Examination Malpractice

Published on February 2017 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 34 | Comments: 0 | Views: 224
of 12
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content


Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(&
Examination Malpractice: A Situational Analysis of Trends at
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria

Professor )aru* +li,u -algo
.epart/ent of Educational )oundations% )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices
2s/anu .anfodi,o 2ni1ersit,% So*oto% P.3.4. 23'5% So*oto% Nigeria
E/ail6 proffaru**algo7,o8oo.co/

Astract
98e paper reported 1arious e0a/ination /isconducts co//itted :, t8e students of 2s/anu .anfodi,o
2ni1ersit,% So*oto% Nigeria. 98e reports of t8e E0a/ination 3onitoring ;o//ittee fro/ 2
nd
Se/ester
2&&7<2&&! session to 2
nd
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 session for/ed t8e sources for t8e anal,sis. 98e anal,sis s8owed
t8at 153 out of 257 reported cases 8ad to do wit8 :ringing pieces of paper wit8 writing into t8e e0a/ination 8all%
and 2' cases were for writing on =uestion paper% pal/% lap% clot8es% etc% using 8andset 8as 22 cases% a/ong
ot8ers. >eco//endations were also proffered on 8ow to cur: t8e e0a/ination /isconduct% w8ic8 include
restructuring of our education s,ste/ to /a*e it functional and de-e/p8asi?e paper =ualification% se/ester
s,ste/ and t8e curriculu/ to :e restructured so t8at students can progress at t8eir own pace and not as a class or
co8ort% t8ere s8ould :e proper in1igilation and /ore lecture 8alls and t8eatres to :e pro1ided so t8at enoug8
space is gi1en to eac8 student to write 8is<8er e0a/.

Areviations used:
)EES - )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices
)+IS - )acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies
S<Sc - )acult, of Social Sciences
Sc. - )acult, of Science
3Sc - )acult, of 3anage/ent Sciences
@aw - )acult, of @aw
+gric. - )acult, of +griculture
;ollege - ;ollege of Aealt8 Sciences
$et - )acult, of $eterinar, 3edicine
2.2;#NS - 2s/anu .anfodi,o 2ni1ersit, ;onsultanc, Ser1ices
BS9 - Beneral Studies

!" #ntroduction:
#ne of t8e 8opes and aspirations of an, nation is t8e o1erall de1elop/ent of its citi?ens w8ic8 co/es as a result
of t8e 8arnessing of all its resources :ot8 8u/an and non-8u/an. 98e :ac*:one for t8is de1elop/ent is a
functional and effecti1e educational s,ste/. 98e s,ste/ s8ould :e suc8 t8at t8e citi?ens can 8a1e access and
8a1e e=uit, to it and can lead towards t8e reali?ation of t8e national o:Cecti1es (-algo% 2&12. 98e educational
s,ste/ is an instru/ent a societ, or a nation uses to e=uip its people to lead producti1e pu:lic li1es and full
personal li1es according to t8eir talent and interest (Dila,at% 2&&(. 98is s,ste/ /ust :e suc8 t8at :ot8 t8e
gifted% t8e a1erage and t8e less a1erage 8a1e full opportunit, to de1elop t8eir s*ills and a:ilities needed for t8e
creation of a progressi1e and de/ocratic societ,. 98e s,ste/ /ust t8erefore :e e1aluated periodicall, to ensure
t8at rig8t attitudes and intellectual prowess are inculcated into t8e citi?ens.
E0a/ination is an integral part of for/al sc8ooling. It is used to ascertain 8ow /uc8 of t8e su:Cect /atter a
candidate 8as /astered in a particular field. E0a/ination refers to t8e use of for/al test to unra1el t8e
indi1idualEs a:ilit, in a di/ension of 8u/an endea1our. It could :e oral% written or perfor/ing certain acti1ities%
depending on t8e purpose of t8e e0a/ination. +ccording to Nnac8i (2&&5% e0a/ination constitutes a para/eter
upon w8ic8 t8e =ualit, of a countr,Es education and t8e standard of t8e curriculu/ are deter/ined. 98e
:astardi?ation of t8e e0a/inations and its s,ste/ significantl, represents t8e de:ase/ent and possi:le erosion of
t8e 1ia:le educational structure. E0a/ination% as a :ac*:one of an, educational s,ste/% /ust :e conducted free
of an, for/ of /isconduct. In a situation w8ere e0a/inations are not properl, conducted and<or closel,
/onitored at w8ate1er le1el% t8e, are lia:le to a:use and will not gi1e proper or desired assess/ent of t8e
:e8a1iour% *nowledge% perfor/ance and s*ills of t8e e0a/inee.
;andidates in Nigeria are ad/itted into for/al s,ste/ of education t8roug8 one for/ of e0a/ination or anot8er.
98e candidatesE acade/ic a/:itions or desires depend on t8eir a:ilit, to pass t8e e0a/ination. 98is is rig8t
fro/ pri/ar, sc8ool% t8roug8 secondar, sc8ool up to 2ni1ersit, le1el. 98e less a:le and a/:itious candidates
tr, to appl, all tactics to pass t8e e0a/ination% :ecause at t8e end of t8e da,% t8eir e/plo,/ent and pro/otions
are :ased on certificates. In reali?ation of t8is% candidates tr, to do w8at t8e, t8in* t8e, can to get t8e F/eal
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(1
tic*etG. 98is could include e0a/ination /isconduct.
E0a/ination /alpractice is defined as a deli:erate act contrar, to official e0a/ination rules% designed to place a
candidate at an ad1antage o1er ot8ers. +ccording to Dila,at (2&&(% e0a/ination /isconduct is an, illegal act
co//itted :, a student single 8andedl, or in colla:oration wit8 ot8ers during or after e0a/ination in order to
o:tain undeser1ed /ar*s or grades.

$" Synopsis of t%e &auses of Examination Misconduct
98ere are /an, causes of e0a/ination /isconduct as t8ere are /an, wa,s :, w8ic8 cri/inals co//it t8eir
cri/es. 98e causes range fro/ t8e personal wea*nesses of t8e e0a/inee% to t8e social and en1iron/ental factors
as well as attitudinal inco/petence. 98e /ost influential factor to e0a/ination /isconduct is t8e c8anging
societal and co//unit, 1alues o1er t8e ,ears.
98e 1alues of 8ard wor*% steadfastness% dedication% 8ealt8, acade/ic co/petition% discipline% co//it/ent to
/oral standards and 8onest, 8a1e :een t8rown to t8e dogs. Parents in t8e past sent t8eir c8ildren to sc8ool not
:ecause t8e, were a/:itious :ut :ecause t8e, wanted c8ildren to :e educated. 98e interest and a:ilit, of t8e
c8ild was considered a:o1e parental interest. 9oda, parents pressuri?e t8eir c8ildren into ta*ing a/:itious
courses e1en if t8e, are not capa:le (I:ra8i/ H E,a/% 2&&5. So t8e desire to pass at all cost is responsi:le for
e0a/ination /isconduct. 98e 1alues 8a1e :een replaced wit8 uni/agina:le =uest for /aterialis/% indiscipline%
la?iness and undue e/p8asis placed on certificate. 3an, students and parents percei1ed education as a /eans of
getting a /eal tic*et (certificate t8roug8 getting a FgoodG Co: as e/p8asis is not on oneEs perfor/ance :ut on
t8e paper first. It s8ould :e reali?ed t8at certificate /entalit, is one of t8e root causes of e0a/ination
/isconduct and fraud in Nigeria.
#n ps,c8ological ground% a student /a, :e predisposed to e0a/ination /isconduct :ecause of 8is low self-
concept or self-estee/. Ae e1aluates 8i/self and concludes t8at 8e does not 8a1e *nowledge and s*ills
necessar, for 8is success. E0a/ination an0iet, and fear of failure /a, also :e seen as factors for e0a/ination
/alpractice. + student /a, :e uncertain of w8at will :e t8e result of t8e e0a/ination% rat8er t8an to stud,
8arder to succeed% 8e engages in /alpractice.
#t8er factors include o1er crowded e0a/ination 8alls% lac* of proper in1igilation% non-co/pletion of t8e
s,lla:us :, teac8ers% studentsE truanc, and a:senteeis/% inade=uate preparation for e0a/ination% inade=uate
sc8ool facilities% low le1el of aptitudinal co/petence% parents 8ig8 e0pectations on t8e acade/ic standard of t8eir
c8ildren% peer influence% /ild punis8/ent for offenders% teac8ers inco/petence% i//oralit, and econo/ic
downturn% =uota s,ste/ and 8ost of ot8ers.

'" Types of Examination Misconduct
Students adopt different strategies in an atte/pt to conduct notorious acti1ities. E0a/ination /isconduct 8as
assu/ed an alar/ing proportion wit8 culprits :eco/ing /ore sop8isticated e1er, da,. .ifferent t,pes of
e0a/ination /isconduct are :eing e08i:ited :, :ot8 staff and students. 98e following are so/e of t8e
e0a/ination /isconducts students engaged in.
(a Students :ring prepared /aterials into t8e e0a/ination 8all.
(: I/personation I student or indi1idual not registered for t8e course ta*e t8e place of one w8o is
registered.
(c Su:stitution of e0a/ination scripts I student su:stituting alread, wor*ed script for t8e original one
during e0a/ination.
(d Driting *e, points on 8and*erc8iefs% laps% pal/s% s8irts% trousers% currenc, notes% etc.
(e Biraffing I students peeping into oneEs wor* wit8 t8e intention to cop,.
(f Students cop, fro/ 8andset or listen to taped points t8roug8 earp8ones.
(g ;on1ersations a/ong students (e0a/inees
(8 98e use of signals or sign language a/ong students.
(i Students pretending to want to ease t8e/sel1es to read up answers.
(C Jotting and writing answers on t8e =uestion wit8 t8e intention of passing it to a friend.
Staff also engage in 1arious e0a/ination /isconducts% suc8 as disclosing content or part of e0a/ination
=uestions to Fli*edG students prior to ta*ing t8e e0a/ination% allowing students to re-write e0a/ination and
deli:erate alteration of /ar*s.
98e t,pes Cust /entioned are so/e of t8e 1arious /alpractices t8at are co//on a/ong students and staff.
Students continue to de1ise different strategies as aut8orities continue to find wa,s of cur:ing t8e /enace. 98e
for/s /entioned a:o1e are indicati1e of t8e enor/it, of t8e pro:le/s in ter/s of identification% /anage/ent%
control and possi:le eli/ination. 98e /as*ing of t8e different patterns of e0a/ination /alpractice /a*es its
/anage/ent an enor/ous tas* for t8e 2ni1ersit, and t8e entire societ, (E*oCa% #:e,a and Ja/es% 2&&5.
98e /anifestation or pro/inence of t8e t,pe of e0a/ination /isconduct 1aries fro/ t8e en1iron/ent% t,pe of
e0a/ination and e1en t8e opportunit, gi1en to t8e prospecti1e culprits :, t8e e0a/ination agenc,.
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(2
(" Met%odology"
98e /et8odolog, used was descripti1e :ecause t8e anal,sis was :ased on t8e cases of different e0a/ination
/isconducts caug8t :, t8e E0a/ination /onitoring co//ittee /e/:ers during t8e end-of t8e se/ester
e0a/ination fro/ 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&7<2&&! to 2
nd
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11. 98e cases used were for 7 se/esters
cutting across different t,pes of /isconduct and faculties. ;ases fro/ Nine faculties and two di1isions were
used in t8e anal,sis.
)or eac8 se/ester% si/ple fre=uenc, distri:ution was used and cases were tallied :ased on t8e t,pe of t8e case
and t8e )acult, w8ere t8e students<culprit ca/e and also t8e do/icile )acult, of t8e course e0a/ination paper.
98ere were 257 cases of /isconduct during t8e period of 57 se/ester(s and were used for t8e anal,sis. 98e
sa/e nu/:er of students were in1ol1ed.

)" Analysis of t%e Trends
98e situation at 2s/anu .anfodi,o 2ni1ersit, So*oto in ter/s of t8e t,pes of e0a/ination /isconduct practiced
:, t8e students is 1i1idl, s8own in t8e following ta:les. 98e figures were fro/ 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&7<2&&! session
to 2
nd
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 session as gat8ered :, E0a/ination 3onitoring ;o//ittee during t8e period. 98e
first report was for t8e 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&7<2&&! e0a/ination as s8own :elow -
Tale !: $
nd
Semester $**+,$**- Examination Misconduct cases"
S,N T./E 01
M#S&0NDU&T

1i
&0U2SE 1A&U3T. STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.
)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;

S
c

3
S
;

B
S
9

)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
c
.

S
<
S
;

3
S
;

1. Entering wit8 piece of
paper
21 5 3 7 5 1 ! 3 ' 5 1
2. ;o//unicating wit8
eac8 ot8er
2 1 1 1 1
3. No. e0a/ination
.ocu/ents
1 1 1
'. .ispla,ing wor* for
so/eone to cop,
1 1 1
5. E0c8ange of Scripts 1 1 1
5. Driting on t8e :ac* of
e0a/. ;ard.
2 2 2
7. I/personation 2 1 1 1 1
!. Aandset 1 1 1
(. Driting on t8e co1er
of suns8ade glasses
1 1 1

98e /ost co//on /isconduct co//itted :, t8e students during t8e 2
nd
se/ester 2&&7<2&&! e0a/ination was
entering e0a/ination wit8 piece of paper. #ut of t8e 32 cases recorded% 21 were of t8at nature% t8en followed :,
writing on e0a/ card% i/personation and co//unicating wit8 one anot8er. 3aCorit, of t8e cases in1ol1ed
courses fro/ )aculties of Social Sciences% Sciences and Education and E0tension Ser1ices. #f t8e students w8o
co//itted /isconduct% 12 were fro/ t8e )acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies% ( fro/ t8e )acult, of Education
and E0tension Ser1ices% 5 eac8 fro/ Social Sciences and Sciences and 1 fro/ 3anage/ent Sciences.
+l/ost t8e sa/e trend /anifested itself during t8e e0a/ination of 1
st
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( session w8ere 77.5J
of t8e cases recorded were t8ose in1ol1ing students entering e0a/ination wit8 piece(s of paper(s. 9a:le 2
s8ows details of t8e cases reported.

Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(3
Tale $: !
st
Semester $**-,$**5 Examination Misconduct &ases"
S,N T./E 01
M#S&0NDU&T

1i
&0U2SE 1A&U3T. STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.
)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;

S
c

3
S
;

@
+
D

)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;


S
c

3
S
;

@
+
D

2
.
2

;
#
N
S

1. Entered wit8
piece of paper
31 5 7 7 5 5 1 12 5 3 5 2 1 3
2. ;op,ing fro/
Aandset
2 1 1 1 1
3. ;op,ing fro/
eac8 ot8er
3 2 1 3
'. Driting answers
outside t8e e0a/
8all
1 1 1
5. Su:stitution of
Scripts
1 1 1
5. I/personation 1 1 1
7. ;o//unicating
wit8 eac8 ot8er
1 1 1

;op,ing fro/ eac8 ot8er in1ol1ed 3 students onl, w8ile cop,ing fro/ 8andset in1ol1ed 2 students. 98e rest
t,pes 8ad one student eac8. 98e courses w8ere t8e /isconducts were co//itted were e1enl, distri:uted a/ong
t8e )aculties wit8 )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices 8a1ing (% )acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies
8ad also (% )aculties of Social Sciences and 3anage/ent Sciences 8ad ! and 7 respecti1el,. +:out 15 students
out of '& w8o co//itted e0a/ination /isconducts were fro/ t8e )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices.
In t8e 2
nd
Se/ester% 2&&!<2&&( e0a/ination% a:out 37 cases were recorded% out of w8ic8 27 in1ol1ed entering
e0a/ination wit8 pieces of paper. 98is is s8own in ta:le 3.
Tale ': $
nd
Semester $**-,$**5 Examination Misconduct &ases"

S,N

T./E 01 M#S&0NDU&T

1i
&0U2SE 1A&U3T. STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.
)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;

S
c

3
S
;

B
S
9

)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;


S
c

3
S
;

@
+
D

1. Entered wit8 piece of paper 27 5 5 1& 2 2 2 13 ' 5 2 2
2. I/personation 5 2 1 3 3 2 1
3. ;op,ing fro/ eac8 ot8er 1 1 1
'. Driting on t8e =uestion
paper
1 1 1
5. ;o//unicating wit8 eac8
ot8er
1 1 1
5. E0c8ange of Script 1 1 1

Si0 students co//itted i/personation% 3 fro/ )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices% 2 fro/ t8e )acult,
of +rts and Isla/ic Studies and 1 fro/ t8e )acult, of 3anage/ent Sciences. +:out 1! students fro/ t8e
)acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices were in1ol1ed in t8e e0a/ination /isconduct t8is se/ester.
.uring t8e 1
st
se/ester 2&&(<2&1& session e0a/ination% a total of 3( cases of e0a/ination /isconduct were
reported. #f t8is nu/:er% 27 students entered e0a/ination 8all wit8 piece(s of paper% 5 used /o:ile sets and 3
eac8 were caug8t wit8 i/personation and writings on pal/% s8irt or calculator case. 9a:le ' 1i1idl, e0plains
t8is.

Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

('
Tale (: !
st
Semester $**5,$*!* Examination Misconduct &ases"

S,
N

T./E 01
M#S&0ND
U&T

1
i

&0U2SE 1A&U3T.

STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.
)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;

S
c

3
S
;

@
+
D

+
g
r
i
c

;
o
l
l
e
g
e

B
S
9

)
E
E
S

)
+
I
S

S
<
S
;


S
c
.

3
S
;

@
+
D

+
g
r
i
c

;
o
l
l
e
g
e

2
.
2
;
#
N
S

1. Entered wit8
piece of
paper
2
7
2 5 7 7 2 1 2 5 3 5 ( 1 1 1
2. I/personati
on.
3 1 1 1 2 1 1
3. 2sing
8andset
5 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
'. Driting on
pal/% s8irt
or calculator
case
3 2 1 1 2

+:out 7 cases eac8 fro/ )aculties of Social Sciences and Sciences were recorded in1ol1ing courses fro/ t8e
)aculties. Si/ilarl,% ( students fro/ )acult, of Science% 5 eac8 fro/ )aculties of Education and E0tension
Ser1ices and Social Sciences were in1ol1ed in t8e /isconduct%
98e 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& e0a/ination witnessed an increase in t8e nu/:er of e0a/ination /isconducts
co//itted :, t8e students. + total of 5& /isconduct cases were recorded ranging fro/ entering e0a/ination
8all wit8 piece of paper to tal*ing to eac8 ot8er. 98is is s8own in 9a:le 5 :elow6
Tale ): $
nd
Semester $**5,$*!* Examination Misconduct &ases"

S,
N

T./E 01
M#S&0NDU
&T

1
i
&0U2SE 1A&U3T. STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.

1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

S
,
S
&

M
S
&

S
c

6
S
T

U
D
U

&
0
N
S

1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

S
,
S
&


M
S
&

S
c

7
e
t

U
D
U

&
0
N
S

3
a

"

S
c
"

1. Entered wit8
piece of paper
2
(
( 1 ' 7 ' ' ( 1 ' ( 1 ' 1
2. Driting on
pal/% e0a/
card% co1er of
calculator%
=uestion
papers%
clot8es% laps.
1
&
2 2 2 2 1 1 ' 3 2 1
3. 2sing 8andset 1 1 1
'. ;op,ing fro/
eac8 ot8er
' 1 3 2 1 1
5. 9al*ing to
eac8 ot8er
1 1 1
5. I/personation 3 3 2 1
7 E0c8ange of
Scripts
1 1 1
!. Dent out wit8
script and later
returned it.
1 1 1

9went,-nine cases in1ol1ing entering e0a/ination 8all wit8 a piece of paper% 1& in1ol1ing writing rele1ant
infor/ation on pal/% e0a/ination card% co1er of calculator% =uestion paper% clot8es or lapsK and ' students were
found cop,ing fro/ eac8 ot8er. 9wel1e cases in1ol1ed courses fro/ )acult, of Education and E0tension
Ser1ices% 12 fro/ )acult, of Sciences and ( cases :elonging to courses fro/ .i1ision of Beneral Studies. +:out
1! students fro/ t8e )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices and 13 fro/ )acult, of Science.
)or t8e 1
st
Se/ester% 2&1&<2&11% onl, 22 cases were recorded. #ut of t8is nu/:er% 13 cases in1ol1ed entering
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(5
e0a/ination 8all wit8 piece of paper and 3 were using /o:ile sets. 9a:le 5 e0plains furt8er.
Tale 8: !
st
Semester $*!*,$*!! Examination Misconduct &ases"

S,N

T./E 01
M#S&0NDU&T

1i
&0U2SE 1A&U3T. STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.

1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

M
S
&

S
,
S
&

S
c

6
S
T

3
A
9

1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

M
S
&

S
,
S
&

S
c

6
S
T

3
A
9

1. Entered wit8
piece of paper
13 2 2 3 5 2 2 1 ' '
2. E0c8ange of
scripts.
2 1 1 1 1
3. 2sing 8andset ' 2 1 1 3 1
'. I/personation 2 1 1 2
5. Driting on
;alculator ;ase
1 1 1

Eig8t students co//itted e0a/ination /isconduct in courses :elonging to t8e )acult, of Science% 5 for )acult,
of Social Sciences and onl, 1 for t8e )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices. 98e description also s8owed
t8at% in t8is Se/ester% 7 and 5 students fro/ )aculties of Social Sciences and Science respecti1el,% co//itted
one for/ of e0a/ination /isconduct or t8e ot8er.
.uring t8e 2
nd
Se/ester of 2&1&<2&11 session% 37 /isconduct cases were recorded. )ifteen (15 out of 37 cases
in1ol1ed entering e0a/ination 8all wit8 pieces of paper% ! using /o:ile sets and 5 in1ol1ing writing on pal/%
=uestion paper or s8irts. +:out 1& students co//itted /isconduct during t8e e0a/ination of courses fro/
)acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies% ! in t8e )acult, of Sciences and ( in courses of .i1ision of Beneral Studies
as s8own in 9a:le 7.
Tale +: $
nd
Semester $*!*,$*!! Examination Misconduct &ases"

S,N

T./E 01
M#S&0NDU&T

1i
&0U2SE 1A&U3T. STUDENT4S 1A&U3T.

1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

M
S
&

S
,
S
&

S
c

6
S
T

3
A
9

1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

M
S
&

S
,
S
&

S
c

6
S
T

3
A
9

1. Entered wit8
piece of paper
15 ' 5 5 1 3 2 ' 5
2. ;o//unicating
wit8 eac8 ot8er
' 1 3 1 1 2
3. Driting on
=uestion paper%
Pal/% S8irt
5 1 1 ' ' 1 1
'. 2sing Aandset ! 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 1 1
5. E0c8ange of
Script
3 2 1 2 1
5. .ropping
+nswers to a
)riend
1 1 1

Ele1en% ( and 7 students fro/ t8e )aculties of Education and E0tension Ser1ices% +rts and Isla/ic Studies and
Social Sciences respecti1el,% were in1ol1ed in 1arious e0a/ination /isconducts. 98e ta:le also s8owed t8at%
during t8e papers e0a/ined :, t8e )acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies% ten (1& students were caug8t co//itting
e0a/ination /isconduct% ! students during t8e papers e0a/ined :, t8e )acult, of Social Sciences and ( students
during t8e papers of t8e .i1ision of Beneral Studies.
98e situational anal,sis 8as s8own a gloo/, and erring picture of e0a/ination /is:e8a1iours :eing perpetuated
in t8e 2ni1ersit,. In t8e last 3 L ,ears w8en t8e anal,sis was done a total of 257 cases of e0a/ination
/isconduct were reported and t8e sa/e nu/:er of students were in1ol1ed. )or t8e two sessions (' Se/esters% -
fro/ 1
st
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( I 2
nd
Se/ester% 2&&(<2&1& t8e trend in /isconduct cases 8as :een fluctuating wit8
2
nd
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& recording 5& cases. 9a:le ! :elow gi1es details I

Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(5
Tale -: Summary of Examination Misconduct &ases from $
nd
Semester $**+,$**- to $
nd
Semester
$*!*$*!!
S,N Semester 1re:uency
1. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&7<2&&! 32
2. 1
st
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( '&
3. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( 37
'. 1
st
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& 3(
5. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& 5&
5. 1
st
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 22
7. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 37
Total: $)+

In t8e period under re1iew% )acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies 8ad 5' (21J of t8e total cases recorded during
t8e e0a/ination of t8eir courses% )acult, of Social Sciences 8ad 52 (2&J cases recorded% )acult, of Science 8ad
recorded 5& (1(.'5J and )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices 8as 37 (1'.'J cases. )aculties of
+griculture and @aw wit8 2 and ' cases reported% respecti1el,. 98e least was ;ollege of Aealt8 Sciences wit8
one (1 case. 9a:le ( gi1es furt8er e0planations I
Tale 5: Summary of t%e Examination Misconduct &ases #nvolving &ourses in t%e 1aculties"
1A&U3T.,&033E6E,6ENE2A3 STUD#ES
S,N
SEMESTE2
1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

S
,
S
&

S
&
"

M
S
&

3
A
9

6
S
T

U
D
U

&
0
N
S

&
0
3
3
E
6
E
"

A
6
2
#
&

1. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&7<2&&! 5 11 7 5 1 2
2. 1
st
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( ( ( ! 5 7 1
3. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( 5 ! 11 3 3 5
'. 1
st
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& 3 ( 7 11 1 2 3 1 2
5. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& 12 5 5 11 2 ( 5
5. 1
st
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 1 2 5 ! ' 2
7. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 1 1& ! 5 3 1 (
'+ )( )$ )* $! ( '! ) ! $

)urt8er anal,sis s8owed t8at !' (32.5!J students w8o were in1ol1ed in e0a/ination /isconduct during t8e
period ca/e fro/ t8e )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices% 51 (1(.!'J fro/ )acult, of Science% '5
(17.5J fro/ )acult, of +rts and Isla/ic Studies and '2 (15.3'J students ca/e fro/ )acult, of Social Science.
;ollege of Aealt8 Sciences% $eterinar, 3edicine and 3edical @a:orator, Science 8ad one student eac8. 9a:le
1& gi1es details.

Tale !*: Summary of t%e Numer of Students #nvolved in Examination Misconduct y 1aculty
STUDENTS4 1A&U3T.

S,N

SEMESTE2
1
E
E
S

1
A
#
S

S
,
S
&

S
&
"

M
S
&

3
A
9

U
D
U

&
0
N
S

&
0
3
3
E
6
E
"

A
6
2
#
&

7
e
t
"

3
a

"

s
c
"

1. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&7<2&&! ( 12 5 5 1
2. 1
st
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( 15 7 ' 5 3 1 3
3. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&!<2&&( 1! 5 5 3 3 1
'. 1
st
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& ( 5 5 12 1 1 1 1 2
5. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& 1! 3 7 13 2 5 1 1
5. 1
st
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 3 2 7 5 '
7. 2
nd
Se/ester 2&1&<2&11 11 ( 7 5 3 1
S24-9#9+@6 -( () ($ )! !+ ( 5 ! $ ! !
T0TA3:


Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(7
98e e0a/ination /isconduct /ost fre=uentl, practiced :, t8e students of 2s/anu .anfodi,o 2ni1ersit,% So*oto
is entering e0a/ination 8all wit8 prepared /aterial% in w8ic8 a:out 153 out of 257 students were in1ol1ed. 98is
is followed :, students writing answers or rele1ant infor/ation on =uestion papers% pal/% lap% clot8es% e0a/
card% etc% w8ere 2' of t8e/ were in1ol1ed. 2sing /o:ile 8andset during e0a/ination was also anot8er
e0a/ination /isconduct practiced w8ere 22 cases were reported during t8e period. 98ese are e0plained :,
9a:le 11.
Tale !!: Types of Examination Misconduct in t%e University and t%eir 1re:uencies

S<N

T./E 01 E;AM#NAT#0N
M#S&0NDU&T
2
n
d

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
&
7
<
2
&
&
!

1
s
t

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
&
!
<
2
&
&
(

2
n
d

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
&
!
<
2
&
&
(

1
s
t

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
&
(
<
2
&
1
&

2
n
d

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
&
(
<
2
&
1
&

1
s
t

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
1
&
<
2
&
1
1

2
n
d

S
e
/
e
s
t
e
r

2
&
1
&
<
2
&
1
1

T
0
T
A
3

1. 4ringing pieces of paper wit8
writing into t8e e0a/ination
8all
21 31 27 27 2( 13 15 !8'
2. I/personation 2 1 5 3 3 2 !+
3. ;op,ing fro/ eac8 ot8er 3 1 ' -
'. 2sing Aandset 1 2 5 1 ' ! $$
5. E0c8ange of Scripts 1 1 1 1 2 3 5
5. Driting on =uestion paper%
pal/% lap% clot8es% etc
3 1 3 1& 1 5 $(
7. ;o//unicating wit8 eac8
ot8er
2 1 1 1 ' 5
!. Driting answers outside t8e
e0a/ 8all
1 1 $
(. No e0a/ination docu/ents 1 !
1&. .ispla,ing wor* for so/eone
to cop,
1 !
11. .ropping answers to a friend 1 !
T0TA3: $)+

98e anal,sis 8as s8own t8at courses in t8e )aculties of +rts and Isla/ic Studies% Social Sciences and Science
were /ore prone to e0a/ination /isconduct co//itted :, students t8an ot8er )aculties. 98is could not :e
unconnected wit8 t8e le1el of preparedness :, t8e .epart/ents in t8e )aculties and t8e seriousness attac8ed to
t8e in1igilation :, t8e e0a/ination in1igilators. ;ourses in t8ese )aculties% especiall, in t8e +rts and Isla/ic
Studies and Social Sciences% were p8ilosop8ical and t8eoretical% t8erefore students find it difficult to grasp t8e
infor/ation and e=uall, difficult to atte/pt e0a/ination wit8out indulging in one for/ of /isconduct or t8e
ot8er.
Students fro/ )acult, of Education and E0tension Ser1ices% /ore t8an an, ot8er students fro/ ot8er )aculties
co//it e0a/ination /isconduct. 98is was :ecause 32.5!J of t8e cases anal,?ed in1ol1ed students fro/ t8e
)acult,. 98e situation could :e seen fro/ t8e fact t8at a:out 5& I 7&J of t8e ad/itted students were gi1en
Education against t8eir wis8 and /aCorit, of t8e/ were acade/icall, wea*. So t8e, resort to e0a/ination
/isconduct to /eet up to e0pectation.
98e data anal,sed 8ad s8own t8e t,pes of e0a/ination /isconduct :eing co//itted :, t8e students of 2s/anu
.anfodi,o 2ni1ersit,. 98e first and t8e /ost fre=uentl, t,pe was co/ing into t8e e0a/ination 8all wit8 a piece
of paper containing writings rele1ant to t8e e0a/ination. 98e, put t8e paper in t8eir poc*ets or in t8eir answer
script and /a*e use of it w8en opportuned. 98is is a recurring p8eno/enon and its na::ing pro1ed difficult.
I/personation was also anot8er cancer w8ic8 8as recentl, featured in t8e arra, of e0a/ination /isconduct in
t8is 2ni1ersit,. Dea* students or students w8o 8a1e no confidence solicit t8e cooperation of t8eir friends to sit
e0a/ for t8e/. 98is was possi:le :ecause of t8e large nu/:er of students and lac* of proper scrutin, to *now
and identif, t8e genuine students.
;op,ing fro/ eac8 ot8er% entering e0a/ination 8all wit8 no proper docu/ents% displa,ing wor* for so/eone to
cop, and dropping answers to a friend 8ad reduced drasticall, o1er t8e ,ears. )or cop,ing fro/ eac8 ot8er% t8e
last case recorded was in 2
nd
Se/ester 2&&(<2&1& session. Entering e0a/ination 8all wit8 no proper docu/ents
was last witnessed in 2
nd
se/ester 2&&7<2&&! session. #nl, one case of dropping answers to a friend was
recorded in t8e 2
nd
Se/ester% 2&1&<2&11. 98e efforts /ade :, t8e 2ni1ersit, aut8orit, in sensiti?ing t8e students
and staff on t8e dangers of e0a/ination /isconduct 8ad contri:uted in t8e reduction of t8e /isconducts.
98e use of 8andsets (3o:ile P8ones was found to :e an increasing /isconduct a/ong t8e 2ni1ersit, students.
Students enter e0a/ination 8all wit8 t8eir 8andsets 8idden in t8eir poc*ets or under F8iCa:G (1eil for /usli/
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

(!
wo/en despite t8e :an. 98e, put rele1ant infor/ation in t8e p8one or friends te0t t8e/ answers and so/eti/es
t8e, 1oice taped infor/ation and listen to it using earp8one (particularl, wo/en. 98e 2ni1ersit, wanted to
start using p8one Ca//ing facilities during e0a/ination :ut it failed.
+not8er e0a/ination /isconduct w8ic8 was gaining ground was writing rele1ant infor/ation on =uestion paper%
pal/% lap and clot8es. 98e, write on t8e =uestion paper wit8 t8e intention of passing t8e paper to a friend during
e0a/ination. Dritings on t8e pal/s% laps and clot8es were difficult to detect% t8atEs w8, students find t8e/
/ore con1enient to use.
+not8er reported e0a/ination /isconduct a/ong t8e 2ni1ersit, students was tal*ing to eac8 ot8er during
e0a/ination. 98e, tell answers to t8eir friends w8o usuall, sit near eac8 ot8er. @ac* of proper in1igilation
could lead to students tal*ing to eac8 ot8er during e0a/ination. 98is was actuall, t8e situation in so/e
.epart/ents.
98ese were so/e of t8e e0a/ination /isconducts t8at were identified :eing practiced :, t8e students of t8e
2ni1ersit,. 98ere could :e ot8er practices :, t8e students w8ic8 did not co/e to t8e notice of t8e /onitoring
officials.

&onclusion
98is cancerous p8eno/enon is in t8e increase in t8is 2ni1ersit, and causing a lot of concern to t8e :elo1ed
students and tarnis8ing t8e long standing i/age of t8e 2ni1ersit,. D8at are t8e possi:le reasons or e0planation
for t8e /isconducts despite /easures put in place :, t8e 2ni1ersit, aut8orit, to cu: t8e /enaceM
98e first possi:le e0planation one can offer is t8e rela0ation of t8e punis8/ent for t8e culprits. It used to :e
outrig8t dis/issal if con1icted :ut t8e regulation was rela0ed and /isconduct was to attract /a0i/u/ of 2
se/estersE rustication and cancellation of t8e course(s for t8e se/ester(s. )urt8er concession was t8at t8e
period of rustication was not counted against t8e culprits. Aowe1er% t8is 8as recentl, :eing re1ersed and t8e
period of rustication was to count as part of studentsE stud, period.
Secondl,% /ost of t8e e0a/ination /isconduct cases were co//itted :, wea* students. 3ost of t8ese students
ca/e in wit8 /ini/u/ re=uire/ents and s8owed no co//it/ent and dedication to t8eir studies. 98e, gla/our
for /ini/u/ pass /ar* and w8en t8is pro1ed difficult t8e, resort to c8eating in t8e e0a/ination. 3ost of t8e/
1iewed t8e rustication as an opportunit, to i/pro1e on t8eir grades% especiall, w8en t8e period of rustication
was not counted against t8e/. 98is was :ecause w8en student was rusticated all 8is courses for t8e se/ester or
se/esters in w8ic8 t8e /isconduct was co//itted% were cancelled. Ae<s8e /ust repeat t8ose courses cancelled.
98irdl,% lac* of enoug8 space for writing e0a/ination and ade=uate in1igilation could also :e factors
encouraging e0a/ination /isconduct a/ong students. 98e space a1aila:le for e0a/ination did not
co//ensurate wit8 t8e increasing nu/:er of students. It was o:ser1ed t8at students were writing e0a/ination
as if t8e, were ta*ing lectures. In1igilation was also a pro:le/. 3ost of t8e e0a/ination 1enues 8ad no enoug8
in1igilators. In so/e cases in1igilators were not properl, in1igilating :ut rat8er gat8ered c8arting to t8e/sel1es
or so/eti/es /ar*ing e0a/ination scripts.
)ourt8l,% t8e students t8e/sel1es could :e a factor. Students t8ese da,s were not prepared to face t8e c8allenges
of students8ip. 98e, wanted to get t8e certificate wit8out /uc8 effect and dedication. 98e, read less and watc8
fil/s and sports /ore. +t t8e end of da, t8e, could not /eet t8e de/and of t8e e0a/ination% as suc8 t8e,
engage in e0a/ination /isconduct in order to /eet up to e0pectation.
)ift8l,% t8e wa, .epart/ents and t8e e0a/ination personnel 8andled e0a/ination /aterials pro1ided
opportunit, for co//itting e0a/ination /isconduct. 98e wa, t8e .epart/ents 8andled e0a/ination scripts
:efore% during and after e0a/ination lea1e /uc8 to :e desired. So/e of t8e personnel 8andling e0a/ination
=uestion papers and answer scripts were not sta*e8olders in t8e :usiness% as suc8 t8e, could co/pro/ise t8e
responsi:ilities assigned to t8e/. 98e students could get =uestion paper or e/pt, e0a/ination script :efore t8e
e0a/ination.

8" 2ecommendations on <o= to &ur Examination Misconduct in t%e University"
It is i/portant to /a*e or offer so/e reco//endations on 8ow to cur: e0a/ination /isconduct /enace in our
educational institutions.
(i NigeriaEs educational s,ste/ s8ould :e restructured to gi1e c8ildren functional education w8ere
paper =ualification would :e de-e/p8asi?ed. So t8e =uest for certificate using croo* wa,s would
:e /ini/al and progress would depend on w8at one can do% not on t8e :asis of class of degree.
(ii 98e se/ester s,ste/ and t8e curriculu/ s8ould :e restructured in suc8 a wa, t8at real se/ester
s,ste/ operates so t8at students progress at t8eir respecti1e paces and not as a class or co8ort. 98e
curriculu/ s8ould :e redesigned to allow students to register t8e nu/:er of credit units t8e, can
8andle per se/ester. 98is translates into increasing t8e nu/:er of ,ears one is allowed wit8in
w8ic8 to graduate. 98e pressure and stress is conse=uentl, reduced on students and t8us loo*ing
for e0traCudicial /eans to get degrees would :e reduced to t8e /ini/al% if not eradicated altoget8er.
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.21% 2&1'

((
(iii 98ere is need to increase t8e nu/:er of lecture roo/s and t8eatres so t8at enoug8 space is gi1en to
eac8 student to write 8is<8er e0a/ination. 98is will reduce t8e o1ercrowded classes we witnessed
o1er t8e ,ears and t8ere:, reduce t8e tendenc, for co//itting /isconduct during e0a/ination.
(i1 E0a/ination /aterials suc8 as =uestion papers% e0a/ination scripts and attendance records s8ould
:e properl, secured. #nl, sta*e8olders and people of pro1en integrit, s8ould :e allowed to 8andle
e0a/ination /aterials.
(1 98ere s8ould :e proper in1igilation of e0a/ination 1enues :, appropriate nu/:er of in1igilators
1is-N-1is t8e nu/:er of students. 98e in1igilators s8ould :e students friendl, and s8ould not :e
tal*ing or in1ol1ed in ot8er t8ings t8at could distract t8e attention of students.
(1i 9eac8ers s8ould do t8eir Co: effecti1el, :, teac8ing t8e students and :, co1ering t8e s,lla:us.
D8en t8e students felt t8e, 8a1e not co1ered a lot and 8a1e no confidence in tac*ling =uestions in
e0a/ination% t8e, resort to /isconduct.
(1ii 98ere is e1er, need to 8a1e a second loo* at our 1alue s,ste/. 98e need for t8e general pu:lic to
8a1e re-orientation in t8e 1alue s,ste/ t8at /ade us proud as Nigerians :eco/es necessar,. De
s8ould ai/ at up8olding t8e 1alues of trut8% persistence% co/petence% 8ard wor*% sincerit, and
8onest ac8ie1e/ent.
(1iii 98e 2ni1ersit, s8ould e/:ar* on strong /o:ili?ation and orientation of students on rules and
regulations of e0a/ination and t8e punis8/ent to :e gi1en w8en e0a/ination /isconduct is
co//itted. De s8ould go :e,ond t8e annual orientation gi1en to students at t8e :eginning of eac8
session.

2E1E2EN&ES
E*oCa% +.+.% #:e,a% >. H Ja/es% P. (2&&5% F+ Stud, of t8e Practices of )or/s<Patterns of E0a/ination
3alpractice a/ong Secondar, Sc8ool Students in 3a*urdi 3etropolis of 4enue StateG% The Nigerian
Educational Psychologist% Journal of t8e Nigerian Societ, for Educational Ps,c8ologists (NISEP $ol. '. (2%
#cto:er.
I:ra8i/% E.S. H E,a/% J.+. (2&&5. F+iding and +:etting E0a/ination 3alpractice in Nigerian Secondar,
Sc8ools6 98e >ole of Parents and 9eac8ersG% The Nigerian Educational Psychologists, Journal of t8e Nigerian
Societ, for Educational Ps,c8ologists (NISEP $ol. ' (1% +pril.
-algo% ).+. (2&12% FE=uipping Secondar, Sc8ools wit8 @earning 3aterials in Nort8-Destern Oone :, State
Bo1ern/ents6 >8etories or >ealitiesG% 4eing a paper presented at t8e 3andator, ;ontinuing Professional
9raining Dor*s8op (3P;9 organi?ed :, +ll Nigeria ;onfederation of Principals of Secondar, Sc8ools
(+N;#PSS% 4irnin -e::i% -e::i State% )e:ruar,.
Nnac8i% >.#. (2&&5% F;auses of and >e/edies for E0a/ination Irregularities +/ong E0ternal E0a/ination
;andidates in NigeriaG% The Nigerian Educational Psychologist, Journal of t8e Nigerian Societ, for
Educational Ps,c8ologists (NISEP $ol. ' (2% #cto:er.
Dila,at% 3. ( 13
t8
Jul,% 2&&(% F ;auses of E0a/ination 3alpractice<2nfair 3eans% Education +wareness and
>esearc8. 8ttp6<<researc8educationedu%:logspot.co/<2&&(<&7<e0a/ination-/alpractice.8t/l

The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
management. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting
platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the
following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available
online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers
other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version
of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar


Business, Economics, Finance and Management Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management [email protected]
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting [email protected]
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development [email protected]
Information and Knowledge Management [email protected]
Journal of Developing Country Studies [email protected]
Industrial Engineering Letters [email protected]
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research [email protected]
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research [email protected]
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling [email protected]
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications [email protected]
Chemical and Process Engineering Research [email protected]
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems [email protected]
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering [email protected]
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy [email protected]
Information and Knowledge Management [email protected]
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics [email protected]
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications [email protected]
Industrial Engineering Letters [email protected]
Journal of Network and Complex Systems [email protected]
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science [email protected]
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research [email protected]
Journal of Natural Sciences Research [email protected]
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology [email protected]
Journal of Natural Sciences Research [email protected]
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare [email protected]
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management [email protected]
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research [email protected]
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice [email protected]
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization [email protected]
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication [email protected]
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy [email protected]
Historical Research Letter [email protected]
Public Policy and Administration Research [email protected]
International Affairs and Global Strategy [email protected]
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences [email protected]
Journal of Developing Country Studies [email protected]
Journal of Arts and Design Studies [email protected]

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close