Final Manuscript

1

CHAPTER I
The Problem
Introduction

Peace and order are essential in maintaining social progress and
economic development. It is the policy of the state to “achieve and
maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social
progress and ensure the maximum participation of all the people in the
attainment and enjoyment of such growth”. It becomes compelling
duty of the law enforcer, the PNP, charged with the responsibility of
maintaining peace and order as the protector of the people and the
state.
The 1987 Constitution provides in Article 11, Sec 5, that: The
maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and
property, and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the
enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
Law enforcement agencies in the Philippine collect detailed data
on criminal incidents in their jurisdictions. These data include location
of incidents, description of offenders and narrative information about
incidents.
Crime analysts search these reports to compare incidents with
each other and associate incidents with similar fields. These similar

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incidents possibly indicate multiple incidents committed by the same
person or group of persons. Once the crime analysts have these
associated incidents, they could discover underlying patterns of crimes
and use these patterns to assists in apprehension. This task of
associating crime incidents according to the similarity between
incidents is called crime incident association.
However, performing crime incidents association manually is
time consuming, as noted by Brown and Hagen performing pairwise
comparison on just 500 cases would require more than 1 million hours.
Therefore, the objective of the crime incident association research is to
develop a method to associate crime incidents automatically, as well
as, accurately and thereby to significantly reduce the time required by
manual methods.
Brown and Hagen developed methods for automating crime
incident data association by scoring the similarities between incidents.
Only categorical and numerical variables were considered. Prats
developed

methods

to

perform

crime

incident

association

by

considering narrative data. Prats integrated narrative information in
criminal data association using the Term Frequency - Inverse Document
Frequency (TF-IDF) similarity function. The TF-IDF is used in information
retrieval. However, this method cannot measure the similarity between
narrative information accurately and quickly.

3

The existence of reliable baseline data and research on crime
incidence is essential in developing and adapting relevant crime
prevention programs and strategies. Such data are equally important
for the monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken. Currently,
there exists no baseline data on Pili. Accordingly, the purpose of this
study was to investigate the crime incident in Pili, Camarines Sur.
This exploration aims to augment information and statistics on
crime incidence in Pili for the enlargement of crime prevention
programs and strategies. Here is also a necessity to propagate the
information acquired in this study to government authorities at all
levels, Local Government Unit, and Police Organization to contribution
them in developing data, measuring performance and evaluating the
impact of present crime prevention programs of the town.

Statement of the Problem
This study looked into the socio-economic and personal factors
affecting crime prevalence in the municipality of Pili, C/Y 2010-2013.
Specifically, this sought to answer the following question.
1. What are the index and non-index crimes in the Municipality of
Pili from 2010-2013?
2. What is the personal and socio-economic Contributory Factor to
crime prevalence in the Municipality of Pili?

4

3. What measures may be proposed to reduce the crime prevalence
in the Municipality of Pili?

Assumption
This study guided with the assumption that;
1. There are varied crimes committed in Pili, Camarines Sur form
2010-2013.
2. There are number of factors that contributed to the incidence of
criminality in the Municipality of Pili as perceived by the PNP,
elected barangay officials and barangay tanods.
3. There are measures which can be instituted for the prevention,
control and lessen the commission of crimes in the municipality.
Importance of the Study
This study is important because it will be useful to the PNP, LGU,
Municipal Government of Pili, barangay tanods, students, school,
community, and other researchers.
The following are expected to benefit the following;
Philippine National Police (PNP). is also a beneficiary of this
study, this will be a source of information in the agency to pursue
relevant programs and to suppress criminality.

5

Local Government Unit(LGU). in general and the Barangay
Council in particular, will helped in the assessment of the situation and
evaluate what measures can be taken to prevent the rise of crimes in
the municipality.
Barangay Tanods. This study will guide them on the causes of
crimes and facilitate their work in promoting peace and order in the
municipality.
Students.

Especially

in

the

Criminal

Justice

Education

Department may use this study as reference for the kinds of crimes
committed in any municipality and coping mechanism suggested.
Community. If the peace and order situation in the whole
municipality is maintained, the residents will enjoy a contented and
harmonious interaction with one another thus devote more time and
attention for improving their livelihood and varied occupations.
Other researchers. Data which this study revealed may be
used by other researcher in the completion and enrichment of their
own studies. Especially this will serve as a basis for other persons to
conduct in-depth investigation of conditions and other causes of
criminality in their respective municipalities thereby to contribute a
crime- free society.

Scope and Delimitation

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This study focused on the crimes and the criminality in the
municipality of Pili, Camarines Sur for the past 4 years namely 20102011-2012-2013. This study was conducted from June to October 2014.
Respondents of this study include 43 PNP personnel, 80 elected
barangay officials and 80 barangay tanods. Data were limited to index
and non-index crimes recorded by the PNP of Pili,Camarines Sur. Drug
related crimes were not covered in this study due to confidentiality of
information.

Definition of Terms
In order to have a clearer understanding of this study, some
terms are clarified conceptually and operationally.
Philippine National Police.Is the national police force of the
Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of
end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement services through its
regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police units all over
the islands. (Republic Act 6975)
Access to justice.refers to the courts; the independence,
impartiality and integrity of the judiciary; the prosecution service; and
legal defense and legal aid. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal
Justice System)

7

Barangay Council. Is the legislative body of the barangay.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com)
Criminality. This relates to acts specifically forbidden or enjoined
by law. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)
Barangay Tanods. They are also so called as the “force
multipliers” of the PNP in the barangay. They are appointed by the
barangay captain, their function is to preserve and assist in protecting
the people against law violators. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine
Criminal Justice System)
Crime Prevention. Is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and
criminals. it is applied specifically to efforts made by the government
to reduce crime, enforce the law and maintain criminal justice.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com)
Peace And Order. A condition when residents or an ordinary
citizen can walk along the. streets, enjoy his family and social
environment and participate in community. (http://www.merriamwebster.com)
Crime. Is the breach of rules or laws for which the Philippine
government (via mechanisms such as legal system) can ultimately
prescribe a conviction. While every crime violates the law, not every
violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of

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contract and of other civil law may rank as "offences" or as
"infractions". (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System)
Index Crimes. refer to those violations of the penal code
considered to have socioeconomic significance, and occur with
sufficient regularity to be meaningful. These include crimes against
person (murder, homicide, physical injury and rape), and crimes
against property (robbery and theft). (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine
Criminal Justice System)
Murder. refer to the act human killing if committed with any of
the following attendant circumstances: (1) With treachery, taking
advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed, men, or
employing means to weaken the defense of means or persons to insure
or afford impunity: (2) In consideration of a price, reward, or promise;
(3) By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck,
stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a street car or
locomotive, fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the
use of any other means involving great waste and ruin; (4) On occasion
of any calamities, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano,
destructive cyclone, epidemic or other public calamity; (5) With evident
premeditation; (6) With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly
augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his

9

person or corpse. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice
System)
Non-Index Crimes. refers to all other crimes not classified as
index crimes. These are mostly composed of victimless offenses (e.g.,
crimes against national security, crimes against the fundamental laws
of the state, crimes against public order, crimes against public morals,
and violations of special laws). Non-Index Crime includes negligent
manslaughter, non-aggravated assault, forgery and counterfeiting,
fraud,

embezzlement,

stolen

property,

vandalism,

weapons,

prostitution & common law vice, sex offenses, narcotic laws, gambling,
offenses against family & children, driving under the influence, liquor
laws, disorderly conduct, and all other crimes not listed here or in the
index crimes. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System)
Rape. is an assault by a person by a person involving sexual
intercourse with another person without that person’s consent.
(Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System)
Robbery. Is the crime of seizing property through violence or
intimidation, as opposed to stealth or fraud (which is theft). At common
law, robbery is defined as taking the property, by means of force or
fear. Robbery differs from simple theft in its use of violence and
intimidation. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)

10

Serious Physical Injuries.refer to act of human wounding,
beating, or assaulting another, shall be guilty of the crime of serious
physical injuries. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)
Theft. refers to unauthorized taking, keeping or using another’s
property which must be accompanied by a mens rea of dishonesty
and/or the intent to permanently deprive the owner or the person with
rightful possession of that property or its use. (Encarta Encyclopedia
Philippine Criminal Justice System)
Crime Prevention. Is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and
criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to
reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. (Encarta
Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System).
Criminal Law. The body of laws dealing with the criminal offenses
and their puneshments. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)
NOTES

Brown, D.E., Hagen, S..,“Data association method with
applications to law enforcement”,Decision Support Systems, Vol.34. pp.
369-78. Feb.2002
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987, ( Art 11 Sec.
5)
Online Source

11

Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System
http://www.merriam-webster.com

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and studies
This chapter contains the resume of related literature and
studies. They were taken from published and unpublished materials
including the publication about non-index crime and index crime.

12

Profile of Pili Municipality
Pili is a capital of the province of Camarines Sur in the Bicol
Region of the Philippines. According to the 2010 census it has a
population of 82,307, making Pili the second largest municipality of the
province in terms of population. The municipality was classified as 1 st
class in terms of income classification in 2007. Pili is one of the
municipality comprising the metropolitan area of metro Naga.
The 1st recorded history of Pili started during the promulgation of
Christianity in the early 1770s by the Spanish missionaries. It was
believed that its development as a town started when the road from
Pili loading to Lagonoy, which was also the route to Legazpi City and
Naga City was constructed. Furthermore, the establishment of the
Philippine National Railways (PNR) station in the municipality paved the
way for Pili to become the second largest center of commerce in the
province of next to the city of Naga. It was establish in 1919 and
named after the Pili nut, now a famous product of the town. On June 6
1955, Pili was declared the new province capital of the Camarines Sur
by virtue of Republic Act 1336, replacing Naga City. Pili is politically
subdivided into 26 barangays Anayan, BagongSirang, Binanuaanan,
Binombong, Cadlan, Caroyroyan, Curry, Del Rosario, Old San Roque,
(Pob) ,Palistina, Pawili, Sagurong, Sagrada, San Agustin, San Antonio
(Pob), San Isidro, San Jose, San Vicente, (Pob.), Santo Nino, Tagbong,

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and Tinangis. There are two Bicol Languages used all over the
municipality, Coastal Bicol on the Northern part, and RinkonadaBikol on
the south. Tagalog, Hilagaynon (Bisaya) and Ilocano are used by few.
English language is widely understood.
Pili's major role in Metro Naga is the incubation of Agro-Industrial, and
Industrial institutions. As of present, Pili is the regional manufacturer of
Purefoods, and Lucky Star Food Products, and the state run Camarines
Sur Manufacturing and Distribution Services. Pili is also the location of
the massive, technologically advanced Bicol Granary and Food
Manufacturing, which is the largest granary, and manufacturing
institute in Southern Luzon. The Bicol Industrial Park located in
Barangay San Jose is also a mass provider of jobs for Agro-Industrial
purposes. The 120-hectare area houses the rice waste to energy plant
sponsored by the Korean Government, the WL Manufacturing Center,
the Bicol Rice Research and Graining Institute, Samsung Electronics
Institute, and the Department of Agriculture Regional Office and
Warehouse. An ice plant owned by an Australian Company is set to
open their own plant in the industrial park. The company is known to
be SM's international company partner.
Other than being the center of agro-industrial business, Piliis also the
third largest commercial center in Camarines Sur, and is the 10th

14

largest commercial center in the Bicol Region. Pili host also the very
first SM Hypermart in the Bicol Region, and the fourth Puregold in the
same region. Robinsons also has planned to expand their commerce in
Bicol, by instituting a supermarket at the Diversion Road, near the
crossing by Bula, which would be the third in Bicol. LCC also has
instituted their own mall in Pili, which was the incorporation of the LCC
Supermarket, the old Public Market, and LCC Department Store.
Another mall in Pili is the MetroCenterPili which is the mall developed
by Westpark Development Corporation which aims to construct
metropolitan malls in every municipality part of the Metropolitan Area
of Naga City. The MetroCenterPili is the first mall to be constructed
after the main mall in Naga City, the Avenue Square, and leisure hub,
Westpark Center.
Crime Prevention
In many countries, crime prevention has traditionally been seen
as the responsibility of the police or as stemming from the deterrent
aspects of the law or repression of offenders. However, as a result of
increasing innovation, research and experience throughout the world, it
is now recognized that crime has multiple causes and that many other
sectors of society can have an impact on crime levels and therefore

15

have a responsibility to act to help prevent crime. The police cannot do
so alone (UNODC, 2009).
There is a much broader role for government at all levels in
establishing proactive rather than reactive strategies for preventing
and reducing crime and victimization. Housing, health and job creation,
recreation, social services and environmental services can all make a
significant difference to crime levels when they work in partnership
with the police and justice sector (UNODC, 2009).
More significantly, this is not just a government role, but one that
includes communities and civil society organizations, working in
partnership with government and public and private institutions. For
this reason, this Tool emphasizes the need to understand how security
and safety emerge in a specific context and what measures may be
taken to support governance, and the involvement of stakeholders and
communities in crime prevention.
The assumption that prevention can somehow be accomplished
through the establishment of the rule of law and a viable criminal
justice system remains strong in many countries, nevertheless. Having
a well-resourced and well-run criminal justice system has been
assumed to be the best way not only to build strong democratic
institutions, but also to prevent crime. What has become increasingly
clear, however, is that this is not necessarily the case (UNODC, 2009).

16

In developed countries such as the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland, for example, over a 10-year period significant
increases in penalties, in the numbers of police and in resources for
youth justice have resulted in increasing numbers of young people
being drawn into the criminal justice system and being charged or
placed in custody (Solomon and Garside, 2008).

Crime Trends in Asia
For many developed countries in Asia, the likelihood of a family
being the victim of a common property crime such as burglary or car
theft has decreased gradually in the last few years. Yet, owing to an
extended rise in crime rates in the 1960s and 1970s, the likelihood of a
family falling victim to a crime in the year 2000 is still between two
and three times higher than it was in the 1960s. The likelihood of
violent crime continues to increase to rates that are several times what
they were in the 1960s. Violence against women and crimes
committed by and against youth are matters of particular concern
(Reports on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime
and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000).
Even in countries where crime rates are decreasing, levels of
public insecurity and fear remain high. It is well known that levels of
insecurity are related to factors other than crime itself: a sense of

17

insecurity may be exacerbated by several factors, including precarious
living conditions, rising unemployment and little hope for the future.
Crime, however, remains a main source of public insecurity (Reports on
Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the
Treatment of Offenders, 2000).
For many developing countries and countries with economies in
transition, crime rates have escalated dramatically in recent decades.
Studies show that nine of the 10 countries with the highest rates of
serious violent crime are those with economies in transition. Murder
rates in some cities in developing countries are 10 times or more than
those of developed countries in Europe (Reports on Tenth United
Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of
Offenders, 2000).
The social consequences of crime are significant. Crime affects
the poor in urban areas more frequently and more deeply than other
groups of the population (Graeme, 1999). It leads to shattered lives for
victims and has an impact on society in general, seen in the increase in
measures taken to ensure private security, loss of confidence in the
justice system for a large segment of society and architecture of fear.
Generally, the highest rates of homicide, between 22 and 64 per
100,000 populations tend to occur in cities of developing countries
(Graeme, 1999).

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Philippine Laws relating to Crime
Presidential Decree No. 1866 are laws on illegal/unlawful
possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition, of
firearms, ammunition or explosives or instruments used in the
manufacture of firearms ammunition or explosives and imposing stiffer
penalties for certain violations thereof and for relevant purposes.
Republic Act No. 9165 enacted on June 7, 2007 is an act
instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, repealing
Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as The Dangerous Drugs Act
of 1972, as amended, providing funds therefore, and for other
purposes.
Republic Act No. 8294 is an act amending the provisions of
Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended, entitled “Codifying the
Laws

on

Illegal/Unlawful

Possession,

manufacture,

dealing

in,

acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunition or explosives or
instruments used in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition or
explosives, and imposing stiffer penalties for certain violations thereof
and for relevant purposes.”
Republic Act No. 7610 enacted on June 17, 1997 is an act
providing for stronger deterrence and special protection against child
abuse, exploitation and discrimination and for other purposes.

19

Crime Trends in the Philippines
Despite some improvement in law and order, crime remained a
major problem through the end of the 1980s in the Philippines. Police
attributed the country's chronic crime problems to a variety of social
and cultural factors. Widespread poverty and rapid population growth
were frequently cited. Population pressures and a shortage of land and
jobs in rural areas had produced a steady internal migration to the
cities. This urbanization of a traditionally agrarian society was
commonly mentioned as cause for increased crime rates. In particular,
police pointed to the rapid growth of urban slum and squatter areas;
more than 25 percent of the population of Metro-Manila was thought to
be squatters in the late 1980s. Widespread possession of firearms-including automatic rifles--was another factor contributing to crime.
Undisciplined private armies, usually maintained by local politicians
and wealthy families, and numerous organized crime gangs were the
biggest violators of firearms laws. The Communist and Muslim
insurgencies compounded the problem of proliferating guns and
violence. Piracy and smuggling also were thriving criminal industries,
especially in the southern portions of the archipelago (Winslow, 2002).
According to the police, the incidence of serious crime escalated
through the early 1980s, from approximately 250 crimes per 100,000
population in 1979, to a sustained level of around 310 during 1984

20

through 1987, then declined in 1988 and 1989. In 1988 the crime rate
dipped

below

300

crimes

per

100,000

people,

and

then

fell

dramatically in 1989 to 251 crimes per 100,000 citizens. Because of
differing reporting practices and degrees of coverage, it was difficult to
compare Philippine crime rates to those of other countries (Winslow,
2002).
Government

officials

attributed

the decrease

in crime

to

improved police work, but economic conditions appeared to be as
important. The deterioration in law and order during the early and mid1980s accompanied a steadily worsening economy, whereas the
improvement in the late 1980s paralleled renewed economic growth
under Aquino. Not surprisingly, crime rates were highest in major
urban areas, where unemployment was the highest. Regionally,
peninsular southern Luzon, the western Visayan Islands, and portions
of Mindanao--impoverished rural areas where insurgents were active-had the most criminal activity in the mid-1980s (Winslow, 2002).
Drug use and trafficking were growing problems during the
1980s, particularly in marijuana. Cultivation was geographically
widespread, but the mountainous portions of northern Luzon and the
central Visayas were the major marijuana-growing centers. During the
late 1980s, another drug, methamphetamine, was fast becoming a
narcotics problem. Known locally as shabu, it had generally been

21

smuggled into the country, but domestic production expanded sharply
in 1989 to meet growing demand. Coca cultivation was not significant
in 1989, and there was no evidence of opium poppy cultivation or
heroin manufacture (Winslow, 2002).
The Philippines remained a center of drug trafficking and
transshipment. Cannabis growers exported their product to Hong Kong,
Japan, Australia, and the United States, and Philippine waters were
routinely used by other smugglers as a transshipment point for
Southeast Asian marijuana bound for North America. Manila's Ninoy
Aquino International Airport, too, was used for transshipment of heroin
and marijuana destined for Guam, Australia, Europe, and the United
States. Production and trafficking of illegal drugs was accomplished by
a variety of domestic and foreign criminal groups, notably Australian,
American, and ethnic Chinese Filipinos. Communist insurgents also
were involved in marijuana cultivation (Winslow, 2002).
Corruption remained a serious problem in the early 1990s, and
its elimination was one of the government's most vexing challenges.
Despite persistent efforts, petty graft was commonplace, and highlevel corruption scandals periodically rocked the government. As part
of its continuing efforts to weed out official malfeasance, the
government maintained a special anticorruption court, known as the
Sandiganbayan (Winslow, 2002).

22

Other government initiatives targeted corruption, crime, and
terrorism. Peace and Order Councils at the national, regional, and
provincial level were rejuvenated under Aquino. By regularly bringing
together responsible government, military, and community leaders, the
government hoped to improve the effectiveness of its anticrime and
counterinsurgency

programs.

AFP

and

police

commanders

also

attempted to address the problems of internal corruption and abuse,
which,

they

admitted,

undermined

public

confidence

in,

and

cooperation with, the security forces. Top military leaders routinely
publicized retraining programs, the discharge and demotion of
scalawags in the ranks, and other measures designed to improve
discipline.

The

military

also

mounted

a

counternarcotic

effort,

spearheaded by the constabulary's Narcotics Command. Government
agents more than doubled arrests during 1989 and eradicated millions
of marijuana plants, but they still found it difficult to keep pace with
the growing drug trade.
The

crime

rate

in

the

Philippines

is

low

compared

to

industrialized countries. An analysis was done using INTERPOL data for
the Philippines. For purpose of comparison, data were drawn for five of
the seven offenses used to compute the United States FBI's index of
crime.

Index

offenses

include

murder,

forcible

rape,

robbery,

aggravated assault, and motor vehicle theft. The Philippines does not

23

report data for burglary, and theft data do not exclude burglary and are
thus not comparable to FBI data on larceny. Lacking complete data on
property crimes, the combined total of these offenses constituting the
Index used for trend calculation purposes cannot be made. The
Philippines will be compared with Japan (country with a low crime rate)
and USA (country with a high crime rate) with the data available.
According to the INTERPOL data, for murder, the rate in 2000
was 7.85 for the Philippines, 1.10 for Japan, and 5.51 for USA. For rape,
the rate in 2000 was 4.21 for the Philippines, compared with 1.78 for
Japan and 32.05 for USA. For robbery, the rate in 2000 was 8.06 for the
Philippines, 4.08 for Japan, and 144.92 for USA. For aggravated assault,
the rate in 2000 was 15.10 for the Philippines, 23.78 for Japan, and
323.62 for USA. The rate for motor vehicle theft in 2000 was 3.26 for
the Philippines, compared with 44.28 for Japan and 414.17 for USA.

Crime Statistics in the Philippines
In the Philippines, between 1997 and 2000, according to
INTERPOL data, the rate of murder decreased from 14.11 to 7.85, an
decrease of 44.4%. The rate for rape was not given for 1997. The rate
of robbery increased from 7.94 to 8.06, an increase of 1.5%. The rate
for aggravated assault decreased from 17.37 to 15.10 per 100,000, an
decrease of 13.1%. Data were not given on auto thefts for 1997.

24

Limited studies were found on regional and provincial crime
statistics in the Philippines. One study conducted by the National
Statistical Coordination Board (2009) focused on Crime Incidence,
Crime Rate/ and Crime Solution Efficiency Rate in Region XI as of 2008.
The preceding section discusses the results of this study:
Crime statistics of the Philippine National Police XI revealed that
in 2008, among the provinces and cities in Region XI, Davao del Sur
posted the lowest crime rate with only 40 crimes per 100,000
populations. Among the four provinces in the region, Davao del Norte
had the highest crime rate of 74 crimes per 100,000 while Samal City
recorded the lowest crime incidence among cities with 64 crimes per
100,000 population (NCSB, 2009).
On the other hand, of the total 5,164 crimes committed in the
region in 2008, about 60 percent (3,115) of this were non-index crimes
while the remaining 40 percent (2,049) were index crimes. Among the
index crimes committed, physical injuries recorded the highest with
573 cases or about 28.0 percent of the total index crimes. This was
followed by murder with 540 reported cases or roughly 26.4 percent of
the total. Homicide posted the lowest among index crimes committed
in the region with only 132 cases or 6.4 percent of the total (NCSB,
2009).

25

In terms of crime solution efficiency, or the percentage of crimes
solved, the Philippine National Police in Region XI was able to solve
90.6 percent of the total crimes reported in the region in 2008. The
province of Compostela Valley topped the other provinces in the region
as it recorded the highest crime solution efficiency with 92.8 percent
while police authorities in Samal City managed to solve 98.5 percent,
the highest among the cities in the region (NCSB, 2009).
Among the industrialized towns in Cavite, Carmona is considered
the most peaceful. It has a very low crime rate at 7.15%, with a crime
solution efficiency of 90%, despite the unfavorable policeman-topopulation ratio of 1:1,788. This is made possible through the
concerted efforts of the Carmona PNP, private volunteer groups, and
organizations with the local government taking the lead.
The local police force of Carmona works in close cooperation with
other PNP units and agencies both in the provincial and national level.
Extending support to its efforts, the Carmona Traffic Management
Office oversees road safety and regulations. Moreover, emergencies
and fires are quickly responded to by the local Bureau of Fire Station
with additional enforcements from other fire stations in Cavite.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

26

For the past decade there are speeding rates of crime each year.
Our country continues facing the increasing rate of crime. San
Fernando also facing these issues of increased the crime rate. As per
studies and literature reviewed similarities and differences showed.
Studies and Literature are alike for they both wanted to eradicate this
big problem.
The study of Graeme, Solomon and Garside deals directly to the
factors that affect the crime rates. They emphasis the precarious living
conditions, rising unemployment and little hope for the future, and
pointed out the role of the government in establishing proactive rather
than reactive strategies for preventing and reducing crime and
victimization.
Winslow focused also in major problem that affects the rates of
crime at the end of the 1980’s in the Philippines. It’s focused on the
Police attributed the country’s chronic crime problems to a variety of
social and cultural factors.
According to the National Statistical Coordination Board the
Crime Statistics of the PNP revealed that in 2008, among provinces and
cities in Region XI, Davao del Sur posted the lowest crime rate, among
the four provinces in the region Davao del Norte had the highest crime
rate in the Philippines.

27

Gap bridged by the study
All literature and studies reviewed dealt with the Trends and
Statistics. While a few touched on law relating to crime. Not one
ventured to investigate on the rates of index and non-index crime
occurring in Pili. This is the gap which the study attempted to bridge.
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
The theories that supported this study are Abraham Maslow
“Need Hierarchy Theory”, Karl Marx “Theory of Social Change” and
Jean JacquezRoussean “Theory of Natural Man”.
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needsmodelin
1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today
for understanding human motivation, management training, and
personal

development.

Indeed,

Maslow’s

ideas

surrounding

the

Hierarchy of Needs concerning the responsibility of employers to
provide a

workplace environment

that

encourages

and enable

employees to fulfill their own unique potential (Self-actualization) are
today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow’s book Motivation and
Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the
Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work,
notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and
relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by

28

Richard Lowry, who is in his own right leading academic in the field of
motivational psychology.
Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970,
although various publications appear in Maslow’s name in later years.
Maslow’s PhD in psychology in 1934 at the University of Wisconsin
formed the basis of his motivational research, initially studying rhesus
monkeys. Maslow later moved to New York’s Brooklyn College.
The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs five-stage model below (structure
and terminology- not the precise pyramid diagram itself) is clearly and
directly attributable to Maslow; later versions of the theory with added
motivational stages are not so clearly attributable to Maslow. These
extended models have instead been inferred by others from Maslow’s
work. Specifically Maslow refers to the needs cognitive, Aesthetic and
Transcendence (subsequently shown as distinct needs levels in some
interpretation of his theory) as additional aspects of motivation, but as
not distinct levels in the Hierarchy of Needs.
There have been very many interpretations of Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs in the form of pyramid diagrams. The diagrams on this page are
my own interpretations and are not offered as Maslow’s book

29

Motivation and Personality, which first introduced the Hierarchy of
Needs, there is not a pyramid to be seen.
Social ChangeMarx’z focused on the social change is central to his
thinking. He believed that the development of productive forces was
the root of social change. In the process of transforming nature,
however, man transforms themselves. Human history is the process by
which men change themselves even as they as they devise more
powerful ways to exploit their environment. “Men begin to distinguish
themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means
of subsistence”. In contrast to all other animals who can only passively
adjust to nature’s requirement by finding a niche in the ecological
order that allows them to subsist, man is active in relation to his
surroundings. People alone fashion tools with which to transform the
natural environment.
“Men who every day remake their own life in the process of production
can do so only in association with others.” These associations-these
relations of production-are critical in understanding social life.
In their struggle against nature to gain their livelihood, men create
specific social organizations that are very much in tune with the forces
of production.

30

All of these social organizations, with the exception of those prevailing
in the original state of primitive communism are characterized by
social inequality.
As societies merge from primitive communism, the division of labor
leads to emergence of stratified classes of men. These strata are
distinguished by their differential access to the forces of production
and thus their differential access to power. Given relatively scarcity,
whatever economic surplus has been accumulated will be taken by
those who have attained dominance through their ownership or control
over the forces of production. The exploited and the exploiters have
confronted one another from the beginnings or recorded time. The
dominance of the exploiters often challenged.
Theory of Natural Human. The first man who, having fenced in a piece
of land, said “This is mine,” and found people naïve enough to believe
him, that man was true founder of civil society.
From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how manyhorrors and
misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the
stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of
listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the
fruits of the earth belongs to us all, and the earth itself is nobody. In

31

common with other philosophers of the day, Rousseau looked to a
hypothetical State of Nature as a normative guide.
Rousseau criticized Hobbes for asserting that since man in the
“state of nature”. . . has no idea of goodness he must be naturally
wicked; that he is vicious because he does not know the virtue”. On
the contrary, Rousseau holds that “uncorrupted morals” prevail in the
“state of nature” and he especially praised the admirable moderation
of the Caribbean’s in expressing the sexual urge despite the fact that
they live in an a hot climate, which “always seems to inflame the
passions”.
Rousseau asserted that the stage of human development
associated with what he called “savages” were the best and most
optimal in human development, between the less-than optimal
extreme of brute animals on the one hand and the extreme of
decadent civilization on the other.”. . .nothing is so gentle as man in his
primitive state, when placed by nature at an equal distance from the
stupidity of brutes and the fatal enlightenment of civil man.” Referring
to the stage of human development which Rousseau associates with
savages, “Hence although men had become less forbearing, and
although natural pity had already undergone some alteration, this
period of development of human faculties, maintaining a middle

32

position between the indolence of our primitive state and the petulant
activity of our egocentrism, must have been the happiest and the most
durable epoch. The more one reflects on it, the more one finds that this
state was the least subject to upheavals and the best for man, and that
he must have left it only by virtue of some fatal chance happening.

Need Hierarchy
Theory
(Abraham Maslow)
 “Man seeks
to
satisfy
thelower
level
needs.
When
satisfied

DECREASE
THE
RATES OF
INDEX AND
NON-INDEX
CRIMES

Theory of
Natural Human
(Jean Jacques
Rousseau)
(Jean Piaget’s)
 Man is born
good but society
makes him bad and
corrupt”.

Social Change
(Karl Marx)
 Social control
a
Modification of
behavior”.

CRIME
FREE
MUNICIPALITY

33

Figure 1
Theoretical Paradigm
Conceptual Framework
The perspective of the study was realized through the conceptual
framework as shown to Figure 1.

Input.The inputs provided the components to be worked with
such that the goals of this study will attain. This included the non-index
and index crime in each barangay. Next is on how the Socio-economic
and Personal Factors affects the prevalence of crime in Municipality of
Pili. And lastly is identification of how to reduce the prevalence of crime
in Pili.

Process. The procedure started with a letter sent to the head of
the PSO for the approval of conducting the study, followed by
gathering

the

data

using

a

questionnaire,

observations

and

unstructured interviews. Gathered information was calculated through
percentage technique and weighted mean. The data gathered was
interpreted.

34

Output. The outcome of the interpreted data was used to arrive
to a suggestive Measure can be done to prevent the rates of the index
crimes and the non-index crime in Pili, Camarines Sur.

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT
1. What type of nonindex crimes are
recorded by the
police force in Pili,
Camarines Sur from
year 2010-2013?
2. What year has the
most number of
crime occurrences?
3. Factors
contributing the
commission of crime.
4. What measure can
be done to minimize
the occurrence of
crimes in Pili,
Camarines Sur?

1.DataGathering
-Questionnaires,
-Interview,
-Documentary
Analysis
2. Data Processing
-Statistical
Treatment
3. Data analysis
and
Interpretation

Feedback

Measures
instituted to
prevent, control or
minimize the
commission of
crimes.

35

Figure 1
Conceptual Paradigm

NOTES
PNP Directorate of Information.Compendium of Master Plans for
Police Operation,PNP National Headquarters, Camp Crame Quezon City.
Charles N Deleon. “Crimes Incidence in MilaorCamarines Sur
2005-2007”. Unpublished

Master’s Thesis, Naga College

Foundation, 2008)
Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Naga College Foundation, 2008.
Greame, N. ed. (1999)Global Report on Crime an Justice. New
York, Oxford University Press; K. Kangaspunta and others. Crime and
Criminal Justice Systems in Europe and North America( Helsinki, HEUNI,
1998).
National Statistical Coordination Board.(2009). Davao del Sur
posts lowest crime rate in Davao Region, NCSB Fact Sheet, FS200910R11-04.

36

Report of the Secretary-in General on United Nations standards
and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. E/CN.(November
15, 2007).
Report on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of
Crime and the Treatment of offenders. Vienna, 10-17 April 2000.
Solomon and R. Garside (2008) Ten years of Criminal Justice
under Labor: an Independent Audit. London, Centre for Crime and
Justice Studies.

Online Source
Winslow, R. (2002). Philippines Crime and Society: A comparative
Criminology Tour of the World.San Diego State University. Retrieved
from http://wwwrohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html on
September 21013.
CHAPTER III
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter presents the research methodology, sources of
data, procedure of investigation, data gathering tools and statistical
treatment of data.

Method Used
The descriptive-correlation method was used in this study.
Descriptive in the sense that existing conditions relating to crime and

37

criminality in the municipality of Pili were assessed. The correlation
method was used in relating the perception of law enforcers and the
barangay leaders regarding the factors that contribute to the cause of
crimes in Pili.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were composed of the several
police forces in the Municipality of Pili, having a total of 43 policemen,
the barangay elected officials and barangay tanods of each barangay,
having a total of two hundred three (203).
Table 1
Respondents of the Study
Respondents
PNP Personnel
Barangay elected officials

N
80
182

n
43
80

Percent
53.73
43.96

Barangay Tanods

338
600

80
203

23.67
100.00

Total

Procedure of Investigation
A permit to undertake this study was requested from the head of
the Police station in Pili. Similarly another request was obtained from
the Municipal Mayor of Pili as well as the barangay captains of the 26
barangays. The prepared questionnaires were hand carried by the
researchers for the distribution. This gave them an opportunity to
conduct an interview, observe the conditions in the municipality and
have an informal conversation with the residents. Retrieval of the

38

accomplished questionnaires was done by the researchers. This gave
them a chance to clarify some items in the study and in particular, the
questionnaires which classified questionnaires were classified and the
results are tallied.
Data Gathering Tools
Four

data

gathering

tools

were

used.

These

were

the

questionnaires, unstructured interview, observation and documentary
analysis.
Questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of three parts.
Part 1 dealt with the kinds of crimes committed in the municipality of
Pili and the frequency of occurrence of each in the 26 barangay. Part II
dealt with the major factors that contributed to the incidence of the
crimes. Part III dealt with the measures that may be instituted. To
prevent, control or minimize the commission the commission of such
crimes.
A dry run of the questionnaire was conducted among selected
senior criminology students and instructors of the Criminal Justice
Education

Department of the Naga

College Foundation. Vague

questions were further clarified. Suggestions to further clarification
were inculpated in the final draft.
Unstructured Interview. Information not revealed in the
questionnaire as well as responses that were Vague were cross

39

checked through the unstructured guide was questions asked were
taken from the questionnaire, hence, no interview guide was used.
Documentary

Analysis.To verify data obtained from the

accomplished questionnaire the researcher referred to the respective
records of barangay offices the complaints recorded in the NCRS were
also examined. Court cases were verified from court records.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data gathered were treated using the following tools:
a Percentage Technique. This was used to determine the profile
of the respondent. Its composed as follows:
: P = is the percentage
n = number of respondent
100 = the constant
b Weighted Mean. This was used to measure the Contributory
P=

Fx 100

where

Factors that affects the rates of criminality in municipality of
Pili. Its composed as follows:
Mw= Fs

where: Mw = is the weighted mean
F= is the frequency
S = scale of the responses
N = is the number of the respondents

NOTES
Consuelo G. Sevilla, et al. Research Methods.
(Manila: Rex Bookstore, 1992) p. 184
Estela Adanza. Research Methods Principles and
Application.( Manila. Rex Bookstore, 1993) pp 157-159

40

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the result of this study, as well as the
interpretation derived from the products of the document analysis,
questionnaire, to the respondents.
Types of Index Crime

41

This section shows the recorded index crime of Pili Police Station,
calendar year 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
Table 2
“Index Crimes Occurred in the Municipality of Pili”

Period
Cases
Murder
Homicide
Physical Injuries

Rape
Robbery

Theft

Car napping
Cattle Rustling
Total

2010
f
%

f

%

f

%

2

4

2.99

6

3.17

1.77

2011

2012

2013
f
%
1

1.77

3

2.24

8

4.23

13

1.47

82

48.2
3

33

2.46

33

17.4
6

527

59.49

0

0

3

2.24

2

1.05

10

1.13

23

13.5
3

31

23.13

16

8.47

64

7.22

60

35.2
9

27

20.14

20

10.5
8

257

29.00

1

0.59

1

0.74

3

1.59

12

1.35

170

0

2
13
4

1.49

0
18
9

0

2

%

13

0.94

26

1.89

675

48.9
5

15

1.09

134

9.71

364

26.4
9

14

1.02

4

0.29

1379

100

0.11

2

0

Tota
l

0.22

88
6

Table 2. Index crime is violations of the penal code considered to
have socioeconomic significance, and occur with sufficient regularity to
be meaningful. These include crimes against person and against
property. The table shows the recorded index crime in Pili Police Station

42

calendar year 2010-2011-2012-2013. Its show that Physical Injuries
and theft is most crime occurrence in the year 2010 with a percentage
of forty eight point twenty three percent (48.23%) and it fall to two
point forty six percent (2.46%) in the year 2011 which relate to the
Crime Statistic in the year 2009 recorded the highest with 573 cases.
(NCSB, 2009).And on the succeeding year the rate of the Physical
Injuries was increase with the five hundred twenty seven cases were
recorded in the year 2013 with the percentage of fifty nine point forty
nine percent (59.49). Homicide is the lowest crime occurrence in the
year 2010 with two (2) cases were recorded with one point seventy
seven percent (1.77%) which also relate to the crime statistic in the
Philippine in the year 2009 which also recorded as the lowest index
crime rate. (NCSB, 2009). In the year 2013 theft was become larger
than 2012 with two hundred fifty seven (257) cases of theft was
recorded in the municipality of pili with twenty nine point nine percent.
A Car napping case in municipality of pili is silently being committed
almost one in year 2010, 2011. In the year 2013 all the case in
municipality of Pili was become bigger because all the cases was
recorded only in Main Police station Municipality of Pili. Cattle rusting
was also being committed in Muncipality of Pili were committed only in
the year 2011 and 2013. This show that in Municipality of Pili a lot of
index crime being recorded in the year covered by this research and

43

also revealed that physical injuries is most committed index crime in
the municipality of pili.
Types of Non-Index Crime
This section shows the recorded non-index crime of Pili Police
Station, calendar year 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
Table 2B
“Index Crimes Occurred in the Municipality of Pili”
2012
Cases

Malicious
mischief

2010
Fr
q
%
2

10

2011

2013

Fr
q

%

Fr
q

%

Frq

%

4

30.7
7

5

15.1
5

4

20

Alarm and
Scandal

2

10

1

7.69

6

18.1
8

3

15

RIRH

3

15

2

15.3
8

1

3.03

1

7.6
9

Vehicular
Accident

4

20

1

7.69

1

3.03

1

7.6
9

Estafa

3

15

1

7.69

2

6.06

2

Total

%

15

16.30

12

13.04

7

7.61

7

7.61

7

7.61

8

8.79

3

3.26

0

0

10

Threats

1

5

1

7.69

5

15.1
5

1

7.6
9

Illegal
Fishing

1

5

0

0

1

3.03

1

7.6
9

Unjust
vexation

1

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

44

Violation of
R.A. 9165
Violation of
R.A. 9262

1
0

0

1

7.69

4

12.1
2

3

15

Violation of
R.A. 7610

2

10

2

15.3
8

1

3.03

3

15

Total

2

5

100

0

13

0

100

7

33

21.2
1

100

7

26

15

16.30

8

8.79

8

8.79

92

100

21.
21

100

0

Table 2b .Non-index mostly composed of victimless offenses
(e.g., crimes against national security, crimes against the fundamental
laws of the state, crimes against public order, crimes against public
morals,

and

violations

of

special

laws).

The

table

shows

the

documented non-index crime in Pili Police Station c/y 2010-2011-2012.
Year 2010 there’s a lot of non-index crime recorded by the Police Force
of Pili Vehicular Accident with twenty percent (20%) it become top
because recklessness of the driver of the tricycle in the municipality. In
the year 2011 malicious mischief was the top non-index crime
recorded by the Police Force of Pili with thirty point seventy seven
(30.77) and then fell dramatically to fifteen point fifteen (15.15) year
2012, Violation of R.A. 9165 was the highest frequency recorded by the

45

Pili Police Station force with twenty one point twenty one percent
(21.21).
Table 3
“Socio-Economic Factors Contributory to the Crime Prevalence
in Municipality Pili”

A.INDICATORS
Drunkenness resulting to traffic
accidents
Violence under the influence of
drugs
Extreme depression due to
poverty
Indebtedness due to gambling
resulting in violence
Social rejection due to
aggressive behavior
Peer or “Barkada” influence
resulting to robbery
Frustration due to
unemployment
Persecution due to political
motives
Uneducated or out-of-school
Unemployment
TOTAL

PNP

BO

BT

AW
M

I

R

2.45

2.14

2.79

2.46

VO

1

2.27

2.19

2.15

2.20

LO

2

2.20

2.58

1.25

2.01

LO

3

1.70

1.36

2.15

1.74

LO

4

1.69

1.65

1.60

1.65

NO

5

1.48

1.65

1.39

1.51

NO

6.5

1.40

1.70

1.42

1.51

NO

6.5

1.69

1.13

1.56

1.46

NO

8.5

1.50 1.40 1.47 1.46 NO
1.48 1.20 1.50 1.40 NO
1.75 1.70 1.73 1.73 LO

8.5
10

Legend: Very much Observed (VO)2.30-3.00 Less Observed (LO)1.67-2.32 Not
Observed (NO)1.00-1.66

Table 3. The table shows the socio-economic factors to crime
prevalence in Municipality of Pili. The ranking shows the that
Drunkenness resulting to traffic accidents is top among the socio
economic factors with the AWM of two point forty six (2.46) which is

46

Very much observe in the municipality of pili which may result to
physical injuries which is most crime occurrence in the year 2013 in
municipality of Pili, while on the other hand Violence under the
influence of drugs was second in ranking with the AWM of two point
twenty (2.20). While unemployment is last among the socio economic
factors with the AWM of one point forty (1.40) which is unemployment
is very rampant in the Philippines especially in bicol region.
Table 3B
“Personal Factors Contributory to the Crime Prevalence in
Municipality of Pili”

B. INDICATORS
Juvenile delinquency of children
from broken home or separated
families.
Rape cases due to situational
provocation.
Infidelity of marital partner
(either husband or wife)
Frustration due to unsatisfactory
sexual relation
Child Abuse/Child molestation
Jealousy due to unrequited love
affair
TOTAL

AW
M

I

R

2.29

2.21

LO

1

1.95

1.86

1.99

LO

2

1.81

1.91

2.15

1.96

LO

3

2.02

1.84

1.98

1.95

LO

4

1.72
1.67

1.9
2.11

1.78
1.7

1.87
1.83

LO
LO

5
6

1.92 1.98 1.96 1.95

LO

PNP

BO

BT

2.14

2.19

2.17

Legend: Very much Observed (3)2.30-3.00 Less Observed (2)1.67-2.32 Not
Observed (1)1.00-1.66

Table 3B. The table shows the personal factor that may
contribute in the commission of crime. Juvenile delinquency of children
from broken home or separated families top among the personal

47

factors which is very much observed the PNP personnel of Pili police
station with awm of 2.21, While on the other hand rank two (2) rape
cases due to situational provocation with the AWM of one point ninety
nine (1.99) which is less observed and also child abuse/child
molestation is not also less observed with the AWM of one point eighty
seven (1.87) and Jealousy due to unrequited love affair last among the
personal factor that affect in the commission of crime in the
municipality of pili with awm one point eighty three which is less
observed. This result that juvenile delinquent of separated family are
very serious factors that affect the commission of the crime in the
municipality of pili

Table 3C
Summary Table of Contributory Factors as perceived by PNP,
Barangay Tanods and Brangay Officials of Pili
Aspects
Personal Factors
Socio- Economic Factors
TOTAL

PNP

Brgy Brgy AW Inter.
Offi. Tan.
M
1.92 1.98 1.96 1.95
LO
1.75 1.70 1.73 1.73
LO
1.83 1.84 1.85 1.84 LO

Ran
k
1
2

Legend: Very much Observed (3)2.30-3.00 Less Observed (2)1.67-2.32 Not
Observed (1)1.00-1.66

Table 3D
Summary Table of the Socio-Economic and Personal Factors to
the Crime Prevalence in the Municipality of Camarines Sur
Indicators

AWM

Interpretatio
n

Rank

48

Drunkenness resulting to traffic
accidents
Juvenile delinquency of children
from broken home or separated
families.
Violence under the influence of
drugs
Extreme depression due to
poverty
Rape cases due to situational
provocation.
Infidelity of marital partner
(either husband or wife)
Frustration due to unsatisfactory
sexual relation
Indebtedness due to gambling
resulting in violence
Social rejection due to
aggressive behavior
Peer or “Barkada” influence
resulting to robbery
Frustration due to
unemployment
Child Abuse/Child molestation
Jealousy due to unrequited love
affair
Persecution due to political
motives
Uneducated or out-of-school
Unemployment

2.45

Very much
Observed
Very much
Observed

1

2.27

Less Observed

3

2.20

Less Observed

4

1.89

Less Observed

5

1.84

Less Observed

6.5

1.84

Less Observed

6.5

1.70

Less Observed

8

1.69

Less Observed

9.5

1.69

Less Observed

9.5

1.50

Not Observed

11.5

1.50
1.49

Not Observed
Not Observed

11.5
13

1.48

Not Observed

14.5

1.48
1.40

Not Observed
Not Observed

14.5
16

2.30

2

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

49

This chapter, the researchers present the result of the findings
based on the interpretation and analysis of the tabulated and recorded
data coming from documentary analysis and interview. The knowledge
based information given by the Police Officer in Pili Police Station.

This study looked into the Crime Incidence in the Municipality of
Pili, Camarines Sur from the calendar year of 2010-2011-2012-2013.
Specifically, the following questions were answered;

Problem No.1.What is the Index and Non-Index crime in the
Municipality of Pili from calendar year of 2010-2011-2012-2013?
Finding:
1. The researcher study shows that there are eight types of index
crime recorded by the Pili Police Station which is Murder, Homicide,
Physical Injuries, Rape, Robbery, Theft, Carnapping, and Cattle
Rustling. It was found out that Physical Injuries and Theft was topped
among the cases in the year 2010 and also Physical Injuries and
Robbery was the leading cases documented in the year 2011. In the
year 2012 and 2013, Physical Injuries and Theft was also the primary
cases recorded by the Pili Police Station.

2. This study also revealed that there are several types of NonIndex crime recorded by the Pili Police Station. Violation of other Non-

50

Index Crimes was topped among the cases in year 2010 and 2011. It
was found out that Violation of Special Laws was leading in year 2012
and in year 2013, Other Non-Index Crime was also primary cases
recorded by Pili Police Station.

Conclusion:
1. Based on the finding in index crime that physical injuries is
commonly committed in municipality of pili therefore the researcher
conclude that municipal police station of pili should address this
problem by information the community about occurrence of crime in
their community.
2. According to the findings it was revealed that violation of a
non-index crime is being committed through negligent manslaughter
for that reason we conclude that municipal police station should make
a campaigned to address the occurrence of non-index crime in
municipality of pili.

Recommendations:
1. We highly recommend to minimize the rapid increase of indexcrime incidence in Pili is to have a Police Community Relation and
Police Visibility that provide direct service to the community and to
enhance awareness and appreciation on the value of community

51

involvement

and

partnership

in crime

prevention

program

and

community development activities.
2. The researcher recommends avoiding the occurrence of the
non-index crime in the municipality of pili that the municipal police
station of pili have an annual campaigned against criminal to avoid the
commission of the non-index crime in Pili.

Problem No.2 What are the personal and socio-economic contributory
factors to crime prevalence in the Municipality of Pili?
Findings:
1. The major socio-economic factors to crime prevalence in

Municipality of Piliis socio-economic factors wherein Drunkenness
resulting to traffic accidents (AWM 2.46), Violence under the influence
of drugs (AWM 2.20) and Extreme depression due to poverty (AWM
2.01), Indebtedness due to gambling resulting in violence (AWM 1.74),
Social rejection due to aggressive behavior (AWM 1.65), Peer or
“Barkada” influence of resulting to robbery (AWM 1.51)and some of the
factors is not observed in the municipality of Pili.
2. Personal factors that contribute to crime prevalence is Juvenile
delinquency of children from broken home or separated families (AWM
2.21), Rape cases due to situational provocation (AWM 1.99), Infidelity

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of marital partner either husband or wife (AWM 1.1.96), Frustration due
to unsatisfactory sexual relation (AWM 1.95) and some of the Personal
factors is merely not observed the municipality of Pili.

Conclusion:
1. Based on the finding it was revealed that in socio-economic
factors that contribute in the crime prevalence in pili the researcher
conclude to address the socio-economic factors in the prevalence of
crime in pili the local government should allocate a livelihood program
to those who unemployed that why it may lessen the occurrence of
crime thru this contributory factors.
2. The researcher therefore concludes that the municipal police
station had a harmonious relationship to the community to avoid these
factors in the commission of the crime in the municipality of pili.

Recommendation:
In order to control the major factors that contribute the
commission of crimes, it recommended that:
1. Students in school may be required to put up projects at home
like vegetable gardening, poultry and swine. Incentives can be given
by the teacher.

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2.

Sports development may be enhanced to channel excess

energy of the youth to useful activities. Donations from Civic oriented
organizations may be cited to finance the project.
3. Inviting representatives form TESDA, FIDA, DepEd ALS
(Alternative learning system and private handicrafts exporters to
demonstrate cottage industries so that those parents who are in home
can be given a part-time job in handicraft making and will generate
income.

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CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS AFFECTING CRIME PREVALENCE
IN PILI CAMARINES SUR
_____________________________________
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Criminal Justice Education, Division of College Studies
Naga College Foundation
Naga City
___________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:
Maila D. Salvino
Reovil R. Villaganas
Nicholo V. Soto
Deorne Tubongbanwa
Darryl C. Tubig
2015