Family Planning

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FAMILY PLANNING THESIS STATEMENT : Family planning is the process in which individuals prevent the birth of unplanned children. This topic is a potentially sensitive one as some individuals hold religious beliefs that govern their use of birth control. The topic of family planning also includes the controversial concept of abortion. THESIS OUTLINE • • • • • • • • • • • INTRODUCTION Benefits of family planning Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women Reducing infant mortality Empowering people and enhancing education Reducing adolescent pregnancies Slowing population growth Contraceptive use Global unmet need for contraception Contraceptive methods Modern methods

INTRODUCTION Family planning is important for the health of a mother and her children, as well as the family's economic situation. According to the United States Agency for International Development, having children more than five years or less than two years apart can cause both a mother and her children serious health consequences. The financial consequence of having children involves the medical costs of pregnancy and birth and the high costs associated with actually bringing up children. Since parents are responsible for providing education, shelter, clothing and food for their children, family planning has an important long-term impact on the financial situation of any family.1 Benefits of family planning Promotion of family planning – and ensuring access to preferred contraceptive methods for women and couples – is essential to securing the well-being and autonomy of women, while supporting the health and development of communities. Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women A woman’s ability to choose if and when to become pregnant has a direct impact on her health and well-being. Family planning allows spacing of pregnancies and can delay pregnancies in young women at increased risk of health problems and death from early childbearing, and can prevent
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Wagman, Richard MD ; The New Complete Medical Health Encyclopedia ; 1998 edition

pregnancies among older women who also face increased risks. Family planning enables women who wish to limit the size of their families to do so. Evidence suggests that women who have more than four children are at increased risk of maternal mortality. By reducing rates of unintended pregnancies, family planning also reduces the need for unsafe abortion.2 Reducing infant mortality Family planning can prevent closely spaced and ill-timed pregnancies and births, which contribute to some of the world’s highest infant mortality rates. Infants of mothers who die as a result of giving birth also have a greater risk of death and poor health. Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS Family planning reduces the risk of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV, resulting in fewer infected babies and orphans. In addition, male and female condoms provide dual protection against unintended pregnancies and against STIs including HIV. Empowering people and enhancing education Family planning enables people to make informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health. Family planning represents an opportunity for women for enhanced education and participation in public life, including paid employment in non-family organizations. Additionally, having smaller

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Funk and Wagnalls Company ; Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia ; 2004 edition.

families allows parents to invest more in each child. Children with fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer than those with many siblings.3 Reducing adolescent pregnancies Pregnant adolescents are more likely to have preterm or low birthweight babies. Babies born to adolescents have higher rates of neonatal mortality. Many adolescent girls who become pregnant have to leave school. This has long-term implications for them as individuals, their families and communities. Slowing population growth Family planning is key to slowing unsustainable population growth and the resulting negative impacts on the economy, environment, and national and regional development efforts.4 Contraceptive use Contraceptive use has increased in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and Latin America, but continues to be low in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, use of modern contraception has risen slightly, from 54% in 1990 to 57% in 2012. Regionally, the proportion of women aged 15–49 reporting use of a modern contraceptive method has risen minimally or plateaued between 2008 and 2012. In Africa it went from 23% to 24%, in Asia it has remained at

3

4

Gregorio Zaide, Social Issued ; population education ; 2000 edition

62%, and in Latin America and the Caribbean it rose slightly from 64% to 67%. There is with significant variation among countries in these regions.5 Use of contraception by men makes up a relatively small subset of the above prevalence rates. The modern contraceptive methods for men are limited to male condoms and sterilization (vasectomy). Global unmet need for contraception An estimated 222 million women in developing countries would like to delay or stop childbearing but are not using any method of contraception. Reasons for this include:
• •

limited choice of methods; limited access to contraception, particularly among young people, poorer segments of populations, or unmarried people;

• • • •

fear or experience of side-effects; cultural or religious opposition; poor quality of available services; gender-based barriers. The unmet need for contraception remains too high. This inequity is

fueled by both a growing population, and a shortage of family planning services. In Africa, 53% of women of reproductive age have an unmet need for modern contraception. In Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean –

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Student News Journal ; January 2004 issued; edition 17 ;

regions with relatively high contraceptive prevalence – the levels of unmet need are 21% and 22%, respectively.6

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Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/72185-importance-familyplanning/#ixzz2HpVGbx7x

Contraceptive methods Modern methods Effectiveness to prevent How it works pregnancy Comments

Method

Description

>99% withReduces risk of correct andendometrial Combined Prevents theconsistent use and ovarian oral Contains tworelease of eggs cancer; should contraceptive hormones from the 92% as not be taken s (COCs) or (estrogen andovaries commonly while “the pill” progestogen) (ovulation) used breastfeeding 99% with correct and Thickens consistent use cervical mucous to Can be used block sperm while Progestogen- Contains onlyand egg from breastfeeding; only pills progestogen meeting and 90–97% as must be taken (POPs) or "the hormone, notprevents commonly at the same minipill" estrogen ovulation used time each day Health-care provider must insert and remove; can be used for 3–5 years depending on implant; irregular vaginal bleeding common but not harmful with Delayed return and to fertility (1–4 use months) after as use; irregular

Implants Progestogen only injectables

Small, flexible rods or capsules placed under the skin of the upper arm; contains Same progestogen mechanism as hormone only POPs >99% >99% Injected into correct the muscleSame consistent every 2 or 3mechanism as months, POPs 97%

Method

Description

Effectiveness to prevent How it works pregnancy Comments

depending product Monthly injectables or combined injectable contraceptive s (CIC)

on

commonly used

>99% with Injected correct and monthly into Irregular consistent use the muscle, vaginal contains Same 97% as bleeding estrogen andmechanism as commonly common, but progestogen COCs used not harmful Longer and heavier periods during first months of use are common but not harmful; can also be used as emergency contraception Reduces menstrual cramps and symptoms of endometriosis; amenorrhea (no menstrual bleeding) in a group of users

Small flexibleCopper plastic devicecomponent containing damages Intrauterine copper sleevessperm and device (IUD): or wire that isprevents it copper inserted intofrom meeting containing the uterus the egg >99% A T-shaped plastic device inserted into the uterus that steadily Intrauterine releases smallSuppresses the device (IUD) amounts ofgrowth of the levonorgestre levonorgestrel lining of uterus l each day (endometrium) >99%

Male condoms Female condoms

98% with Also protects correct and Sheaths or against consistent use coverings thatForms a barrier sexually fit over ato prevent 85% as transmitted man's erectsperm and egg commonly infections, penis from meeting used including HIV Sheaths, orForms a barrier90% withAlso protects linings, that fitto preventcorrect andagainst loosely insidesperm and eggconsistent use sexually

Method

Description

Effectiveness to prevent How it works pregnancy Comments

Male sterilization (vasectomy)

79% as transmitted commonly infections, used including HIV >99% after 33 months delay months semenin taking effect evaluation while stored sperm is still Permanent present; does contraception not affect male to block or cut sexual the vas performance; deferens tubesKeeps sperm voluntary and that carryout of 97–98% with informed sperm fromejaculated no semen choice is the testicles semen evaluation essential a woman'sfrom meeting vagina, made of thin, transparent,

Female sterilization (tubal ligation)

Permanent contraception to block or cutEggs are the fallopianblocked from tubes meeting sperm >99%

Voluntary informed choice essential

and is

Lactational Temporary Prevents the99% withA temporary amenorrhea contraception release of eggscorrect andfamily planning method (LAM) for newfrom theconsistent use method based mothers ovaries on the natural 98% as whose (ovulation) effect of commonly monthly breastfeeding used bleeding has on fertility not returned; requires exclusive

Method

Description

Effectiveness to prevent How it works pregnancy Comments

breastfeeding day and night of an infant Progestogenonly pills taken to prevent Emergency pregnancy up contraception to 5 days after (levonorgestr unprotected Prevents el 1.5 mg) sex ovulation Traditional methods

Does not disrupt an Reduces riskalready of pregnancyexisting by 60–90% pregnancy

Method

Description

Effectiveness to prevent How it works pregnancy Comments

Man withdraws 96% with his penis from correct and his partner's consistent use vagina, and One of the least ejaculates effective outside theTries to keep methods, vagina, sperm out of because proper keeping sementhe woman's timing of Withdrawal away from herbody, 73% as withdrawal is (coitus external preventing commonly often difficult to interruptus) genitalia fertilization used determine Fertility awareness methods (natural family planning or periodic abstinence) Calendar-basedThe couple95-97% withCan be used to methods: prevents correct andidentify fertile monitoring pregnancy byconsistent use days by both fertile days inavoiding women who 75% as menstrual unprotected want to become cycle; vaginal sex pregnant and commonly symptomduring most women who based fertile days, want to avoid used methods: usually by pregnancy.

Method

Description

Effectiveness to prevent How it works pregnancy Comments

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monitoring abstaining or cervical mucusby using and bodycondoms

WHO response

WHO is working to promote family planning by producing evidencebased guidelines on safety and service delivery of contraceptive methods, developing quality standards and providing pre-qualification of contraceptive commodities, and helping countries introduce, adapt and implement these tools to meet their needs. WHO is also developing new contraceptive methods, including male methods, to reduce the unmet need for

contraception.

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A Society of Gentleman in Scotland ; Encyclopedia Britanica ; 2003 edition

CONCLUSION The World Health Organization and other global and local organizations are actively seeking ways to increase the amount of information and access people have to contraception and other resources related to family planning all around the world. The organization is particularly focusing on low-income communities and developing countries where family planning is less prevalent. Planned Parenthood is an organization that has locations around the U.S. that provide low-cost family planning services and sex education for low-income and uninsured patients.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Funk and Wagnalls Company ; Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia ; 2004 edition. Gregorio Zaide, Social Issued ; population education ; 2000 edition A Society of Gentleman in Scotland ; Encyclopedia Britanica ; 2003 edition Wagman, Richard MD ; The New Complete Medical Health Encyclopedia ; 1998 edition Student News Journal ; January 2004 issued; edition 17 ;

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