Fish
Content
Fishes
Agnatha (Jawless) and cartilegenous fish were the first fish to appear in Chordata.
Fish.
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mouth with jaws is a new innovation.
Types of fish
"natha" =jaws
Agnatha (lamprey)
– no jaw
Gnathostomes
– Chondrichthes (cartilage)
• sharks and rays
controversial groupings
– Osteichthyes (bone)
• trout, perch
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Agnatha
rare life cycle: adults in oceans, swim up to creeks, mate and spawn in creeks. Major metabolic demand to handle osmosis.
most primitive, jawless forced to keep mouth open at all times
Breath: water constantly flow in BUCCAL CAVITY and across gills ->legacy from CEPHALOCHORDATE ancestor lack the jaw, vertebrae and paired fins of other Vertebraetes, but do have a primitive cranium (other name for vertebrates being Craniata)
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Fishes
very very similar, cephalochordata are the ancestors of the Agnatha
Cephalochordata
lamprey's have INDIRECT developement, hatch into AMMOCOETE larva: The larval stage of a lamprey. The ammocoete is of particular interest because it displays the ancestral characteristics of the chordates. During the life cycle of the lamprey, the ammocoete larval stage is found in freshwater streams and later migrates back to the oceans or large lakes.
Larval lamprey
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dorsol notocord still the main skeletal element, working with myomere muscle contractions to produce the tail swimming action.
Ammocoete larva
Notochord Nerve cord Digestive system
The mouth remains open as they swim, food trapped and moved by cilia on the endostyle into the pharynx. Water through gill slits and out body.
Mouth
Heart Gill pouches
Anus
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closed circulatory syste,
Lampreys
Gill opening
No jaw = no bite and an open mouth. Lampreys cope by becomin ECTOPARASITES to other fish. Tongue and circular oral disk covered in teeth to hold on to prey while it scrapes away with the tongue and feeds on blood/liquid from the wound. when attached, Lamprey's continue to breath by pumping water in and out of the gill sacs instead of flowing through mouth -> pharynx -> gill sac -> external
Not a particle feeder, endostyle gone.
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Fishes
hagfish breathe using the single nostril (according to digizoo):"n hagfish, water flows in the nostrils, to the pharynx, into the gill pouches, and out the external gill opening.
Beginnings of "eat and breathe at the same time"
Lamprey
Nostril Brain and nerve cord Notochord
brains enlarging, getting a proper cranium
Mouth with teeth Respiratory tube Gill opening
Rudimentary lateral line system: Line along the side of fishes and aquatic amphibians that includes underlying canals and sense organs that detect sound waves and movements in water.
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Hagfish have a pronephric and mesonephric kidney, and their blood is isotonic with the surrounding seawater so they don't need any special osmoregulatory structures. Lampreys use an opisthonephric kidney.
Lamprey mouth
Pronephric: The first, or ancestral, kidney that appears in the anterior part of the coelomic cavity and is connected to the archinephric duct. In amniotes and bony fish it appears only in the early stages of the embryo before it disappears Mesonephric: Replaces the pronephros during development and is retained as the functional kidney in adult fish and amphibians. Formed posterior to the pronephros from renal tubules, which ultimately connect with the archinephric duct.
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Lampreys
Pharynx Tongue with teeth Buccal funnel with teeth
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Fishes
diffuse cartilage network to support openings of gill sacs. no sign of vertebrae (potential homolog in small cartilage blocks along top of notocord)
Lamprey skeleton
Notochord Cartilage Gill openings Mouth
Notocord present in the adult of both Agnathans, retains original function -> only vertebrates/craniata that have this
cartilagenous case reminiscent of a cranium, start of protection of the brain. Missing dermatocranium.
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JAW: Made of either cartilage or bone, the jaw is a modified gill arch used for feeding. It may be armed with teeth or hardened plates, and it forms a part of the vertebrate mouth.
allows to feed more aggressively by sucking up large amounts o f substrate, trapping and holding prey in place, or taking a bite out of their prey
occurs in cartilaginous fish
Evolution of the jaw
cilia not only way to move water through pharynx: turn the pharygeal cavity into a pump. Shrink to force water through slits, expand to pull in. Many ostracoderms (1st fishes) sucked to feed. Sucked on substrate, becoming substrate (not suspension) feeders. Improve: decrease mouth diameter as cavity shrinks, so more water forced through the slits and not out the mouth. Far anterior arch already capable of bending, bent more and mouth begins to close!
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Modification of first pharyngeal (gill) arch = begin rudimentary gnathostome jaw!
Gnathostomes (Chondrichthyes)
Cartilaginous fish
DID NOT TURN INTO BONY FISH! 2 GREAT LINEAGES, SEPERATE
early body plan, armoured fish dissapear. But in freshwater systems, still fish that survive ocean extinction. Return, repopulate as fish like chordate. 2 body plans recolonize: cartilagenous skeleton, bony skeleton.
Chondrichthyes and all other "jawed-mouthed" vertebrates, are collectively referred to as the gnathostomes. Their counterparts are vertebrates with a mouth, but no jaws - the agnathans, hagfish and lampreys.
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Fishes
pectoral girdle: Bones in vertebrates that connect the appendages on the left and right side of the anterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pectoral girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Pelvic girdle: connect the appendages on the L/R of the posterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pelvic girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Gnathostomes (Chondrichthyes)
Cartilaginous fish
bony fish more adaptable, explode in diversity. Cartilage still successful, but less so. Appendicular skeleton: The bones of the arms, wings, legs, and fins of vertebrates, along with the pelvic and pectoral girdles when present, that attach the limbs to each other and then in turn to the axial skeleton.
Axial skeleton: The bones, or cartilage, that make up the skeleton of the main body axis of vertebrates. It includes the cranium, vertebral column, and the rib cage, although not all of these may be present in each of the vertebrate groups. Pectoral girdle: Bones in vertebrates that connect the appendages on the left and right side of the anterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pectoral girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Greatly improved chordate body plan. Added: dorsal, pectoral, pelvic fins to stabilize movement
Pelvic girdle: connect the appendages on the L/R of the posterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pelvic girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
stabilized in all 3 directions!
replace notochord as main skeletal element with cartilaginous skeleton, that wraps around nerve chord to protect it and around the brain (brain case) "Craniata"= cranium inside a brain case
Dorsal fins
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
axial skeleton
Caudal fin
2 part skeleton: appendicular: pectoral+pelvic girdle = appendages! axial: runs length of animal, protects nervous system
Pelvic girdle and fin Pectoral girdle and fin
Appendicular and axial not really attached, rely mostly on muscle tissue to keep them together
appendicular skeleton
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fins broadly attached, not highly manueverable (like a plane). Glide to stop, wide sweeping turns.
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Heterocercal tail: dorsal lobe larger than the ventral lobe and the vertebrae of the axial skeleton form part of the dorsal lobe. typical of sharks.
turbulance created, disrupts the suction of water over their surface.
Placoid Scales
WHEN SCALES ARE PRESENT, THEY ARE PLACOID SCALES made of inner dentine covered in protective enamel (kinda like teeth!) imbedded in surface with backwards pointing spine.
backwards direction disrupts lamilar flow over surface, creating
Dentin Pulp Pulp cavity Epidermis
little vortexes that stop the resistance created by lamilar flow (lamilar creates lift in airplanes, turbulance vortexes)
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outer skin of other cartil fish composed of living cells with glands that can excrete toxins.
placoid scale: Formed from the dermis, the scale is anchored in that layer by a basal plate composed of dentin and from that a spine, made of toothlike enamel, points backward
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gas exchange occurs across the gills that surround five gill openings. Water enters through the mouth, and gill rakers on the inner surface keep food inside the pharynx allowing water to flow over the gills. When the mouth is filled with food, water can enter through the spiracles, if they are present. Many cartilaginous fish have no way to pump water across the respiratory surface and constantly swim with their mouths open to aerate their gills, a type of breathing referred to as ram ventilation
Fishes
Pharyngeal gills
Mouth
Pharynx
gill raker: Bony structures in the inner gill surface of jawed fishes that keep ingested food inside the buccal cavity and pharynx
Gill filaments Gill arch
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Cartilaginous support
ram ventilation: Movement of water across the surface of the gills by swimming and holding the mouth open. Pharygeal arches ideal place to extract oxygen from water.
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Result in gills with supporting gill arch, a gill raker on the inside of the arch, and a pair of gill filaments on the outside. Gill filaments: are made of minute lamella and are the site of gas exchange. Water flows across these lamellae in the opposite direction to the blood inside, in a pattern referred to as countercurrent exchange.
Gill surface
stop swimming, stop breathing! RAM VENTILATION swimming forces water over gills.
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1 circuit. From body, into auricle, to ventrical, and out.
Circulatory system
ventral 2 chambered heart pushes blood across gills to dorsal aorta that branches over body.
Gills
Ventricle
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Auricle
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Fishes
2 chambered and ventral
sinus venosus= blood pools before entering heart.
Fish heart
then to atrium, ventrica;, etc.
Conus areteriosus
Atrium
sharks auricle and ventrical?
Ventricle
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Sinus venosus
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Aortic arches
6 gills arches
collect, pass through auricle to ventrical to aorta, across gill arches and then to rest of body
arches
aorta
ven au sv
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Arterial circulation
External carotid Subclavian Coelic Ant. and post mesenteric Internal carotid Iliac
ventral heart pumps to ventral aorta, through arches to top systemic arch carotid vessels from arches go to front. systemic arches fuse into dorsal aorta: subclavian supply to pectoral (clavical?) caudal supplies tail, posterior anal segmentation. coelic supplies to wall and tissue of coelom messeteries to digestive system renal to kidney. part pump: ventral, upbranches to systemics that go forward as carotids, join to dorsal aortic that join to coelic, subclavian, gonadal, etc.
ventri
Caudal
aur
Ventral aorta Gonadal Renal Subclavian Systemic Dorsal arch aorta Iliac
Aortic arches
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auricle to receive and pool from veins, ventricle to send out
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Fishes
Venous circulation
Internal jugular External jugular Anterior vena cava Subclavian Hepatic Hepatic portal Renal portal Sinus venosus Posterior Vena cava Subclavian Lateral abdomenal Iliac Mesonephros Iliac
companions to carotids are jugulars. companions that bring back from pelvic region are Iliads. subclavi holds name, caudal too. Pool in sinus venousus, then back through heart. Paired abdominals coming back. NEW, HEPATIC system: connect gut/digestive system to sinus venousis connect kidney!
Caudal
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another one to kidney (nitrogenous waste). Tail muscles create most waste, portal system in tail, blood from tail to kidney to clean, then to vessels on way to sinus ven.
HEPATIC CAPILLARIES AT BOTH ENDS! One set at kidneys, one at liver. kidney to liver. Food can be toxic, so blood from digestive immediate to body, issue! So end blood from digestive into liver to be cleaned
Feeding
highly adapted scales, not truly embedded in jaw.
can't chew, bite and tear.
Tooth
New tooth forming
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invertebrates inherit this.
Vertebrate digestive system
Pharynx
– Salivary glands
Pharynx takes in, force back into digestive. esophagus just conveys food to stomach Stomach 1st site of digestion: acidic (protozoans have acidic food vacuoles) cycle to alkaline. Moving btwn enzymes sets to get complete compliment.
intestine switch to alkali, need new enzyme (PANCREAS= ALKALI ENZYMES) potential for toxic elements: HEPATIC PORTAL! all blood flow from MESSENTERIES (digestive) shunted to liver,clean and store return from haptic vein to sinus venosous and rest of system GALL BLADDER IN MIDDLE OF THIS: salt, dead RBC's, emulsifying agents fro digesting lipids and fats (don't mix in water, must emulsify into spheres for enzymes to work).
Esophagous Stomach Small intestine
– Pancreas
Liver
– Gall Bladder
Large intestine Rectum
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in large intenstine, scavenge remaining nutrients, compact undigested residue, recover what needed. Pass to rectum and out. Put in play early in vertebrate systems/
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Fishes
OILS aid bouyoncy. HUGE LIVER to produce the oils.
large liver means less room for lengthened digestive system. Ridges ins tomache, SPIRAL VALVE, spiral of tissue in small intenstine that slows food.
very oily. spiral valve winds through, increases surface area and slows down digestion.
Stomach Liver
Digestive system
Liver
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Spiral valve
SHOWS UP AGAIN IN VERTEBRATES: FROG RESPIRATORY SYSTEM!!!!!!! CAREFUL!!!!!!
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SMALL LITTLE PORES open into channel under dermis.
Lateral line SYSTEM
Neuromast Lateral line
Little sensory knobs, with sensory hairs. As swimming, if a predator comes at them movement of swimming creates a BOW wave, compression in the water. Openings sense the pressure. Detect movement in aquatic environment around them.
in conjunction with crappy eye.
Lateral nerve Sensory hairs Sensory cell
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sharks have series around snout, can pick up electrical fields! Water conducts electricity, so nerves, synapses, etc. leaches low electrical signal. Nose most sensitive structure: vibration of water, eletrical signals
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dorsohallow nerve cord "shared" trait:
Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
pouches filling to form coelom top ridge of enterocoelic poucnhing is endoderm. On contact with ectoderm, signal sent that causes ecto to differentiate and rise from 2 sides.
Notochord Neural crest
nervous ectodermal in origin. keep rising, meets in middle with hallow core and epidermal layer on top. Tissue underneath becomes nerve cord. piece of original endoderm becomes notocord.
Endoderm Ectoderm
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Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
Nerve cord Myomere Notochord Kidney Dorsal aorta Mesentery
get little pouches like glomerulus, associated with pouches get blood vessel in close association with coelomic space. everything repeating down length
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Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
Ectoderm Somite (myomere) Nerve cord Notochord Dorsal aorta Nephron Endoderm Archinephric duct
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normally, metanephridia cleans up coelomic fluid.
metanephridium for every segment,
Evolution of the nephros
Archinephric duct Glomerulus Nephrostome
glomerulus in wall, blood vessel under pressure, blood vessel that comes to wall of cavity, under extreme pressure a thin wall, filtrate leaking into coelomic space (like hemichordates) ultrafiltrate! right next door, metaniphridia filtering coelomic fluid!
Dorsal aorta Coelom
Nephrostome Coelomic funnel
instead of dumping into coelom and waiting for cleaning, presure point with the filtrate gets surrounded by metanephridia. Get blood filtrate falling right into filter of metanephridia eventually. Wrap up in membrane: NEPHROS = BASIC FILTERING/EXCRETORY system of vertebreates based on universal metanephridia (coelomic fluid) combined with glomerulus squeezing blood.
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Fishes
Nephron
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Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
for every segement, muscle block, glomerulus, neprostome. Get a duct collecting all the way down.
Somite Nephrostomes Archinephric duct
In most primitive, and embryology: ARCHINEPHRIC DUCT
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Urogenital system
Male
Female
little funnels collecting from nephrons down length of organism end up (in most primitive formation) every entry point into system through kidney and filtration. (Archi) Later, instead they specialize. Pronephros, only end do that Meso, middle ones to that ours: metanephrid: whole block nephrids mulitplied in 1 area. metanephric funnels that in original design dedicated to only filtering blood become available for gametes! Surrender some of funnels to be used for gamete exit. Females still release eggs into funnels of original metanephros of ancestor, fallopian tube! Males develope seperate dedicated duct system eventually.
Archinephros
Pronephros
Mesonephros
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develop exclusivity. still filtering coelomic fluid, but now have a way to squeeze filtrate from pressurized blood system, right into filter
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Fishes
embedded calcium salt materials
Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
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Osteichthyes skeleton
Dorsal fins
improve mobility of pectoral and pelvic fins.
move foreward, articulate with musculature dedicated to this. Agile! Doesn't need full undulations, can do delicate, agile stuff.
Caudal fin
Pectoral fin Pelvic fin
Anal fin
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Fishes
Fish integument
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ectodermal, embedded directly into epidermis
turbulance to stop lamilar flow
Fish scales
ctenoid most common. Ganoid more primitive.
Cycloid
Ganoid Ctenoid
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Trunk musculature
instead of blocks of muscles, THEY OVERLAP EACH OTHER. (cephalocordates too) pattern different myomers along length. nice smooth contraction
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can sit and hover, how aerate?
Fishes
took operculum, outer surface of bone. As it pulls away from fish it draws water away from the gills. Mouth open.
Opercular gills
Gill arch Gill filaments Mouth
Operculum
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with mouth closed, buccal cavity can force out.
Opercular gill
constantly pumping water into mouth, and pumping out the sides
can hide and breathe aeration of gills independant of movement
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artieries and veins pass down and up gill. As water goes over surface
Gill arch
Artery Vein Gill filaments
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Fishes
blood flows in opposite direction within the gill. Water 1 way, blood the other.
Water flow
Counter current exchange
COUNTERCURRENT exchange, flowing in opposite directions.
Blood flow
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Concurrent exchange
saturation
on gill surface, concentration gradient evens out
Blood
Water 100% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 75% 60%
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20% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60%
Fluids flow in the same direction equilibrium between the two fluids occurs
far less efficient, left behind usable oxygen, blood not staurated at best you get the average
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Counter Current Exchange
Blood 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Water
Fluids flow in the opposite directions Equilibrium between the two fluids never occurs
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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cephalopods: closed circ big mod. Capillaries in gills. In squid, flow of blood CONCURRENT, but mantle cavity so good and system so efficient they can be sloppy about it.
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Fishes
6->5(shark)->4 gill arches
unique element: autapomorphy: gut diverticula that's a part of the circulatory syste
Circulatory system
Dorsal aorta Gills Anterior vein
Ventral aorta
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Posterior vein
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swim bladder!
Swim bladder
hooked into circulatory system. Can move oxygen in or out (not air?) as lower in water column, pressure above compresses amount of air in bladder to be neutrally boyount, need to change volumes of air. if nitrogen, we'd call it the bends. to get air to stay in bladder, need more pressure. Able to force oxygen in, remove, depending on depth it's swimming at. Unlike shark's oils, can use swim bladder and gas, gas exchange system that allows to compensate for swimming depth. CAPACITY for gas exchange on internal system becomes lung (ACTUAL BLADDER DOESN'T BECOME)
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Inner ear
KEY FEATURE
Brain
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Semicircular canals
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Fishes
strong fins
Transition to land
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Transition to land (lobe fins)
become amphibians
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Agnatha (Jawless) and cartilegenous fish were the first fish to appear in Chordata.
Fish.
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mouth with jaws is a new innovation.
Types of fish
"natha" =jaws
Agnatha (lamprey)
– no jaw
Gnathostomes
– Chondrichthes (cartilage)
• sharks and rays
controversial groupings
– Osteichthyes (bone)
• trout, perch
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Agnatha
rare life cycle: adults in oceans, swim up to creeks, mate and spawn in creeks. Major metabolic demand to handle osmosis.
most primitive, jawless forced to keep mouth open at all times
Breath: water constantly flow in BUCCAL CAVITY and across gills ->legacy from CEPHALOCHORDATE ancestor lack the jaw, vertebrae and paired fins of other Vertebraetes, but do have a primitive cranium (other name for vertebrates being Craniata)
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Fishes
very very similar, cephalochordata are the ancestors of the Agnatha
Cephalochordata
lamprey's have INDIRECT developement, hatch into AMMOCOETE larva: The larval stage of a lamprey. The ammocoete is of particular interest because it displays the ancestral characteristics of the chordates. During the life cycle of the lamprey, the ammocoete larval stage is found in freshwater streams and later migrates back to the oceans or large lakes.
Larval lamprey
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dorsol notocord still the main skeletal element, working with myomere muscle contractions to produce the tail swimming action.
Ammocoete larva
Notochord Nerve cord Digestive system
The mouth remains open as they swim, food trapped and moved by cilia on the endostyle into the pharynx. Water through gill slits and out body.
Mouth
Heart Gill pouches
Anus
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closed circulatory syste,
Lampreys
Gill opening
No jaw = no bite and an open mouth. Lampreys cope by becomin ECTOPARASITES to other fish. Tongue and circular oral disk covered in teeth to hold on to prey while it scrapes away with the tongue and feeds on blood/liquid from the wound. when attached, Lamprey's continue to breath by pumping water in and out of the gill sacs instead of flowing through mouth -> pharynx -> gill sac -> external
Not a particle feeder, endostyle gone.
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Fishes
hagfish breathe using the single nostril (according to digizoo):"n hagfish, water flows in the nostrils, to the pharynx, into the gill pouches, and out the external gill opening.
Beginnings of "eat and breathe at the same time"
Lamprey
Nostril Brain and nerve cord Notochord
brains enlarging, getting a proper cranium
Mouth with teeth Respiratory tube Gill opening
Rudimentary lateral line system: Line along the side of fishes and aquatic amphibians that includes underlying canals and sense organs that detect sound waves and movements in water.
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Hagfish have a pronephric and mesonephric kidney, and their blood is isotonic with the surrounding seawater so they don't need any special osmoregulatory structures. Lampreys use an opisthonephric kidney.
Lamprey mouth
Pronephric: The first, or ancestral, kidney that appears in the anterior part of the coelomic cavity and is connected to the archinephric duct. In amniotes and bony fish it appears only in the early stages of the embryo before it disappears Mesonephric: Replaces the pronephros during development and is retained as the functional kidney in adult fish and amphibians. Formed posterior to the pronephros from renal tubules, which ultimately connect with the archinephric duct.
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Lampreys
Pharynx Tongue with teeth Buccal funnel with teeth
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Fishes
diffuse cartilage network to support openings of gill sacs. no sign of vertebrae (potential homolog in small cartilage blocks along top of notocord)
Lamprey skeleton
Notochord Cartilage Gill openings Mouth
Notocord present in the adult of both Agnathans, retains original function -> only vertebrates/craniata that have this
cartilagenous case reminiscent of a cranium, start of protection of the brain. Missing dermatocranium.
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JAW: Made of either cartilage or bone, the jaw is a modified gill arch used for feeding. It may be armed with teeth or hardened plates, and it forms a part of the vertebrate mouth.
allows to feed more aggressively by sucking up large amounts o f substrate, trapping and holding prey in place, or taking a bite out of their prey
occurs in cartilaginous fish
Evolution of the jaw
cilia not only way to move water through pharynx: turn the pharygeal cavity into a pump. Shrink to force water through slits, expand to pull in. Many ostracoderms (1st fishes) sucked to feed. Sucked on substrate, becoming substrate (not suspension) feeders. Improve: decrease mouth diameter as cavity shrinks, so more water forced through the slits and not out the mouth. Far anterior arch already capable of bending, bent more and mouth begins to close!
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Modification of first pharyngeal (gill) arch = begin rudimentary gnathostome jaw!
Gnathostomes (Chondrichthyes)
Cartilaginous fish
DID NOT TURN INTO BONY FISH! 2 GREAT LINEAGES, SEPERATE
early body plan, armoured fish dissapear. But in freshwater systems, still fish that survive ocean extinction. Return, repopulate as fish like chordate. 2 body plans recolonize: cartilagenous skeleton, bony skeleton.
Chondrichthyes and all other "jawed-mouthed" vertebrates, are collectively referred to as the gnathostomes. Their counterparts are vertebrates with a mouth, but no jaws - the agnathans, hagfish and lampreys.
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Fishes
pectoral girdle: Bones in vertebrates that connect the appendages on the left and right side of the anterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pectoral girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Pelvic girdle: connect the appendages on the L/R of the posterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pelvic girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Gnathostomes (Chondrichthyes)
Cartilaginous fish
bony fish more adaptable, explode in diversity. Cartilage still successful, but less so. Appendicular skeleton: The bones of the arms, wings, legs, and fins of vertebrates, along with the pelvic and pectoral girdles when present, that attach the limbs to each other and then in turn to the axial skeleton.
Axial skeleton: The bones, or cartilage, that make up the skeleton of the main body axis of vertebrates. It includes the cranium, vertebral column, and the rib cage, although not all of these may be present in each of the vertebrate groups. Pectoral girdle: Bones in vertebrates that connect the appendages on the left and right side of the anterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pectoral girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Greatly improved chordate body plan. Added: dorsal, pectoral, pelvic fins to stabilize movement
Pelvic girdle: connect the appendages on the L/R of the posterior appendicular skeleton to each other. The pelvic girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
stabilized in all 3 directions!
replace notochord as main skeletal element with cartilaginous skeleton, that wraps around nerve chord to protect it and around the brain (brain case) "Craniata"= cranium inside a brain case
Dorsal fins
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
axial skeleton
Caudal fin
2 part skeleton: appendicular: pectoral+pelvic girdle = appendages! axial: runs length of animal, protects nervous system
Pelvic girdle and fin Pectoral girdle and fin
Appendicular and axial not really attached, rely mostly on muscle tissue to keep them together
appendicular skeleton
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fins broadly attached, not highly manueverable (like a plane). Glide to stop, wide sweeping turns.
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Heterocercal tail: dorsal lobe larger than the ventral lobe and the vertebrae of the axial skeleton form part of the dorsal lobe. typical of sharks.
turbulance created, disrupts the suction of water over their surface.
Placoid Scales
WHEN SCALES ARE PRESENT, THEY ARE PLACOID SCALES made of inner dentine covered in protective enamel (kinda like teeth!) imbedded in surface with backwards pointing spine.
backwards direction disrupts lamilar flow over surface, creating
Dentin Pulp Pulp cavity Epidermis
little vortexes that stop the resistance created by lamilar flow (lamilar creates lift in airplanes, turbulance vortexes)
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outer skin of other cartil fish composed of living cells with glands that can excrete toxins.
placoid scale: Formed from the dermis, the scale is anchored in that layer by a basal plate composed of dentin and from that a spine, made of toothlike enamel, points backward
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gas exchange occurs across the gills that surround five gill openings. Water enters through the mouth, and gill rakers on the inner surface keep food inside the pharynx allowing water to flow over the gills. When the mouth is filled with food, water can enter through the spiracles, if they are present. Many cartilaginous fish have no way to pump water across the respiratory surface and constantly swim with their mouths open to aerate their gills, a type of breathing referred to as ram ventilation
Fishes
Pharyngeal gills
Mouth
Pharynx
gill raker: Bony structures in the inner gill surface of jawed fishes that keep ingested food inside the buccal cavity and pharynx
Gill filaments Gill arch
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Cartilaginous support
ram ventilation: Movement of water across the surface of the gills by swimming and holding the mouth open. Pharygeal arches ideal place to extract oxygen from water.
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Result in gills with supporting gill arch, a gill raker on the inside of the arch, and a pair of gill filaments on the outside. Gill filaments: are made of minute lamella and are the site of gas exchange. Water flows across these lamellae in the opposite direction to the blood inside, in a pattern referred to as countercurrent exchange.
Gill surface
stop swimming, stop breathing! RAM VENTILATION swimming forces water over gills.
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1 circuit. From body, into auricle, to ventrical, and out.
Circulatory system
ventral 2 chambered heart pushes blood across gills to dorsal aorta that branches over body.
Gills
Ventricle
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Auricle
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Fishes
2 chambered and ventral
sinus venosus= blood pools before entering heart.
Fish heart
then to atrium, ventrica;, etc.
Conus areteriosus
Atrium
sharks auricle and ventrical?
Ventricle
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Sinus venosus
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Aortic arches
6 gills arches
collect, pass through auricle to ventrical to aorta, across gill arches and then to rest of body
arches
aorta
ven au sv
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Arterial circulation
External carotid Subclavian Coelic Ant. and post mesenteric Internal carotid Iliac
ventral heart pumps to ventral aorta, through arches to top systemic arch carotid vessels from arches go to front. systemic arches fuse into dorsal aorta: subclavian supply to pectoral (clavical?) caudal supplies tail, posterior anal segmentation. coelic supplies to wall and tissue of coelom messeteries to digestive system renal to kidney. part pump: ventral, upbranches to systemics that go forward as carotids, join to dorsal aortic that join to coelic, subclavian, gonadal, etc.
ventri
Caudal
aur
Ventral aorta Gonadal Renal Subclavian Systemic Dorsal arch aorta Iliac
Aortic arches
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auricle to receive and pool from veins, ventricle to send out
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Fishes
Venous circulation
Internal jugular External jugular Anterior vena cava Subclavian Hepatic Hepatic portal Renal portal Sinus venosus Posterior Vena cava Subclavian Lateral abdomenal Iliac Mesonephros Iliac
companions to carotids are jugulars. companions that bring back from pelvic region are Iliads. subclavi holds name, caudal too. Pool in sinus venousus, then back through heart. Paired abdominals coming back. NEW, HEPATIC system: connect gut/digestive system to sinus venousis connect kidney!
Caudal
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another one to kidney (nitrogenous waste). Tail muscles create most waste, portal system in tail, blood from tail to kidney to clean, then to vessels on way to sinus ven.
HEPATIC CAPILLARIES AT BOTH ENDS! One set at kidneys, one at liver. kidney to liver. Food can be toxic, so blood from digestive immediate to body, issue! So end blood from digestive into liver to be cleaned
Feeding
highly adapted scales, not truly embedded in jaw.
can't chew, bite and tear.
Tooth
New tooth forming
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invertebrates inherit this.
Vertebrate digestive system
Pharynx
– Salivary glands
Pharynx takes in, force back into digestive. esophagus just conveys food to stomach Stomach 1st site of digestion: acidic (protozoans have acidic food vacuoles) cycle to alkaline. Moving btwn enzymes sets to get complete compliment.
intestine switch to alkali, need new enzyme (PANCREAS= ALKALI ENZYMES) potential for toxic elements: HEPATIC PORTAL! all blood flow from MESSENTERIES (digestive) shunted to liver,clean and store return from haptic vein to sinus venosous and rest of system GALL BLADDER IN MIDDLE OF THIS: salt, dead RBC's, emulsifying agents fro digesting lipids and fats (don't mix in water, must emulsify into spheres for enzymes to work).
Esophagous Stomach Small intestine
– Pancreas
Liver
– Gall Bladder
Large intestine Rectum
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in large intenstine, scavenge remaining nutrients, compact undigested residue, recover what needed. Pass to rectum and out. Put in play early in vertebrate systems/
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Fishes
OILS aid bouyoncy. HUGE LIVER to produce the oils.
large liver means less room for lengthened digestive system. Ridges ins tomache, SPIRAL VALVE, spiral of tissue in small intenstine that slows food.
very oily. spiral valve winds through, increases surface area and slows down digestion.
Stomach Liver
Digestive system
Liver
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Spiral valve
SHOWS UP AGAIN IN VERTEBRATES: FROG RESPIRATORY SYSTEM!!!!!!! CAREFUL!!!!!!
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SMALL LITTLE PORES open into channel under dermis.
Lateral line SYSTEM
Neuromast Lateral line
Little sensory knobs, with sensory hairs. As swimming, if a predator comes at them movement of swimming creates a BOW wave, compression in the water. Openings sense the pressure. Detect movement in aquatic environment around them.
in conjunction with crappy eye.
Lateral nerve Sensory hairs Sensory cell
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sharks have series around snout, can pick up electrical fields! Water conducts electricity, so nerves, synapses, etc. leaches low electrical signal. Nose most sensitive structure: vibration of water, eletrical signals
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dorsohallow nerve cord "shared" trait:
Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
pouches filling to form coelom top ridge of enterocoelic poucnhing is endoderm. On contact with ectoderm, signal sent that causes ecto to differentiate and rise from 2 sides.
Notochord Neural crest
nervous ectodermal in origin. keep rising, meets in middle with hallow core and epidermal layer on top. Tissue underneath becomes nerve cord. piece of original endoderm becomes notocord.
Endoderm Ectoderm
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Fishes
Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
Nerve cord Myomere Notochord Kidney Dorsal aorta Mesentery
get little pouches like glomerulus, associated with pouches get blood vessel in close association with coelomic space. everything repeating down length
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Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
Ectoderm Somite (myomere) Nerve cord Notochord Dorsal aorta Nephron Endoderm Archinephric duct
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normally, metanephridia cleans up coelomic fluid.
metanephridium for every segment,
Evolution of the nephros
Archinephric duct Glomerulus Nephrostome
glomerulus in wall, blood vessel under pressure, blood vessel that comes to wall of cavity, under extreme pressure a thin wall, filtrate leaking into coelomic space (like hemichordates) ultrafiltrate! right next door, metaniphridia filtering coelomic fluid!
Dorsal aorta Coelom
Nephrostome Coelomic funnel
instead of dumping into coelom and waiting for cleaning, presure point with the filtrate gets surrounded by metanephridia. Get blood filtrate falling right into filter of metanephridia eventually. Wrap up in membrane: NEPHROS = BASIC FILTERING/EXCRETORY system of vertebreates based on universal metanephridia (coelomic fluid) combined with glomerulus squeezing blood.
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Fishes
Nephron
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Vertebrate urogenital system
(But first, a little embryology)
for every segement, muscle block, glomerulus, neprostome. Get a duct collecting all the way down.
Somite Nephrostomes Archinephric duct
In most primitive, and embryology: ARCHINEPHRIC DUCT
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Urogenital system
Male
Female
little funnels collecting from nephrons down length of organism end up (in most primitive formation) every entry point into system through kidney and filtration. (Archi) Later, instead they specialize. Pronephros, only end do that Meso, middle ones to that ours: metanephrid: whole block nephrids mulitplied in 1 area. metanephric funnels that in original design dedicated to only filtering blood become available for gametes! Surrender some of funnels to be used for gamete exit. Females still release eggs into funnels of original metanephros of ancestor, fallopian tube! Males develope seperate dedicated duct system eventually.
Archinephros
Pronephros
Mesonephros
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develop exclusivity. still filtering coelomic fluid, but now have a way to squeeze filtrate from pressurized blood system, right into filter
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Fishes
embedded calcium salt materials
Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
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Osteichthyes skeleton
Dorsal fins
improve mobility of pectoral and pelvic fins.
move foreward, articulate with musculature dedicated to this. Agile! Doesn't need full undulations, can do delicate, agile stuff.
Caudal fin
Pectoral fin Pelvic fin
Anal fin
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Fishes
Fish integument
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ectodermal, embedded directly into epidermis
turbulance to stop lamilar flow
Fish scales
ctenoid most common. Ganoid more primitive.
Cycloid
Ganoid Ctenoid
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Trunk musculature
instead of blocks of muscles, THEY OVERLAP EACH OTHER. (cephalocordates too) pattern different myomers along length. nice smooth contraction
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can sit and hover, how aerate?
Fishes
took operculum, outer surface of bone. As it pulls away from fish it draws water away from the gills. Mouth open.
Opercular gills
Gill arch Gill filaments Mouth
Operculum
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with mouth closed, buccal cavity can force out.
Opercular gill
constantly pumping water into mouth, and pumping out the sides
can hide and breathe aeration of gills independant of movement
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artieries and veins pass down and up gill. As water goes over surface
Gill arch
Artery Vein Gill filaments
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Fishes
blood flows in opposite direction within the gill. Water 1 way, blood the other.
Water flow
Counter current exchange
COUNTERCURRENT exchange, flowing in opposite directions.
Blood flow
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Concurrent exchange
saturation
on gill surface, concentration gradient evens out
Blood
Water 100% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 75% 60%
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20% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60%
Fluids flow in the same direction equilibrium between the two fluids occurs
far less efficient, left behind usable oxygen, blood not staurated at best you get the average
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Counter Current Exchange
Blood 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Water
Fluids flow in the opposite directions Equilibrium between the two fluids never occurs
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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cephalopods: closed circ big mod. Capillaries in gills. In squid, flow of blood CONCURRENT, but mantle cavity so good and system so efficient they can be sloppy about it.
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Fishes
6->5(shark)->4 gill arches
unique element: autapomorphy: gut diverticula that's a part of the circulatory syste
Circulatory system
Dorsal aorta Gills Anterior vein
Ventral aorta
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Posterior vein
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swim bladder!
Swim bladder
hooked into circulatory system. Can move oxygen in or out (not air?) as lower in water column, pressure above compresses amount of air in bladder to be neutrally boyount, need to change volumes of air. if nitrogen, we'd call it the bends. to get air to stay in bladder, need more pressure. Able to force oxygen in, remove, depending on depth it's swimming at. Unlike shark's oils, can use swim bladder and gas, gas exchange system that allows to compensate for swimming depth. CAPACITY for gas exchange on internal system becomes lung (ACTUAL BLADDER DOESN'T BECOME)
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Inner ear
KEY FEATURE
Brain
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Semicircular canals
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Fishes
strong fins
Transition to land
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Transition to land (lobe fins)
become amphibians
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