Geography - Settlement Studies EOYA Notes
Content
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Site & Situation Urbanisation Trends & Models Mapwork Migration: Factors, Case Studies
SITE & SITUATION
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Definition of terms: p Site Actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area Physical piece of land the settlement is located on. Initial determining factor in the growth of a settlement Local physical relief and conditions: reliable water supply, free from floods, defence, building materials (stone or wood), fertile soils, sh eltered from winds, fuel supply (wood), south-facing slope (aspect), flat land, and natural harbour p Situation The location of a place relative to its surrounding and other places. p Settlement Place where people live, interact and carry out a variety of activities All man-made structures which have resulted from Man s occupancy and use of an area, i.e. houses that shelter people and their possessions and buildings for special purposes Classified as Rural Settlement (Main activities are resource-based e.g. agriculture, fishing and forestry). Urban Settlement (Main activities are manufacturing and the provision of services. Usually larger and has a higher population density). Vary greatly in age/history, size, functions and patterns p Urbanization: defined as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population lives in towns and cities. p Urban growth: Term for low density development in suburban and fringe areas of a city. (describing the increase) The location and growth of an individual settlement depended upon its site and situation. As a settlement grows, its situation becomes predominant as the factor, which determines its growth. Classification of Settlements: Size measured by physical area or number of people living in the settlement (i.e. population size). It covers several kilometers and may consist of a farm or homestead, factories, offices, shops and large housing estate. Type of Settlements Isolated dwelling Hamlet Village Town City Conurbation (Several towns/ cities joined together) (also known as Millioncity) Megalopolis (Several Conurbations joined together) (also known as Megacity) Typical Population Size 1 - 10 11 - 100 101 2,000 2001 100,000 100,001 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 Typical Size in km
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A few houses clustered 0.5 km2 2 2 km 2 25 km 2 500 km
Over 10,000,000
(Density) 2,000 person/km2
Function function of the settlements describes all the main activities found in the settlement s dominant function. Some settlements have more than one predominant function (e.g. defensive town or port or route centres for further exploration of a country like gateway cities of Canada, Calgary & Edmonton). Today, most settlements are multi-functional, which means they perform a range of different functions, however some may be more important than others to a particular settlement. For instance, a tourist town will perform all sorts of functions, but its main ones are concentrated towards the tourists. Description Collection and distribution centres for surrounding farming and agricultural centres Examples y Tawau & Sandakan, timber towns in Sabah, East Malaysia
Dominant Function Market Towns
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Mining Towns (farm produce from surrounding area) Sited on regions of a local fuel mineral. The population is involved in extraction or usage of local resources such as coal or iron or other minerals. Found in areas where raw materials (e.g. steel) are processed into manufacturing goods, or processed goods are assembled (e.g. Cars). Found along important waterways along the coasts & rivers. Points where goods are moved from land to water (river, lake, sea), or vice versa. Located at strategic junctions of several natural routes or at transport points resulting from economic expansion in a country. Where several roads meet (road, rail).
Manufacturing/Industri al Towns
y Ipoh in tin-rich Kinta Valley y Bokaro, source of good quality anthracite coal in the Damodar Valley y Johannesburg in South Africa y Manchestor in England y Jamshedpur in Damodar industrial region of India y Bombay, west coast of India y Port Kelang along Straits of Malacca y Singapore, at the trade routes between India and China y Kuala Lumpur, at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak Rivers y Gemas, at the junction of railway lines which separate into west and central lines going to the west and east coasts of West Malaysia. y Cambridge, UK
Ports
Route Centres
Service Centres
Cultural & Religion Settlements
Defensive/Garrison Towns
Specialise in the provision of educational (e.g. cultural university or museum), recreational, health and shopping needs of the local community. Attract people from the many parts of the world, and they have a rich historical background. Religious centre of religious buildings or places of worship (cathedral). Protecting itself or the surrounding areas. Located on strategic sites such as hilltops or river crossings and other easily defended areas. Centre from which the surrounding area can be controlled (capital city, county town, regional centres).
y Oxford, UK y Rome & Florence in Italy y Kyoto in Japan y Tokyo, seat of Tokugawa govt & centre of political & military power y Edinburgh on a hill/volcanic plug y Malacca & Johor Lama, sites of the Malaccan & Johor Empires y Capital cities e.g. New Delhi, India; Brasilia, Brazil and Canberra, Australia y State capitals e.g. Bombay, capital of Maharashta State in N.W. India y Petaling Jaya, near KL, West M sia y Cumbernauld, UK y San Jose, California
Administrative Centres
Residential Towns
Tourist Resorts
Towns where many people live, but very few actually work. Majority of the inhabitants are retired or work elsewhere so they commute to work. They include commuter, overspill & new towns. Located at coastal or mountain regions; Contains amenities that attract visitors (cultural sites, coasts, theme parks).
y Tanah Rata in Cameron Highlands, West M sia y Banff in Rocky Mountains, Canada y Bath in UK y Desaru in East Coast, West M sia
Commercial Towns
Where banks and financial institutions are provided for industry, business and domestic use. Pattern the way in which buildings of the settlement are arranged or distributed. Nucleated Pattern: when buildings are closely packed or clustered together around cross roads or junctions of two rivers. Nucleated settlements usually have a centre (nucleus) and are often market towns. Linear Pattern: when buildings form a line along riverbanks river valleys, coasts or transport routes. This is due to good communication and flat land which can be exploited for construction. (Easier Transport and Communication)
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Dispersed Pattern: when individual buildings or groups of two or three buildings are scattered or spaced widely apart, giving an open appearance. The amount of space between each of the dwellings depends on the amount of land which was required to grow enough food for the family living there. This has changed somewhat with modern farming methods. (Usually used for agriculture, as land is needed to cultivate food and crops for income) o Shape of a settlement will be influenced by characteristics of site and situation Physical and Human Factors Influencing Settlement Pattern and Shape Physical Factors Human Factors Relief Water Supply Drainage Transport Soils Economic Activities (Agriculture, Mining, Industries, etc) Vegetation (Swamps & Jungle) Social & Cultural Climate Government Policies and Planning Nucleated Pattern (Buildings are closely packed or clustered together; there is a well-developed road network; the population density is high) o When expansion is restricted by physical relief e.g. - at the valley bottom in a highland glaciated region - due to the presence of swamps (as in the case of fishing settlements in West Malaysia) o At the confluence of rivers o At the junction of transport routes (Roads and Rail) o Mining Settlements o Plantation/Estate Settlements o Tribal Settlements and settlements of shifting cultivators on a smaller scale o Planned Settlements: - FELDA-type planned villages in West Malaysia - New Villages in West Malaysia (to stop people from helping the Communists) - New Towns in Singapore Lineated Pattern (Buildings are arranged in lines which may be either straight or curved.
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Along levees above flood-level Along permatangs (sandy coastal ridges in West Malaysia) Along rivers, especially on the slip-off slopes Along transport routes, especially roads Along drainage canal Along the coast
Dispersed Pattern (Settlements are scattered or spaced widely apart, giving an open appearance. However, clusters of buildings do occur on favourable sites.)
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Inhospitable relief & Poor Soils (Randomly Dispersed) Uneven distribution of physical and human resources (Randomly Dispersed) Planned settlements in the polderlands of Holland (quite Uniformly Dispersed) Factors Influencing Location of Rural Settlements Food Supply Farmlands or fishing grounds are favourable sites. Areas with fertile soil that is needed for crop cultivation is also preferred. Good drier soils allow growing of crops and give good grass for cattle. Natural Hazards People choose the safest site to live, away from flooding and strong winds. Water Supply* Fresh, clean and reliable water is essential for people and their animals. It needs to be near as it is too heavy to carry for. Needed for agriculture & daily usage. Relief* It is easy to build settlements (infrastructure & cultivate crops) on flat land and in low-lying areas.
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Hilltops provide good defensive sites. Gently sloping land gives good soil, facilitates ease of movement of people and facilities. Resources (mainly Building Materials & Fuel Supply)* Need to be near resources as they are too bulky e.g. Stone or wood. Quarry and trees provide building materials. Natural woodland gives fuel for cooking and heating. Early settlements relied upon timbre for fuel and building materials so nearby woodland was an advantage. Settlements sometimes grow near to resources like tin, iron ore and coal. Availability of such items allow for easier start for rural settlements Forested land is useful for farming land, timber harvests, etc Coal seams or oil fields would also be an advantage as they could also be mined as a source of fuel. Tin, coal mining sites are job opportunities and sources of income. Fertile soil needed for growing crops to support the settlements population. Higher density of rural settlements where there are fertile soils ( floodplain). Clay soils would have been used to make clay pots for cooking. Accessibility* Settlements usually develop near to a bridging point (point where the river is narrow or shallow) or where transport/travel routes meet. Valley narrows to give easier bridging point. Transport and communication is vital for trade and job opportunities Aspect (The direction in which a settlement faces) Settlements were built in sheltered areas such as valleys or in bays on coastal locations. Settlements would be more ideally located on south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and on north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere. For example, in Britain, it was an advantage to be sheltered from cold winds blowing from the North, and to be facing South, which meant more sunlight. Settlement Site Bridging Point: Where a river was shallow enough to be crossed (a ford) or narrow enough to easily build a bridge (e.g. Oxford). Dry Point: In especially wet areas, settlements were built on slightly raised land to avoid flooding or the unhealthy marshland (e.g. Ely in Cambridgeshire). Route Focus: Where natural routes meet, such as several valleys (e.g. York) or at the confluence of two rivers (e.g. St Louis on the Mississippi). Defensive: In order to protect themselves from attack, settlements were built within a river meander, with the river giving protection on three sides, e.g. Shrewsbury, or on a hill with good views, or in a gap on a ridge e.g. Corfe Castle. Wet-point: These settlements were built at a source of water in an otherwise dry area. For example, in lowland Britain, many settlements were built at springs at the foot o f chalk escarpments, e.g. Kemsingat near the North Downs.
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URBAN MODELS
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The term land use is used to describe the function or use of an area of land. Large urban areas tend to have a number of land use zones ranging from high density residential areas to industrial zones. Within urban areas different land uses are concentrated in certain areas. Location & Appearance y Prime location; Maximum accessibility y Multi-Storey development due to the high land value (the highest) which result from competitive land use in a limited area y Vertical zoning in tall buildings; land use changes within the multi-storey building y High building density with little open space Land-Use Characteristics y Low residential population as the land value is high y Concentration of retailing, service and offices in view of the central location and its accessibility absence of manufacturing y Pedestrianisation greatest number and concentration of pedestrians, and high traffic volume y Comprehensive redevelopment clearance of sites for complete rebuilding, extension or retreat of CBD (zones of assimilation or zone of discard) y Light industries and warehouses
Urban Zone CBD Central Business District
Inner City
y Around the edge of the city centre; declining
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Zone of Transition or Mixed Land Use land value as accessibility and competition for land decline y Unattractive, run-down appearance with many old buildings, made worse by vandalism and graffiti take up more space and earn less profit y Residential often terraced houses and high-rise flats y Universities and hospitals y Inner ring roads y Small shopping centres selling daily convenience goods y Residential with the houses increasing in size, changing from terraced to semi-detached and detached towards the outskirts y Recent high rise flats in public housing estates y Small shopping centres
Residential Suburbs Smaller shopping centres, small industrial estates, high class residential housing and parks and open space
y All the outer areas up to the edge of the built-up area y Generally smarter appearance in the outer suburbs y Some areas of open space and recreational areas to enhance quality of life
General Pattern of Land Use
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The land use pattern of a city is greatly influenced by: p Accessibility: Facilitates the movement of people, goods and services. Increases along transport routes especially at their points of convergence. p Competition for land: Greatest in the most accessible part of the city, CBD. Prices of land are highest in the CBD and only businesses with high profit levels can afford to be located here. Land value often decreases with distance from the city centre. p Land use compatibility: Arrangement of land use in relation to one another. For example, heavy industries which are pollutive are located away from residential areas. p Government policies and planning to optimize land use.
URBANISATION TRENDS & PATTERNS
y The largest cities in the world by land area, population and density: Land area: New York Metro, with a total area of 8,700 square kilometres. Population: Greater Tokyo (Tokyo and Yokohama), with a population of between 33 and 35 million, the world s largest megacity. Density: Mumbai with almost 30,000 people per square kilometre is the world s most crowded city. y The world s most expensive and richest cities: Oslo, Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Tokyo and New York Basket that costs the least: Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Delhi and Mumbai y The world s most liveable cities: Vancouver, Vienna, Melbourne y The world's best financial and commercial city present and future : London remains the world's best financial and commercial city, but the future appears to belong to Asia and Eastern Europe. D A megacity has more than ten million inhabitants. In 1995 there were 14; in 2015 there will be 21. And the ranking will have shifted: Today the five largest cities are Tokyo, Mexico City, São Paulo, New York City, and Mumbai (Bombay), and in 2015 they will probably be Tokyo, Dhaka, Mumbai, São Paulo, and Delhi. By 2030, two out of three people will live in an urban world, with most of the explosive growth occurring in developing countries e.g. São Paulo (Brazil); Lagos (Nigeria); Bangkok (Thailand) and Hyderabad (India). y Definition of terms: p Urban growth is a process whereby settlements grow in terms of population number and/or physical size. (leads to Urban problems) p Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the people living in the urban areas.
Geogr
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Th Gro th of World s Citi s 1955-2015
y Globally, 34.5 % (1144m) of Globally, 30% (850m) population live in the of population live in urban area. World·s urban area urban population has N America & Europe passed the 1bn mark are the most y N America (71%) & urbanized regions Europe (59%) are with 67% and 53% of still the most its population as urbanized regions. urban y Rates of urbanization Africa (16% of urban are at their peaks in popn) and Latin Africa (21%, 67m) & America (45% of Asia (21%, 408m) urban popn) experience the fastest y Rates of urbanization is slowing down in urban growth Latin America (53%, Asia has the lowest % 133m) of urban population ² y 21% of urbanized 18% population, 408m, in Tokyo replaces New Asia outnumbers the York, to become the 59%, 378m of urban world'· biggest city. pop. in Europe y y Globally, 40.8 % (1964m) of Globally, 37.0% population lives in (1498m) of urban area y population lives in y Growth starts urban area picking up in Asia Growth slows slightly (28% 837m) as y in Asia (23% urbanization gains 574m)due to forced pace in China.. urban-rural migration Largest city in the during China·s world, Tokyo, Cultural Revolution reaches 30m balanced out y Rapid urban y accelerating growth expansion in Asia in cities in South Asia and Africa (29% African & Gulf-rich 164m) y countries in Africa (25%, 105m) grow y Growth rates slow globally, esp in exponentially Latin A. Europe y Urbanization rates in (69% 489m), Europe (65% 443m), Latin A. (68% Latin A. (61%, 274m), North A. 197m), North. A (74% 200m) (73% 179m)
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2015
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s of Urbanization
y y Globally, 48.6 % Globally, 44.7 % (3124m) of (2529m) of population lives in population lives in urban area urban area y Most industrial In 1990s, urban countries· urbangrowth continues to rural balance slow worldwide stabilised at 70y Latin A. (73%, 353m) 80% urban overtakes Europe % y Few countries with wise (71%, 518m) ² annual urban larger % of people in growth above 5% - y Latin A. live in cities mainly poorer than Europe African and Asian Steady growth in countries due to Africa (34%, 247m) & conflicts or political Asia (34%, 1180m) change Continued growth in y Continued growth in North A. (77%, North A. (80%, 231m) 266m) Collapse of the y Latin A still higher Communism in urban growth rate Russia cause a of 77%, 434m than period of decline in Europe of 72%, former Soviet and E. 525m. European countries Globally, 52.8% (3790m) of population lives in urban area. [2015 ² 2020] World·s urban population expected to hit 4bn. China expected to be more than 50% urbanised Most growth will happen in Africa and Asia ² Africa·s urban population growing fastest in % (42%, 477m) & Asia will have biggest volume of growth (45%, 1970m) y Urbanization rates in Europe (73%, 532m), Latin A. (80%, 510m), North. (83% 301m
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Prior to 1950 the majority of urbanisation occurred in MEDCs (more economically developed countries). Rapid urbanisation took place during the period of industrialisation that took place in Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities. Since 1950, urbanisation has slowed in most MEDCs, and now some of the biggest cities are losing population as people move away from the city to rural environments. This is known as counterurbanisation. Since 1950 the most rapid growth in urbanisation has occurred in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) in South America, Africa and Asia. Between 1950 and 1990 the urban population living in LEDCs doubled. In developed countries the increase was less than half. Today, more than half the world's population is living in cities and towns, according to the State of World Population 2007 report from the United Nations. The 3.3 billion global urban population is expected to grow to 4.9 billion by 2030. Growth in smaller cities and towns is expected to account for most of the urban population increase. Urbanized areas in Africa and Asia are forecast to grow most rapidly, doubling in population between 2000 and 2030, according to the UN Population Fund, which released the report. Rural populations, meanwhile, are forecast to decrease by 28 million between 2005 and 2030, because of mortality among the older rural residents and migration of many younger residents to urban areas. y Reasons for Urbanisation Trends in MEDC Degree of urbanization A large proportion of the population already living in the urban areas. Rural areas conditions are also generally better than rural areas in LEDCs not so much of push factors like poverty, high job unemployment, etc as compared to rural areas. Reversal trends urban-rural migration is a common trend in MEDCs as people choose to move (back) to the suburbs and countryside for a better quality of life away from the noise and air pollution city. Natural Increase much slower population growth rate due to decline BR in MEDCs y Reasons for Urbanisation Trends in LEDC Overpopulation - high BR too many people, too few resources (lack of farmland, lack of jobs) lead to large-scale migration to the cities for better job prospects and living conditions. Rural economic hardship Generally harsh conditions in the LEDCs e.g. poverty-stricken, faminestricken condition push/ trigger large-scale rural-urban migration
Site & Situation Urbanisation Trends & Models Mapwork Migration: Factors, Case Studies
SITE & SITUATION
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Definition of terms: p Site Actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area Physical piece of land the settlement is located on. Initial determining factor in the growth of a settlement Local physical relief and conditions: reliable water supply, free from floods, defence, building materials (stone or wood), fertile soils, sh eltered from winds, fuel supply (wood), south-facing slope (aspect), flat land, and natural harbour p Situation The location of a place relative to its surrounding and other places. p Settlement Place where people live, interact and carry out a variety of activities All man-made structures which have resulted from Man s occupancy and use of an area, i.e. houses that shelter people and their possessions and buildings for special purposes Classified as Rural Settlement (Main activities are resource-based e.g. agriculture, fishing and forestry). Urban Settlement (Main activities are manufacturing and the provision of services. Usually larger and has a higher population density). Vary greatly in age/history, size, functions and patterns p Urbanization: defined as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population lives in towns and cities. p Urban growth: Term for low density development in suburban and fringe areas of a city. (describing the increase) The location and growth of an individual settlement depended upon its site and situation. As a settlement grows, its situation becomes predominant as the factor, which determines its growth. Classification of Settlements: Size measured by physical area or number of people living in the settlement (i.e. population size). It covers several kilometers and may consist of a farm or homestead, factories, offices, shops and large housing estate. Type of Settlements Isolated dwelling Hamlet Village Town City Conurbation (Several towns/ cities joined together) (also known as Millioncity) Megalopolis (Several Conurbations joined together) (also known as Megacity) Typical Population Size 1 - 10 11 - 100 101 2,000 2001 100,000 100,001 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 Typical Size in km
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A few houses clustered 0.5 km2 2 2 km 2 25 km 2 500 km
Over 10,000,000
(Density) 2,000 person/km2
Function function of the settlements describes all the main activities found in the settlement s dominant function. Some settlements have more than one predominant function (e.g. defensive town or port or route centres for further exploration of a country like gateway cities of Canada, Calgary & Edmonton). Today, most settlements are multi-functional, which means they perform a range of different functions, however some may be more important than others to a particular settlement. For instance, a tourist town will perform all sorts of functions, but its main ones are concentrated towards the tourists. Description Collection and distribution centres for surrounding farming and agricultural centres Examples y Tawau & Sandakan, timber towns in Sabah, East Malaysia
Dominant Function Market Towns
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Mining Towns (farm produce from surrounding area) Sited on regions of a local fuel mineral. The population is involved in extraction or usage of local resources such as coal or iron or other minerals. Found in areas where raw materials (e.g. steel) are processed into manufacturing goods, or processed goods are assembled (e.g. Cars). Found along important waterways along the coasts & rivers. Points where goods are moved from land to water (river, lake, sea), or vice versa. Located at strategic junctions of several natural routes or at transport points resulting from economic expansion in a country. Where several roads meet (road, rail).
Manufacturing/Industri al Towns
y Ipoh in tin-rich Kinta Valley y Bokaro, source of good quality anthracite coal in the Damodar Valley y Johannesburg in South Africa y Manchestor in England y Jamshedpur in Damodar industrial region of India y Bombay, west coast of India y Port Kelang along Straits of Malacca y Singapore, at the trade routes between India and China y Kuala Lumpur, at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak Rivers y Gemas, at the junction of railway lines which separate into west and central lines going to the west and east coasts of West Malaysia. y Cambridge, UK
Ports
Route Centres
Service Centres
Cultural & Religion Settlements
Defensive/Garrison Towns
Specialise in the provision of educational (e.g. cultural university or museum), recreational, health and shopping needs of the local community. Attract people from the many parts of the world, and they have a rich historical background. Religious centre of religious buildings or places of worship (cathedral). Protecting itself or the surrounding areas. Located on strategic sites such as hilltops or river crossings and other easily defended areas. Centre from which the surrounding area can be controlled (capital city, county town, regional centres).
y Oxford, UK y Rome & Florence in Italy y Kyoto in Japan y Tokyo, seat of Tokugawa govt & centre of political & military power y Edinburgh on a hill/volcanic plug y Malacca & Johor Lama, sites of the Malaccan & Johor Empires y Capital cities e.g. New Delhi, India; Brasilia, Brazil and Canberra, Australia y State capitals e.g. Bombay, capital of Maharashta State in N.W. India y Petaling Jaya, near KL, West M sia y Cumbernauld, UK y San Jose, California
Administrative Centres
Residential Towns
Tourist Resorts
Towns where many people live, but very few actually work. Majority of the inhabitants are retired or work elsewhere so they commute to work. They include commuter, overspill & new towns. Located at coastal or mountain regions; Contains amenities that attract visitors (cultural sites, coasts, theme parks).
y Tanah Rata in Cameron Highlands, West M sia y Banff in Rocky Mountains, Canada y Bath in UK y Desaru in East Coast, West M sia
Commercial Towns
Where banks and financial institutions are provided for industry, business and domestic use. Pattern the way in which buildings of the settlement are arranged or distributed. Nucleated Pattern: when buildings are closely packed or clustered together around cross roads or junctions of two rivers. Nucleated settlements usually have a centre (nucleus) and are often market towns. Linear Pattern: when buildings form a line along riverbanks river valleys, coasts or transport routes. This is due to good communication and flat land which can be exploited for construction. (Easier Transport and Communication)
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Dispersed Pattern: when individual buildings or groups of two or three buildings are scattered or spaced widely apart, giving an open appearance. The amount of space between each of the dwellings depends on the amount of land which was required to grow enough food for the family living there. This has changed somewhat with modern farming methods. (Usually used for agriculture, as land is needed to cultivate food and crops for income) o Shape of a settlement will be influenced by characteristics of site and situation Physical and Human Factors Influencing Settlement Pattern and Shape Physical Factors Human Factors Relief Water Supply Drainage Transport Soils Economic Activities (Agriculture, Mining, Industries, etc) Vegetation (Swamps & Jungle) Social & Cultural Climate Government Policies and Planning Nucleated Pattern (Buildings are closely packed or clustered together; there is a well-developed road network; the population density is high) o When expansion is restricted by physical relief e.g. - at the valley bottom in a highland glaciated region - due to the presence of swamps (as in the case of fishing settlements in West Malaysia) o At the confluence of rivers o At the junction of transport routes (Roads and Rail) o Mining Settlements o Plantation/Estate Settlements o Tribal Settlements and settlements of shifting cultivators on a smaller scale o Planned Settlements: - FELDA-type planned villages in West Malaysia - New Villages in West Malaysia (to stop people from helping the Communists) - New Towns in Singapore Lineated Pattern (Buildings are arranged in lines which may be either straight or curved.
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Along levees above flood-level Along permatangs (sandy coastal ridges in West Malaysia) Along rivers, especially on the slip-off slopes Along transport routes, especially roads Along drainage canal Along the coast
Dispersed Pattern (Settlements are scattered or spaced widely apart, giving an open appearance. However, clusters of buildings do occur on favourable sites.)
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Inhospitable relief & Poor Soils (Randomly Dispersed) Uneven distribution of physical and human resources (Randomly Dispersed) Planned settlements in the polderlands of Holland (quite Uniformly Dispersed) Factors Influencing Location of Rural Settlements Food Supply Farmlands or fishing grounds are favourable sites. Areas with fertile soil that is needed for crop cultivation is also preferred. Good drier soils allow growing of crops and give good grass for cattle. Natural Hazards People choose the safest site to live, away from flooding and strong winds. Water Supply* Fresh, clean and reliable water is essential for people and their animals. It needs to be near as it is too heavy to carry for. Needed for agriculture & daily usage. Relief* It is easy to build settlements (infrastructure & cultivate crops) on flat land and in low-lying areas.
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Hilltops provide good defensive sites. Gently sloping land gives good soil, facilitates ease of movement of people and facilities. Resources (mainly Building Materials & Fuel Supply)* Need to be near resources as they are too bulky e.g. Stone or wood. Quarry and trees provide building materials. Natural woodland gives fuel for cooking and heating. Early settlements relied upon timbre for fuel and building materials so nearby woodland was an advantage. Settlements sometimes grow near to resources like tin, iron ore and coal. Availability of such items allow for easier start for rural settlements Forested land is useful for farming land, timber harvests, etc Coal seams or oil fields would also be an advantage as they could also be mined as a source of fuel. Tin, coal mining sites are job opportunities and sources of income. Fertile soil needed for growing crops to support the settlements population. Higher density of rural settlements where there are fertile soils ( floodplain). Clay soils would have been used to make clay pots for cooking. Accessibility* Settlements usually develop near to a bridging point (point where the river is narrow or shallow) or where transport/travel routes meet. Valley narrows to give easier bridging point. Transport and communication is vital for trade and job opportunities Aspect (The direction in which a settlement faces) Settlements were built in sheltered areas such as valleys or in bays on coastal locations. Settlements would be more ideally located on south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and on north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere. For example, in Britain, it was an advantage to be sheltered from cold winds blowing from the North, and to be facing South, which meant more sunlight. Settlement Site Bridging Point: Where a river was shallow enough to be crossed (a ford) or narrow enough to easily build a bridge (e.g. Oxford). Dry Point: In especially wet areas, settlements were built on slightly raised land to avoid flooding or the unhealthy marshland (e.g. Ely in Cambridgeshire). Route Focus: Where natural routes meet, such as several valleys (e.g. York) or at the confluence of two rivers (e.g. St Louis on the Mississippi). Defensive: In order to protect themselves from attack, settlements were built within a river meander, with the river giving protection on three sides, e.g. Shrewsbury, or on a hill with good views, or in a gap on a ridge e.g. Corfe Castle. Wet-point: These settlements were built at a source of water in an otherwise dry area. For example, in lowland Britain, many settlements were built at springs at the foot o f chalk escarpments, e.g. Kemsingat near the North Downs.
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URBAN MODELS
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The term land use is used to describe the function or use of an area of land. Large urban areas tend to have a number of land use zones ranging from high density residential areas to industrial zones. Within urban areas different land uses are concentrated in certain areas. Location & Appearance y Prime location; Maximum accessibility y Multi-Storey development due to the high land value (the highest) which result from competitive land use in a limited area y Vertical zoning in tall buildings; land use changes within the multi-storey building y High building density with little open space Land-Use Characteristics y Low residential population as the land value is high y Concentration of retailing, service and offices in view of the central location and its accessibility absence of manufacturing y Pedestrianisation greatest number and concentration of pedestrians, and high traffic volume y Comprehensive redevelopment clearance of sites for complete rebuilding, extension or retreat of CBD (zones of assimilation or zone of discard) y Light industries and warehouses
Urban Zone CBD Central Business District
Inner City
y Around the edge of the city centre; declining
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Zone of Transition or Mixed Land Use land value as accessibility and competition for land decline y Unattractive, run-down appearance with many old buildings, made worse by vandalism and graffiti take up more space and earn less profit y Residential often terraced houses and high-rise flats y Universities and hospitals y Inner ring roads y Small shopping centres selling daily convenience goods y Residential with the houses increasing in size, changing from terraced to semi-detached and detached towards the outskirts y Recent high rise flats in public housing estates y Small shopping centres
Residential Suburbs Smaller shopping centres, small industrial estates, high class residential housing and parks and open space
y All the outer areas up to the edge of the built-up area y Generally smarter appearance in the outer suburbs y Some areas of open space and recreational areas to enhance quality of life
General Pattern of Land Use
y
The land use pattern of a city is greatly influenced by: p Accessibility: Facilitates the movement of people, goods and services. Increases along transport routes especially at their points of convergence. p Competition for land: Greatest in the most accessible part of the city, CBD. Prices of land are highest in the CBD and only businesses with high profit levels can afford to be located here. Land value often decreases with distance from the city centre. p Land use compatibility: Arrangement of land use in relation to one another. For example, heavy industries which are pollutive are located away from residential areas. p Government policies and planning to optimize land use.
URBANISATION TRENDS & PATTERNS
y The largest cities in the world by land area, population and density: Land area: New York Metro, with a total area of 8,700 square kilometres. Population: Greater Tokyo (Tokyo and Yokohama), with a population of between 33 and 35 million, the world s largest megacity. Density: Mumbai with almost 30,000 people per square kilometre is the world s most crowded city. y The world s most expensive and richest cities: Oslo, Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Tokyo and New York Basket that costs the least: Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Delhi and Mumbai y The world s most liveable cities: Vancouver, Vienna, Melbourne y The world's best financial and commercial city present and future : London remains the world's best financial and commercial city, but the future appears to belong to Asia and Eastern Europe. D A megacity has more than ten million inhabitants. In 1995 there were 14; in 2015 there will be 21. And the ranking will have shifted: Today the five largest cities are Tokyo, Mexico City, São Paulo, New York City, and Mumbai (Bombay), and in 2015 they will probably be Tokyo, Dhaka, Mumbai, São Paulo, and Delhi. By 2030, two out of three people will live in an urban world, with most of the explosive growth occurring in developing countries e.g. São Paulo (Brazil); Lagos (Nigeria); Bangkok (Thailand) and Hyderabad (India). y Definition of terms: p Urban growth is a process whereby settlements grow in terms of population number and/or physical size. (leads to Urban problems) p Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the people living in the urban areas.
Geogr
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ett ement tu ies E
otes 2010
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Th Gro th of World s Citi s 1955-2015
y Globally, 34.5 % (1144m) of Globally, 30% (850m) population live in the of population live in urban area. World·s urban area urban population has N America & Europe passed the 1bn mark are the most y N America (71%) & urbanized regions Europe (59%) are with 67% and 53% of still the most its population as urbanized regions. urban y Rates of urbanization Africa (16% of urban are at their peaks in popn) and Latin Africa (21%, 67m) & America (45% of Asia (21%, 408m) urban popn) experience the fastest y Rates of urbanization is slowing down in urban growth Latin America (53%, Asia has the lowest % 133m) of urban population ² y 21% of urbanized 18% population, 408m, in Tokyo replaces New Asia outnumbers the York, to become the 59%, 378m of urban world'· biggest city. pop. in Europe y y Globally, 40.8 % (1964m) of Globally, 37.0% population lives in (1498m) of urban area y population lives in y Growth starts urban area picking up in Asia Growth slows slightly (28% 837m) as y in Asia (23% urbanization gains 574m)due to forced pace in China.. urban-rural migration Largest city in the during China·s world, Tokyo, Cultural Revolution reaches 30m balanced out y Rapid urban y accelerating growth expansion in Asia in cities in South Asia and Africa (29% African & Gulf-rich 164m) y countries in Africa (25%, 105m) grow y Growth rates slow globally, esp in exponentially Latin A. Europe y Urbanization rates in (69% 489m), Europe (65% 443m), Latin A. (68% Latin A. (61%, 274m), North A. 197m), North. A (74% 200m) (73% 179m)
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In general, there has been increasing urbanisation worldwide over thel st 60
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s of Urbanization
y y Globally, 48.6 % Globally, 44.7 % (3124m) of (2529m) of population lives in population lives in urban area urban area y Most industrial In 1990s, urban countries· urbangrowth continues to rural balance slow worldwide stabilised at 70y Latin A. (73%, 353m) 80% urban overtakes Europe % y Few countries with wise (71%, 518m) ² annual urban larger % of people in growth above 5% - y Latin A. live in cities mainly poorer than Europe African and Asian Steady growth in countries due to Africa (34%, 247m) & conflicts or political Asia (34%, 1180m) change Continued growth in y Continued growth in North A. (77%, North A. (80%, 231m) 266m) Collapse of the y Latin A still higher Communism in urban growth rate Russia cause a of 77%, 434m than period of decline in Europe of 72%, former Soviet and E. 525m. European countries Globally, 52.8% (3790m) of population lives in urban area. [2015 ² 2020] World·s urban population expected to hit 4bn. China expected to be more than 50% urbanised Most growth will happen in Africa and Asia ² Africa·s urban population growing fastest in % (42%, 477m) & Asia will have biggest volume of growth (45%, 1970m) y Urbanization rates in Europe (73%, 532m), Latin A. (80%, 510m), North. (83% 301m
Geography: Settlement Studies EOYA Notes 2010
Prior to 1950 the majority of urbanisation occurred in MEDCs (more economically developed countries). Rapid urbanisation took place during the period of industrialisation that took place in Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities. Since 1950, urbanisation has slowed in most MEDCs, and now some of the biggest cities are losing population as people move away from the city to rural environments. This is known as counterurbanisation. Since 1950 the most rapid growth in urbanisation has occurred in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) in South America, Africa and Asia. Between 1950 and 1990 the urban population living in LEDCs doubled. In developed countries the increase was less than half. Today, more than half the world's population is living in cities and towns, according to the State of World Population 2007 report from the United Nations. The 3.3 billion global urban population is expected to grow to 4.9 billion by 2030. Growth in smaller cities and towns is expected to account for most of the urban population increase. Urbanized areas in Africa and Asia are forecast to grow most rapidly, doubling in population between 2000 and 2030, according to the UN Population Fund, which released the report. Rural populations, meanwhile, are forecast to decrease by 28 million between 2005 and 2030, because of mortality among the older rural residents and migration of many younger residents to urban areas. y Reasons for Urbanisation Trends in MEDC Degree of urbanization A large proportion of the population already living in the urban areas. Rural areas conditions are also generally better than rural areas in LEDCs not so much of push factors like poverty, high job unemployment, etc as compared to rural areas. Reversal trends urban-rural migration is a common trend in MEDCs as people choose to move (back) to the suburbs and countryside for a better quality of life away from the noise and air pollution city. Natural Increase much slower population growth rate due to decline BR in MEDCs y Reasons for Urbanisation Trends in LEDC Overpopulation - high BR too many people, too few resources (lack of farmland, lack of jobs) lead to large-scale migration to the cities for better job prospects and living conditions. Rural economic hardship Generally harsh conditions in the LEDCs e.g. poverty-stricken, faminestricken condition push/ trigger large-scale rural-urban migration
