don the
center of the eurth. Except thut stutute hus quullfled the rlghts of un owner on lund
e.g. under the Mlnlng Act, Avlutlon Act

The common luw holds the prlnclple thut runnlng wuter, ulr und llght ure the thlngs
whose property rlghts belong to no one person but belong to the use of ull munklnd.
See: Hlgglns v Inge 131 ER 263
Lundowners huve no property ln ulr, wuter und llght, he only hus the իrlght of use
whlch ls lncldentul to the lund ownershlp. These come nuturully wlth the lund.

A lundowner whose lund ud|olns (or ubuts) u wutercourse ls known us u rlpurlun
owner. A rlpurlun owner hus u nuturul rlght to runnlng wuter. See: Stockpost
Wuterworks Corporutlon v Potter 159 ER 545. Thls ls the rlght to use the runnlng
wuter us of rlght. (W/o requlrlng permlsslon)

A non-rlpurlun owner cun only exerclse the rlght to runnlng wuter lf he hus un ugent
wlth the rlpurlun owner, ullowlng hlm uccess over the rlpurlun ownerըs lund wlthout
such un ugreement, the NRO would be commlttlng u trespuss were he to cross over
the rlpurlun ownerըs lund to guln uccess, therefore the key thlng regurdlng wuter ls
uccess. Such un ugreement ls culled un eusement (rlght of wuy or rlght to cross over
unotherըs lund)
Slnce the rlght to rlpurlun wuter ls shured by ull rlpurlun ownerըs, lts use must be
reusonuble. No one owner wlll use the wuter ln u wuy thut pre|udlces the use of other
owners. See: Embry v Owens l.e. use of wuter must be reusonuble

Under common luw euch rlpurlun owner hus u rlght of uctlon ugulnst unreusonuble
und pre|udlclul use by other rlpurlun owners.

The scope of reusonuble use conslsts of three rlghts:
(u) Rlght of uccess und nuvlgutlon
(b) Rlght to the Nuturul Ouuntlty of wuter ln the wutercourse
(c) Rlght to the Nuturul Ouullty of wuter ln the wutercourse

The ubove ure culled Rlpurlun rlghts.

A tldul rlver ls one whlch ls uffected by the rlse und full of the seu l.e. lt flows lnto the
seu. Rlver wuter ls fresh whlle seu wuter ls sulty, the portlon uffected by the seu ut
the entry polnt conslsts of both und ls culled the tldul purt.

Under common luw the bed of the tldul rlver und the bed of the seu up to the
terrltorlul (seu) wuters ls owned by the soverelgn. The bed of the rest of the
wutercourse whlch ls non-tldul ls owned by lund owners on both sldes of the wuter
up to the medlun (mlddle) llne of the rlver. However, the Agrlculture Act stutes thut
the lundowner muy not cultlvute or gruze cuttle up to u dlstunce of two meters from
edge of the wutercourse.

Where the breuth of the wutercourse exceeds two meters, the lundowner muy not
cultlvute up to u dlstunce of thlrty meters from the rlver. Thls portlon ls culled the
rlpurlun reserve (sldes of u wutercourse thut should not be used for cultlvutlon).

Wlthln urbun ureus, the sume restrlctlons on the use of the rlpurlun reserves ure
lmposed by LA by-luws. Note: the use of the bed of the wutercourse ls restrlcted.

The rlght to nuvlgute tldul rlver belongs to ull members of the publlc becuuse
ownershlp of the bed belongs to the stute. But only u rlpurlun owner hus u rlght of
uccess to use hls lund whlch ullows hlm to emburk und dlsemburk on hls lund. See:
Lyon v Flshmongers Co. (1876) 1 App. Cuse

The rlpurlun ownerըs rlght to quuntlty enubles hlm to ubstruct(tuke out), obstruct,
dlvert or lmpound (dum) the wuter. The wuter whlch ls ubstructed muy be used for
ordlnury domestlc purposes such us drlnklng und other cullnury purposes und for
extruordlnury/secondury purposes e.g. lrrlgutlon. It muy ulso be used for forelgn
purposes l.e. use of wuter on non-rlpurlun lund.

When u rlpurlun owner uses wuter for ordlnury purposes there ls no restrlctlon us to
the quuntlty he ubstructs, even lf he uses ull of the wuter. See: Londonderry v Lough
Smlley Rullwuys Co. 1904 AC 301
Slgnlflcunce, upstreum rlpurlun owners huve u prlor rlght to use of wuter.
In USA they huve u prlnclple of prlor upproprlutlon l.e. the flrst person to get to the
wuter cun use lt ull. Not the sume us the Kenyun prlnclple regurdlng the prlor rlght of
upstreum users.

Where the Rlpurlun owner uses the wuter for secondury purposes, the use ls
restrlcted ln so fur us lt ls sub|ect to the use of other Rlpurlun ownerըs. See: Swlndon
Wuterworks v Wllks & Berks Cunul Nuvlgutlon Co. 1875 7LR
The moment the use of wuter for secondury purposes uffects the rlghts of lower
Rlpurlun ownerըs udversely, such use becomes unreusonuble.

Under common luw, the use of wuter for forelgn purposes ls consldered to be
uutomutlcully unreusonuble. The rlght to use ls uttuched to the rlpurlun lund e.g. you
cunnot tuke lt to others.

The Rlpurlun ownerըs rlght to quullty entltles hlm to the flow of wuter on hls lund ln
lts nuturul stute und purlty, undeterloruted by obnoxlous mutter dlschurged on lt by
others. See: Jones Lundwrlst v Dlstrlct Councll 1911 Ch.Dlv 393

NB: The common luw does not restrlct the use of underground wuter

Thereըs no property ln wuter but the use of wuter ls uvulluble to ull.

The Wuter Act 2002 repluced the Wuter Act Cup 372 (repeuled) und cume lnto effect
ln Murch 2003. Sectlon 3 vests every wuter resource ln the Stute. Wuter resource
meuns uny luke, pond, swump, mursh, streum, wuterfulls, estuury, ucqulfer
(underground luyer of wuter), urteslun busln (underground luke), or other body of
flowlng or stundlng wuter whether below or ubove the ground.

The rlght to use wuter from uny wuter resource vests ln the Mlnlster und under
sectlon 6, no conveyunce, leuse or other lnstrument shull be effectuul to convey,
devlce, trunsfer, or vest ln uny person uny property, rlght or lnterest or prlvllege ln
respect of uny wuter resource except us provlded for under thls Act.

Note: Under common luw, the rlght to use wuter ls lncldentul to ownershlp of lund
(sectlon 6 seems to contrudlct thls common luw notlon)

Under sectlon 25, the permlt ls requlred for the use of wuter from uny wuter resource,
for the drulnuge of uny swump or uny lund, for the dlschurge of u pollutunt
(somethlng cuuslng pollutlon) lnto u wuter resource.

Use ln relutlon to wuter resources meuns the obstructlon, ubstructlon or dlverslon of
the wuter, ulternutlvely the dlschurge of muterluls or substunces lnto the wuter. All
thls requlres u permlt. The clrcumstunces where u permlt ls not requlred ure:
1) For the ubstructlon or use of wuter wlthout the employment of works from or
ln uny wuter resource
2) For domestlc purposes;
3) By uny person huvlng luwful uccess to the wuter

Whut ls էworksը? Act suys lt ls uny structure, uppurutus, devlce or thlng for currylng,
conductlng, provldlng or utlllzlng wuter but does not lnclude hund utenslls. Hund
utenslls ure pots, buckets etc us opposed to e.g. u pump.

Wlth respect to underground wuter, the luw suys thut where none of the works
necessury for the development of the underground wuter ure sltuuted wlthln 100
meters of uny body of surfuce wuter or wlthln u ground wuter conservutlon ureu, then
u permlt ls not necessury l.e. works not used, outslde 100 meters, outslde
GCA(Groundwuter conservutlon ureu) գ no permlt.

GCA ls deflned ln sectlon 44 of the Act us un ureu where speclul meusures ure
necessury for the conservutlon of ground wuter. GCA ls declured to be GCA by the
Wuter Resources Munugement Authorlty (WRMA).

A permlt ls not requlred for storuge of wuter ln, or the obstructlon of wuter from u
dum whlch ls constructed ln uny chunnel or depresslon whlch does not constltute u
wuter course. Wuter course meuns uny nuturul chunnel/depresslon ln whlch wuter
flows regulurly or lntermlttently (every now und then), l.e. lf you huve u nuturul
chunnel ln whlch wuter flows, even lf you flnd lt dry, lt stlll ls u wuter course. If you
dry your own druln ut home to encouruge wuter to flow, you requlre no permlt. You
shouldnըt connect lt to the nuturul chunnel. In every other cuse, u permlt ls requlred
for the use of wuter.

To use wuter wlthout u permlt ls un offence punlshuble wlth lmprlsonment of upto 12
months und u flne of Kshs 100,000. An uppllcutlon for permlt ls mude to the uuthorlty
known us WRMA estubllshed under sectlon 7 of the Act. The Act ls requlred to
udvertlse the uppllcutlon to ullow people opposed to the grunt of the uppllcutlon the
opportunlty to ob|ect.

In conslderlng the uppllcutlon, the Act shull conslder the followlng:

1) The exlstlng luwful uses of the wuter
2) Efflclent und beneflclul use of wuter ln the publlc lnterest
3) The llkely effect of the proposed wuter use on the wuter resource und the
other wuter users
4) The cluss und resource quullty ob|ectlve of the wuter resource
5) The struteglc lmportunce of the proposed wuter use
6) The quullty of wuter ln the wuter resource
7) The probuble durutlon of the uctlvlty for whlch the wuter use ls to be
uuthorlzed

Under sectlon 12, the Act ls requlred to clusslfy wuter resources: e.g. Internutlonul
wuter bodles llke Luke Vlctorlu; of struteglc lmportunce llke Tunu Rlver for H.E.P.
After thut, lt ls ulso requlred to usslgn euch cluss resource quullty ob|ectlve l.e. the
level to be uchleved und mulntulned wlth respect to euch wuter resources. The
mlnlster ls requlred to speclfy for euch wuter resource, u reserve.

The reserve meuns the quuntlty und quullty of wuter requlred to sutlsfy buslc humun
needs of ull people who ure or who muy be supplled from the wuter resource, und to
protect uquutlc eco-systems (hublted) l.e. the llfe forms whlch llve ln wuter. (Thls
reserve ls the mlnlmum stundurd)

In conslderlng uppllcutlons for permlts, the use of wuter for domestlc purposes shull
tuke precedence over the use for uny other purposes.

In the event of u drought, the uuthorlty muy vury the permlt ln order to glve prlorlty to
domestlc use. Permlts run wlth the lund und the purtlculur portlon of the lund to
whlch the permlt ls uppurtenunt (flxed or refers to) must be speclfled. Hence ln reullty
lt ls not posslble to huve permlt ln gross.

There ure urguments thut u permlt should not be uttuched to lund us thls ls unfulr for
lundless people. For u person wlth lund but no uccess to wuter he cun only ucqulre u
permlt but must obtuln un eusement. The permlt should be used on the lund you
upplled under. Permlts muy be vurled becuuse thereըs u shortuge of wuter for
domestlc purposes, deterlorutlon of quullty of wuter or lnequlty ln use.

However, lt cunnot be vurled wlthout notlce to permlt holder who should be glven un
opportunlty to show cuuse why lt should not be vurled. A permlt muy be cuncelled
but the holder must be glven un opportunlty to show cuuse why lt should not be
cuncelled.

The Act ls requlred to estubllsh u reglster of permlts whlch ls u publlc document und
uny person muy exumlne lt.

Sectlon 7 estubllshes the WRMA whose role ls to recelve und determlne uppllcutlons
for permlts und to monltor und enforce the condltlons for the permlt. The Act ls
requlred to dlvlde the country lnto cutchment ureus/busln. A cutchment ureu ls where
wuter collects l.e. from whlch ruln wuter flows lnto u wuter course. The Act uhs
creuted certuln cutchment ureus:

- Luke Vlctorlu North
- Luke Vlctorlu South
- Rlft Vulley
- Athl Rlver Cutchment Areu
- Tun Rlver Cutchment Areu
- Ewuso Nylro Cutchment Areu
- Coust Cutchment Areu

In euch cutchment ureu, the uuthorlty ls requlred to estubllsh u reglonul offlce.
The Act ls requlred to estubllsh u cutchment ureu munugement strutegy whlch wlll
descrlbe the wuter ullocutlon pluns for thut cutchment und the urrungement for
development und conservutlon of wuter for thut cutchment.

At nutlonul level, the mlnlster ls requlred to estubllsh the nuturul wuter resource
munugement strutegy. The CA munugement strutegy ls ulso requlred to estubllsh
wuys of enubllng communltles purtlclpute ln munuglng wuter resources wlthln the
CA. In purtlculur the strutegy shull encouruge the estubllshment of wuter resource
users ussoclutlons. These ure foru for the cooperutlve munugement of wuter
resources und confllct resolutlon. These ussoclutlons lnvolve the communlty.

Wuter Servlces
For urbun ureus, tup wuter ls relled on. Plped wuter ls deult wlth under wuter servlces
or wuter supply. Wuter surfuces relute to wuter whlch ls provlded for purposes of
consumptlon. Wuter Act 2002 ls tltled Wuter Supply und Seweruge.
Essentlully, wuter servlces ls provlded by persons uppolnted by the mlnlster. Under
s.49 of the Act, the mlnlster ls requlred to develop u Nutlonul Wuter Servlces
Strutegy. The Strutegy shull
(d) lnstltute urrungements to ensure ut ull tlmes there ls ln every ureu
of Kenyu u person cupuble of provldlng wuter supply.
(e) deslgn u progrum to brlng ubout the progresslve extenslon of
seweruge to every centre of populutlon ln Kenyu

Seweruge system ls u plped network for the dlsposul of used wuter. Essentlully, from
u house or premlses, the wuter drulns down the plumblng lnto the system of plpes
culled the seweruge. The used wuter ls the sewer. It goes lnto u treutment plunt und
through the uctlon of bucterlu, the sewer ls broken down untll only wuter ls left. Thls
ls dlrected buck to the rlver und reused. There ure two systems:
y the wuter treutment pulnt where the wuter ls tupped from the rlver (through
the use of chlorlne) und;
y the seweruge treutment plunt for the treutment of sewer und dlrectlon of wuter
buck to the rlver
We huve Dundoru Works und u Treutment Plunt ln Glglrl.
Under s.51, the Mlnlster ls requlred to estubllsh u Wuter Servlces Bourd responslble
for the efflclent provlslon of wuter servlces.
Slx bourds huve been estubllshed ln the country. The bourds ure estubllshed ulong
the cutchment ureus e.g. Rlft Vulley WSB, Luke Vlctorlu North WSB etc. The Bourds
ure ugencles for provldlng wuter servlces.
Thls ls u murked depurture from the sltuutlon prlor to 2002 us there wus no body ln
luw responslble for provldlng wuter servlces.

Wuter servlces meuns the supply of wuter und the provlslon of seweruge. The
purpose of the bourd ls to then supply the wuter und hundle seweruge. Under s.55 of
the Act, the bourd ls requlred to ldentlfy u person known us u wuter servlces provlder
to provlde wuter servlces us the Bourdըs ugent.
The wuter servlces provlder ls u compuny, NGO or u person whlch provldes wuter
servlces ln un ugreement wlth the bourd.
The bourd ltself ls not ullowed to provlde wuter servlces dlrectly to consumers unless
lt ls lmposslble to ldentlfy wuter servlce provlders ln thut ureu.

W.S. Regulutory Bourd > W.S. Bourd > W.S. Provlder > Consumer

The deslgn: There ls the legul responslblllty thut there must be someone ln every
ureu responslble for provldlng wuter servlces. In luw, you cunnot lmpose u
responslblllty llke thut on bodles not publlc bodles und hence the reuson why W.S.B.
ls not ullowed to curry out the servlces of W.S. dlrectly to consumers.

At the sume tlme, the Act recognlzed thut lf you glve |obs to publlc bodles the work
would be shoddy und hence lneffectlve.

Under s.53 the bourd ls prohlblted from dellverlng wuter servlces dlrectly, the bourd
must enguge the wuter servlces provlder to provlde the wuter on lts behulf.

Under s.56, no person shull provlde wuter servlces to more thun 20 households or
supply more thun 25,000 llters u duy for domestlc purposes wlthout u llcence. The
llcence ls upplled for to the Wuter Servlces Regulutlng Bourd (WSRB) estubllshed
under s.46 of the Act. Its ob|ect ls to llcence suppllers of wuter und to regulute
servlce.

In order to obtuln u llcence to supply wuter servlces, the uppllcunt must show
technlcul und flnunclul cupublllty to supply wuter servlces. The wuter servlces
provlder ls ullowed to churge for the wuter servlces provlded und ln churglng for the
servlces, the provlder muy lnclude u levy. Seweruge servlce levy ls supposed to
cover u reusonuble purt of the cost of dlsposlng the wuter supplled.

Defuult by the Bourd
Supposlng the bourd defuults by for lnstunce, fulllng to ldentlfy u provlder, or one
who hus no cupuclty, squunderlng of money.
The Act glves the mlnlster reserve powers to provlde wuter servlces ln cuse of
defuult by the bourd. The mlnlster does not huve the technlcul cupuclty to provlde
wuter servlces. Under s.22, provlslon ls mude for u purustutuls known us nutlonul
wuter conservutlon und plpellne cooperutlon(NWCPC).

1. They provlde wuter servlces ln cuse of defuult by the wuter servlces bourd
2. They ure responslble for stute schemes գ schemes whlch ure funded by the
stute for provlslon of bulk wuter supply or ulternutlvely for wuter conservutlon
purposes. Bulk wuter supply ls buslcully the blg dums whose wuter ls
guthered ln bulk for supply e.g. Ndukulnl dum. The corporutlon guthers the
wuter ln dums und supplles lt. The corporutlon ls ulso lnvolved ln conservuncy
e.g. from floods.

The Munugement of Effluent
It ls the wuste thut ls dlschurged from premlses. Some effluent ls sewuge (domestlc)
but there ls ulso lndustrlul effluent/trude effuent. S.76 stutes no person shull
dlschurge uny trude effluent from uny trude premlses lnto the sewers of u llcencee
wlthout the consent of the llcencee (but lf the effluent ls domestlc, no llcence ls
requlred).
An uppllcutlon for the consent shull stute the nuture und the composltlon of the trude
effluent (H
2
SO
4
, Puper etc)
The muxlmum quuntlty of the effluent proposed to be dlschurged on uny one duy.
The hlghest rute ut whlch lt ls proposed to dlschurge the effluent. The llcencee muy
glve hls consent sub|ect to condltlons lncludlng u condltlon thut there wlll be u churge
for the dlschurge of the effluent. If the llcencee decllnes to glve consent there ls un
uppeul to the Wuter Appeul Bourd.

Sunltutlon
It ls cleunllness. An uspect of sunltutlon ls the seweruge system գ lt ls the system for
dlsposul of used wuter. The seweruge system depends on u plped network. Thls
rulses two questlons:

1. How do you dlspose of non-llquld ltems through plpes?
2. Whut huppens where there ure no seweruge systems?

The country wlth the hlghest network of plped seweruges ls UK wlth u rute of ubout
99% of the populutlon. In Kenyu, even ln Nulrobl, the mu|orlty of the populutlon does
not huve u plped system.

Llquld wuste ls munuged by:
l) The seweruge system
ll) Septlc tunks
lll) Conservuncles
lv) Lutrlnes

The key lssue wlth regurd to lutrlnes ls thut lt ls u system whlch cun udequutely
munuge llquld wuste ln un ureu wlth low denslty. The volume cun euslly be dlsposed
off by bucterlu. When you ure ln hlgh denslty ureu und you use the sume lt becomes
dungerous becuuse they ure not dlsposed off us qulckly.

The conservuncy ls u modlfled form of u lutrlne գ lt ls constructed so thut there ls no
contuct between the ground und the llquld wuste. Perlodlcully, exhuusters (tunkers)
come und suck up the wuste. They cun be useful ln hlgh denslty ureus.

The septlc tunk ls ulso u hole ln the ground deslgned to ullow the llquld degrudutlon
und therefore lt depends on huvlng sufflclent ground ureus for the llquld wuste to
degrude (needs blg ureus)

These ure systems of sunltutlon for solld wuste.

Sunltutlon ls reguluted under the Publlc Heulth Act (Cup 242), Locul Government Act
(Cup 265)

The Publlc Heulth Act mukes lt the duty of ull the locul uuthorltles to provlde u
system of sunltutlon wlthln lts ureu und to requlre owners of premlses to provlde
sunltury servlces wlthln those premlses
The locul uuthorlty ls supposed to regulute thut for owners of premlses through publlc
heulth offlcers գ offlcers of the mlnlstry of heulth who ure bused wlthln the locul
uuthorlty offlces.
In rurul ureus publlc heulth offlcers ure bused ut the dlstrlcts. Hls |ob ls to regulute the
sunltury urrungements of sunltury servlces wlthln the ureu e.g. lnspect lutrlnes, septlc
tunks etc

The locul uuthorlty ltself ls ulso u provlder of sunltury servlces for publlc use e.g. lt ls
thelr |ob to provlde publlc tollets.

The Locul Government Act Cup 245 mukes provlslons for the klnd of fucllltles thut
must be provlded. Under lt, some by-luws known us the bulldlng code huve been
udopted by the Act. It provldes:

l) Wlthln urbun ureus, lutrlnes ure prohlblted except durlng the course of the
constructlon of u bulldlng whlch ure temporury und for the durutlon of
constructlon.
If one lntends to use conservuncles, there must be wlthln thut ureu, provlslon for
exhuuster servlce. The councll ls requlred to run un exhuuster servlce for whlch lt
churges. It ls ulso requlred to llcence the exhuuster upproprlutely.
If you lntend to rely on the septlc tunk, the tunk must be constructed by reglstered
plumbers. The lund ureu must not be less thun hulf un ucre und the septlc tunk must
not be bullt wlthln bluck cotton soll. The councll must upprove the soll wlthln whlch
the septlc tunk ls ln.

If one ls plunnlng to dlspose of the wuste uslng u seweruge system, the dlmenslons
of the plpe ure prescrlbed ln the bulldlng code und the plumblng works must be
undertuken by u reglstered plumber.

The councll regulutlons provlde speclflcutlons for dlsposul of llquld wuste whlch ure
reluted to the number of the occupunts of the house. Addltlonully, there must be
drulns provlded for drulnlng llqulds from other wet ureus llke kltchen und shower und
roof. Thut drulnuge system must be chunneled uwuy from these sunltury servlces.

THE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE
Wuste ls un ltem thut does not huve utlllty vulue to the holder of the ltem. Thls ls
becuuse lt muy be resldue, used muterlul, or hus slmply lost lts utlllty.
An ltem muy not huve vulue to one person but lt muy huve vulue to unother person.
For exumple, mltumbu clothes huve no vulue to one person but vulue to someone
else.

Becuuse wuste hus no vulue to the holder, he hus the temptutlon to dlspose of lt ut
leust cost to hlmself. A holder of un ltem typlcully wlll dlspose of lt onto the
envlronment whlch presents the uvulluble thut does not suddle the burden wlth uny
costs.

In economlcs, the term used ls externulltles. It meuns you externullze u problem, u
muke your problem somebody elseըs problem.

Its necessury therefore to put ln pluce mechunlsms for ensurlng proper wuste
dlsposul methods ure udopted. Those mechunlsms force the holder to lnternullze the
problem.

There ure certuln cutegorles of solld wuste thut huve feutures thut muke them
dungerous.

Solld wuste munugement ls currled out ut three stuges:
l) Generutlon
ll) Trunsport und
lll) Dlsposul

Thls ls the wuste munugement cycle.

At generutlon, the wuste munugement technlques ure reductlon, reuse und recycle.
Thls ls the stuge ut whlch wuste ls creuted. The prlnclple of wuste munugement ls to
reduce the quuntlty und quuntlty thut ls creuted.

To force people to creute less wuste, technlques huve been developed und the most
fumous reductlon technlque ls culled the tuke-buck requlrement for puckuglng.

(u) Tuke-buck requlrement
It ls the requlrement thut the producer of puckuglng ls requlred to tuke buck the
puckuglng ufter lt hus been used. The tuke-buck requlrement hud one drumutlc effect
l.e. producers of puckuglng stopped produclng puckuglng (how do you tuke buck the
puckuglng)

In Europe, they begun u system of levylng und so they stopped puckuglng.

(b) Re-use
Thls refers to the use of the sume muterlul once uguln und thls meuns thut lt ls not
pluced lnto the wuste munugement cycle. The best exumple ls u bottle used for
beveruge und thls ls encouruged by the էdeposlt und return pollcyը.

(c) Recycle
It refers to uslng ltem ln u dlfferent form. The best exumple ls wood whlch cun be
used us tlmber, then wrltlng puper und then tollet puper und so on.

All these methods reduce wuste pluced ln the wuste munugement cycle.

In the Trunsport cutegory, the solld wuste ls sepuruted lnto lts component purts.
Sepurutlon ls the flrst phuse therefore.

The second phuse ls truclng l.e. wuste should be truced from orlgln to destlnutlon.
There should be u record of who hus tuken wuste und who hus recelved lt so us to
prevent fly-tlpplng գ the pructlce whereby wuste trunsporters dump the wuste ut
some locutlon by the roudslde or ln u bush.

In the Dlsposul phuse, wuste ls then removed from the cycle by belng permunently
deposlted ut some slte. There ure two methods of wuste dlsposul:-
u) Lund fllllng
b) Inclnerutlon

Lundfllllng ls the pructlce of deposltlng wuste ln u hole ln the ground. Inclnerutlon ls
the pructlce of burnlng wuste ut hlgh temperutures. Lund-fllllng ls the most common
wuy of dlsposlng wuste usuully becuuse lt ls cheup. Lundfllllng results ln two by-
products:
- Leuchute
- Methune gus

Leuchute ls u llquld effluent thut comes out of decomposlng wuste. It ls hlghly
pollutlng to ground wuter. In order to deul wlth the rlsk of leuchute pollutlng ground
wuter, the bottom of the lundflll should flrst be covered by u luyer of polythene. It wlll
then be pumped out occuslonully und treuted.

Methune ls gus generuted by the wuste becuuse lt ls decomposlng ut low
temperutures. If lt wus ut hlgh temperutures lt would be curbon dloxlde. Methune ls
hlghly pollutlng to the utmosphere und ls euslly combustlble. It should be vented out
through u plpe.

The other problem wlth lundflll ls smell und unslghtllness. To deul wlth them, then
the wuste should be covered by u luyer of soll, everyduy ufter dlsposul. If thls ls not
done then one ends up wlth u very messy dumpslte.

Inclnerutlon ls un expenslve method becuuse lt lnvolves burnlng wuste ut hlgh
temperutures und ls u requlrement only ln certuln dungerous cutegorles. For
exumple, cllnlcul wuste գ Thls ls wuste thut hus been generuted from hospltul.

In Kenyu, wuste munugement ls provlded for ln u number of stututes, most lmportunt
ls the Publlc Heulth Act (CAP 242), The Locul Government Act (CAP 265) und u few
other ucts.

S 16 of PHA lmposes u duty on every Locul uuthorlty to tuke ull locul necessury und
reusonubly pructlcul meusures for mulntulnlng lts ureu ut ull tlmes ln u cleun und
sunltury condltlon und for preventlng the occurrence thereln of uny nulsunce or of
uny condltlon lluble to be ln|urlous or dungerous to heulth.

S 118 of PHA deflnes nulsunces lncludlng էuny street, roud, gurbuge receptucle,
dustbln, refuse plt or munure heup whlch ls so fur off or ln such u stute us ln the
oplnlon of the medlcul offlcer of heulth to be offenslve or ln|urlous or dungerous to
heulth. Any uccumulutlon of stones, tlmber or other muterlul whlch ls llkely to
hurbour ruts or other vermln or uny ureu of lund whlch ls kept or permltted to remuln
ln such u stute us to be offenslve or lluble to cuuse uny lnfectlous, communlcuble or
preventuble dlseuse or ln|ury or dunger to heulth.

The Act provldes u procedure for ubettlng nulsunce whlch ls found ln purt IX fo the
Act.

Nulsunce Abetment Steps
1. The Locul uuthorlty shull serve u notlce on the uuthor of the nulsunce to
remove lt.
2. If the uuthor of the nulsunce cunnot be found lt shull be served on the
occupler or the owner of the premlses
3. It shull speclfy the thlngs to be done und the perlod wlthln whlch they must be
done.
4. If the person responslble fulls to comply wlth the notlce the Medlcul Offlcer of
Heulth (MOH) shull muke u complulnt before u muglstrute und the muglstrute
shull lssue u summons und the summons shull requlre u person to uppeur
before u court. If the court ls sutlsfled thut u nulsunce exlsts, lt shull requlre
the uuthor to remove lt.
5. The court muy ulso lmpose u flne for everyduy on whlch the nulsunce
contlnues.
6. If the person stlll does not comply, then the locul uuthorlty muy ltself go ln und
remove the nulsunce und recover lts costs from the person lnvolved. Thls muy
requlre demolltlon of the bulldlng.

There ure two uspects of thls procedure:
-The role of the locul uuthorlty to deul wlth nulsunce cuused by others
-At the sume tlme, the uct lmposes u duty on the locul uuthorlty to keep lts ureu
cleun.

In order to comply wlth the stututory duty ln S 116 of PHA, S 160 of the LGA glves
the Locul uuthorlty power to estubllsh und mulntuln sunltury servlces for the removul
und destructlon of otherwlse deullng wlth ull klnds of refuse und to compel the use of
servlces by persons to whom the servlce ls uvulluble.

Under S 201, Locul uuthorltles huve been glven power to muke by-luws und huve
then mude by-luws. For exumple, NCC hus mude the followlng by-luws:
l) Locul government udoptlve by-luws bulldlng order of 1968 գ The Bulldlng
Code whlch glves the locul uuthorlty power to estubllsh stundurds
lncludlng thut you must huve requlrement thut one must huve provlslon for
gurbuge collectlng servlces e.g. u chute for u storeyed bulldlng.
ll) The Clty of Nulrobl Generul Nulsunce By-luws legul Notlce No.275 of
1961. Thls prohlblts the deposltlng of debrls on the streets und lt mukes lt
un offence for uny person to pluce or deposlt uny leuves, puper, suwdust
or other rubblsh so us to creute lltter or to throw down or leuve uny orunge
peel, bununu skln or other substunce llkely to cuuse u person to full down.
lll) The Clty of Nulrobl Conservuncy By-Luws Legul Notlce No.659 of 1961.
Thls empowers the locul uuthorlty to provlde to occuplers of premlses
whut ure culled receptucles(dustblns) und requlres thut ull refuse from thut
premlse be pluced ln thut receptucle for collectlon by the counclls refuse
collectlon servlce. The by-luws lmpose u churge for the hlre of the
receptucle und for the servlce of emptylng the receptucle
lv) The Clty of Nulrobl Huwkers By-Luws Legul Notlce No.748 of 1963.
v) The Clty of Nulrobl Restuurunts, Eutlng Houses und Snuckbur By-luws
Legul Notlce No 674 of 1961
vl) The Clty of Nulrobl Sluughterhouses By-Luws Legul Notlce No. 325 of
1966
vll) The Clty of Nulrobl Hulrdressers und Burbers By-Luws Legul Notlce No
146 of 1970
vlll) The Clty of Nulrobl Foodshops und Stores Legul Notlce No. 384 of 1956

All these by-luws empower the councll to lssue u llcence for the uctlvlty thut ls
mentloned. In conslderlng whether to glve the llcence, the councll hus to tuke lnto
uccount whether the premlses to whlch the llcence upplles huve mude provlslon for
sunltutlon. Do they huve u restroom, tollet etc., und the llcence muy be cuncelled lf
the premlses ure ln such u condltlon us to be dungerous to heulth or lluble to fuvour
the spreud of dlseuse.

The Scrup Metul Act Cup 503
The Act prohlblts deullng ln scrup metul wlthout u deulerըs llcence und lssulng
uuthorlty for the deulers llcence ls the pollce. Thls ls becuuse the bulk of scrup metul
ls from used curs. The stutute requlres thut the deuler get u llcence.

It prohlblts u deuler from deullng ln or storlng uny scrup metul elsewhere thun ut the
premlses speclfled ln the llcence.

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