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“Frontmatter” The Engineering Handbook. Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

The Engineering Handbook

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The engineering handbook [computer file] / Richard C. Dorf, [editor-in-chief].--CD-ROM version. 1 computer laser optical disc: 4 3/4 in. Computer data and program. System requirements: IBM PC; 8MB RAM; Windows 3.1 or higher; VGA graphics capabilities; color monitor; CD-ROM drive. Title from title screen Audience: Engineering professionals and postgraduate students. Summary: Electronic version of The Engineering Handbook. Features search capabilities, zoom option, hypertext links, line drawings, photographs, bookmark and notebook functions, and the ability to print, save, and copy information into word processing program. ISBN 0-8493-8576-8 1. Engineering--Handbooks, manual, etc. I. Dorf, Richard C. II. Engineering handbook. TA151, 1997 00577> <MRC> 620--DC12a 97-4535 CIP This CD-ROM contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this CD-ROM nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale, nor does it extend to portions of the work taken from other sources with permission of their respective copyright holders. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press or the copyright holder for such copying. Direct all inquiries, suggestions, or problems to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, Florida 33431. If there are questions or problems regarding the operation of The Engineering Handbook CD-ROM Version, call CRC Press at 561-994-0555 extension 2515 (e-mail: [email protected]). Library of Congress Card Number 97-4535 ISBN 0-8493-8576-8 © 1998 by CRC Press LLC

Preface
Purpose
The purpose of The Engineering Handbook is to provide in a single volume a ready reference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its comprehensive format is divided into 30 sections which encompass the field of engineering. The goal is to provide the most up-to-date information in the classical fields that comprise mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, industrial, and aerospace engineering as well as the underlying fields of mathematics and materials. This book should serve the information needs of all professional engineers engaged in the practice of the profession whether in industry, education, or government. The goal of this comprehensive handbook is to replace a myriad of books with one highly informative, well-organized, definitive source of fundamental knowledge.

Organization
The fundamentals of engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantial empirical data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, and equations that enable the engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex devices, circuits, instruments, systems, structures, plants, computers, fuels, and the environment. While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is the provision of the underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the field of engineering. Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order to serve the needs of the engineer over many years. With equal emphasis placed on materials, structures, mechanics, dynamics, fluids, thermodynamics, fuels and energy, transportation, environmental systems, circuits and systems, computers and instruments, manufacturing, aeronautical and aerospace, and economics and management as well as mathematics, the engineer should encounter a wide range of concepts and considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design. The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively fundamental. Each of the more than 200 chapters is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of the mature engineer, and educate the novice. The information is organized into 30 major sections. The 30 sections encompass 211 chapters, and the Appendix summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants. Each section contains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of the subject of that section. Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or system that demonstrates an application illustrative of the material in the section. Each chapter includes three important and useful categories: defining terms, references, and further information. Defining terms are key definitions, and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicated in boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter. The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further information provides some general and useful sources of additional

information on the topic.

Locating Your Topic
Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete table of contents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of the 30 sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The reader should look over these tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of the book. For example, see Section III, Dynamics and Vibration, and then Chapter 15, Forced Vibration. This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locate information on the topic of interest. Three alphabetical indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information: (1) index of contributing authors, (2) index of key equations by title or name, and (3) subject index. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which the definition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index. The Engineering Handbook is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct the inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and that informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.

Acknowledgments
This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the associate editors, the publishers, and my editorial associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Joel Claypool, Publisher; Kristen Maus, Developmental Editor; and Carol Whitehead,Senior Project Editor. Finally I am indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, who served as editorial assistant. Richard C. Dorf Editor-in-Chief

Editor-in-Chief

Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis, teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions and advances in engineering and their value to society. Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and the University of California, Berkeley. A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern Control System, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th edition (Wiley, 1992). Dr. Dorf is the editor-in-chief of the widely recognized Electrical Engineering Handbook (CRC, 1993) and the Handbook of Manufacturing and Automation (Wiley, 1994).

Advisory Board
William F. Ames School of Mathematics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Jack McCormac Civil Engineering Department Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina John Steadman Electrical Engineering Department University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Frank Kreith University of Colorado(Retired) Boulder, Colorado

James F. Shackelford Materials Science University of California Davis, California Klaus Timmerhaus Chemical Engineering Department University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado

Contributors
Ramesh K. Agarwal Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas William F. Ames Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia James E. Amrhein Masonry Institute of America Los Angeles, California Thalia Anagnos San Jose State University Palo Alto, California F. Chris Alley Clemson University (Emeritus) Clemson, South Carolina Appiah Amirtharajah Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Ted L. Anderson Structural Reliability Technology Boulder, Colorado Roger E. A. Arndt St. Anthony Falls Laboratory University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota A. Terry Bahill University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Norman Balabanian University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Nelson R. Bauld, Jr. Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Robert G. Beaves Robert Morris College Coraopolis, Pennsylvania R. R. Beck U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center Warren, Michigan Jim Bethel Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Bharat Bhushan Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

Tung Au Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Terrence W. Baird Hewlett-Packard Company Boise, Idaho Randall F. Barron Louisiana Tech University Ruston, Louisiana Yildiz Bayazitoglu Rice University Houston, Texas Paul A. Beck Paul A. Beck & Associates Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Richard C. Bennett Swenson ProcessEquipment, Inc. Harvey, Illinois Pallab Bhattacharya University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan

Peter Biltoft University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Benjamin S. Blanchard Virginia PolytechnicInstitute & StateUniversity Blacksburg, Virginia Bruce W. Bomar University of Tennessee Space Institute Tullahoma, Tennessee Carol I. Bordas Thorp, Reed & Armstrong Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Kenneth B. Black University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts

Robert F. Boehm University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada Robert G. Bonitz University of California Davis, California

Charles Borzileri University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Donald E. Breyer California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California William L. Brogan University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada R. Ben Buckner Surveying Education Consultant Johnson City, Tennessee Luis-Felipe Cabrera IBM Almaden Research Center Almaden, California Shiao-Hung Chiang University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania James M. Chavez Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico Wai-Kai Chen University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois

Edwin R. Braun University of North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina Robert Broadwater Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia George R. Buchanan Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, Tennessee Michael Buehrer Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia George Cain Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia William L. Chapman Hughes Aircraft Company Tucson, Arizona Peter M. Chen University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan

Tony M. Cigic University of BritishColumbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada William J. Cook Iowa State University Ames, Iowa

Michael D. Ciletti University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado David H. Cooke Power and Cogeneration Consultant 2507 Palo Pinto Drive Houston, Texas William C. Corder CONSOL, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Leon W. Couch II University of Florida Gainesville, Florida J. B. Cropley Union Carbide Corporate Fellow (Retired) Scott Depot, West Virginia Braja M. Das California State University Sacramento, California Jacques W. Delleur Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Bon A. DeWitt University of Florida Gainesville, Florida John F. Donovan McDonnell Douglas Corporation St. Louis, Missouri Deepak Doraiswamy E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Delaware C. Nelson Dorny University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Stephen A. Dyer Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas

C. David Cooper University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Harold M. Cota California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California Dennis J. Cronin Iowa State University Ames, Iowa John N. Daigle University of Mississippi University, Mississippi Kevin A. Delin Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, California Anca Deliu Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Henry Domingos Clarkson University Potsdam, New York Anil Doradla Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia Richard C. Dorf University of California Davis, California William G. Duff Computer Sciences Corporation Springfield, Virginia

William M. Edwards Consultant Houston, Texas Wolter J. Fabrycky Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia John L. Falconer University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Chang-Xue Feng University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Samuel W. Fordyce Consultare Technology Group Rockville, Maryland Robert D. Franceschinis Doyen & Associates, Inc. Chicago, Illinois A. Keith Furr Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Retired) Blacksburg, Virginia Pierre Gehlen Seattle University Seattle, Washington Peter Gergely Cornell University Ithaca, New York Walter J. Grantham Washington State University Pullman, Washington Jerry C. Hamann University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Milton E. Harr Purdue University

Mohammed M. El-Wakil University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin James R. Fair University of Texas Austin, Texas Charles Fazzi Robert Morris College Coraopolis, Pennsylvania H. Scott Fogler University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Wallace T. Fowler University of Texas Austin, Texas Rich Freitas IBM Almaden Research Center Almaden, California Richard S. Gallagher R. S. Gallagher and Associates Ithaca, New York

James M. Gere Stanford University Stanford, California Victor W. Goldschmidt Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Francis Joseph Hale North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Simon P. Hanson CONSOL, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Steve J. Harrison Queen's University

West Lafayette, Indiana Barbara Hauser Bay de Noc Community College Escanaba, Michigan Daxin He University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Chris Hendrickson Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ronald A. Hess University of California Davis, California Fredrick J. Hill University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Joe D. Hoffman Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

Kingston, Ontario, Canada Mary Sue Haydt Santa Clara University Santa Clara, California Roger S. Hecklinger Roy F. Weston, Inc. Valhalla, New York John B. Herbich Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Russell C. Hibbeler University of Southwestern Louisiana Lafayette, Louisiana David J. Hills University of California Davis, California David Holten University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California T. C. Hsia University of California Davis, California Daniel J. Inman Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia Thomas N. Jackson Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Bill Jamaldin University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Steven D. Johnson Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

Stephen Horan New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico Paul J. Hurst University of California Davis, California Robert B. Jacko Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Raymond G. Jacquot University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Rolf Johansson Department of Automatic Control Lund Institute of Technology Lund, Sweden

S. Casey Jones Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Anthony J. Kalinowski Naval Undersea Warfare Center New London, Connecticut Waldemar Karwowski University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky

Reid R. June The Boeing Company Bellevue, Washington Bruce Karnopp University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Tawfik B. Khalil General Motors Corporation Transportation Department Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Bang Mo Kim General Electric Corporate Research and Development Schenectady, New York Joseph F. Kmec Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Alan A. Kornhauser Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia William B. Krantz University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Frank Kreith University of Colorado (Retired) Boulder, Colorado Benjamin G. Kyle Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas Lee S. Langston University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut Robert E. Lee Pennsylvania Power & Light Allentown, Pennsylvania John Leonard II Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia

Ralph W. Kiefer University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin L. Kitis University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Edward M. Knod, Jr. Western Illinois University Macomb, Illinois William J. Koros University of Texas Austin, Texas Allan D. Kraus Naval Postgraduate School Pacific Grove, California Andrew Kusiak University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Richard T. Lahey, Jr. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York Alan O. Lebeck Mechanical SealTechnology, Inc. Albuquerque, New Mexico Arthur W. Leissa Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

John B. Ligon Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan K. H. Lin Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory Knoxville, Tennessee Earl Livingston Babcock and Wilcox Company, Retired Barberton, Ohio Thomas E. Marlin McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada R. Bruce Martin University of California Davis, California J. Michael McCarthy University of California Irvine, California Alan T. McDonald Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Sue McNeil Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania J. L. Meriam University of California (Retired) Santa Barbara, California Karsten Meyer-Waarden University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe, Germany David Mindell Massachusetts Instituteof Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Emil Moroz University of Texas El Paso, Texas

Thomas M. Lillesand University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Noam Lior University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Gregory L. Long University of California Irvine, California Harold E. Marshall National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland Eric F. Matthys University of California Santa Barbara, California Jack McCormac Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Ross E. McKinney Consulting Engineer Lawrence, Kansas Daniel A. Mendelsohn Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Michael D. Meyer Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Scott L. Miller University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Jan C. Monk National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama Samiha Mourad Santa Clara University Santa Clara, California

Safwat M. A. Moustafa California Polytechnic University San Luis Obispo, California Bruce R. Munson Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Paul Neudorfer Seattle University Seattle, Washington M. M. Ohadi University of Maryland College Park, Maryland James Y. Oldshue Oldshue Technologies International, Inc. Fairport, New York Hasan Orbey University of Delaware Newark, Delaware Bulent A. Ovunc University of Southwestern Louisiana Lafayette, Louisiana Joseph C. Palais Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Gordon R. Pennock Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Bruce E. Poling University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio Alexander D. Poularikas University of Alabama Huntsville, Alabama Kaushik S. Rajashekara Delphi Energy & Engine Management Systems Indianapolis, Indiana

Rias Muhamed Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia Edward G. Nawy Rutgers University East Brunswick, New Jersey Norman S. Nise California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California Vojin G. Oklobdzija University of California Davis, California George Opdyke, Jr. Dykewood Enterprises Stratford, Connecticut Terry P. Orlando Massachusetts Instituteof Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts William Owens Johnson YokogawaCorporation Newnan, Georgia Howard S. Peavy University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho Walter D. Pilkey University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia H. Vincent Poor Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Mansour Rahimi University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Rama Ramakumar Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma

Theodore S. Rappaport Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia Bahram Ravani University of California Davis, California M. K. Ravindra EQE International Irvine, California Elizabeth M. Richards Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico E. V. Richardson Ayres Associates Fort Collins, Colorado Albert J. Rosa University of Denver Denver, Colorado Andrew P. Sage George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Stanley I. Sandler University of Delaware Newark, Delaware Udaya B. Sathuvalli Rice University Houston, Texas Boyd D. Schimel Washington State University Pullman, Washington Paul Schonfeld University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Robert G. Sexsmith University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Muhammad H. Rashid Purdue University Fort Wayne, Indiana Francis H. Raven University of Notre Dame South Bend, Indiana Timothy A. Reinhold Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina John L. Richards University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Subhash H. Risbud University of California Davis, California Rosalie T. Ruegg National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland Richard S. Sandige University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Albert Sargent Arkansas Power & Light Hot Springs, Arkansas Rudolph J. Scavuzzo University of Akron Akron, Ohio Richard J. Schonberger University of Washington Seattle, Washington William T. Segui University of Memphis Memphis, Tennessee James F. Shackelford University of California Davis, California

Andrew P. Shapiro General Electric Corporate Research and Development Schenectady, New York George Shibayama Doyen & Associates, Inc. Chicago, Illinois J. G. Shipp EQE International Irvine, California Paul W. Shuldiner University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts R. Paul Singh University of California Davis, California Kumares C. Sinha Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana L. Montgomery Smith University of Tennessee Space Institute Tullahoma, Tennessee Sidney Soclof California State University Los Angeles, California Richard E. Sonntag University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan E. Keith Stanek University of Missouri Rolla, Missouri Raymond T. Stefani California State University Long Beach, California P. K. Subramanyan Glacier Clevite Heavywall Bearings

S. A. Sherif University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Yung C. Shin Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Walter D. Short National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Ben L. Sill Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Vijay P. Singh Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana Shivaji Sircar Air Products andChemicals, Inc. Allentown, Pennsylvania Rosemary L. Smith University of California Davis, California

Michael A. Soderstrand University of California Davis, California Cary R. Spitzer AvioniCon, Inc. Williamsburg, Virginia John Steadman University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Matthew P. Stephens Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana James A. Svoboda Clarkson University

McConnelsville, Ohio Larry W. Swanson Heat Transfer Research Institute College Station, Texas Hans J. Thamhain Bentley College Waltham, Massachusetts Klaus Timmerhaus University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Matt Traini University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Anne VanArsdall Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico Boudewijn H. W.van Gelder Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Dennis M. Volpano Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California Curtis J. Wahlberg Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana David Wallenstein Woodward-Clyde Consultants Oakland, California Barry Wilkinson University of North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina David M. Woodall University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho William W. Wu

Potsdam, New York Andrew Swift University of Texas El Paso, Texas James F. Thompson Thompson ProfessionalGroup, Inc. Houston, Texas Y. L. Tong Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia J. Paul Tullis Utah State University Logan, Utah

Vincent Van Brunt University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Thomas L. Vincent University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Wolf W. von Maltzahn The Whitaker Foundation Rosslyn, Virginia David R. B. Walker University of Texas Austin, Texas Pao-lien Wang University of North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina William L. Wood Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana David G. Woods University of Texas Austin, Texas Loren W. Zachary

Consultare Technology Group Rockville, Maryland Ashraf A. Zeid Army High Performance Computing Research Center and Computer Sciences Corporation Warren, Michigan

Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Rodger E. Ziemer University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado

Contents

SECTION I Statics Introduction Russell C. Hibbeler 1 Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium R. C. Hibbeler
Force-System · Resultants · Equilibrium

2 Centroids and Distributed Forces W. D. Pilkey and L. Kitis
Centroid of a Plane Area · Centroid of a Volume Surface · Forces · Line Forces · Calculation of Surface Area and Volume of a Body with Rotational Symmetry · Determination of Centroids

3 Moments of Inertia J. L. Meriam

Area Moments of Inertia · Mass Moments of Inertia

SECTION II Mechanics of Materials Introduction Ted L. Anderson 4 Reactions T. Anagnos
Types of Supports · Actual versus Idealized Support Conditions · Static Determinacy and Indeterminacy · Computation of Reactions

5 Bending Stresses in Beams J. M. Gere
Longitudinal Strains in Beams · Normal Stresses in Beams (Linearly Elastic Materials)

6 Shear Stresses in Beams J. M. Gere

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams · Shear Stresses in Circular Beams · Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges

7 Shear and Moment Diagrams G. R. Buchanan 8 Columns L. W. Zachary and J. B. Ligon
Fundamentals · Examples · Other Forms of Instability

Sign Convention · Shear and Moment Diagrams · Shear and Moment Equations

9 Pressure Vessels E. Livingston and R. J. Scavuzzo
Design Criteria · Design Formulas · Opening Reinforcement

10 Axial Loads and Torsion N. R. Bauld, Jr.
Axially Loaded Bars · Torsion

11 Fracture Mechanics T. L. Anderson
Fundamental Concepts · The Energy Criterion · The Stress Intensity Approach · Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance · Effect of Material Properties on Fracture

SECTION III Dynamics and Vibrations Introduction Bruce Karnopp 12 Dynamics of Particles: Kinematics and Kinetics B. Karnopp
Dynamics of Particles · Newton's Second Law · Moment of Momentum Relations · Momentum · Integrals of Newton's Second Law · Work-Energy Integral of Newton's Second Law · Conclusion

13 Dynamics of Rigid Bodies: Kinematics and Kinetics A. A. Zeid and R. R. Beck
Kinematics of Rigid Bodies · Kinetics of Rigid Bodies

14 Free Vibration, Natural Frequencies, and Mode Shapes D. A. Mendelsohn
Basic Principles · Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems · Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems · Continuous Systems (Infinite DOF)

15 Forced Vibrations A. W. Leissa
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems · Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

16 Lumped versus Distributed Parameter Systems B. A. Ovunc
Procedure of Analysis · Continuous Mass Matrix Method · Consistent Mass Matrix Method · Lumped Mass Matrix Method · Free Vibration of Frames · Forced Vibration · Practical Applications · Structures without Additional Effects · Structures with Additional Effects

17 Applications of Structural and Dynamic Principles A. J. Kalinowski 18 Computer Simulation and Nomographs D. J. Inman

Base Configuration Loaded Applications · Structural Configuration Loaded Applications · Additional Information Nomograph Fundamentals · Models for Numerical Simulation · Numerical Integration · Vibration Response by Computer Simulation · Commercial Software for Simulation

19 Test Equipment and Measuring Instruments T. W. Baird

Vibration and Shock Test Machines · Transducers and Signal Conditioners · Digital Instrumentation and Computer Control

SECTION IV Kinematics and Mechanisms Introduction Bahram Ravani 20 Linkages and Cams J. M. McCarthy and G. L. Long
Linkages · Spatial Linkages · Displacement Analysis · Cam Design · Classification of Cams and Followers · Displacement Diagrams

21 Tribology: Friction, Wear, and Lubrication B. Bhushan 22 Machine Elements G. R. Pennock
Threaded Fasteners · Clutches and Brakes

History of Tribology and Its Significance to Industry · Origins and Significance of Micro/nanotribology · Friction · Wear · Lubrication · Micro/nanotribology

23 Crankshaft Journal Bearings P. K. Subramanyan
Role of the Journal Bearings in the Internal Combustion Engine · Construction of Modern Journal Bearings · The Function of the Different Material Layers in Crankshaft Journal Bearings · The Bearing Materials · Basics of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Theory · The Bearing Assembly · The Design Aspects of Journal Bearings · Derivations of the Reynolds and Harrison Equations for Oil Film Pressure

24 Fluid Sealing in Machines, Mechanical Devices, and Apparatus A. O. Lebeck
Fundamentals of Sealing · Static Seals · Dynamic Seals · Gasket Practice · O-Ring Practice · Mechanical Face Seal Practice

SECTION V Structures Introduction Jack McCormac 25 Loads P. Gergely
Dead Loads · Live Loads · Impact Loads · Snow Loads

26 Wind Effects T. A. Reinhold and B. L. Sill
Wind Climate · Local Wind Exposure · Mean Wind Speed Profile · Turbulence · Pressure Coefficients and Load Factors

27 Earthquake Effects M. K. Ravindra and J. G. Shipp 28 Structural Analysis R. G. Sexsmith and T. M. Cigic
Beams · Trusses · Frames · Computer-Aided Analysis

Why Do Earthquakes Occur? · Characteristics of Earthquakes · Damage Mechanisms · Seismic Hazard Analysis · Earthquake Damage Surveys · Earthquake-Resistant Design

29 Structural Steel W. T. Segui 30 Concrete E. G. Nawy

Members · Connections · Composite Members · Computer Applications Structural Concrete · Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Members · Shear and Torsion Design of Reinforced Concrete Members · Prestressed Concrete · Serviceability Checks · Computer Applications for Concrete Structures

31 Timber D. E. Breyer
Durability of Wood · Wood Products · Member Design · Connections · Lateral Force Design

32 Masonry Design J. E. Amrhein

Basis of Design · Masonry Materials · Masonry Units · Concrete Masonry · Mortar · Grout · Unreinforced Masonry · Strength of Masonry · Design of Reinforced Masonry Members · Design of Structural Members-Strength Design

SECTION VI Fluid Mechanics Introduction Frank Kreith 33 Incompressible Fluids A. T. Mc Donald
Fundamentals of Incompressible Fluid Flow · Fluids without Relative Motion · Basic Equations in Integral Form for Control Volumes · Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion · Incompressible Inviscid Flow · Dimensional Analysis and Similitude · Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow · External Incompressible Viscous Flow

34 Compressible Fluids J. D. Hoffman

General Features · Basic Equations · Steady Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow · Equations of State and Thermodynamics · Stagnation Properties · Isentropic Flow · Nozzles · Shock Waves · Friction and Heat Transfer

35 The Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids D. Doraiswamy
Kinematics, Flow Classification, and Material Functions · Fluids · Constitutive Equations · Some Useful Correlations for Material Functions

36 Airfoils/Wings B. R. Munson and D. J. Cronin

Nomenclature · Airfoil Shapes · Lift and Drag Characteristics for Airfoils · Lift and Drag of Wings

37 Boundary Layers E. R. Braun and P.-l. Wang 38 Valves J. P. Tullis
Control Valves · Air Valves · Check Valves

Theoretical Boundary Layers · Reynolds Similarity in Test Data · Friction in Pipes · Noncircular Channel · Example Solutions

39 Pumps and Fans R. F. Boehm
Pumps · Fans

40 Two-Phase Flow R. T. Lahey, Jr.
Notation · Conservation Equations · Closure · Two-Phase Instabilities · Conclusion

41 Basic Mixing Principles for Various Types of Fluid Mixing Applications J. Y. Oldshue
Scaleup/Scaledown · Effect of the Circulation Time Spectrum and the Spectrum of Shear Rates on Ten Different Mixing Technologies · Computational Fluid Dynamics

42 Fluid Measurements S. A. Sherif
Fundamental Principles · Basic Equations

SECTION VII Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Introduction Frank Kreith 43 The First Law of Thermodynamics R. E. Sonntag
System Analysis · Control Volume Analysis

44 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy N. Lior
Reversibility · Entropy · The Second Law for Bulk Flow · Applications Fundamentals · Applications

45 The Thermodynamics of Solutions S. I. Sandler and H. Orbey 46 Thermodynamics of Surfaces W. B. Krantz
Basic Concepts · First Law of Thermodynamics · Effects of Curved Interfaces · Adsorption at Interfaces · Wettability and Adhesion

47 Phase Equilibrium B. G. Kyle
Power Cycles · Refrigeration Cycles

Pure-Component Phase Equilibrium · Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures · Perspective

48 Thermodynamic Cycles W. J. Cook

49 Heat Transfer Y. Bayazitoglu and U. B. Sathuvalli
Conduction · Convection · Radiation · Phase Change

50 Heat Exchangers M. M. Ohadi
Heat Exchanger Types · Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers · Compact Heat Exchangers · Design of Heat Exchangers

51 Combustion R. S. Hecklinger

Fundamentals of Combustion · Combustion Calculations

52 Air Conditioning V. W. Goldschmidt and C. J. Wahlberg
Historical Sketch · Comfort · Air Conditioning Process · Representative Cycles

53 Refrigeration and Cryogenics R. F. Barron
Desiccant Cooling · Heat Pumps · Cryogenics

54 Heat Transfer to Non-Newtonian Fluids E. F. Matthys
The Fluids · Friction · Heat Transfer · Instrumentation and Equipment

55 Heat Pipes L. W. Swanson
Heat Pipe Container, Working Fluid, and Wick Structures · Heat Transfer Limitations · Effective Thermal Conductivity and Heat Pipe Temperature Difference · Application of Heat Pipes

SECTION VIII Separation Processes Introduction Klaus Timmerhaus 56 Distillation J. R. Fair
Separation Specification · Required Basic Data · Index of Separation Difficulty · Required Stages · Column Dimensions · Column Auxiliaries · Batch Distillation

57 Absorption and Stripping W. M. Edwards and J. R. Fair 58 Extraction V. Van Brunt

Absorber-Stripper Systems · Absorber-Stripper Design Diagrams · Key Design Assumptions · Physical Data Requirements · Absorber and Stripper Design Equations · Absorption and Stripping Efficiency Representative Extraction Processes · Solvent Characteristics and Solvent Screening · Extraction Equilibria · Extraction Staging and Equipment

59 Adsorption S. Sircar

Adsorbent Materials · Adsorption Equilibria · Heat of Adsorption · Thermodynamic Selectivity of Adsorption · Adsorption Kinetics · Adsorption Column Dynamics · Adsorptive Separation Processes and Design

60 Crystallization and Evaporation R. C. Bennett

Methods of Creating Supersaturation · Reasons for the Use of Crystallization · Solubility Relations · Product Characteristics · Impurities Influencing the Product · Kinds of Crystallization Processes · Calculation of Yield in a Crystallization Process · Mathematical Models of Continuous Crystallization · Equipment Designs · Evaporation

61 Membrane Separation D. G. Woods, D. R. B. Walker, and W. J. Koros 62 Fluid-Particle Separation S.-H. Chiang and D. He

Dialysis · Reverse Osmosis · Gas and Vapor Separations · Asymmetric Membranes · Membrane Stability and Fouling · Module Design Considerations Equipment · Fundamental Concept · Design Principles · Economics

63 Other Separation Processes W. C. Corder and S. P. Hanson
Sublimation · Diffusional Separations · Adsorptive Bubble Separation · Dielectrophoresis · Electrodialysis

SECTION IX Fuels and Energy Conversion Introduction Frank Kreith 64 Fuels S. M. A. Moustafa
Coal · Oil · Natural Gas · Important Products of Crude Oil Refining Solar Thermal Systems · Photovoltaic Systems · Biomass Systems

65 Solar Power Systems J. M. Chavez, E. M. Richards, and A. Van Arsdall 66 Internal Combustion Engines A. A. Kornhauser
Basics of Operation · Engine Classifications · Spark Ignition Engines · Compression Ignition Engines · Gas Exchange Systems · Design Details · Design and Performance Data for Typical Engines

67 Gas Turbines L. S. Langston and G. Opdyke, Jr.
Gas Turbine Usage · Gas Turbine Cycles · Gas Turbine Components

68 Nuclear Power Systems D. M. Woodall
Nuclear Power Applications · Nuclear Power Fundamentals · Economics of Nuclear Power Systems

69 Power Plants M. M. El-Wakil

The Rankine Cycle · The Turbine · The Condenser · The Condenser Cooling System · The Feedwater

System · The Steam Generator · Cycle and Plant Efficiencies and Heat Rates

70 Wind Turbines A. Swift and E. Moroz 71 Hydraulic Turbines R. E. A. Arndt

Fundamentals · Power Regulation and Control · Energy Capture Estimation · Stand-Alone Applications · Cost of Energy Calculations · Environmental and Social Cost Issues · Summary General Description · Principles of Operation · Factors Involved in Selecting a Turbine

72 Steam Turbines G. Shibayama and R. D. Franceschinis 73 Cogeneration D. H. Cooke

Types of Steam Turbines · Impulse versus Reaction Turbines · Thermodynamics · Stop and Control Valves · Water Induction Protection · Generators · Turbine Generator Auxiliaries Cogeneration Fundamentals · Examples of Cogeneration

74 Electric Machines E. K. Stanek
Induction Machines · Synchronous Machines · DC Machines

SECTION X Kinetics and Reaction Engineering Introduction John L. Falconer 75 Reaction Kinetics K. H. Lin
Fundamentals · Analysis of Kinetic Data

76 Chemical Reaction Engineering H. S. Fogler
The Algorithm · Pressure Drop in Reactors · Multiple Reactions · Heat Effects · Summary

77 The Scaleup of Chemical Reaction Systems from Laboratory to Plant J. B. Cropley
General Considerations in the Rational Design of Chemical Reactors · Protocol for the Rational Design of Chemical Reactors

SECTION XI Geotechnical Introduction Milton E. Harr 78 Soil Mechanics B. M. Das
Weight-Volume Relationship Hydraulic Conductivity Effective Stress Consolidation Shear Strength

SECTION XII Transportation Introduction Kumares C. Sinha 79 Transportation Planning M. D. Meyer
Basic Framework of Transportation Planning · Transportation Modeling

80 Design of Transportation Facilities J. Leonard II and M. D. Meyer
Components of the Project Development Process · Basic Concepts of Project Design · Intermodal Transportation Terminals or Transfer Facilities · Advanced Technology Projects

81 Operations and Environmental Impacts P. W. Shuldiner and K. B. Black

Fundamental Equations · Flow, Speed, and Density Relationships · Traffic Measurements · Level of Service (LOS) · Highway Capacity · Intersection Capacity · Traffic Control Devices · Stop Sign Warrants · Traffic Signal Warrants · Air Quality Effects

82 Transportation Systems P. Schonfeld

Transportation System Components · Evaluation Measures · Air Transportation · Railroad Transportation ·

Highway Transportation · Water Transportation · Public Transportation

83 Safety Analysis T. B. Khalil
Mathematical Models · Summary

SECTION XIII Ocean and Coastal Engineering Introduction William L. Wood 84 Shallow Water and Deep Water Engineering J. B. Herbich
Wave Phenomena · Sediment Processes · Beach Profile · Longshore Sediment Transport · Coastal Structures · Navigational Channels · Marine Foundations · Oil Spills · Offshore Structures

SECTION XIV Environmental Systems and Management Introduction Robert B. Jacko 85 Drinking Water Treatment A. Amirtharajah and S. C. Jones
Water Quality · Drinking Water Regulations · Water Treatment Processes

86 Air Pollution F. C. Alley and C. D. Cooper

Control of Particulate Matter · Control of Gaseous Pollutants

87 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal H. S. Peavy
Wastewater Characteristics · Terminology in Wastewater Treatment · Sludge Advanced Wastewater Treatment · Wastewater Disposal and Reuse · Future of Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

88 Solid Wastes R. E. McKinney

Regulations · Characteristics · Generation · Collection · Transfer and Transport · Processing and Resource Recovery (Recycling) · Final Disposal

89 Hazardous Waste Management H. M. Cota and D. Wallenstein
Regulatory Overview · Definition of Hazardous · Waste Management of Hazardous Wastes · Hazardous Waste Treatment · Infectious Waste Management · Radioactive Waste Management · Mixed Wastes · Corrective Action Waste Minimization · Right-to-Know Laws · Computer Usage in Hazardous Waste Management

90 Soil Remediation B. M. Kim and A. P. Shapiro
Regulations · Treatment · Technologies · Landfilling and Containment · Soil Vapor Extraction · Thermal Treatments · Stabilization · Bioremediation · Soil Washing · Emerging Technologies

SECTION XV Water Resources Engineering Introduction Jacques W. Delleur 91 Hydraulics B. Hauser
Flow Characteristics · Equation of Continuity · Pressure Characteristics · Effects of Pressure¾Dynamic Systems · Pressure Loss · Open Channel Flow · Flow Measurement · Centrifugal Pump

92 Hydrology V. P. Singh
Classification of Hydrology · Hydrologic Cycle · Laws of Science · Approaches to Hydrologic Problems · Tools for Hydrologic Analyses · Components of Hydrology Cycle¾Deterministic Hydrology · Statistical Hydrology · Hydrologic Design

93 Sedimentation E. V. Richardson

Fluvial Geomorphology · Sediment Properties · Beginning of Motion · Sediment Yield · Bed Forms · Sediment Transport · Reservoir Sedimentation

SECTION XVI Linear Systems and Models Introduction Rodger E. Ziemer 94 Transfer Functions and Laplace Transforms C. N. Dorny
Transfer Functions · The Laplace Transformation · Transform Properties · Transformation and Solution of a System Equation

95 Block Diagrams A. P. Sage

Elements of the Block Diagram · Block Diagram Reduction · Summary

96 Signal Flow Analysis A. D. Kraus

The Signal Flow Graph · Transmission Gain · Signal Flow Graph Algebra · The Mason Gain Rule

97 Linear State-Space Models B. D. Schimel and W. J. Grantham
State-Space Models · Linearization · Linear System Representations · Transforming System Representations

98 Frequency Response P. Neudorfer and P. Gehlen
Frequency Response Plotting · A Comparison of Methods

99 Convolution Integral R. E. Ziemer 100 Stability Analysis R. T. Stefani

Fundamentals · Properties of the Convolution Operation · Applications of the Convolution Integral · Two-Dimensional Convolution · Time-Varying System Analysis Response Components · Internal (Asymptotic) and External (BIBO) Stability · Unstable and Marginally Stable Responses · Structural Integrity

101 z Transform and Digital Systems R. Johansson

The z Transform · Digital Systems and Discretized Data · The Transfer Function · Digital Systems Described by Difference Equations (ARMAX Models) · Prediction and Reconstruction · The Kalman Filter

SECTION XVII Circuits Introduction Wai-Kai Chen
University of Illinois, Chicago

102 Passive Components H. Domingos
Resistors · Capacitors · Inductors

103 RL, RC, and RLC Circuits M. D. Ciletti
RL Circuits · RC Circuits · RLC Circuits

104 Node Equations and Mesh Equations J. A. Svoboda
Node Equations · Mesh Equations

105 Sinusoidal Excitation and Phasors M. H. Rashid
Sinusoidal Source · Phasor · Passive Circuit Elements in Phasors Domain

106 Three-Phase Circuits N. Balabanian 107 Filters (Passive) A. J. Rosa
Fundamentals · Applications

Relationships between Voltages and Currents · Line Voltages · Power Relationship · Balanced Source and Balanced Load · Other Types of Interconnections

108 Power Distribution R. Broadwater, A. Sargent, and R. E. Lee
Equipment · System Divisions and Types · Electrical Analysis, Planning, and Design · System Control · Operations

109 Grounding and Shielding W. G. Duff
Grounding · Shielding

SECTION XVIII Electronics Introduction Thomas N. Jackson 110 Operational Amplifiers P. J. Hurst
The Ideal Op Amp · Feedback Circuit Analysis · Input and Output Impedances · Practical Limitations and Considerations

111 Active RC Filters M. A. Soderstrand 112 Diodes and Transistors S. Soclof

History of Active Filters · Active Filter Design Techniques · Filter Specifications and Approximations · Filter Design Semiconductors · Bipolar Junction Transistors · Junction Field-Effect Transistors · Metal-Oxide Silicon Field-Effect Transistors

113 Analog Integrated Circuits S. Soclof
Operational Amplifiers · Voltage Comparators · Voltage Regulators · Power Amplifiers · Wide-Bandwidth (Video) Amplifiers · Modulators, Demodulators, and Phase Detectors · Voltage-Controlled Oscillators · Waveform Generators · Phase-Locked Loops · Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Converters · Radio-Frequency Amplifiers · Integrated Circuit Transducers

114 Optoelectronic Devices P. Bhattacharya
Light-Emitting Diodes · Lasers · Photodetectors · Conclusion

115 Power Electronics K. S. Rajashekara

Power Semiconductor Devices · Power Conversion

116 A/D and D/A Converters J. C. Hamann
The Fundamentals of D/A Converters · The Fundamentals of A/D Converters

117 Superconductivity K. A. Delin and T. P. Orlando

Introduction · General Electromagnetic Properties · Superconducting Electronics · Types of Superconductors

SECTION XIX Digital Systems Introduction Vojin G. Oklobdzija 118 Logic Devices R. S. Sandige
AND Gates · OR Gates · INVERTER Circuit · NAND Gates · NOR Gates

119 Counters and State Machines (Sequencers) B. Wilkinson 120 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers F. J. Hill 121 Memory Systems R. S. Sandige

Binary Counters · Arbitrary Code Counters · Counter Design · State Machines · State Diagrams · State Diagrams Using Transition Expressions Digital Hardware Systems · Processors · Assembly Language · Some Real Microprocessors and Microcontrollers CPU, Memory, and I/O Interface Connections · CPU Memory Systems Overview · Common and Separate I/O Data Buses · Single-Port RAM Devices · Additional Types of Memory Devices · Design Examples

122 Computer-Aided Design and Simulation M. D. Ciletti

Design Flow · Schematic Entry · Hardware Description Languages · Trade-offs between HDLs and Schematic Entry · HDLs and Synthesis · Transistor-Level Design and Simulation

123 Logic Analyzers S. Mourad and M. S. Haydt
Nature of Digital Signals · Signal Sampling · Timing Analysis · State Analysis · Components of a Logic Analyzer · Advanced Features of Logic Analyzers · Applications of Logic Analyzers

SECTION XX Communications and Signal Processing Introduction H. Vincent Poor 124 Transforms and Fast Algorithms A. D. Poularikas
Fourier Transforms · Walsh-Hadamard Transform

125 Digital Filters B. W. Bomar and L. M. Smith
Finite Impulse Response Filter Design · Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design · Digital Filter Implementation

126 Modulation and Detection H. V. Poor

Analog Modulation and Detection · Digital Modulation and Detection · Further Issues

127 Coding S. L. Miller and L. W. Couch II

Block Codes · Convolutional Codes · Trellis-Coded Modulation

128 Computer Communication Networks J. N. Daigle
General Networking Concepts · Computer Communication Network Architecture · Local-Area Networks and Internets · Some Additional Recent Developments

129 Satellites and Aerospace S. W. Fordyce and W. W. Wu

Communications Satellite Services and Frequency Allocation · Information Transfer and Link Margins¾Ground to Space (Up-Link) · Communication Satellite Orbits · Launch Vehicles · Spacecraft Design · Propagation · Earth Stations

130 Mobile and Cellular Radio Communications T. S. Rappaport, R. Muhamed, M. Buehrer, and A. Doradla

Paging Systems · Cordless Telephone Systems · Cellular Telephone Systems · Personal Communications System (PCS) · The Cellular Concept and System Fundamentals · System Capacity and Performance of Cellular Systems · Mobile Radio Systems Around the World

131 Optical Communications J. C. Palais

Optical Communications Systems · Topologies · Fibers · Other Components · Signal Quality

SECTION XXI Computers Introduction Vojin G. Oklobdzija 132 Computer Organization: Architecture V. G. Oklobdzija
Instruction Set · RISC Architecture

133 Operating Systems L.-F. Cabrera
Typical Services · General Flow of Control · Structure · Communication · Advanced Data Management Services

134 Programming Languages D. M. Volpano 135 Input/Output Devices R. Freitas
Input/Output Subsystem · I/O Devices

Principles of Programming Languages · Program Verification · Programming Language Paradigms

136 Memory and Mass Storage Systems P. M. Chen
Aspects of Storage Devices · Types of Storage Devices · Storage Organization

SECTION XXII Measurement and Instrumentation Introduction Wolf W. von Maltzahn 137 Sensors and Transducers R. L. Smith
Physical Sensors · Chemical Sensors · Biosensors · Microsensors

138 Measurement Errors and Accuracy S. J. Harrison 139 Signal Conditioning S. A. Dyer
Linear Operations · Nonlinear Operations

Measurement Errors, Accuracy, and Precision · Estimating Measurement Uncertainty · Propagation of Measurement Uncertainty · Uncertainty Analysis in Experimental Design

140 Telemetry S. Horan
Telemetry Systems · Frame Telemetry · Packet Telemetry

141 Recording Instruments W. Owens

Types of Recording Instruments · Methods of Data Recording · Future Directions: Distributed Data Acquisition and Recording

142 Bioinstrumentation W. W. von Maltzahn and K. Meyer-Waarden
Basic Bioinstrumentation Systems · Applications and Examples · Summary

SECTION XXIII Surveying Introduction Jack McCormac 143 Quality Control B. H. W. van Gelder
Errors · Precision · Law of Propagation of Errors · Statistical Testing · Accuracy · Reliability · Actuality

144 Elevation S. D. Johnson

Measures of Elevation and Height · Deflection of the Vertical · Vertical Datums · Elevation Measurement · Systematic Errors

145 Distance Measurements R. B. Buckner 146 Directions B. A. Dewitt

Fundamentals of Distance Measurement · Applications and Calculations Angles · Meridians · Direction · Back Bearing and Back Azimuth · Applications

147 Photogrammetry and Topographic Mapping J. Bethel
Basic Concepts · Orientation and Model Setup · Data Collection for Topography · Data Processing for Topography · Data Presentation

148 Surveying Computations B. H. W. van Gelder

Principles of Multivariate Calculus · Principles of Linear Algebra · Model of Two Sets of Variables, Observations, and Parameters: The Mixed Model · Observations as a Function of Parameters Only: The Model of Observation Equations · All Parameters Eliminated: The Model of Condition Equations · An Example: Traversing · Dynamical Systems

149 Satellite Surveying B. H. W. van Gelder

A Satellite Orbiting the Earth · The Orbital Ellipse · Relationship between Cartesian and Keplerian Orbital Elements · Orbit of a Satellite in a Noncentral Force Field · The Global Positioning System (GPS) · Gravity Field and Related Issues

150 Surveying Applications for Geographic Information Systems J. F. Thompson 151 Remote Sensing R. W. Kiefer and T. M. Lillesand

GIS Fundamentals · Monumentation or Control Surveying · Topographic Surveying · Future GIS Surveying Applications Electromagnetic Energy · Atmospheric Effects · Remote Sensing Systems · Remote Sensing from Earth Orbit · Digital Image Processing

SECTION XXIV Control Systems Introduction Francis H. Raven 152 Feedback W. L. Brogan
Characteristics of a Feedback Control System • Fundamentals of Feedback for Time-invariant Linear Systems • Illustrative Applications • Feedback in Nonlinear Systems • Summary of the Typical Steps in the Design of Feedback Systems

153 Root Locus W. L. Brogan
The Root Locus Concept • Root Locus Details • Generation of Root Locus Plots • Examples • Summary and Conclusions

154 Nyquist Criterion and Stability N. S. Nise

Concept and Definition of Frequency Response • Plotting Frequency Response • Stability • Nyquist Criterion for Stability • Gain Design for Stability via the Nyquist Criterion • Stability via Separate Magnitude and Phase Plots (Bode Plots)

155 System Compensation F. H. Raven

Correlation between Transient and Frequency Response • Determining K to Yield a Desired 0 S Gain Margin and Phase Margin • Series Compensation • Internal Feedback • Compensation on the S Plane

156 Process Control T. E. Marlin
Control Performance and Design Decisions

157 Digital Control R. G. Jacquot
Feedback Control • Digital Control • Microcontroller Architecture • Linear Digital Control • Digital Control Stability Analysis and Design • Computer-Aided Design

158 Robots and Control R. G. Bonitz and T. C. Hsia 159 State Variable Feedback T. L. Vincent

Independent Joint Control • Method of Computed Torque • Cartesian-Space Control Linear State Space Control Systems • Controllability and Observability • Eigenvalue Placement • Observer Design

SECTION XXV Manufacturing Introduction Frank Kreith 160 Types of Manufacturing R. J. Schonberger
Job-Shop and Batch Production · Mass Production · Continuous Production · Mixtures and Gray Areas · Capital Investment, Automation, Advanced Technology, Skills, and Layout

161 Quality M. P. Stephens and J. F. Kmec

Measurement · Statistical Quality Control · Tolerances and Capability

162 Flexible Manufacturing A. Kusiak and C.-X. Feng
Flexible Machining · Flexible Assembly · The Economic Justification of Flexibility

163 Management and Scheduling E. M. Knod, Jr.
Management: Definition and Innovations · Scheduling

164 Design, Modeling, and Prototyping W. L. Chapman and A. T. Bahill
The System Design Process · Rapid Prototyping · When to Use Modeling and Prototyping

165 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Methods S. H. Risbud

Processing Metals and Alloys · Ceramics, Glasses, and Polymers · Joining of Materials

166 Machine Tools and Processes Y. C. Shin
Economic Impact · Types of Machine Tools · Control of Machine Tools · Machine Tool Accuracy

167 Human Factors and Ergonomics W. Karwowski and B. Jamaldin

The Concept of Human-Machine Systems · Ergonomics in Industry · The Role of Ergonomics in Prevention of Occupational Musculoskeletal Injury · Fitting the Work Environment to the Workers

168 Pressure and Vacuum P. Biltoft, C. Borzileri, D. Holten, and M. Traini
Pressure · The Vacuum Environment

169 Food Engineering R. P. Singh
Liquid Transport Systems · Heat Transfer

170 Agricultural Engineering D. J.t Hills
Equipment Sizing Criteria · Equipment Selection

171 System Reliability R. Ramakumar

Catastrophic Failure Models · The Bathtub Curve · Mean Time to Failure · Average Failure Rate · A Posteriori Failure Probability · Units for Failure Rates · Application of the Binomial Distribution · Application of the Poisson Distribution · The Exponential Distribution · The Weibull Distribution · Combinatorial Aspects · Modeling Maintenance · Markov Models · Binary Model for a Reparable Component · Two Dissimilar Reparable Components · Two Identical Reparable Components · Frequency and Duration Techniques · Applications of Markov Process · Some Useful Approximations

SECTION XXVI Aeronautical and Aerospace Introduction Cary R. Spitzer 172 Aerodynamics J. F. Donovan
Background · Flow about a Body · Two-Dimensional Airfoils · Finite Wing Effects · Effects of Compressibility

173 Stability and Turbulence R. A. Hess

Descriptions of Atmospheric Movement · Turbulence and Aircraft Dynamics · An Example · Other Applications

174 Computational Fluid Dynamics R. K. Agarwal 175 Aerospace Materials R. R. June 176 Propulsion Systems J. C. Monk

Geometry Modeling and Grid Generation · Flow Simulation Algorithms · Turbulence Modeling · Flow Simulation Examples · Future Directions and Challenges System Requirements and Materials Selection · Design Considerations · Nonstructural Materials · The Future Performance Characteristics · Liquid Rocket Engine Cycles · Major Components · System Preliminary Design Process · Conclusion

177 Aircraft Performance and Design F. J. Hale

Aircraft Forces and Subsystems · Level Flight · Climbing Flight · Turning Flight

178 Spacecraft and Mission Design W. T. Fowler

Spacecraft Environments · Fundamental Principles · Spacecraft/Mission Categories · Spacecraft Subsystems · Spacecraft/Mission Design Process

SECTION XXVII Safety Introduction A. Keith Furr 179 Hazard Identification and Control M. Rahimi

Hazard Identification Physical Hazards Chemical Hazards Airborne Contaminants Noise Fire Hazards An Engineering Approach to Hazard Control Hazard Analysis and Quantification

180 Regulations and Standards A. K. Furr
Engineering Practices Summary

SECTION XXVIII Engineering Economics and Management Introduction Tung Au 181 Present Worth Analysis W. D. Short
Calculation · Application · Other Considerations

182 Project Analysis Using Rate-of-Return Criteria R. G. Beaves
Net Present Value · Internal Rate of Return · Overall Rate of Return · Project Investment Base · Scale-Adjusted ORR · Project Life Differences · Conclusion

183 Project Selection from Alternatives C. Hendrickson and S. McNeil 184 Depreciation and Corporate Taxes T. Au

Problem Statement for Project Selection · Steps in Carrying Out Project Selection · Selection Criteria · Applications · Conclusion Depreciation as Tax Deduction · Tax Laws and Tax Planning · Decision Criteria for Project Selection · Inflation Consideration · After-Tax Cash Flows · Evaluation of After-Tax Cash Flows · Effects of Various Factors

185 Financing and Leasing C. Fazzi 186 Risk Assessment R. T. Ruegg

Debt Financing · Equity Financing · Leasing Expected Value (EV) Analysis · Mean-Variance Criterion (MVC) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) · Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate (RADR) Technique · Certainty Equivalent (CE) Technique · Simulation Technique · Decision Analysis

187 Sensitivity Analysis H. E. Marshall

Sensitivity Analysis Applications · Advantages and Disadvantages

188 Life-Cycle Costing W. J. Fabrycky and B. S. Blanchard
The Life-Cycle Costing Situation · Cost Generated over the Life Cycle · The Cost Breakdown Structure · Life-Cycle Cost Analysis · Cost Treatment over the Life Cycle · Summary

189 Project Evaluation and Selection H. J. Thamhain
Quantitative Approaches to Project Evaluation and Selection · Qualitative Approaches to Pro-ject Evaluation and Selection · Recommendations for Effective Project Evaluation and Selection

190 Critical Path Method J. L. Richards

Planning the Project · Scheduling the Project · Controlling the Project · Modifying the Project Schedule · Project Management Using CPM

191 Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, and Licenses P. A. Beck and C. I. Bordas
Patents · Copyrights · Trademarks · Licenses

SECTION XXIX Materials Engineering Introduction James F. Shackelford 192 Properties of Solids J. F. Shackelford
Structure · Composition · Physical Properties · Mechanical Properties · Thermal Properties · Chemical Properties · Electrical and Optical Properties

193 Failure Analysis J. F. Shackelford
Types of Failures · Failure Analysis Methodology · Fracture Mechanics · Nondestructive Testing ·

Engineering Design for Failure Prevention

194 Liquids and Gases B. E. Poling
Viscosity · Thermal Conductivity · Heat Capacity · Vapor Pressure

195 Biomaterials R. B. Martin

History · Problems Associated with Implanted Devices · Immunology and Biocompatibility · Commonly Used Implant Materials · Metals · Polymers · Ceramics · Carbon Materials

SECTION XXX Mathematics Introduction William F. Ames 196 General Mathematics
Trigonometry · Series · Differential Calculus · Integral Calculus · Special Functions

197 Linear Algebra Matrices G. Cain

Basic Definitions · Algebra of Matrices · Systems of Equations · Vector Spaces · Rank and Nullity · Orthogonality and Length · Determinants · Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

198 Vector Algebra and Calculus G. Cain
Basic Definitions · Coordinate Systems · Vector Functions · Gradient, Curl, and Divergence · Integration · Integral Theorems

199 Complex Variables G. Cain

Basic Definitions and Arithmetic · Complex Functions · Analytic Functions · Integration · Series · Singularities · Conformal Mapping

200 Difference Equations W. F. Ames
First-Order Equations · Second-Order Equations · Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients · Generating Function (z Transform)

201 Differential Equations W. F. Ames 202 Integral Equations W. F. Ames
Perturbation · Iterative Methods

Ordinary Differential Equations · Partial Differential Equations Classification and Notation · Relation to Differential Equations · Methods of Solution

203 Approximation Methods W. F. Ames 204 Integral Transforms W. F. Ames

Laplace Transform · Convolution Integral · Fourier Transform · Fourier Cosine Transform

205 Chaos, Fractals, and Julia Sets A. Deliu
Chaos · Fractals · Julia Sets

206 Calculus of Variations W. F. Ames
The Euler Equation · The Variation · Constraints

207 Probability and Statistics Y. L. Tong 208 Optimization G. Cain

Elementary Probability · Random Sample and Sampling Distributions · Normal Distribution-Related Sampling Distributions · Confidence Intervals · Testing Statistical Hypotheses · A Numerical Example Linear Programming · Unconstrained Nonlinear Programming · Constrained Nonlinear Programming

209 Numerical Methods W. F. Ames

Linear Algebra Equations · Nonlinear Equations in One Variable · General Methods for Nonlinear Equations in One Variable · Numerical Solution of Simultaneous Nonlinear Equations · Interpolation and Finite Differences · Numerical Differentiation · Numerical Integration · Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations · Numerical Solution of Integral Equations · Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations · Discrete and Fast Fourier Transform · Software

210 Dimensional Analysis W. F. Ames
Units and Variables · Method of Dimensions

211 Computer Graphics Visualization R. S. Gallagher
The Display of Objects in 3-D · Scalar Display Techniques · Vector and Tensor Field Display · Continuum Volume Visualization · Animation over Time · Summary

Appendix: Mathematical Tables and Formulae Associations and Societies