Envisioning Tourism in India

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Envisioning Tourism in India Uploaded by Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) EQUATIONS was invited by the Member Planning Commission Mr Arun Maira in November 2009 to write about our vision for tourism for India. This came about a�er a series of discussions with him… Full description 







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Envisionin Tourism in Indi

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Envisioning Tourism in India Uploaded by Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) EQUATIONS was invited by the Member Planning Commission Mr Arun Maira in November 2009 to write about our vision for tourism for India. This came about a�er a series of discussions with him… Full description 







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Envisioning Tourism in India Uploaded by Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) EQUATIONS was invited by the Member Planning Commission Mr Arun Maira in November 2009 to write about our vision for tourism for India. This came about a�er a series of discussions with him… Full description 







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Tourism Planning Process

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Indian To Industrial

Conten

1. The Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. How do we envision tourism in India? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. What we envision envision tourism’s core values values to be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Core Purpose of the Ministry Ministr y of Tourism (and Departments of Tourism Tourism at the state level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Studies of People Centred Centred Tourism Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Annexure 1: Case Studies

Tourism in Developing Countries: Some Insights an  Annexure 2: Rural Tourism Lessons from from the Endogenous Tourism Tourism Project in India

 Annexure 3: Recommendations from Research ‘Rethink Tourism in

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The Conte

EQUATIONS was invited by the Member Planning Commission Mr Arun Maira in November write about our vision for tourism for India. This came about after a series of discussions w about our concerns related to tourism development in India and how the Planni ng Process of  Year  Year plans should take these into account.

EQUATIONS has been working on the impacts of tourism since 198 5. Being one of the few critic on tourism in the global south, we have often had to focus on tourism’s negative impacts – i and in practise. T his opportu nity to dream dr eam and to envision what we would would wish to see was und the other side of the coin – but we were more accus tomed to working working on t he problems! problems! Thus, Mr Maira’s invitation to us was both an exciting opportunity and a challenge.

 As a staff team, we worked on this by each of us first reflecting on our personal ideas, thoug inspirations. We then touched base with the core ideas of EQUATIONS vision and mission. W EQUATIONS history and our own favourite positive experiences and inspirational stories in few years to put together this document with the focus on how we would like tourism in Ind It has been an extremely enriching experience for us – as it strongly reinforced what makes EQUATIONS meaningful and rewarding for us!

 We also realised that our vision for tourism in India was linked in a very strong way to our under and desire about what the role, core core values and mission of the primar y policy making body i – the central Ministry of Tourism – should be. We felt that if the Ministry was willing to wo this v ision and role, then the likel ihood of tourism tourism being su stainable, ethical , people centred

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How do we envisio tourism in Ind

 We envision tourism that is people centred, accountab sustainable. For this all aspects of tourism environ economic, economic, social, cultur al, and its in stitutions are taken into a Tourism, in our vision v ision is developed and promoted respec land, its people and their culture.

Tourism is often introduced and developed through to processes. Our vision of tourism is of decision makin democratised. This implies that the voices of local pe heard and their perspect ives and aspirations privileged as destinations are the homeland and cultural spaces of pe implies that a wide range of stakeholders inform decision to tourism; where processes of planning and implementa transparent and par ticipatory  ticipatory so that all stakeholders in its forms and outcomes, and where tourism is designed principles of equity in benefits at its core.

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What we envisi tourism’s Co  Values2 to

People centred

• Tourism is based on local aspirations and contexts and •

• •



local benefits Tourism development acknowledges people’s primary rig common property resources and natural resources & re that nature is not a commodity  Tourism models shift from mass /consumptive nature to int learning, genuine human encounters and mutual respect The success of tourism projects is measured not economic gains alone, but also the growth of social cap ca empowerment Local people’s right to say no to tourism is respected

 Accountable

• Tourism policy makers and i mplementers mplementers hold the

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What we envision tourism’s Core Values to be ?

• Information about tourism plans is in the public domain – so that impacts can be assessed a and policies influenced • Processes of consultation and prior informed consent are ensured in decision making

Democratic / Participatory 

• Decision making is participatory, transparent, inclusive and based on research/facts • Tourism development is undertaken with people’s consent, keeping in view their vision for how should develop • Tourism is regulated by norms developed by local communities, local governance bodies, and developers, that aim to minimise negative impacts and ensure sustainability and equity  • Consultations on tourism impacts are based on dialogue, education, awareness, learning from ex and mutual respect between multiple stakeholders of tourism

Equitable • Systems and mechanisms mechanis ms encourage and facilitate participation of local communities

institutions to influence tourism and the sharing of benefits in more equitable ways • Local ownership is strong, small and medium enterprises are vibrant, local employment a economies are stimulated by tourism development. Strong backward l inkages ensure that touri on local produce and local skills

Non- exploitative

• Tourism does not displace, alienate people from traditional livelihoods or and exploit marg communities, women and children. In particular tourism has zero tolerance to any child abuse – labour, sexual abuse, pornography, trafficking • Tourism Tourism does not expropriate – land, water, natural natura l resources • Tourism is culturally sensitive and does not commoditise local practises and culture. It s balance the need for commercial viability and the supporting and reviving of cultural tr

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Core Purpose the Ministry of Touri Touri

(and Departments of Tour at the State Le

  We envisage the role of the Ministry of Tourism (MoT) facilitator, a regulator, a champion for sustainable touri Ministry’s core purpose is to ensure that tourism policy planning, coordi nating and monitoring of tourism develo based on research and ground realities, priv ileges local co benefits and local economic growth, and ensures that its core values are upheld. upheld. While the Mini str y has traditionall the facilitator facil itator and promoter promoter role, it is t he other roles that w like to highlight and emphasise in this vision document.

Policy making role

The policy making role of the Ministry establishes the p

on which tourism develops and is implemented. The has a particular role in ensuring that tourism policy re sustainable, sustai nable, responsible and equitable touri tourism sm developme

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Core Purpose of the Ministry of Tourism

to international is 100:1. The emphasis needs to shift from the current obsession with foreign arrivals as the definitive indicator of success or growth in tourism.

Policies need to be backed by facts, research, experiences and realiti es. The Ministry has the respo to design appropriate policy measures and fiscal benefits such as capacity building, access t incentives, subsidies, ta x holidays, decent working working conditions and social secu rit y, that apply i measure to small and medium enter prises, to communit y located and based based initiatives init iatives and to informal sec tor in tourism (about 70% of the tourism tourism economy at a conser conser vative estimate). Cu rren benefits (such as tax holidays, land banks, subsidized power and single window clearances) a towards the high end of the industry and towards high value tourism - both domestic and internatio Peoples Policies Policies formulated and proposed by Taxi Taxi driver d river s, Shack owners and Small and Medium En in Goa are un ique examples of bottom bottom –up processes that take the needs of these se ctions into (Annexure 5). The processes of involving multiple stakeholders in the process of developing  Vision 2025 for for tourism as well a s subsequently in t he Responsible Tourism Tourism In itiative are a lso wort (Annexure 1).

If tourism is to deliver on its promises – the needs and aspirations of local communities should into account at tourism sites. Tourism development has to ensure a significant stimulation economies, well designed backward linkages, generation of local employment and models of such that the benefits of tourism are equitably distributed. At the same time, excessive reli tourism needs to be gua rded against a nd policies need to take into account challenges, complex complex capacities rather than just infrastructure development and promotion. When the Ministry p the promotional aspect of its role what gets priority is beautification schemes and more basic like sanitation, toilets, garbage and waste management get the short shrift. In many of our postcard” destinations basic sanitation does not exist - open drains, filthy public toilets, strewn all over and lack of clean drinking water and hygienic food are a common experienc tourist in India.

In the context of the expansion of tourism projects in newer regions by the Ministry the intro

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Core Purpose of the Ministry

and where not. A rev iew of the Endogenous Endogenous Touri Tourism sm Project indicated that a set of simultaneou are prerequisites: basic developmental needs are in place – sanitation, water, access to health education, social capital and readiness of the communities to engage, strong tourism USP or and community mobilization capacities (Annexure 2).

Planning role

The Ministry has a key role in ensuring that planning processes are accountable, transpa participatory. This implies designing multi-stakeholder processes to take into account th aspirations, experiences, realities and concerns about tourism’s benefits and impacts - par impacts on local communities. There are also various sections of the industry that are not h represented in various planning and decision making bodies – the tour guides, the taxi dri small operators, the lodge and shack owners, owners, the t he hawkers, and it is important that they are giv – their v iews and needs are ta ken into account when when plans are made and implemented.

MoT has a particular responsibility to ensure that information on tourism development and p available in the public domain. domain. Plann ing processes should include consultations with local com in areas where the plan will be implemented. Planning and consultation should take into impact assessments (environmental, social, cultural and economic) and consensus built on i consent, notions of carry ing capacity, and options options for sustainable use of natural a nd other reso must be recognise d that planni ng for touri tourism sm is not a one off off process but cyclical a nd iterativ on a loop of experiences, impacts and learnings.

Site specific tourism planning is another role of central and state ministry and departments - on does not fit all and tourism plans need to take local dynamics in terms of social and infras capital of the local context as well as political realities into account. Tourism projects often facilities and inf rastruct rast ructure ure for the comfort comfort and needs of the tourist without taking taki ng into acc of the local people.

In Kanha, the village of Banjar Tola does not have any electricity supply. However everything

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Core Purpose of the Ministry of Tourism

was selected for United Nations Public Service awards in 2008 in recognition of its innovativ rich social capital (Annexure 1).

Regulatory role

Tourism is one of the most unregulated industry sectors. The Ministry has an important role in that tourism is reg ulated so that it respects a nd complies complies with laws, is not exploitative in any w functions with sustainability and equity as principles. An important aspect of this is to ens the tourism industry is accountable in more direct ways for responsible and ethical forms of development with social justice and people’s rights as a prime concern (a nd that such account not only under voluntary CSR schemes).

So far, the more prominent role of the Ministry is the promotion and expansion of tourism w attention to its negative impacts. This has resulted in the push for diluting existing regul blocking “unnecessary” regulation on the premise that this will hurt tourism’s growth prospec coastal regulations have been diluted; regulation to prevent child abuse and child pornogra has strong links to tourism has been lax, and the Ministry has been reluctant to push for or water efficiency standards in tourism projects. Sometimes regulation such as the Kerala Conservation and Preservation of Areas Act purportedly for the conservation and preserv tourist areas ar eas ends up usurping powers of the local government government in the area. Common propert propert are often privatized by tourism as its property and this must be checked from a policy and re perspective. perspec tive. The var ious examples of of conflict s triggered by tourism when it competes competes with bas and rights of local communities are in Annexure 4.

On a more positive note, the Goa Children’s Act is an encouraging example of the State o f Goa rec the need to specifically al locate responsibilit y to players players in tourism to ensure that chi ldren are p This has served as a model for other states to consider enacting similar legislation.

 While regulations in the forms of laws and notifications are essential, the Ministry could also en codes of conduct conduct or charters char ters that t hat are developed more locally and have a bottom up process. T

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Core Purpose of the Ministry

The Ministry also has a role in ensuring we are responsible global citizen s – that we encourage a with international covenants on trafficking, child labour, biodiversity protection, climate cha a broader sense of human rights – economic, social and cultural rights (beyond civil and rights).

Coordination and Monitoring role

The Ministry has traditionally been involved in implementation of tourism projects. A key role that it needs to pay significant attention to is the coordination and monitoring monitoring role. This is par important in the light of the fact that the tourism sector is by nature highly interdisciplinary.

Often the agreements signed by one Ministry maybe without the coordination and understa implications by another – eg climate change positions have the MoT and the MoEF in opp  Another example is the case of trade agreement like the WTO GATS (General Agreement on Services). In opening up a services sector like tourism under the GATS by the Ministry of Com trade negotiators, negotiators, the t he Minist ry of Tourism seems unaware t hat such a move takes away the const rights of local self governing institutions such as panchayats to regulate tourism developme local level.

In mid term appraisal process of the XIth Five year plan, the Planning Commission has recogn interdisciplinar interdisc iplinar y nature by involving many linked departments in the appraisal process. How related much more to tourism linked infrastructure – aviation, highways and transportation, s etc. From the perspective of impacts the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Women an Development, Rural Development, Tribal Affairs, Panchayati Raj, the Police, Ministry of Co Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment would also need to be in However at an operational level this kind of coordination is significant in its absence.

Such coordination among Ministries and bodies need s to be replicated at the level of the state. A example is the coordination that has begun in Kerala between the Tourism department, th  Welfare department, and t he Police on protection of of children childre n from child sex ual abuse. In the sa

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Core Purpose of the Ministry of Tourism

improvement of of the social justice and grow th of social capital as well. Another importa nt and part of the monitoring & review process would be that this happens at various levels. It is im that communities are empowered and their capacity built for collecting and analysing data re benefits and a nd impacts of tourism related to their locations and region. What was evident th roug review of the Endogenous Tourism Tourism Project Pr oject was how little reliable and val id data was being capt analyzed analy zed at the level of the site in order to to find out what the real progress and benef it the intr of tourism delivered to the community (Annexure 2).

Research and evolving appropriate models for tourism

The Ministry should have a dedicated dedica ted centre for tourism research, policy, planning. Research that on the notions notions of carr ying capacity of an area a nd on sound impact impact assessment stud ies and mo tools on impacts impacts of tourism should inform guidelines and practices. Good qual ity and cred ible is needed to understand the potential of tourism products. Research at both micro and mac to assess the economic benefits, multipliers and leakages are critical as policy is not alway on data. Often master planning is based on desk research with very little hard data and al consultation with stakeholders particularly local players. The research study on the status of in the Andamans provided valuable data to feedback into the draft Andamans Tourism Pol process of stakeholder stakeholder consultations (Annexu re 3). Research on the Periya Periya r Tiger Reser Reser ve helpe a visitor management strategy (Annexure 1).

The Ministry has a special role in ensuring that the models models of tourism development that are concep are based on sound research. The tendency of tourism to go through a life cycle of exp consolidation and decline is well known. Equally wel l known is the inadv isability isabilit y of over dep on tourism. Policy makers tend to oversell the benefits of tourism without enough substanti research researc h data on the distributive dist ributive justice of tourism as a development tool. The various entrepre models need to be studied closely in ter ms of effectiveness. It would be valuable valuable to understand between emerging entrepreneurship models, impacts in terms of community benefits and “suc tourism in the long run.

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Core Purpose of the Ministry

Models of tourism must take into account the assumptions about what constitutes responsible and sustainable tourism. Budgets should be invested in research and development, innovat technical advancements to ensure that forms of tourism are more sustainable, reduce heav natural natura l resources, resources , greater use of renewable energy, lower lower climate footprint (moving away from fixes like offsets).

Finally, tourism models need to go through the learning cycle of experience, conceptualising, exper and review ing, so that polices and schemes are based on sound conceptual models and not qu or a rapid expansion expan sion of of the schemes without adequate adequate attention to what what has been learnt.

Protecting role – ensuring ethical and non- exploitative tourism

Tourism development should be respectful of the local culture and traditional practises in dest The Minis tr y has a special role and responsibility to ensure that tourism is conducted conducted ethically not result in the exploitation of those most vulnerable - women, children, indigenous peop and other marginalised groups. Tourism often commodifies in order to sell – women are p in advertisements and promotional materials as available and as sex objects. Adivasi cultu practices are taken out of context and exoticised. A new trend in tourism is dark tourism – tourism, slum tour ism, etc. In 2000 t he MoT MoT advertised advert ised inviting inv iting suggestions for how the land o the Union Carbide factory existed could be turned into a park to include a tourist centre with attractions. This only points to the kind of disconnect and insensitivity between ongoing un tragedies and the Ministry’s need to create a product. To make a spectacle of people’s mise tragedies is not tourism. The Mi nistry nist ry has a role to ensure authentic and sensitive promotion o and cultures.

Tourism is increasingly playing the role of ‘the new patrons’ of loc al crafts and traditions. While the needs of the market is certainly an important goal from a commercial viability perspec dilemma al so is about how tourism tourism can help preser ve traditions in t heir authentic form. It is no for the tourism projects to see how the artisans can fit into the market but also to be able to important role of a patron which is to appreciate, preserve and support art and skill for its ow

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Core Purpose of the Ministry of Tourism

Education and Awareness role

Tourism education – the way tourism is taught in universities and in skill oriented courses needs to critical critica l perspectives perspect ives in tourism e.g In the early1990s early1990s the Indira Gandhi National Open Univers Univers Diploma Diploma in Tourism Studies i ncluded topics topics such as t he role of NGOs NGOs in tourism, tour ism, the negative of tourism in the course curriculum. Unfortunately this has not been taken up by many mai tourism studies courses. Such critical perspectives will help tourism professionals to uphold v people centeredness, sustainability, and equity.

The Ministry also has a key role in creating wider awareness of the impacts of tourism and good among tourists and the wider public so that they can make conscious and responsible ch tourists. The Incredible India Campaign for instance has won laurels and rightly so for buildi as a brand. The new series (Athiti Devo Bhava) aimed at conscientising the general public to hosts is also an interesting experiment. The Ministry has recently taken an important step condemning child sex tourism. These are valuable initiatives and it is important that the Minis the way in promoting good practices.

The Ministry has a role in ensuring that to urism models are appropriate and transformative. transfo rmative. Often models implicitly believe that tourism should give the tourists what they want on a platt eco-fragile destinations have swimming pools, air-conditioners and amusement parks. Tou pandered to by fly ing in cheese and wines a nd exotic food food from across continents instead of pr local produce, local cuisine and local traditions.

The Ministry has played a key role in tourism promotion and brand building of India as a des  A significant portion of the Ministry’s budgets go towards promotional activities like adver campaigns and road shows. However given its role in defining policy, tourism promotions sh people centric and not only market centric. e.g. The promotion of the rural tourism projects c beyond glossy brochures and coffee table books and encourage potential tour ists to “see” more wonderful view or quaint costumes and dances. They should be invited to engage in real or a ways and allow themselves to be impacted impacted by the exper ience of being in a rur al community an

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Core Purpose of the Ministry

associations etc. Livelihoods from tourism are often supplementary and it is important that also sustainable. Youth in particular need training in marketing, service delivery and ensu commercial viability of tourism projects. The Endogenous Tourism Project (Annexure 2) as examples of community based tourism initiatives (Annexure 1) are demonstrations of these e

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Tourism Planning Process

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 Annexure

Case studie People centred Tour Tour

 A. Goa – Centre for Responsible Tourism B. Kerala – Vision & Responsible touris C. Kerala – Peoples Charter on Sustaina Tourism in Kumarakom D. Kerala – Visitor Management in Periy Reserve E. Kerala – The Great Elephant March F. Andhra Pradesh – Kataki village, Vishakapatnam Vishakapa tnam G. Nagaland – Khonoma Green Village H. Community based tourism initiatives

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 A. Goa – Centre for Responsible Tourism For the two million visitors who land on its shores each year, India’s beach tourism capital of Goa is   just a good holiday. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, a small region of 3,700 square kilometers with a population of just 1.4 million. But studies have shown that the impact of mass tourism is pressur ing Goa. Mass tourism in Goa did not not arise overnight; it was a slow process that began with the arrival of the hippies in the sixties, and the charters in the eighties. With the charter flights came problems of garbage and litter, scarcity of  water resources, urbanization along the coastal belt, cultural invasion, problems of paedophiles, trafficking, child abuse, increasing crime, local communities not benefiting from tourism with all of these leading to local protests.

of mutual mutually ly beneficial encounters between and hosts for a sharing of goods, for rich exchanges, for approaching natural or beauty, for a comparison between d mentalities, trad itions and religions and for the enrichment of the human spirit.

Key work undertaken until now by for Responsible Tourism, Goa

• Code of Ethics for fo r Responsible Tourism ( tourists, destinations & the sectors th with – shack owners, taxi owners & dri small & medium enterprises) • Resolution of the Cavelossim Grama Sa protection of the rights of live lihood of • Towards a People-Centered People-Centered Beach Programme • Organising Organisi ng the Shack Owners  Association and formulation of t he Beac The challenge was to work towards a form that Policy for the licensing of shacks prop would respond to the fallouts of tourism and the Department Depar tment of Tourism, Tourism, Gover nmen reverse the impacts in ways that would bring a • Organising Organisi ng t he Federation of As soci human face to tourism and result in the benefits Tourist Taxi Owner s and Drivers and form reaching local communities. The Centre for  of their Operation Policy proposed Responsible Tourism (CRT) took formal birth in Depart ment of Tourism, Tourism, Government of July 2007 when a group of some 40 + concerned • Organising Organisi ng the Small and Medium Goans were convened by Caritas-Goa and the Houses and preparation of a white p Council for Social Justice and Peace (CSJ P) under  SMEs submitted to the Department of T

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these sectors self accountable to work towards mitigating the negative impacts of tourism.

B. Kerala – Vision & Responsible Tourism The

Department

of

Tourism,

Kerala

and

EQUATIONS in 2000 co-organised a workshop with the objective of ensuring the democratisation of tourism practice – by identifying and placing tourism within the larger economic development paradigm of the state. The various trends in the tourism plans were closely examined along with possibilities of integrating tourism activities with the People’s Plan process thus ensuring a multiple stakeholder approach in planning and implementation. The attempt was to bridge the distance between development and welfare of  communities. The workshop brought together  multiple viewpoint s (bureaucrats, planning board, panchayats, academicians, CSOs, industry and   various arms of the government) to the same platform to visualise the future of tourism policy  for the state. The Kerala Tourism Tourism depar department tment recognised the need for a multi-stakeholder  approach to determine the future of tourism development. This process was also reflected in its policy document – Vi sion 2025. 2025.

to create a broad consensus on adop responsible tourism practices by all stake  A workshop workshop was organised resu lting in the of establishing multi-stakeholder com with representatives from tourism i government, civil society organisations and academicians. T he formation of the co at the state & destination level (K Thekkady, Kumarakom and Wyanad) an the environment, envir onment, social and economic sec a step towards decentralisation and cr space for dialogue.

This process was a complex one requiring lea a great deal of learni ng and building of co solid research and development of best p on a pilot basis that could then be scaled u state level. What has happened is t hat the energy to take such process forward is therefore the progress on this initiative h slow.

C. Kerala – Peoples Charter  on Sustainable Tourism in Kumarakom

In early 2000, Kumarakom was gaining po as a backwater destinat destination ion in Kerala. Kerala. In th period, people welcomed tourism in t

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uncontrolled tourism and developed a People’s Charter for Sustainable Tourism. Based on this, the Panchayat decided to ban all forms of plastic inside the village, initiated measures to protect the mangrove forests in the region and refused to permit projects to be set up near the lake. To translate the People’s Charter into practise, the Panchayat distr ibuted copies of it to to hotel owners to take steps to implement the charter i n letter and spirit. In 200 4 the Panchayat formed formed a Functional Committee on Tourism with local stakeholder  The Great Elephant March, Kerala participation to address and regulate tourism. parading e lephants between 11 am and 3 p D. Kerala – Visitor Management in the summer sun is at its peak and lays nu conditions for the mental and physical h Periyar Tiger Reserve the elephant.  A research and consultancy project commissioned by the Kerala Forest Depart ment in 2002 on “Visitor  “Visitor  The Great Elephant March, a 4-day Management and Part Part icipatory icipatory Ecotourism Strategy  parade covering 4 tourist destinations in for Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) and Surrounds was organised by the Kerala Tourism Dep for the Kerala Forest Department” gave an to re-enact the Thrissur Pooram festiva opportunit y to EQUATIONS EQUATIONS to provide provide sustainable susta inable attempt to boost tourism. This event tourism practises and plans for a highly visited had no religious significance, simply ‘rec tourist destination. Based on research on tourism traditions in a manner which empties itse practises in and around PT R, status of biodiversit biodiversit y, meaning. Ironically this had to be disco infrastructure development, management systems under pressure from animal rights activ and struct ures, recommendations and strategies for  foreign tourists who felt that the march am conservation oriented tourism and management to cruelty to the elephant.

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Kataki village were witness to the consequences faced (loss of economic benefits) by the Borra  villagers with APT DC managing tourism tourism activity  at the Borra caves. A Gram Sabha was called and resolution passed that instead of allowing APTDC or any private party, the community would themselves plan & implement tourism development in their region and share the benefits & protect their natural resources.

03 following the enactment of N Communatisation Act on Public Ins and Services. The government in handed over ownership and managem education, health care, water supply, ele tourism and bio-diversity conservation communities. Communatisation consist unique partnership between the governm the community involving transfer of ow of public resources and assets, contr G. Khonoma Green Village Project, service delivery, empowerment, decentra delegation and building capacity – all w Nagaland aim of improving the delivery of publi In Nagaland, in 2003 the Khonoma Village systems. It also demands ensuring accou Committee decided to opt for tour ism development of government employees posted at the as a source of revenue generation. The Khonoma delivery level to local communities and Green Village project was aimed at transforming of government assets by village com perspectives and paradigms about the way  including the responsibility for main tourism is constructed and implemented, thereby  amelioration and augmentation augmentation of assets. demonstrating a deve lopment lopment model based on the communatisation is based on triple ‘T’ ap development needs of the community. Khonoma Trust the user communit y. Train them to d was chosen as a model vil lage to implement implement some their newfound responsibilities and practices that would first and foremost improve governmental powers and resources in the qualit y of life of the people. people. The project aimed at training local people, exploring options of  alternative technologies, value addition to the intrinsic properties of the village, planning better  utilisation of energy and designing community 

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of management. The Nagaland government has been selected for United Nations Public Service awards in 2008 for communitisation programme in recognition of its innovative use of rich social capital.

H. Community based tourism initiatives In 2008 EQUATIONS studied three very interesting community based tourism initiatives in India.  While each have their unique contexts and histor ies and are on di fferent stages of tourism deve lopment, lopment, they also have common features. These tourism initiatives are located in some of the most scenic and alluring places – The Himalayan Homestays in Ladakh, The Mountain Shepherd Initiative in Uttarakhand, and The Manas Maozigendri Jungle Camp in Assam. The case studies attempted to understand the particular context and history of each of these initiatives – what set of factors led to their  genesis and what they set out to achieve. In each case, tourism was seen as a means of providing communities with economic benefits in the form of supplementary incomes. In all three cases, perhaps not incidental, the element of conservation and care of natural resources was central to their 

The process of engagement and implem was slow and complex. Many dilemm challenges came their way. The “balance” development of the community and ru successful tourism venture was one. In the Mountain Shepherd Initiative this is issue they are c urrently grappling with. challenge was building the necessar and capacities. Marketing, speaking in working with computers, computers, management, management, to interpret and guide, adapting to m needs of the guest in term s of food, house house – seemingly simple things needed to b painstakingly. With the decision to empl community members, this was an im aspect of building confidence as well as at tourists.

Ensuring widening of local benefits and sy equity have also been present to varying   With increase in tourism came compet within community members. Their tra occupations had encouraged more colla and interdependent ways of living whi exposed to new ways of behaving and think tourism brought in. Was greater commercia that tourism brought in, a bad thing? W communities feel about the change in tr

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In the case studies clear systems of long term sustainability have not been thought through – but it seemed clear to them that the bridge would need to be crossed at some point. However each of these case studies was clearly  about the desire to make a difference - to envi sion forms of tourism t hat would leave leave both the v isitor  and visited enhanced by the encounter.

agriculture and insure their livestock predator attacks. This attitudinal ch local communities has led to an increase leopards population. • The local youth employed with the M shepherds initiative in Uttarakhand ha trained in mountaineering, and spe skills of search and rescue, even wh educational and communication sk basic .Their system of purchasing raw for food from different families in the ensures that economic benefits form are spread out, some benefitt ing from p

• The local community in the tiny village of Ulley  in Ladakh came out with a set of rules to guide tourist behaviour and demands within their  homestays. Due to water scarcity in Ladakh,  villages use dry compost toilets instead of flush toilets. Common showers are set up for tourists. Tourists in homestays are provided food which is locally available and eaten by the families themselves. The continuous inflow of tourists in these Himalayan homestays, despite of the lack of modern touristic facilities shows that it is possible to balance tourist demands with the reality of local resources. • The tour operators who market the Himalayan Homestays package to tourists are locals and they ensure that tourists are briefed about rules and sensitivities of communities they will visit. Their system of providing accommodation to Building of cottages at the Manas Maozigendri Jung tourists in different homestays on a rotational  Assam. The camp is run by the local community 

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 Annexure

Rural Tourism Developing Countr

Some Insights and Less from the Endogen Tourism Project in I EQUATIONS, EQUA TIONS,

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Annexture 2 : Rural Tourism - Insights and Lessons from the Endogenous Tourism Tourism Project in India

The Endogenous Tourism Project- Rural Tourism insights are generalised to apply to rural Scheme (ETP-RTS) is a collaborative effort projects in developing countries. For exam between the Ministry of Tourism, Government details f rom the ETP, we we urge the reader to of India (MoT) and United Nations Development the detailed review report titled Sustaina Programme (UNDP) initiated in 2003 and being Tourism – Rural Tourism Model. implemented currently at 36 sites across the country. While the primary objective of the  Juxtaposing Tourism and Developm project is to focus on sustainable livelihoods, Development planning acknowledges tha it extended beyond the achievement of mere economic growth is no guarantee of economic objective of employment and income development. The need for public po augmentation, putti putting ng it on a much larger canvas specifically address strategies for elimin of community based action. The project aims at a human poverty and inequalities remain sig convergence of issues - sustainable livelihoods, challenges. Greater accountability of publ gender equality, empowerment of women, youth implementation bodies, gender equality, and other disadvantaged sections and working building to ensure greater decentralizat towards cultural sensitivity and environmental empowerment of marginalized groups ar sustainability. sustai nability. It goes on on to suggest that if tourism these objectives. is to fulfil its promise of being a transformative agent, capable of changing the minds, values and Many rural tourism projects and the behaviour of the touris tourists ts and the local citizen alike particular, are conceived as a means – as well as of providi ng a broad impetus to local development. In the backdrop of increasi developing countries, providing so economies throughout India, then tourism needed crisi s in developing economic justice to the vast segments of th to be “radically altered i n design and concept”. concept”. who have been persiste ntly deprived of liv The ETP in many ways has been a total shift from basic services like health and education, the standard tourism projects implemented by  the greatest challenge. Rural tourism can the Ministry of Tourism in the past that were one stop solution solution for ensuring goals such a infrastructure-centric and infrastructure- and empowerment. However this compon

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is not a side agenda but t he co-agenda in order to add value to the tourism process. T his was unusua l as compared to many other rural tourism projects and threw up its own significant challenges. However in the drive to “implement” rural projects one can easily slip into project based mode, products and results get privileged and timelines are collapsed. Thus important development goals of equity, gender, empowerment and social transformation, all of which require time and effort, get sidelined and the tourism product part of the project project gets priv ileged.

generated by tourism in the given locale right to decision making about its creat equitable distribution, on the one hand, right to protect and preserve what is the on the other.

It is not uncommon in rural tourism pro see funds, institutional arrangements, des benefit the poor being pas sed on to the not The absence of a critical ana lysis of the com and segregating it in terms of poverty have not been involved and why would h these exclusions and disparities. Poverty as homogenous, homogenous, but it is a fact that there t here a Rural tourism projects are essentially a social and people in each community who barely economic intervention in rural areas and it is to break even with consumption and pro quite likely that several conf licts sur face. Some Some of  For them to have a choice of livelihood these may not be inherent to a tourism project, but the opportunities are few. Those who simmering simmeri ng or underlying underlyi ng conflicts and tensions in current gainers of the existing tourism, the society which exist anyway and come to the powerful ones who aspire for gaining ou fore when a project like this is introduced. Others project often try to dominate. In their pres could be attributed particularly to the challenges weaker sections of the villagers and wom to status quo or social orders or existing power  it difficult diff icult enjoy equal status and equal sa structures that the project deliberately introduces functioning of the project. as part of its agenda of social change and the resultant forces that are then unleashed.

Communities Expectations and The dilemma always exists about the extent ext ent to which Community Choice: A Question it can really address, challenge and transform of Social Agency 

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 A system prior to fi nalization of a site that would help in understanding the social criteria and for  the community to make an “informed choice” on whether they wish to engage on a project of this nature is important. Tools like the participatory  rural appraisal exercise can help communities to understand the implications of tourism and contribute to their choice and decision to engage in tourism. Also key questions like what kind of  institutions already exist, their f unctions, unctions, quality  of processes, degree of decision-making, whether  the community was divided / fragmented on lines of religion, caste, class, what were the other  kinds of inequalities and inequities, were there more pressing development issues that needed to be addressed - poverty, education, health, indebtedness, san itation and access to water, what were the occupational occupational patterns, cult ural traditions trad itions and sensitivities of the community - these and other questions of this nature must be discussed and debated amongst the community. The reason to do this ground work before selection is that fir stly, the community is facilitated to take ownership of  a process and it becomes the basis of their right even to say no to tourism. Secondly, only when certain basic ‘other’ factors are in place are the chances higher for tourism to f unction smoothly.

what are the changes they wish to see. I important to keep the dialogue open on w project may be able to achieve and wha not be able to achieve. achieve. It is often when th objectives are not stated and understood that the expectations of the community r many hopes are pinned on t he project and does not materialise, there is a slump and of being demoralised – from which it b  very difficult to start up again.

  When communities engage with tourism be recognized that the scale at which a p site engages will and should vary depend set of contextual factors - intrinsic and e Tourism cannot and will not be the sol the rural crisis – and the introduction of must not be seen as a substitute for mor and sustainable livelihood options. This i particularly as tourism is an activit y that on consumption, and it seeks to substitu rural context, livelihoods based on pro Some sites depending on their sit uation ma to engage in a process in which a very smal engages others in which this a significan of the population of the v illage. How muc  village overall economy is reliant on tour also vary. The time they will need will

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authenticity), quality of service and facilities, the destination’s accessibility and pricing (perceived as value for money). Unless we are able to change the way tourists perceive / experience tourism in a rural scenario all these aspects will be critical from a tourist’s point of view. Many  of these are also aspects that should be basic to people’s lives- particularly basics such as a clean environment, hygiene and sanitation. However  it must remembered that we need to create an environment that will help the tourist experience rurality and not rush to create urban comforts in a rural setting, because that is what the “tourist will wil l want”. Ultimately with the combination of the Unique Selling Proposition (USP) and competitive advantage the community will need to learn and compete within t he bounds of the market. Often in the case of marketing of a rural tourism product, the emphasis is on marketing an experience. This is not as simple as creating attractive advertisements and has many layers – imaging, ethics and knowing what sells.

nothing inherently wrong in attracting but this is also an opportunity to present authentic and holistic aspect of the pl contextualise the tourism experience in it

One of the core understandings of the ETP create a unique rural experience for the to move away from infrastructure centr of tourism. While this outlook is comm and recommended, it is not easy to achiev more thought needs to then be put in as one sees, builds on, and creates opportun tourists to experience ‘authentic’ rural l way that it transforms their mindsets. It the tangible /physical that will attract an the tourists, tourist s, but the intangibles of a place be remembered, which make or break the experience. One may very well ask the q – can/should there be rural tourism at all?

Many rural tourism projects have the homestays as a central part of the product on offer. There are both oppo and dilemmas related to homestays in  While meeting the needs of the market is certainly  setting. On the one hand homestays a an important goal from a commercial viability  more decentralised benefits both in t perspective, perspec tive, the dilemma a lso is about how how such a economic benefits and in terms of var project can help preserve traditions in their ‘pure’ more authentic experiences for tourists. form. interesting is that the rural communitie

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work in a limited manner. Cultur ally – “hospitality  as a commodity” - the idea that one’s guest pays for staying in one’s home is difficult to accept.  Also modes of interaction and the be haviour of the tourist are criterion (some community members reported foreign tourists as being more at home than domestic tourists ). Policy makers have been a  vigorous promoter promoter of the homestay idea – se eing it as an answer ans wer to the tourist accommodation accommodation deficit. This may work in urban areas – but a strong pursuit of this strategy in rural areas may not be advisable, without more feedback and research.   As the USP and competitive advantage has very  strong lin ks to the touri st profile - how the possible experience /product is presented to the potential tourist, how it has been positioned and marketed, what have been the strategies to ensure success. This needs an additional layer of positioning (presenting the product) and marketing to ensure success. Clear business plans and marketing strategies to ensure commercial viability of these  ventures are critical. It is equally important to be able to define the tourist profile, set up a system for capturing and verifying this data (based on who actually comes) and then feed this back into promotion, promotion, marketi ng and product deve lopment. lopment.   Another aspect is the links of tourist profile to

clear links between child sexual abuse an stay and or easy access to children.

It would be important from a policy per to approach some of these aspects of pos   vis-à-vis local cultures more cautiously risks, levels of comfort and willingness communities to embrace this option m studied with a sense of openness and obje

Building Local Institutions and Cap to Implement Rural Tourism

Institutions are primarily holders of idea rural tourism projects builds institutions this different idea of tourism forward existing structures of the rural society things thing s may may happen happen – the new str ucture challenges or they may be compatible w existing structures.

  Working with the twin objectives of deve and tourism itself offers a significant c and would require timeframes that in a would go beyond beyond the ty pical timefra mes o makers for rural tourism projects. To setu and evolve a common vision, to ensure th in tandem with one another and in al with an over arching purpose is an in

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the institutions working, building them strong to servicing the tourist, will need time and will only come with tourist interaction. Time frames should also have a bottom-up approach rather  than top-down. In the structure and formalizing of institutions we saw many examples of them being formulated on the basis of trust– which was not given time to actually develop and solidify.  As a result many crisis and grid locked situations developed. There is nee d for proper documentation documentation of contracts contracts a nd taking ca re of statutory and legal aspects of institutions especially as business models, assets and the shift in power structures

are involved.

In the ETP the idea of introducing the building agenda into the Rural Tourism was a signif icant intervent ion and contrib contrib UNDP. The aim was to help the communi their capacities, to benefit from the ow and control of assets that were to be modified, or renovated for their use. The of community members by conducting was on varied issues - awareness, tourism skills and livelihood, alternative livelih institutional management. Capacity often led to acquiring specific skills, bu also be seen as creating the space for bui articulating perspectives. e.g There is no awareness amongst the community in ma in the ETP to why there is such a great e on vernacular architecture. Their refle limited to an extent that ‘tourists want to accommodation accommodation which resembles and suits ambience’. ambience’. The broader vi sion of use and re of local local materials , providing opportun ities   vendors and benefiting the local econo whole is also part of capacity building.

  All sites in the ETP attempted building body – the Village Tourism Committee There have been two different approache

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and marginalised, the VTC was a potential space to challenge existing power structures. The other  approach was to open up the doors doors to all: al l: the rich and the poor, the powerful a nd the weak. In some sites this was wa s believed to be a more pragmatic and effective effecti ve method - to leave the choice of selection to the community and ai m to avoid avoid social tensions in the proces s of implementation implementation the project.

avert this phenomenon, or significant dis on the issue in most sites.

  Awareness building through the develop community-based tourism impact assess one way of doing doing this. th is. Tool kits need to be p and shared with the communities once initiative is taken. An impact on local liv and access to environmental resources at of the local needs is to be monitored at intervals. It is very rare that reliable an data is captured and analyzed at the leve site in order to find out what was the real and benefit of the project is to various sec site level system of collecting and analys related to benefits and impacts is essentia

Given that a commonly held vision visi on clarity, positive social dynam ics, capacity building and handholding over time are the basic requirements of strong institutions - institution building is inevitably  a slow and complex process. Furthermore, given the early stage of actual engagement with tourism at many rural tourism sites, it is very difficult to hazard a guess about the sustainability of the The system developed must collect and ana institutions that are being promoted and this will information regarding tourism related act need to be studied further. the sites. Communities should be empowe their capacity should be built for for this activ Tourism Impacts set of statistics collected on site should b   Any tourism, endogenous or otherwise, has tool to be used by community to underst the potential to cause social, cultural and review their own progress and also to environmental damage, if left unregulated to across the entire project sites as a whole market forces and social power structures. The and make course corrections. success of a rural tourism project should not be   judged by the economic gains alone but by the This should also be seen as an import level of improvement of the social justice and integral part of the monitoring & review

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Annexture 2 : Rural Tourism - Insights and Lessons from the Endogenous Tourism Tourism Proje

destination etc. • Income and impacts should be disaggregated by  development and tourism objectives – gender, poverty, caste, marginalization, livelihoods, economics and distribution of benefits. • A participato part icipatory ry community based impact analysis analysi s can then be done done to find out e.g - How many people have moved from the low income to middle income groups after being associated with t he project? - Gender Ge nder impact - change in t he roles of women women engaged with the project - Employment generation - Increased ability of the less powerful and marginalized to participate (e.g having home stay facilities, engaging directly in service provision, crafts etc)

by village youth for bookings etc. It co serve collective village needs and n serve tourism.

Transforming Tourists

Tourism,

Transfo

The complex part of marketing rural touri in developing countries is that it is not ju being happy or grateful about any tourist in – but about communicating what the ex of that site could potentially be and at those tourists who are looking for that. sense it is also very much about empowe communities to thin k, choose and shape w of tourist tourist desti nation they wish their villa home and their localit y to be. This aspect dwelt on, in the general anxiety that “s n”. Such an approac The generation, consolidation, and analysis of this we must get tour ists i n”. data is essential for a factual assessment of the be respectf ul both of the visited and the vi contract’ as a s well as the project impacts at local level and consolidated the ‘psychological contract’ across sites. It will help policy makers test their  about what is on offer would match. Thus hypothesis that tourism can indeed be a relevant and promotion should be people centric only market centric. Given the increasing development intervention in the rural setting. in many community based and rural Many rural tourism sites have in their plans promoters positioning themselves as prac a building / space that will work as the tourist of responsible and sustainable tourism th information / interpretation centre – but this often recognise the ethical and developmental not been conceptualised very clearly as to what on this issue.

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disempowering, and will adversely impact its success. There is a flourish ing of all sorts of ethical/ responsible tourism groupings worldwide. They  regard actively engaging wit h and contributi contributing ng to

Women connecting - Interaction between local community and  a tourist, Uttarakahnd 

community. Rural tourism projects nee designed so that the community par ticipa entire process from the very outset, and aware of the pros and cons involved – we the project is initiated. If we accept rural as a developmental project, we must ac community agency to actively participat give shape to it. Community engagemen process of decisions on infrastructure (wh where, design – how was it taken, ho money has been spent on it) have been lo the views of the community are not been and in many instances the process has b down. Empowering the communities t choose and shape what kind of tourism tourism an image they wished their village, their ho their locality to be is a central aspect.

This provides a rare opportunity to try and tr the nature of tourism – from its mass cons local developmental processes as intrinsic to their  nature to something which had the elem tourist experience. In other words, they see no interaction, learning and human contact a diminishing of their ‘value for money’ by virtue of this engagement – on the contrary, they find it far more enriching and personally fulfilling. This offers the possibility to reconceptualise ‘tourism’ as a ‘cultural exchange’ framed within a developmental ethos, driven by both the agent communities and facilitated by the NGO/state/

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 Annexure

Recommendations f Research ‘Rethink Tour in the Andama

Towards Building a Bas Sustainable Tour

EQUATIONS, INTACH Andam Nicobar Islands Chapter, So  for Andaman and Nicobar Eco Kalpavriksh, Jamsetji Tata C  for Disaster Management Institute of Social Sciences  ActionAid International - I  A&N Unit,

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Annexture 3 : Recommendations from Research ‘Rethink Tourism in the Andamans: Towards Building a Base for Sustainable Tourism

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (A&NI) are a popular destination on India’s tourist map with a definitive push post the tsunami of 2004 to “bring the tour ists back”. This has meant a slew of  proposals to expand and intensify tourism in the Islands. For intensive tourism, huge investment in infrastructure, improved connectivity and concessions on LTC for domestic tourists is being made. However, these plans, like earlier ones, are not based on how how tourism operates in and i mpacts the Islands, and do not consider whether ground realities support the assumptions that these plans are based on. The research repor t ‘Rethink Touri Tourism sm in the Andamans: Towards Building a Base for  Sustainable Tourism’ is an analysis of the current status of tourism and proposed touri sm development development plans, an assessment of social, cultur al, economic, environmental, institutional and policy impacts of tourism in the Islands and captures the peoples’ perspective on tourism in the Islands. Conceived and implemented by six collaborating organisations (EQUATIONS, INTACH Andaman & Nicobar Islands Chapter, Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology, Kalpavriksh, Jamsetji Tata Centre for Disaster Management - Tata Institute of Social Sciences and ActionAid International - India, A&N Unit), the research study seeks to stimulate a debate on tourism development development and its

Developing a clear vision for touris

The research recommends that the  Administration and MoT supports a deta participatory visioning and strategising that takes into account the perspective s an of different stakeholders and allows and even conflicting interests to come in Detailed technical studies need to be und on carrying capacity, tourism penetratio impact assessments and / or limits of ac change.

Government and Coordination

The A&NI Adminis tration must ensure a role in addition to being a facilitator of  Aspects  Aspect s of regulation must include • Assessment of the number of tourists Islands, using carrying capacity and penetration indices, to understand “limits”. • Development of tools tools to assess tour ism • The opening up of more areas wit Islands for tourism is an aspect that c regulation, since research points to the current forms of tourism in the Island create strong links between touri st num sustainable local benefits.

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Annexture 3 : Recommendations from Research ‘Rethink Tourism in the A Towards Building a Base for Sustainab

Positioning tourism in the Islands

Ensuring a reliable base of infor • The MoT needs to study its own return on on which tourism plans are mad investment on promotion through its Incredible implemented

India campaign by considering the fact that 85% • A system for regular collection, publish of foreign tourists have learnt of the Islands analysis of tourism statistics needs to from the Internet or word of mouth whereas in place. This should include critical in among domestic domestic tourists , television, newspapers like revenues from tourism, number o and magazines have been the main sources of  directly and indirectly employed in th relevant information. occupancy rates in accommodation u • Tourism promotion in Andamans should target profits of tourist business. both domestic and foreign tourists who meet • A meticulous met iculous process of collecti ng domestic tourist numbers needs to be place. While the statistics of foreign arrivals are fairly accurate, the discrepa tabulation need to be rectified. • As per the recommendations of the Workin Workin on Tourism Report to the Planning com for the XI Five Year Plan, the Admin needs to use data from ongoing asse of tourism impacts in specific locatio currently witness large number of touri and tourism activity.

Tourism infrastructure Biodiversity Park, Road being constructed at Chidiyatapu,  Andaman Islands

• Tourism infrastr ucture, par accommodation, should be encoura be eco-friendly, with careful use of

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Annexture 3 : Recommendations from Research ‘Rethink Tourism in the Andamans: Towards Building a Base for Sustainable Tourism

of tourists for a short duration will only have implications on the carrying capacity of the location. • Tourism infra str ucture like water water sport sport complexes, complexes, amusement parks, golf courses should be most definitely disallowed in the Islands.

Connectivity to the Islands and inter island connectivity  • Inter-island air travel through helicopters needs to be retained at the minimal level and prioritise d for emergency needs of the local population. • The proposal to separ ate facilities and /or ration facilities bet ween local people people and tourists needs to be given serious consideration. Dual pricing policy for tourists and Islanders needs to be retained and extended to all Islands

Market linkages & stimulating local economy  • An importa nt measure measure for the Administ ration to consider would be the creative use of infor mation technology like website and the internet to ensure

that small operations get visibility and to attract tourists. Interpretation cent facilities for online booking would help community owned tourism establishm run tourism business more effectively. • To ensure ensur e strong backward and linkages, the Administration, in cons with institutions ins titutions of local self governanc identify those raw materials that are a locally in sufficient measure, over an the regular requirements of the local community, and encourage their use by businesses like resorts and hotels. Th   Administration and panchayats could making local sourcing of some raw mandatory. • There ar e many stakeholders and section   A&NI Administration who hope that will wil l become the pillar of the Islands’ eco more sound economic economic analysis of the cur likely economic impact of tourism, and cognisance of the high degrees of vuln is necessary before such views views are nurt

Environmental protection

• A strategy st rategy for water conservation conser vation an management systems needs to be p   While regulating the growing nu

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Trees Cut & Local Businesses Displaced at Wandoor Beach,  Andaman Islands in preparation for President’s arrival

and recycling need to be high on the agenda as the preservation of the Andaman ecology is in the industry’s interest. • Water based amusement theme parks, which are water guzzlers, and which do not fit into the positioning of the Islands as a place of natural beauty, should be simply prohibited. • A waste wa ste management and garbage di sposal strategy strateg y for the entire Islands need s to be worked worked out. Segregation of wastes and recycling are important options. The zero waste concept may  also be adopted. The ban on polythene bags, which is yet to be notified should be effected

tapped. Discharge of sewage from boats boats into the sea should be checked. The use toilets on boats should be considered. The Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 h poorly implemented in the Andamans. establishments continue to violate pr of the CRZ Notification. Basic proc the CRZ Notification like demarcation High Tide Line, preparation of Coast Management Manageme nt Plans and maps have not be To top it all, the No Development Z been reduced from 200m to 50m for tou   Andamans. Even this has been viola impunity. • We recommend that the CRZ Notificatio is implemented with all seriousness. clearance guidelines for all projects, in tourism projects need to be formulated.

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 Annexure

Of People and Pla

Tourism’s Ro Conflict and Pe EQUATIONS, EQUA TIONS,

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Annexture Annextur e 4 : Of People and Places - Tourism’s Role in Conflict and Peace

EQUATIONS has been involved in documenting a number of cases where communities are engaged in struggles with touris tourism m developments. Most of  these are prolonged struggles that don’t capture headlines and national or international attention, and they have the following dimensions.

to entertain and amuse rather than interchange and understanding among peoples.

Political, Institutional and Human

The impact of diver sion of people’s people’s essenti like agricultural land and access to na Economic : Big business gain subsidised land, tax common property resources like forests, concessions, import advantages, leakages in tourist ocean and lakes, as well as the dive trade leaving very little gain or benefit for local privileging water and electricity supply t communities. Tourism has not proven its claim enterprises like hotels, amusement parks of generating quality and secure employment for  acknowledged in the narratives on t local communities. Touri Tourism sm also increase s the cost successes. The social & economic im of living for local communities. displacement caused by tourism enterp livelihood and life. The dilution of the r Environmental: Ecological damage & losses communities and local governments to incurred through environmental destruction tourism and to say no to tourism. The as in the case of deforestation to make way for  of provisions of local ownership, regulat tourism enterprises, golf courses, amusement control and the increasing trend of se parks, theme parks, ecotourism projects, beach of centralised supra authorities to det resorts, resort s, water sports, etc. The strong link s between the pace and direction of tourism devel tourism growth and water scarcity is of serious The rights of workers in tourism. The r proportion. indigenous people in tourism. The comp covert links between tourism and conf milita rized zones are increasing ly visible. Social: Social costs of the abuse of women and militarized children particularly those forced into sex work  impact of local politics and context on the and traff icking and labour. The growing social and strategies of countries – particularly thos economic aspect of HIV/AIDS linked to tourism. own cultural, cultu ral, economic and political political cont

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Source: Survey of India, 2005 (http://india.gov.in/maps/indiaindex (http://india.gov.in/maps/indiaindex.php) .php)

  As tourism has become increasingly globalized, • Arossim, Goa many governments have put investor needs first India’s 7500 plus km of coast is made up o while diluting, repea ling, and changing policies and ecosystems, including sand dunes, b regulations related to environmental protection, wetlands, mangroves, estu aries, backwater

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It recognized India’s need to protect the interests of traditional coastal people while ensuring their  overall economic development and protecting coastal ecology 1. However, many state governments largely  ignored this law and failed to implement its important provisions. Instead, vested interests from tourism and other sectors such as mining, ports, refineries and other industries have sought and largely succeeded in getting rid of the CRZ Notification. The CRZ Notification was amended twenty-one times between 1994 and 2005, and each revision weakened the law’s provisions. The first amendment, made in 1994, reducing coastal regulation zone from 100 100 meters meters to 50 meters meters from rivers river s and creeks creek s and allowing constr constr uction as per discretion of the central government withi n 200 meters of the high tide line was due to pressure from the tourism lobby that wanted free entry into coastal stretches. The tourism industry  claimed it was being handicapped in competing with beach hotels of other countries where no such restrictions exist. Though these amendments were made with the interests of the tourism industry in mind these were i nvalidated by the Supreme Court Court of India in 1996, who quashed quashed these repr imanding the government for giving givi ng itself unbridled powers.

 A case in point is Goa, a popular tourism des for both domestic and foreign holiday make India’s western coast. Since the mid-60s, has grown immensely, attracting inve from the local businesses as well a international hotel chains. With investme also come several violations. On Arossim in Cansaulim, the Heritage Village Club has begun constr uction of its extension w local community has determined is illeg though the resort managed to get a “cle form the coastal zone authority. They ac resort of violating the CRZ in numerou including undertaking permanent constru the zone demarcated as a No Developme restricting public access3 to the beach, pu barbed wire fences, discharging solid wa effluent directly into the sea without tre and flattening of sand dunes for cons The local community has filed a Public Litigation in the High Court of Goa aga  violators4.

• Lavasa, Maharashtra

Billboards along the Mumbai to Pune as well as on the company’s website hail located 2-3000 2-3000 feet above sea level in the Indian state of Maharashtra, as “Free Ind

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high altitude towns popularised by the British colonialists as summer retreats . Unchecked tourism has resulted resu lted in most of these now in the category category of  spent destinations – overcrowded, and with their  natural natura l environs ravaged. The Lavasa Corporation is marketing its massive development with an ecotourism label. The Corporation describes its project, which is slated for completion by 2021, as including “open greenery and an abundance of material and spiritual choices” all within “a pollution-free environment.” The developers say  they are employing the environmentally sound principals of “New Urbanism” and that they will leave 70 percent of of the land “vir tually tual ly untouched.” untouched.” Its Master Plan has already won several awards for  excellence including from the American Society  of Landscape Architects and the Congress of New Urbanism, both based in the United States6. However, many local residents in Lavasa view the project very differently. They complain that the Corporation has used the legal loophole to avoid obtaining environmental impact assessment (EIA) clearance from the Union Ministr Mini str y of Environment and Forests. A company official said this is “baseless,” arguing that because Lavasa is sit uated at a height of 1,000 metres above sea level, the project does not need an EI A clearance. “Besides,”

peoples) whose property is categorized as land” which can neither be tra nsferred nsferre d nor the Maharashtra government has issued directive permitting ceiling land to be a for developing Lavasa. Many of those who have been acquired in Lavasa complain th cheated by local agents, had their land changed, or were paid with checks that b  A few who are holding on to their lands have been threatened and li ve in constant their life.

In addition, the Corporation has already con one private dam and farmers downstream they have lost drinking and irrigation w a result. One of the villages, represent families who have lost their land, is not s for what they see as the Lavasa Corpo blatant disregard of the law. They have te with activists and NGOs to fight the pro are demanding an enquiry by the Central of Investigation8.

• Kevadia, Gujarat

The case of Lavasa is only one of the exa land being the main site of str uggle, as th quick cash has resulted in diversion of sig amounts of land for mega tourism

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in its pristi ne and natur natural al glory, with wat amusement parks, golf courses, cottages trails, planned gardens and a panoram of the hills which will captivate the tou hold them in awe of the benefits provide project.11

• Kullu, Himachal Pradesh

Corporate Tourism becomes Public Purpose, Sardar Sarovar  Dam, Gujarat 

Kevadia, in the Narmada Valley of Gujarat, is the site of the controversial Sarda r Sarovar Dam where over 250,000 people who were forcibly displaced to make way for the dam, are still awaiting permanent resettlement and compensation. Now a new tourism project is triggering a fresh round of displacements in Kevadia. The original 1777 acres of land that was acquired under the “public purpose” clause for the construct ion of of the Sardar  Sarovar Dam i n 1961-6 1961-63, 3, has tu rned out to be fa r  more than was needed for the project: 1400 acres has remained unused. According to government policy, tribal land that is not being util ized for the

In Himachal Pradesh, situated in the Hi ranges in North India, the government u advice of the State Planning Commis sion, a provision in the land policy which r buying and selli ng of propert y by non-Him non-Him This Thi s opened the way for massive private and investment in the tourism sector in H Pradesh. Despite local resistance, land acquired either by the government on b private investors or through benami (tran made falsely or not in any specific name construction of tourism projects ranging resorts resort s to entertainment enterta inment zones. The result an assault on the natura l resources on wh communities depend for their livelihoods

Much of this development is being done u banner of ecotourism. In 2005, the Stat Department adopted an ecotourism poli the aim of making Himachal Pradesh

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The hypocrisy of this statement has been clearly  exposed through the Him Niti Campaign to stop a $300 million ski resort project being financed by Alfred Ford, the great-grandson of  the US automaker, Henry Ford. The ‘Ski Village’ includes the construction of hotels, restaurants, cafes, entertainment and shopping areas, as well as apartments and villas. Local community  organizations and NGOs have aggressively  opposed the ski village project arguing that it is, as one report put it, “uns uitable, incongruous and detrimental to the lives of the local community  and environment of the region.” In June 2007, a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed in the High Court by Jan Jagaran Evam Vikas Samity  (JJVS). Sanjeev Shar ma, a hotelier, from Vashishth Vashishth Panchayat also filed a separate PIL on the matter  in the same year. Both the PILs were clubbed by  the High Court. In February 2008, JJVS, Him Niti Abhiyan (Campaign) (a state level coalition of people’s groups and activists) and EQUATIONS submitted a memorandum to the Expert Advisory  Committee (EAC) on ‘New Construction Projects’ constituted by the Union Ministr Mini str y of Environment and Forests (MoEF) outlining concerns related to the project. The memorandum called for a reassessment of the project and a public hearing. The EAC recommendations March 2008, included

 Asserting rights - People opposing the Himalayan Sk Project during the Public Hearing, Himachal Pradesh

the high powered government commit slated to do spot inspection and record  views early January 200915. However loca have decided to boycott boycott this thi s as they have provided basic documents related to t he pr demand they have been mak ing for years

• Central India

  With popular destinations reaching capa in keeping with global trends of ecotour nature-based tourism, the Indian gov is opening up more and more fragile a tourism development. There is cons

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One region targeted for tourism development is India’s central belt, comprising the states of  Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa. These states, with their abundant forest, water, and mineral resources, have experienced several severa l cases of the marginali zation of of indigenous communities by modern development projects. Industrialisation, mining, dams, and other big infrastructure projects have resulted in vicious spirals of violence and the internal displacement of many people, who are trapped with no real alternatives. The conflicts associated with the increasing armed struggles by far left Maoist groups across the central belt of the country are indicative of the failure of the state to combat poverty and provide for basic human needs.

declared t he area a “Tiger Reser ve”. ve”. Propo ‘conser ‘conser vation’ in India have failed to ack the role that the indigenous communiti played through their symbiotic relation protection of natur nature. e. Communities, whose beliefs and social customs are oriented to nature from exploitation, are now bein ‘encroachers’ in their homelands16.

Today, tiger conservation efforts have d 26 adivasi or tribal villages (comprisin families and covering approximately 543 Tribal villages that used to sustain the with cultivation and collection of mino produce are today displaced and prohibit collecting forest produce. Efforts have be to resettle them into nearby areas but th   Amidst all these conflicts, tourism is seen as people have not received adequate title d gentler, more sophisticated and green option. Yet their lands. Kanha’s official tourism pr threats to the indigenous and local communities website promises that “When you hol and the envir onment have continued continued as tourism is Kanha you will feel as if you are ente gradually and subtly invading tribal areas using pages of this u nforgettable book and you forests, water, and tribal culture as potential to hear Sher Khan, the tiger roar in the ju products. Tourism has also played its part in the They obviously make no mention of the v eviction evict ion of of indigenous people people from their ancestra l evicted adivasis. lands only to then open up t hese same lands up to Kanha is just one of many cases that are em ‘ecotourism’. of the growing tension between comm and Indian government policy towar

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• Tourism in conflict zones – North the continuing violation of human rights militarization of the entire region. Eastern India  With popular destinations reaching capacity and in keeping with global trends of ecotouris ecotourism, m, naturebased tourism, the Indian Governments is opening up more and more fragile ar eas for the consumption of tourists. If one were to map in India the long standing conflict zones (conflicts which have been there for many reasons – people wishing / claiming claimi ng autonomy autonomy,, issues of povert y, caste, class, underdevelopment, etc) and new areas now being proposed & opened up for tourism development, it would be these very same ‘fragile and sensitive’ regions. The State proclaims that with the advent of tourism conflicts will be reduced, bringing in peace and leading to normalcy. However However this th is ‘sense of peace’ is built around a falsified and tenuous notion, as the root cause of the problems still remain unresolved. Also because of the nature of  tourism development in the country which often works against the principles of sustainability the situation is aggravated further. The north–eastern region and the central belt are two regions that are taken as a s examples to argue the above point.

However the much vaunted Look East p tourism policy makers and planners refuse to take these realities in accoun advocating for tourism development in the  While the argument that tourism will brin is proffered, it is evident that tourism, wh not considered as an option even a few yea is now being pushed because the North Eas is India’s passage to the East. Tourism be the least regulated sectors provides a lev which other forms of development can be This is the approach even the Asian Deve Bank (ADB) has taken - ‘tourism f rom am the sectors identified for regional cooper the ‘least resistant’ i.e. partnering countr more receptive to joining hands in touri other more controversial areas like tr power and water’18.

In 2006, ADB launched the South Asia SubEconomic Cooperation (SASEC) plan invo countries - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, S and 13 states in India, including all 8 s Many parts of the North East region in India are the north-eastern region. SASEC ident dealing wit h complex complex political situations of ethnic priority sectors for regional cooperation – strife, political movements of various shades for  and power, transportation, tourism, envir

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and ecologically. Developing tourism by creating exclusive zones or as in this case ‘key areas’ has met with much resistance from local communities. The plan was developed solely in consultation with bureaucratic machinery and industry lobbies in tourism with poor participation of communities, thereby taking away their right to determine the nature and form of tourism development in their  region19.

Hasty policies   With the ADB and other International Financial Instit utions setting the stage, the Government Government was quick to propose one and reconsider another policy  with minimal mi nimal consideration of the implications of  their actions on the ground. The first proposal (by Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) was to actively promote the Northeast as a touri sm destination for government government officials travelling on Leave Travel Concession (LTC)20 . The second was to reconsider / review (by  Parliamentary Standing Committee on Tourism (PSC) the Restricted Area Permit, Protected Area Permit and the Inner Line Permit (RA P/PAP/IL P/PAP/ILP) P)21 to encourage tourism. MDoNER hopes that the arrival of government officials and their families on leave to North East

accommodation accommodation or hired homes- their tra and food being all pre-planned and taken The main beneficiaries of this scheme w the local community but the private airli the LTC travellers themselves who had no in the ecology and natural beauty of the travelled so as to collect a cash back offer by few travel agencies who were abusing system. The north east is an ecologically region as is the Islands and the pressure be exerted on resources is huge by a sch this which is now in place for the next  Also tourism was brought in to help dev region, reduce povert y and unemploymen has been the case in the Andamans and if on in a similar fa shion then the people o east are not going to benefit even econom

In May 2008, the media reported23 Parliamentary Standing Committee on (PSC) has directed dire cted the Home Home Ministr y to Restricted Area Ar ea Permit, Protected Area Pe the Inner Line Permit (R AP/PAP/ILP) to en tourism.

To quote:

“The Parliamentary Committee pointed o “foreign tourists are an important compo

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 pursue the matter of review of liberalisation of the  entire RAP/PAP/ILP regime at the highest level  in the home ministry which act as a hindrance  to the growth and development of domestic and  international tourism to those regions.”  The concerns on a dilution of the permits are on many grounds • The political political sensitivity and secu rity issues linked to the region • The lack of clear tourism strategies and lack of  data based analysis (economic, tourist profile and arrivals, employment and revenues based data) on which such plans and recommendations are made • The lack of processes of consultation of local people prior to these recommendations being made • Issues of car ry ing capacity and ecological sensitiv ity which need to be also kept in mind if  tourism is sustainable Let us take the issue related to the security of  the tourists. While on the one hand it is said

that tourism relies on an environment i tourists feel safe and secure, and the Min Tourism is quick to make this point aft “terrorist attack.” This basic thumb rule s have ignored in the case of the Nort Northeast heast the Ministry of Tourism nor the Parlia Standing Committee has taken a position  Armed Forces Special Protect ion Act (AFS which has been in force since 1958. The is operative in “disturbed areas”, includi parts part s of the Northeast region of India and and Kashmir, gives security forces widepowers, including t he power to use lethal contravention of international standards. to repeal this draconian act uncondition been made by large number of human rig other civil society organisations in the and internationally, on the basis of a clea of longstanding and continuing human abuse in the region. Given such a long s struggle by its own citizens, that touris seen as the new peace broker and justif liberalization of the ILP is indeed ironic.

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9

While the country was already witnessing widespread protests against the Special Economic Zones ( SEZ ) Act 2   National Tourism Advisory Council (NTAC), a think tank under the Ministry of Tourism (MoT) floated in Novem the proposal of establishing Special Tourism Zones (STZs) on the lines of (SEZs) to boost tourism and increase in employment and infrastructure in the country  10 Sardar Sarovar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd, http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/. http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/. 11 EQUATIONS, “The ‘Privatisation’ of Governance, Natural Resources, Peoples Rights and Tourism in India.”  12 EQUATIONS, “The ‘Privatisation’ of Governance, Natural Resources, Peoples Rights and Tourism in India.”  13 Quoted in Seema Bhatt and Syed Liyakhat (EQUATIONS), Ecotourism Development in India: Communities, Ca Conservation, Environment and Development Series, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad, 2008, pp. 5514 Dream Destination For World Class Tourists…Nightmare For The Himalayas! Impacts of the proposed Himalayan Sk Project in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, A Fact Finding Report , Him Niti Campaign, Himachal Pradesh Jan Jagran Ev Samiti (JJVS), Kullu District, HP and EQUATIONS  15 Himalayan Ski Village, HC Disposes of Plea, Vijay Arora, http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080501/himacha Simla, April 30 2008. The aspects to be looked into are environment impact assessment, financial disclosure, shares to be allotted to the state, financial status of the Chairman of the Himalayan Shi Village, requirement of power, water and impact on location by the project, permission from Ministry of Defense for setting up of this project in in Manali Panel to hear Himalayan Ski Village opposers” Posted by Ravinder Makhaik on Dec 26th, 2008 http:// us/2008/12/26/himachal-sets-panel-to-hear-himalayan-ski-village-opposers/9024/news/ravinder  16  EQUATIONS, The tourist welcomed; the adivasi exiled…Unmasked: reflections on tourism’s impacts on indigenous com in India in This is our Homeland … a collection of essays on the betrayal of adivasi rights in India, EQUATIONS, B 2007. 17  The AFSPA, which is operative in “disturbed areas”, including large parts of the Northeast region of India and Ja Kashmir, gives security forces wide-ranging powers, including the power to use lethal force in contravention of inte standards. The AFSPA contains provisions which contravene, either di rectly or by granting perpetrators impunity rights including the right to life, the right to be free from torture and other ill-treatment, the right to be free from deprivation of liberty and the right to remedy and reparation. These rights are enshrined in international law and including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which India is a state party. 18 EQUATIONS (2007) (2007) Tourism unlimited? What’s wrong with the ADB’s SASEC regional integration idea. 19 Ibid  20 Travel Concession given to Government employees. 21 The entry of Indian nationals and foreigners are restricted in certain States and parts thereof in the North Eastern Reg three restrictive regimes - Inner Line Permit (ILP) for Indian citizens, Protected Area Permit (PAP) & Restricted Ar (RAP) for foreign nationals, which are dealt wi th by the Foreigners Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs. 22 Refer “Promoting LTC Visits to the North- East” The New Indian Express, Bangalore, 15th January 2008. 23 Times of India 03 May 2008 Curbs on NE, Andamans visits may be lifted (http://www.articlearchives.com/governmen (http://www.articlearchives.com/governmen administration/government-bodies-offices/1723087-1.html)

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 Annexure

People’s Poli

A. Jharkhand Peoples Tourism Policy, 2

B. Proposed Policy for the Licensing of  Shacks on the Coastline of Goa draw in consultation and collaboration wit the Shack Owners Welfare Society- G (SOWS, Goa) and the Centre for Resp Tourism.

C. Proposed Operational Policy for Tour Taxii Owners and Drivers in Goa draw Tax in consultation and collaboration wit Federation of Associations of Tourist Owners and Drivers (FATTOD, Goa) an Centre for Responsible Tourism

D. Federation of Small and Medium Gue Houses in Goa (FOSAM), Goa

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 A. Jharkhand Peoples Tourism Tourism Policy, 20011

 Jharkhand, Land of Waterfalls, Forests, Hills and Rivers, The Jharkhand Tourism Co-ordination Committee Calling Animals and Singing Birds, (JTCC) presents to the public at large, particularly  Homeland of the Adivasis, the people who are owners of common property  Help Us Protect and Nurture Her. resources, youths and heads of schools and colleges, environmentalists, lovers of safe and Introduction sustainable tourism, and to the government, the The Jharkhand Government has as yet n Jhark hand Peoples’ Tourism Tourism Policy. Policy. out with a Tourism Touri sm Policy. It has however c The policy advocates, a restricted, cautious, with an indust rial policy. It has been recog safe, clean and sustainable tourism culture for  a thrust thr ust area and has been given two parag Jharkhand. the Industrial Industr ial policy i.e. Tourism Tourism has been g status of an indust ry. The State Governmen Evolved after a process of wide ranging consultation to give boost to to tourism sector by attracti it exhorts to take lessons from the past exper iences investment in the areas with tourist poten of others, carrying capacity and the seasonal to generate employment opportunities nature of tourism. It also spells out what the combined efforts of governmental agenc product or end result of tourism should be and the private sector. Priority shall be a that the peoples whose whose resources ar e utilized must to develop eco-tourism, religious touri be the main gainers. heritage-tourism, adventure tourism, am Given the fact that in India the masses have for  parks, resorts and wayside amenities. long been victims of “ascending superiority and services would be promoted to provide descending Inferiority”, the poor, backward and tours especially keeping in mind the B scheduled communities must be the prime movers circuit and international tourist flow.” Th schedule where it indicates what it takes and gainers of tourism in Jharkhand. five star hotel to a one star hotel, furt her,  We end with a caution, that being humans, we are resorts, sanctuaries etc.

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industry, the service holder and the tourist / and concessions to the facilities of the tour  visitor. It does not seem to have anything for the On site villages need to have their owners people particula rly the people on whose lands and control rights protected. terr itories most most of the physical & cultural resour ces The people and government government must ensure the are. Much of these lands & resources belong to and safety of tourists. Whatever struct Jharkhandi Adivasis and Jharkhandi Dalits and created should be in the ownership and there must be clear specifications that recognize of the on site people. The major portion of and protect the ownership, control and profit should go to on site villages and/or surr rights of these scheduled communities. A typical  villages. and anti-poor tourism policy is unacceptable to us. It is not necessary to create too many top he large structures on site or nearby. Some Some Important Aspects can be accommodated at/considerable dis Peoples should not be deprived of previously  at a nearby village if necessary.

existing rights, such as access to the area, use of    Adequate and clean drinking water entry and exit points’ collection of minor forest should be there. produce etc.   Adequate and clean toilet facilities sh Local persons should be given employment. In mos t there. Bathrooms, toilets should always tourist sites and areas, the concerned area itself  and this is possible if criteria of adequat or near by lands normally belong to Scheduled construction, drainage, sufficient water, Tribes/Adivasis and Scheduled Castes/Dalits and flushing mechanisms, maintenance & con their continuing ownership and control must personnel ar e provided for. for. These facilit be respected. Any profits accruing from such be in the t he control of local people. people. sites directly must accrue to the local persons, Normally, on site village and nearby particularly Adivasis and Dalits. people are agriculturists. The local agr It must be ascertained that the environment, forests, or economy should not be neglected; r

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regarding Netarhat and much of its surrounding environs, particularly the forest part, the leaving “as it is” policy will be best. Because visitors are attracted to the place, “as it is”. That is the lack  of construction, lack of concrete road and still considerable vegetation. So leaving it as it is will be best. Of course, if more flowers, plants, trees, and wildlife can be increased - that will be welcome.  Vehicular traffic may itself be a problem in some instances. For instance, the road form Banari to Netarhat to Mahuadar should be confined to small vehicles and no heavy vehicles should be permitted. In the major or much of the site areas, there should be strict no access to even smaller   vehicles. They can be parked at a considerable or  reasonable distance. Peoples should be encouraged to walk. For the old, infirm and mothers with  young child or small children, some smaller and efficient transportation can be provided for if  necessary. Rickshaws can be encouraged, since it will help local entrepreneurship or employment.

The resources, particularly those that tou for sight seeing, belong to the people, the site village and to the nearby village tourists/visitors come to a place, they b money to the economy, but not any or it comes to the people of the site villag nearby villages. Where is the money then Obviously to someone else, usually the & urban controllers of tourism. If touri not address this distributive aspect, it is n unjust but also not sustai nable.

The government and private party must co& co-operate with the people. In tourism important because it is a people industr survives because of people. Tourism is n infrastr ucture; rather it is only the means

Tourism is about differences. Tourism is n creating the same things. If from Kas Kanyakumari or from Kohima to the R Kutch, we find all the same kinds of h restaurants and attractions, then one n travel anywhere. Local impressions, mate In the villages/towns at reasonable distances, or  architecture, taste, sensibilities, values e nearby villages, bus stands can be constructed, be taken into consideration. also restaurants and hotels. Local persons should Tourism is particularly about physical and be engaged as guides, as staff in the hotels and diversity - about differences. In Jharkhan restaurants, drivers etc. Ownership and control

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consent and subsequent displacement, golf It is important to learn from other peoples have also led to demands for other pleasu experience in tourism. In our own country the pastimes not necessary savor. Requests/d experience of Kerala and Goa are eye opening. In for sexual services have often followed both these places, prime prime land, part icularly beaches embarking on ambitious tourism project were acquired, eternally displacing peoples who be wise and prudent for the government were living there for centuries or using them for  and analyze the experiences of Kerala and their livelihood. The people did not have a say in Unless local communities are part of the pr any manner as to the use of the lands. Whatever  determining the kind and quality of tour money was subsequently derived from tourism the infrastructure, tourism fails. This is went into the pockets of of government and industr y  over the world. and private persons. Tourism in these two places has also not been sensitive to the cultures and Local self-government should have a larg   values of the people. Normally, most places or  deciding the profile and size of tourists a regions in India have some cultural event taking the infrastructure. place in different seasons and times of the year. The people, particularly those on or ne   All these events can be publicized, rather than not government or private players, f making a continuous parody of culture. conse¬quences of decisions. Hence, it is im

Lessons from the Past

The aggressive thrust to put Goa into the international tourism market, and then Kerala created a sun, sand and beach culture that is alien to the culture of Indian peoples. Subsequent to the sun, sand and beach culture, more harmfully harmfu lly came the drug and prostit ution of  of  children evils. Any government wanting to build tourism must seriously think of addressing such issues and how to prevent them from occurring.

to include local self-government, i.e. Munda and Parhas in the decision particularly in the policy and planning st

Sharing Many tourist sites in Jharkhand are

and territories that are owned by Adi indigenous peoples. (eg. Mundari, Khuntk & Kolhan etc)

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peoples of the site, or as negotiated by them. Lands, territories classified/regarded as broken Khuntkattidari and Bhuinhari lands should hence be similarly and appropriately treated. Furt her, lands and terr itories in the Scheduled Scheduled and non-Scheduled Areas where indigenous peoples reside and are significant and substantial in numbers should be treated in the man ner as above stated. It is also seen that in many lands/territories Scheduled Castes or Jharkhandi Dalits live in contiguity or proximity with Adivasi/indigenous peoples or compromise the majority of the population and they too must be treated as above mentioned.

Tourism is also seasonal because of inter as well as local climatologically condi industr ial serv ice rules and regulations. W that tourism, both international & local continuous in nature but has it peaks and Tourism is also affected by man-made or catastrophes, disasters or situations. Inter tourism is particularly subject to such con

Therefore, before we aggressively try to the international tourist by talking about Jharkhand on the international tourism need to first put it in the local tourism our people. Then the national, the inter tourist will naturally come after that. App re¬sponses and strategies need to be wo for different categories of tourists.

In lands/territories that belong to the state of  Jhark hand 51% 51% of the revenue r evenue or income generated The pre-eminent question however rema by entrance fees and on site activities should international, national or local, the accrue to the onsite or nearby vil lages. nature of tourism, or its seasonality rem tourism tour ism should not be promoted at the cost ignoring the local agriculture and local ec Seasonality  The seasonality of tourists or the seasonal nature Rather the local agriculture, local econom of tourism tourism must be recognized, part icularly by the also be strengthened by adding the n Government. Tourism is short lived for specific inputs. tourist sites. It may coincide with a festive day  or a week or so or may extend for a few months Carrying Capacity  or a particular season. Because the State earns or  Normally, the people and the state are not

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Hence, the site or location based people must be i n a position to determine such overcrowding, over  use and degradation and take necessary action. The state will assist the people in remedying such situation. Further it shall conduct a review every  five years along with the people to determine and analyze analy ze trends in tourism- locally, nationally nationally and internationally. In case of reverses, based on this analysis analysi s site based or state level ameliorative steps will be taken by the government to overcome the situation.

It is important to bear in mind the end r product of tourism. The end result of to ultimately what the tourist or visitor rem of Jharkhand and the people of Jharkhan the end result has to do with the differenc Jharkhand.

 What are the differences’?

The first is physical, the entire Jharkhand different from the adjoining areas of Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Bengal and Moreover each physical location, par Remembrances - the Product natural places are unique. The uniquen   A question that state government, private players naturalness, the simplicity, the sanitat and the people need to ask is answer is what cleanliness cleanli ness aspect of these places places will be p memories do you want the tourist or visitor to and maintained. Any structures created have of Jharkhand. This memory is /will be the minimal, functional, easy to maintain an product of tourism in Jharkhand. Do you want non-intrusive to the physical landsca him/her to remember the all too similar hotels, environ¬ment of the place, and in con resorts, swimming pool etc. that are found all with local architecture, tastes and custom over India. Do you want him/her to remember the The second major area of difference is i s the c crimes, the drugs, murder, sex promotion, nudity  Jharkhand. Every place and state has its etc. that have become all too common in many souniqueness or difference. Tourism in Jh called prominent tour ist places of the world? Or to will not serve a particular purpose, if th do you want him/her to remember something that on returning does not remember the diffe is different in Jharkhand and we think that this saw. What makes Jharkhand different f difference is found in the physical and cultural surrounding states of Bihar, Bengal, Or differences differ ences of the places and peoples of of Jhark hand

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social, cultural and economic life of the people. Development and distribution must begin and end not with governments and private players, but the people, particularly the rural masses. Along with  values of equality and community, is the love for  liberty. The Adivasis of this region, in defense of  their lands, territories, and self-government led many revolts against t he British and the moneyed and exploitative class. T he spirit of revolt continues to this day. The ownership, control and values of indigenous peoples must be recognized and promoted. promoted. Community ownersh ip and community  gain must be emphasized. To feel freedom, the people and the state must ensure that the people in general and the visitor in particular is safe and free from crimes, rip offs and personal danger to his life, liberty and possession. Ordinary citizen in general and the visitor in particular must feel and know he is safe and secure while traveling in Jharkhand. Freedom, comfort and safety can be ensured or improved to a great extent if details in the area of travel, transportation, money exchange, guidance, entertainment, entertainment, safety and ser vices and accom¬modation are addressed minutely and  vigorously. Fourthly, another difference in the product or end

its traditions in weaving, and handicr traditional artisans and artists must protected and promoted. For what good good is  visitor coming here does not remember the patterns, designs and intricate workman Jharkhand and are not carried with them

Finally, but not the least the modern ame tourism, such as transport, bank ing, entert sector, hospitality, and accommodation m be clean, efficient, sensitive, respons respon¬sible. In fact this wi ll be the means the other things possible. These means w the totality of the visitors experience com and hassle free. With tourism comes the dis or dangers of quick or sudden change. extra money may be available, where pr none was available. With availability of will come new desires and needs not all necessar ily good or useful. Along with the v tourists, tourist s, come new thoughts, ideas ways o Our people particu larly those who are goi in constant touch with them need to be co educated in how to deal with them, to b aware of their good as well as the differ may bring which may not be too good for u catering to their comforts it must be seen are not swept off our traditions and cus

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The voluntary sector or voluntary organizations must B. Proposed Policy for the Licens also be involved in aspects of tourism planning Shacks on the Coastline of Goa d and promotion. The voluntary organizations, it is up in consultation and collabo expected will play a useful role in warning us of  the pitfalls and hazards that may arise. In every  with the Shack Owners W district certain voluntary organizations must be Society- Goa (SOWS, Goa) an involved and part icularly voluntary organizations Centre for Responsible Tourism run by Jharkha ndi Dalits and Adivasis, Adivasis , since many  In accordance with our ancestral rights to t of the sites will be on their territories. and our constitutional right to livelihood order to stimulate sti mulate the local economy and   Jharkhand Tourism Co-ordination safe and environmentally conscious Committee related practices for the general welfare Contact: coastal communit y of the State of Goa, do • Rejan Gudiya, Abuaa, Koel Karo region, Torpa, make the following policy line proposals Tapkara, Ranchi objective of establishing a just and compr • Rajendra Singh Munda, Village+P.O Childaag, Beach Shack Policy Policy under the Min istr y of  Angada, Ranchi Government of Goa. • Ericsson Hasda, Santhal Pargana • Ratnakar Bhengra, [email protected]  Proposals on shack as source o • Anil Manohar Kerketa, Village Ambatola, P O Employment/Small Employment/Small entrepreneursh Mahuadaad, Zilla – Latehar  • Amul Niraj Kholkho Background • Belkhas Kujur  The shack business started in the 1960’s NGOs: Akhada, Kislaya, MDAC, Sal, Johar Ranchi, The traditional Fisher folk were the pio this business; selling soft drinks and foo  Abuaa, Munda Misi Ubar Samiti, Adivasi Kalyan tourists tourist s on the beach. In more ways then on Samiti, Chabees, Adivasi Mahi la Manch, Chaebasa, Chaebasa, became the corner stone and a unique aspe Gravis, Sendera, Hari Ghati, Jharkhand Sanskriti

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of making a living from tourism trough the shack  business. The shack not only typified the best aspects of Goan hospitality; it also provided the tourist a space where they could encounter Goan culture through authentic Goan food and music.

of local materials and resources and a generally environmentally friendly practi

Because traditional shack owners are fami the coast and the economic resources a they are ar e able to provide authentic food at m prices which is an attraction to the touris

1. Licensing policy 

Coastal Communities - Livelihoods at Stake

In the year 2007-2008, 448 applications were received and 258 permissions permi ssions were issued for  the erection erect ion of of temporary shacks on the identified beaches of Goa by the Government. There are around 300 traditional shack owners who are totally dependent on the shack business for their  livelihoods. liveli hoods. In view of prudent coastal management and in accordance with CRZ regulations, the

a) Licenses for 90% of Beach Shacks allocated to traditional shack owners exc and will be valid for a period of five yea priority given to those holding licenses longest longest number of years . In such cases renewal of license s should be accorded p the licensee has not violated provision law and other regulations that are dr from time to time.

  A seniority based licensing system will a degree of permanence and secur thereby be conducive to promoting promoting bet management, regulation, and enviro compliance. A senior shack owner who on being granted a license will invest i quality durable technology to manage and waste, and will take greater care tourists and the cleanliness of the b

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licensees will be given to coastal inhabitants.

unsuccessful bid.

2. Ban on sub-leasing

5. Dual sources of employment

The Department of Tourism will strictly enforce section 9 of the licensing agreement, which prohibits the subletting of Shacks. Shacks. The Depar tment of Tourism Tourism wi ll also incor porate into the licensing agreement a regulation prohibiting the sale or assignment of a Beach Shack License. The enforcement of these regulations will prevent corrupt practices and the ownership of Beach Shacks by non-residents who may not have the natural instincts to maintain the coast and hence the best interests of the coast in mind.

Neither the applicant’s employment sta the employment status of any member applicant’s family wil l preclude an applic obtaining a license. The increased invo in the economy by more members of th fosters local economic growth.

3. Ban on foreigners working on or running shacks

6. Cost of application forms

The cost of the application forms, wh increased from Rs.10 to Rs. 5000 over ten years, will be reduced to Rs. 500, a r reflects the normal inflation rate of the e of Goa over the corresponding period.

  A total ban on foreigners running or operating 7. Site Plan shacks as workers should be imposed. The Department of Tourism will maintain a site plan for shacks and transparently 4. Rejection of licenses shack locations based on the site plan. If a license is denied, the applicant will be given plan will include locations on the bound  just cause as to why his/her application has been private resorts. The establishment of a s rejected. The Depar tment of Tourism will wi ll establish will stimulate the local economy and a non-biased appeal committee with oversight management of site maintenance, enviro of the licensing committee. The committee compliance, waste, and utilities to includ will include senior members of the Tourism and power resources.

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• Suggestions to the draft policy shall be solicited their employees, and guests, the shack ow and responses must be submitted by the 31st maintain kitchen facilities for cooking a July, 2008. preparation in compliance with all curren • The “Working “Working Group on Shack Policy” (See and safety safety codes. All facilities will be in point 13 below) below) will t hen review t he suggestions and certified by the Department of Publi received and a final policy will be announced prior to operation and periodically thr before 10th 10th August, Augus t, 2008. the term of the license. Appropriate licen • Applications for for licenses wi ll then be adverti sed also be obtained fr om the Directorate of F by the 15th August 2008 Drug administration and the Department • Last date for receiving applications wil l be 25th services.  August, 2008.  All reasonable regulations stipulated by th • The Working Group will then meet to finalize mentioned government departments allotments by the 5th September, 2008 and strictly adhered to. successful applicants will be informed within 5 days. (Early allocation will provide maximum 11. Licenses for alcoholic beverage earning potential for Shack owners while allowing all government agencies sufficient   All shacks wishing to serve alcoholic b time to ensure shack owners are complying will require applying for and obtaining n with licensing agreements and environmental appropriate licenses from the Department o as per the provi sion of of the Excise Laws. regulations.)

9. Beach beds as a source of additional 12. Utilities The Government will provide the Shack self-employment The Department of Tourism, in association with environmentalists and NGOs, will assess the carrying capacity of tourists of coastal villages. Based on this assessment, the number of Deck/

with easy and ready access to water and el and adequate and timely procedures for o the same. Equipment for waste removal provided by the relevant government dep

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Public-Private partnership model for greater  accountability on both sides for the common good of tourists and local communities who serve the tourists. The Working group could be comprised as follows: - Three Thre e senior sen ior official s of the t he Depar tment of  Tourism - One official of the Ministry of Food and Drug  Administration. - Two representatives of organizations involved with responsible tourism. - President, President, and three other r epresentatives epresentatives of  the Shack Shack Owners Association one each from among shack owners in the North, South, and Central area) - The Minister of Tourism Tourism or his representative representative will be the Chairperson of the group.

Proposals for Responsible Management and Operation



Shack 

The members of the Shack Owners Welfare Society  as residents of the coastal community and as coastal business owner s have a commitment commitment to the health and safety of their guests and employees, and in the maintenance of the coastal ecosystem. In line with this assertion, it is proposed that Shack owners will also undertake responsibilities for responsibilities in tour ism as follows:

for Responsible Tourism and under Gov supervision will provide training to a owners regarding the responsibilities above.

2. Environmental standards Shack owners will promote and comply Environmental regu lations including m as noise pollution.

3. Hygiene and Health Standards

The Shack Owners Welfare Society un to prepare a booklet containing guideli instructions to be followed scrupulously shack owners so as to maintai n hygiene an standards.

4. Provision of changing room tourists

The Shack Owners Welfare Society will changing facilities for bathers at their c costs.

5. Life guard stations at Shack O costs

The Shack Owners Welfare Society will all lifeguard stations on on the coast. Shack

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6. Crime Monitoring cooperation

with

Police

C. Proposed Operational Polic Tourist Taxi Owners and Driv Goa drawn up in consultatio collaboration with the Federat   Associations of Tourist Taxi O and Drivers (FATTOD, Goa) an Centre for Responsible Tourism

 All Members of the Shack Owners Welfare Society  will aid the police in combating crime with the particular focus of preventing the sale and use of  illegal dr ugs and narcotics and protecting children from pedophilia, and the abuse and exploitation of women in the tourism tourism arena. The failure of a Shack owner to notif notif y the police of any witnessed illegal activ ity within with in their shack premises and on on Introduction the coastline will result in the levying of heavy  Tourism is one of the biggest revenue ear fines on the offendi ng shack owner. the Government of Goa. However, the fac that those who really make the tourism 7. Self regulation work are not the main beneficiaries of to tax i owners and drivers dri vers co The Shack Owners Welfare Association (SOWS) Goa. The tourist taxi will create a “Self-regulation Committee” which a signif icant part of the local population e shall monitor activities of the shacks and ensure in tourism and provide an essential, dedic compliance of the Responsible Shack Management preferred transport service for the indus policy. This forum wi ll include SOWS SOWS office bearer s should therefore be given an equitable and representatives of the Centre for Responsible share of the benefits of tourism. Tourism.

In this charter we are conveying a set of Ope It is our conviction that the implementation of  Proposals on the behalf of the tourist tax a Shack Owners Policy that adopts the above and owners, which address some pressin elements will guarantee that local communities concerning them, and which need to be will benefit from tourism and, additionally, that and implemented by the Government the Goan identity will be maintained and advanced earliest. These measures will undoubted a positive effect on the quality of the t in the tourism arena.

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Background of Tourism In the mid seventies, the State Govt. realized realized the tremendous t remendous potential of developing the Tourism Sector. With the backing of the Central Govt. and the support of  the ‘Tourism Barons’ and other  promoters, promoters, Tourism was promoted as a ‘Zero Pollution’, high income generating industry.   After the 80’s, the Tourism Industry flourished as is evident in the increase in the number of  hotels, flights and tourists over  the years. The ‘Backpackers’ and ‘Chartered Tourists’ rushed to Goa, which was promoted as the “most sought after tourist destination”. Table No. I trace the growth of Tourist Tourist inf i nf low into Goa. It can be seen that i n 1970197071 the figure for total tourists   visiting Goa stood at 1,11,040, of which foreign tourist were merely 5,960 and domestic tourist were 1,05,080. There has been a continuous growth of Tourist

Table I: Tourist Arrivals in Goa

Year

Domestic Foreign

Total

1974-75

1,71,239

10,400

1,81,639

1979-80

3,24,814

30,778

3,55,592

1984-85

6,07,727

62,265

6,69,992

1989-90

7,71,013

91,430

8,62,443

1994-95

8,49,404

2,10,191

10,59,595

1999-00

9,60,114

2,84,298

12,44,412

2000-01

9,76,804

2,91,709

12,68,513

2001-02

11,20,242

2,60,071

13,80,313

2002-03

13,25,296

2,71,645

15,96,941

2003-04

17,38,330

2,91,408

20,29,738

2004-05

20,85,729

3,62,230

24,47,959

2005-06

19,65,343

3,36,803

23,02,146

Sha For Tou

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 A significant grow th in the number of hotels in Goa has also been seen. Their number has increased from 508 in 1989 to 1,933 1,933 in 2003 (p) to 2,44 4 in 2008. The room capacity has increased f rom 6,660 in 1989 to 17,342 in 2003 (p) to 21,869 in 2008, and the bed capacity ha s increased f rom 10,369 10,369 to 33,139 to 41,031 over the same period. Today, Today, there is a significant growth in charter fl ights ight s also. Their number increased from 24 flights per  annum in 1985-86 transporting about 3,568 tourists, to 690 flights and 1,58,993 tourists in 2004-05, and to 720 flights and 1,69,836 tourists in 2006-07. Most of the Chartered Flights and foreign tourist arrivals are concentrated between November and March.

Background of the Transport Services for Tourism  At the nascent stage, tourism in Goa was serv iced by local buses, black-and-yellow taxis, and a few motorcycle pilots on select routes. Gradually, as a result of the rise in numbers of tourists, the existing modes were found inadequate to meet the demand. In addition, the typical foreign tourist had changed from being a ‘hippy’, to a conventional holiday maker, who now demanded better transport ser vices. Hence, Hence, in the early 80s,

The advent of tourist taxis was not only for the tourists , but also the only avenue employment for a number of local youth, w left without their traditional means of liv as a result of tourism. Many locals ventu the tourist taxi sector successfully and heartedly. Today this sector employs mo 1000 persons directly, thereby securing of an equal number of families.

In the early 90s, Goa witnessed laiss free for all, uncontrolled growth of a ne of transport, supposedly to improve t services to the tourist – namely, tour an coaches. Over the years the number of coaches has increased substantially, p as the buses also carry out local tours an services traditionally provided by the taxis. taxi s. The touri tourist st taxis have to face restric unfair practices, thereby severely dim the earning opportunities promised to t employed, local, tourist taxi owners and Thus, the benef its of touri tourism sm are being deni local community, in whose name the tour advocated in Goa in the early 80s. Thi completely against the policy of the Dep of Tourism, expressed as ‘Involvement people to the maximum extent possible

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The tourist taxi owners and drivers face a number  the years, the hotels are now subjecting of other hurdles also, which are also substantially  unequal and unfair practices. For exampl addressed in the operational policy proposed • “Reps” (foreigners (foreigner s carrying out travel below. business in Goa, see 2 below) are allo access to the Hotel lobbies, where the Objectives of the Proposed Operational carry out deals and negotiations, co Policy  excluding excluding the taxi drivers. The objectives that have guided the preparation of  • The hotels encourage counters for t this proposal are: operators, while the taxi driver s are deni • To promote promote harmonious relations among t he opportunity. The Leela Hotel, Majord   various stakeholders involved in the tourism Resort and Cidade de Goa have even sector  taxi counters that were existing earlier. • To safeguard s afeguard equal opportunit y a nd other  • Tourist s are den ied access to tax is. O constitutional rights, and to promote just and offers of tour operators are exhibited equitable State policies, especially with regard the hotel lobbies. It is essential that pr to tourism offers of both taxi dr ivers and tour oper • To safeguard t he livelihoods of the self-employed self-employed displayed at the same place within the locals employed in the tourist tax i sector, and to order to end the ongoing ongoing discr imination create further self-employment opportunities taxi drivers. for the locals • Sometimes hotels go to the extent of • To have wider diffusion of gains amongst the tourists not to travel by taxis. For e local community  tourists have been told in the past th • To create social security and recognition for the would lose insurance cover if they tr lower placed participants in tourism industry in taxis. general, and for tourist taxi owners/ drivers in   As a result of the discrimination by th particular  • To To promote sustainable and responsible tourism not only are the local, self-employed taxi drivers denied their legitimate inte

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exploit the private private car/ non-tourist non-tourist taxi ta xi dr meager amounts, thereby further Tour operators are generally companies that offer  paying meager package tours to a particular destination. As the local economy of its rightf ul income. a result of the rapid growth of charter tourism, On the other hand the tourist taxi driver many foreign-based tour operators have opened locals, are far better equipped than the “ offices in Goa. guide the tourists. The tourist taxi rates a

2. Illegal business by foreigners

The “rep” is a recent creation of this charter tourism, which has badly hit the legitimate interests of  locals, especially the tourist taxi owners and drivers. “Reps” are persons, usually of foreign origin, such as Russian s and Britons, who carr y out the business of local guides a nd holiday managers managers within Goan territory. These “reps” are promoted by the tour operators and monopolise large chunks of the local travel-and-guide business. Legally spea king, the t he “reps” do not not have any work  permits and hence are not entitled to carry out business, trade or profession within India. The large number of local, self-employed taxi owners and drivers are being deprived of their legitimate means of sustenance due to Government inaction, which is also aiding the siphoning of substantial local revenue to foreign countries. As this illegal siphoning is adversely affect ing the State revenues, it is imperative that immediate measures are taken to stop this illegal business.

cheaper and end up being about half of charged by the “rep”. While the local tax has always been and shall always be hon “rep” does not have the same sense of be and ownership. The taxi dr iver invariably the role of a tour guide as necessar y, and a the tourist the advantage of his local kno leaving leaving him feeling truly satisfied.

Stop the illegal business carried out by “reps” within Goan territory by strictly e the existing provisions of law. No such a shall be allowed in the forthcoming especially in view of the siphoning of St  National revenue to foreign countries. Ho tour operators must take necessary mea stop the tourism-related business activ unlicensed unlicensed foreigners.

3. Financial assistance

 A need for new and luxur y taxis is i s being fe

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to additional hidden costs. This adversely affects This financial package shall be made availa the tourist taxi owners’ ability to succeed in his   for owner-driven taxis. The badge issue endeavour. Further, failure to pay often leads to Directorate of Transport shall also be ma  for getting the benefits of the financial pac ‘lifting ‘lift ing of the vehicle’. vehicle’.  As a result of this, the tourist taxi owners are always under financial stress, leading to the following problems: • Distress sale by helpless taxi owners. • Encourages unethical means of earning. • Discourages genui ne prospect ive tourist tour ist taxi owners, and thereby increas es unemployment in the coastal areas, creati ng other social problems, problems, such as alcoholism, illegal trade, drug peddling and prostitution. The subsidy currently given by the Government for  the purchase of tourist taxis is about 5 % only. The procedure for availing availi ng of this subsidy requir es the taxi owner to pay the entire amount fir st, after  which he has to file an affidavit and follow other  procedures, which take another th ree months or so before the subsidy benefits can be availed.

In line with the current Government policies, we    propose that the following financial assistance   package 4 be provided to the taxi owners: • 30 % subsidy for upgrading taxis and taxi services

4. Equal opportunity for taxis

Since the 1980s, the tourist taxi indu

always been show-cased as a successful for the local youth, who have been econo displaced by tourism, for self-empl However, the reality today is that the pol not implemented. Due to the uncontrolled of the number of coaches, their operato star ted the practice of herding assorted from 5-star hotels and resorts together ‘tours’. As a result, both the quality of h tourism and the income of the local youth e in the ta xi indust ry have dropped steadily the use of coaches by illegal foreigners, als as “reps”, and who are actively promoted operators, is resulting in low quality, hig services being forced upon unwitting while denying equal opportunity to th taxi industry. Every coach that collects 1 honeymoon couples couples and ta kes them on a d denies 15 to 30 local self-employed you livelihoods liveli hoods as promised under the Tourism

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already lost their traditional means of livelihood to the tourism industry, are now again losing their legitimate rights, only due to corporate greed. Further, taxis are a much superior mode of transport than coaches, offering flexibility, privacy and independence. In order to change the cheap image of Goa generated by the tours conducted by tourist buses, so that quality tourist s come to Goa in the future, taxis must be allowed and encouraged to provide these specific services, without unequal competition from the coaches.

In order to maintain and improve the quality of  transport service to the tourists, and to safeguard  the legitimate interests of the tourist taxi drivers and owners, it is necessary that the use of coaches be confined to airport departures and arrivals, arr ivals, and   for engagements by single groups of tourists only.

tourism industry industr y of Goa, be provided wit Security in general, and, pension simila Dayanand Social Security scheme, health such as ESI ESI and and insurance including medi similar medical cover, in particular. particul ar.

6. Facilities and amenities at taxi

Taxi stands ar e mostly situated outside ho resorts. The taxi drivers wait at the stand entire day d ay,, except when engaged.

The relevant authorities, or the relevan resort, must provide reasonable basic pr such as toilets, wash rooms, rest room and spaces at tourist taxi stands with which concerned, before the beginning of the season. New hotels must be required by  provide for these basic needs from inceptio

5. Social Security 

7. The Transport Transport Department Department’s ’s The tourism industry employs a large number  requirement for affidavits

of lowly paid workers in various sectors such as hotels, restaurants and transport, who form the backbone of this industry. These workers are often employed only for the tourist season and therefore left unemployed for more than half the   year. These workers have no guarantee of work  the next year and are also not provided with any 

The transport department has an requirement that a prospective tour driver must make an affidavit stating taxi shall be operated from his residen This requirement is obviously arbitrary, unnecessary harassment to the taxi owne

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9. Grant of NOC Presently the concerned hotel is required to give a NOC to prospective taxi drivers in order for him to apply for for a permit. T his places undue discre tion in the hands of the hotels, who may use it to exact revenge on persons who have asserted thei r  rights, or to force the taxi drivers to support the hotel’s private interests in local social, economic and environmental issues. It is necessary that this discretion discr etion in the hands of hotels is replaced by the consensual wisdom of the concerned association, guided by clearly understood principles based on equality and justice.

The NOC for the use of a taxi stand by a taxi driver, which is required to be submitted for obtaining a tourist taxi permit, shall be issued by the taxi association responsible for that particular stand.

The Airport Arrivals taxi counter shall be over to the black and yellow taxis associa view of their traditional rights.

11. Harassment by Traffic Police

The taxi drivers, when carrying pas are sometimes targeted by the traffic po harassment. The helpless taxi driver is the to oblige the demand for for a bribe, as he is the policeman’s threat to hold back the t delay the tourist(s), thereby ruining the business and reputation.

Harassment by the traffic police must stop, a be replaced by trust tr ust arising ari sing from the recog the discipline and dedication generally as with tourist taxi drivers.

10. Airport Operations

12. Regulation of coaches, private c other operators

The parking fee at the Dabolim airport star ts from Rs. 60/- for three hours. This is many times more than the national national standards, as the fees at Delhi, Bangalore and Bombay airports for the same time duration are Rs. 10/-, Rs. 5/- and Rs. 5/respectively. The parking facility is inadequate and below average standards, and therefore does not justify such a steep amount.

Though the tourist taxis which have a permissions are strictly regulated by t private cars which illegally carry coaches and other operators fail to be pr or adequately regulated. Even though i of illegal tourist taxi business being car by private cars have been brought to th of the authorities in the past, no action h

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13. Tourism tax The present procedure for collection of the tax is unnecessary and inconvenient, as it requires payments payments at regular intervals.

Tourism tax shall be collected every ten years.

14. Uniforms

accepted and honoured honoured by al l the associat their members. Th is declaration of substan procedural provi sions, which shall be impl through the existing associations and su institutions and mechanisms, mechanisms, reflects t need for heightened awareness of new ch and duties that are incidental to the industry and its future growth.

  A change from the present full white uniform is demanded, which shall bette r suit the local weather  1. Helpline and the ubiquitous red mud. It is agreed that in order to meet inter standards standard s of customer customer service, ser vice, to achieve The present taxi uniform shall be replaced by a new sense of security in the minds of the tour uniform, which shall be a white shirt and a black  the others, and to provide a speedy resp trouser. complaints, queries and feedback, all th taxis shall clearly display the ‘helpline’ te  Social Obligations number. This telephone number shall be a This is not only a declaration of the commitment to by trained operators on a 24x7 basis a of the tourist taxi owners and drivers to operational, shall provide an easily ac continue upholding high standards of ethics and accountable and independent contact p responsibility towards tourists and the society, registering specific complaints and sugge but also a testimony of their resolve to attain new standards of customer service, mutual co2. Self-regulation and Discipline operation, fraternit y-towards-al y-towards-alll and self-respect within the tourism industry. This ‘dawn’ heralds This policy document declares the decisio a fresh beginning, where hope, diligence and taxi owners and driver s to constitute a me creativity promise to bring new vigour into the for self-regulation. Every association sha lives and livel ihoods of these local, self-employed, and implement the social obligation

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resolved by the concerned Association. FATTOD shall be called upon for mediation, if necessary. Further, the above described regulatory bodies shall be cal led upon for for arbitration or for for redressal redres sal by alternate means, as far as possible.

3. Fare Rates

7. No Sex Tourism In order to help the authorities control and

the threat of growing prostitution-tourism all tourist taxi associations shall ensure drivers are involved in, or actively abe prostitution.

  Approved fare rates will be displayed/ made 8. Training and awareness available on request in each taxi. Uniform rates FATTOD and all the Assoc iations, with th shall be levied across all Associations for similar  Centre for Responsible Tourism and the services. Department, shall arrange training for l and other skills, as necessar y. Awareness p 4. Zero incidents of drinking-andshall also be arranged to ensure the su driving implementation of the policy. It is solemnly solemnly resolved that all the tax i associations shall adopt and strictly implement stringent rules  Policy Implementation related to drinking on duty, and ensure that not It is necessary to form a working grou only are offences related to drunken driving shall facilitate and supervise the implem completely completely elimi nated, but that necessar y thought, of this policy. beliefs and customs are encouraged within the fraternity. The working group shall consist representatives of the tourist taxi own 5. Pedophilia drivers, two representatives of Caritas, G The taxi drivers shall keep an active watch for  CSJP, and five representatives of the Gov pedophilia and report any suspicious behaviour  and its relevant agencies. It is suggested immediately to the ‘helpline’ number, which shall Director of Tourism be t he ex-officio Con call 1098 for the necessary intervention. NGOs this working group.

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of tourism to protect and advance their genuine interests. By creating rallying spaces, we seek to promote promote and find solutions thr ough dialogue with the government. Goa could well be the popular tourist destination which acts responsibly for both the hosts and   visitors. This policy is one more step in this direction.



Organizational Intent

FOSAM believes that its core organization is to advance the interests of Small and Hotels and Guest Houses in Goa as a way of self-employment to a wide range of peo thus serve the State of Goa in the tourism 

FOSAM’s objectives

Be a recognised body that speaks on

D. Federation of Small and Medium Guest Houses in Goa (FOSAM), Goa One of the priority sectors identified by Centre of Responsible Tourism was the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in tourism. A major  mobilization process was taken up and meetings were held in different parts of Goa together with owners of small and medium guesthouses in their  own locations. Having established the urgent imperative need for an association - a rallying point for these enterprises to act in unison - an organization was created and called t he “Federation of Small Small and Mediu m Guest Houses” (FOSAM) (FOSAM).. Organizationally speaking FOSAM has defined itself as follows:  Vision

and Mission

of its members and the Small and accommodation accommodat ion sector who account for 95 accommodations accommodations provided to v isitors to G

Create methods and avenues through whic can gain access to incentives, subsid government policies/packages which can their financial earnings.

Develop relevant tourism policies and pa that serve to bring greater benefits to Go the Goan economy.

Undertake initiatives that guarantee that t in tourism are seen as a socially res industry.

Cooperate and work together with small oth sectors of the economy such as dairy, agriculture, transportation, food service

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Propose measures through which various  Plan of Action departments of government at State and Central level can provide subsidies and incentives to SMEs 1. Charter Tours by which they can increase their service and  Analyze the social and economic implica earning capacities. charter tours for Goa and Goan entrepren Develop a Code of ethics for all members to be Develop a minimum standard rate that SM charge the charter tour companies an strictly adhered to. regulation of rates by the government b Create ‘Certification Schemes’ / Labels for FOSAM market value; Government needs to be members in cooperation with CRT under such and advocate on behalf of local SMEs v subjects as ‘Responsible Host’, ‘Code of Ethics’, foreign charter companies. ‘Green Host’, ‘Committed ‘Committed to child protection’ etc. 

Emerging issues

2. Infrastructure

Stake claims towards t he following: following: Need for the Department of Tourism and Goa • Allocation Al location of of 25% of the annua l tourism Tourism Development Corporation (GTDC) to to ensure quality infrastructure at th deem FOSAM as a consultative body and channel   village/city level including proper ro policy making through FOSAM for purposes of  adequate lighting at night cooperation and smooth implementation. Also, • 24-hour electr icity especial ly duri that FOSAM will represent Goa in International monsoon, 24-hour clean water s upply  Trade Fairs where tourism is show cased e.g. the • A well planned public sewerage ITB in Berlin each year. and treatment plants, especially in concentrated coastal villages Need for a ‘single window’ clearance with a longterm Cert ification of Registration and Trade License • Regular garbage collection segregated a from residences and businesses as well a issued for five years; a waiver of registration fees bins which are emptied on a daily ba to guesthouses with five or less rooms; a strict beaches free from litter. adherence to the three-month time-line for 

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6. Taxes

4. Tourism Tribunal

Establish a tourism tribunal to address grievances Lobby to have new luxury tax of up to R from service providers in the industry as well as per room abandoned; and revert back to complaints from civil societ y, and where necessar y, cut-off categories provide a temporary resolution within 24-hours.

7. Campaigns 5. Environmentally Tourism

Sustainable

Rural Seasonal Certificate to small paying

• Promote ecotourism ecotourism among SMEs in collaboration and facilitate experiential training sessions and technical advice exchange within the entire accommodation accommodation sector. • Claim incentives and subsidies s ubsidies to SMEs to adopt environmental-friendly practices such as alternative energy sources in the operation of  their facilities

accommodation entrepreneurs

so

as

to

support

8. Enhancement of the mar capabilities of guesthouses

Claim support for separate brochures/b website with special mention of payin accommodation throughout the Depa promotional channels, e.g. visibility a telephone telephone service ser vice at the air port accommo 

FOSAM’s Code of Conduct

Members of FOSAM developed a pledge by. by. The following was adopted as a code of conduct in four key categories: categories:

Legal Obligations

• Act in good faith i n all al l deali ngs w government and its representatives, bribery, abide by building regulations.

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actively in community fora to address broader  social problems. • Treat all v isitors with wit h honesty a nd courtesy  courtes y  and make sure that they are aware of the local customs and laws. • Provide decent employment/ provisions for the staff during the off season

• Govt relations / travel and tourism ass of Goa (TTAG) • Media and publicity  • SME linkages to other sectors

In the ultimate analysis

FOSAM is an organi zation and programm

• Bring the benefits of tourism to Goans • Give the visitor an authentic Goan expe • Shall not display tolerance of any activity that • To To establish that Goa is a dest ination th   violates the human dignity of anyone else, a safe and ideal environment for pe e.g. paedophilia, prostitution, sale and abuse holiday and experience something dis of drugs, human trafficking, in premises or  it cultural, spiritual, environmental, o surrounding areas. relaxing relax ing time away from home! • Shall not engage child workers.

Protection of Human Dignity 

Green Tourism • Shall be committed to envi ronmental protection because this is not just in our our business interests , but also because an environmentally friendly  business is in the interest of our own health & well-being and that of our families and communities • Shall segregate waste on-site and part icipate in a community system of garbage collection and disposal • Shall demonstrate respect for nature nat ure and

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 Annexure

People’s Char and Guidel

A. The Nanda Devi Biodiversity Conserv and Eco Tourism Declaration October 14, 2001 Gram Sabha Lata, Chamoli, Uttarakhand

B. People’ Charter on Sustainable Touri Kumarakom, 2002

C. Himalayan Homestays, Ladakh, 2002

D. Code of Ethics for Responsible Touris Goa, 2007- 09

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 A. The Nanda Devi Biodiversity  Conservation and Eco Tourism Declaration

in the tourism industr y, we will ensur impact of tourism on the biodiversity region and the enhancement of the qu life of the local community  October 14, 2001 4. That in any tourism related enterprise Gram Sabha Lata, Chamoli, Uttarakhand  give preference to our unemployed yo under privileged families, we will also Today on the 14th of October, 2001 2001 in the t he court yard equal opportunities for disabled perso of the temple of our revered Nanda Devi, we the special provisions to avail such opportu people’s people’s representatives, socia l workers and citizens wil l ensure en sure the involvem i nvolvem of the Niti valley, after profound deliberations 5. That we will consent of the women of our regio on biodiversity conservation and tourism, while levels of decision making wh ile develop confirming our commitment to community based implementing conservation and tourism management processes dedicate ourselves to the 6. While Whi le developing developing appropriate appropriate institution instit ution following – management of of community based cons 1. That we, in accordance accord ance with the resolutions resolution s and eco tourism in our area we will ens adopted by the World Tourism Organisation’s tourism wi ll have no negative impact on Manila Dec laration 1997 on the Social Impact of  diversity and culture of our region, a Tourism will w ill lay t he foundation for for community  any anti social or anti national activi based tourism development in our region have no scope to operate in our region 2. That in our region we will develop a tourism 7. We will regulate and ensure quality industry free from monopolies and will ensure and safety for tourists and by develop equity in the tourism business own marketing network will elimin 3. With the cessation of all forms of exploitation middlemen and endeavour to reduce th like the ex ploitation ploitation of porter porter s and child chi ld labour  costs of the tourist 8. While developing developing the tourism infrastru our region we will take care of the speci of senior citizens and disabled persons

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11. Acknowledging the spirit of Agenda 21 of the Eart h Summit, Rio 1992, 1992, the Manila Declar ation on the Social Impact of Tourism 1997 and the International Year of the Mountains and Eco tourism, 2002, we will strive for bio diversity  conservation and an equitable economic development within the framework of the Constitution of the Republic of India 12. Today on October 14, 2001, in front f ront of our  revered Nanda Devi, and drawing inspiration from Chipko’s radiant history we dedicate ourselves to the transformation of our region into a global centre for peace, prosperity and biodiversity conservation

B. People’ Charter on Sustainable Tourism, Kumarakom Kumarakom Grama Panchayat, Kottayam, 2002

sharing of benefits of tourism for sus development, Keeping also in mi nd that a trade agreemen  World  World Trade Organisations General A gree Trade in Serv ices (GATS) would greatly imp these pronouncements, challenge and the very basis of sustainability, parti processes, conservation efforts, welfare o and lead to uneven development,

Taking into account, the fragile ecosys Kumarakom and in the absence of a regulatory mechanisms in tourism develo

Reaffirming that the Panchayat having bee with constitutional mandates under th  Amendment to conserve its envi ronment, resources and the well-being of people bring in control and regulatory mechan sustainable tourism development throu following guidelines.

  We, the people of Kumarakom and members of  Grama Sabha of Kumarakom Panchayat, the first 1. Any change in land use for tourism p shall be subjected to living space, government of the state on this day of 29th August settlement as well as inter-generation 2002 – social, economic and recreational, r Recognising that tourism in Kumarakom is nature environmental and ecological balance based and protection of nature and biodiversity i s region. All fut ure tourism related land u fundamental to sustainable tourism development, be strictly in accordance with the man

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on the approach approach roads to resorts sha areas, cultivable lands and settlements and should be scientifically made with proper  by the respective owners. Overhead lin footpath and storm water drainage facil ity. be replaced with undergr ound cables. 4. Any destruction or obstruction caused to Kayal 13. Indecent representation of women in through bunding, creation and diversion of  promotion materials shall be avoided tourism provider shall act as a con inlets and privatisation of water bodies shall anti-social activities like women an not be allowed. 5. Use of water for commercial purposes from prostitution. common resources shall be based on consent 14. Direct and indirect employment oppo for local people by the tourism from appropriate authorities upon applications routed through the Panchayat. are mandatory, keeping in view of industry’s social obligations. 6. The Panchayat is seeking concerned authorities • 30 % of direct employment kee to provide legal legal status to the bird sanctua ry and until such notification is effected, Panchayat  view of  - requirement requ irement of tourism industr shall keep strict vigil against any activity that between locals and outsiders) could negatively affect the sanctuary. 7. The Panchayat shall seek mangrove regeneration - a vailability of qualified personnel withi n the Panch programmes with support from touri tourism sm industry, keeping in view of the long-term conservation - provision for adequate trai • Maintenance of labour standard of the Kayal banks. formal sector  8. In I n the absence of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) regulations of stipulated no development zone • Informal sector  - Book binding along Kayal banks, Panchayat would bring - Washing in construction regulation and all further  constructions shall be in accordance with that. - Tourist guides 9. Keeping in view of the fishing activities of the 15. Considering the overall socio development of the region, tourism local people, plying of boats boats shall be r egulated/ banned after 6pm. should agree to contribute to the pro

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Investment and maintenance for a common effluent treatment plant and solid waste management as per the management plan prepared will be borne by the industry and   jointly managed by the Panchayat and the industry. Committee to be constituted under  the Panchayat Act for monitoring monitoring and punitive measures. 17. 17. Disposable Plastic materials are ban ned inside the Panchayat. 18. Tourism industr y should bring in selfregulatory mechanisms in consensus with the Tourism Code of Ethics formulated by the  WTO.

C. Himalayan Homestays, Ladakh, 2002 Code of Conduct This code was developed by the Ladakhi women who operate Himalayan Homestays. We ask that   you make every effort to follow their requests while staying with Ladakhi families.

Please: • Do not make public public displays of of affection. • Do not wear revealing clothes clothes such as short skirts and sleeveless tops.

Dos and Don’ts

• Be sure to carr carr y all necessary provisi fuel from Manali, Leh or Kargil for y – you won’t find anything in the interi • Do not not leave leave any litter along along trekking r on camp sites. • Take Take your shoes off before before ent monastery. • Do not touch touch the statues or than monasteries and refrain from smoking premises. • Take Take permission from from the local peo photographing photographing t hem or their propert • Don’t Don’t use flash phot photograp ography hy inside inside mo – the flash tends to damage the colou frescoes inside. • Try and carry purified or boiled boiled fre when you go go on treks. treks . • Don’t Don’t use plastic plastic bags bags – they are b Ladakh. • When visiting visiting nation national al parks, take take sp to not disturb the wildlife. • Wear Wear a wide-brimmed wide-brimmed sun hat, sungla sunscreen at all times, as the sun is ex sharp at this high a ltitude. ltitude.

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D. Code of Ethics for Responsible Tourism Goa, 2007- 09 Tourism is too often seen merely as an arena where the rich meet their hedonistic pleasures. Self-indulgence is what often defines the tourist behaviour and practice. In a similar vei n, the host of the tourist is blinded by the prospect of profit and goes all out to satisfy the every whim and fancy of the touri tourist. st. In the bargain, there ar e huge huge and lasting impacts - largely negative - that can affect the host community, their environment, the workers, the cultures, and the self-esteem of the  visited.

Do the smaller sectors get justice in the e relationships or are the gains cornered powerful entrepreneurs from within and o

In response to these questions and issues, th for Responsible Tourism, Goa proposed Code of Conduct Conduct to local groups to be enf some concrete and measurable form so a the negative pitfalls from tourism.

The following were suggested codes as th to different sectors.

Code of Ethics for the Industry:

• Sustainable Tourism • Commit to excellence in the quality of and hospitality experiences provided This trend needs to be reversed and a paradigm clients through a motivated and caring shift in the patterns of tourism must be brought about to ensure that there is a mutuality about • Encourage an appreciation of and respec natural, cultural and aesthetic heritage tourism. The questions uppermost in the minds of  our clients, staff, and stakeholders and tourism planners a nd policy makers must be: Who our communities benefits from tourism? What impacts does tourism have on local cultures and the environment? Do • Respect the values and aspirations of communities and strive to provide the benefits of tourism get equitably distributed? and facilities in a manner which contri community identity, pride, aesthetics quality of life of residents • Strive to achieve tourism developme manner which harmonises economic ob

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a sk permi ssion before • Support Support tourists tourist s in their quest for a gr eater  • Insist that they ask understanding and appreciation of nature and photographs of individuals of people’s and remind them that they may be exp their neighbours in the global village pay for the privilege • Remind them t hem to ‘Open their t heir mind m ind t Responsible Tourism in Destinations cultures and traditions’ – it will transfo • Shaping sustainable spaces into better places • Minimize Mini mize negative economic, env ironmental experience, earn respect and be more welcomed by local people. Ensure t and social impacts tolerant and respect diversity – observ • Generate greater g reater economic benefits for local people and enhance the well-being of host and cultural traditions and practices practices Combat the sexual sexua l exploitation of of human communities, improve working conditions and • Combat particularly the exploitation of children access to the industry  • Involve local people in decisions that affect their  lives and life chances Guiding Principles for Social Respon • Make positive contributions contributions to the conser conser vation of  of  • Actively involve the local commu natural natura l and cultural heritage to the maintenance planning and decision-making and capacity building to make this a reality. of the world’s world’s diversit y  • Provide more enjoyable experiences for tourists • Assess social impacts throughout the l through more meaningful connections with of the operation – including the plann design phases of projects projects - in order to m local people and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues negative impacts and maximize positive • Provide access for physically chal lenged people people • Endeavour to make tourism an inclusiv exper ience and to ensure that t hat there is a • Culturally sensitive engenders respect between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and all, in particular vulnerable and disadv communities and individuals. confidence

Ethical Code for Tourists • Urge tourists to discover t heir destinations desti nations –

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