Glass

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Glass
Plays many crucial roles and takes many forms in buildings Origin lost in prehistory; some says bronze age Initially: bottles and coloured beads Used extensively during the Roman times Window in Roman times- largest known piece of Roman Glass

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-an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material Typically brittle and optically transparent Main ingredient- sodium oxide Sand mixed with soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate), lime and small amount of alumina, potassium oxide and various elements to control colour, then heated to form glass. • Stronger than steel when drawn into small fibers

Heat-treated glass
• Produced by reheating annealed glass in an oven to approx 1150°F (620°C), then cooling both surfaces rapidly with blast of air while its core cools much more slowly • Induce permanent compressive stresses in the edges and faces of the glass and tensile stresses in the core • Stronger than annealed glass, more resistant to thermal stress and impact • Useful for windows exposed to heavy wind pressures, impact or intense heating and cooling. • Can be divided into 2 categories:
– Heat-tempered glass – Heat-strengthened glass

Heat-tempered glass
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Characteristics: Up to four to five times stronger than annealed glass of equal thickness Higher resistance to thermal stress than annealed and heat-strengthened glass When broken, breaks into numerous small pieces Meets safety glazing requirements Applications Use where Safety Glazing is required High windload areas Fire knock-out panels Glass Entrances and Storefronts High-Risk Human Contact Areas

Heat-strengthened glass
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Characteristics NOT a safety glass product Approximately twice as strong as annealed glass of equal thickness Higher thermal stress resistance than annealed glass Typically will break into larger pieces than tempered glass Less optical distortion than tempered glass

Applications • Vision and Spandrel areas where added mechanical and thermal strength is required • Laminated Skylights and Solariums • High windload areas

Fire Rated Glass
• Wire glass -insert wire mesh in the glass producing process -in fire glass remains intact under thermal stress and acts as a fire barrier -45 minutes fire rating

• Ceramic glass -optically clear -20 minutes to 3 hours ratings

Examples of fire rated glass application in architectural

The Modern Wing, The Art Institute of Chicago.

Highmark Medical Centre, Issaquah, WA.

Fritted Glass
• finely porous glass • made by sintering together glass particles into a solid but porous body

• used for aesthetic purposes and as a glazing treatment

Examples of fritted glass application in architectural

Manseuto Library, Chicago.

The Ice Cubes Jun Mitsui, Tokyo.

Laminated Glass
 produced by combining 2 or more sheets of glass + one or more plastic interlayer, polyvinyl butyral (pvb) manufactured by completely sealing, under heat and pressure. spider web cracking pattern

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Advantages & Applications
Safety and standard
• Tough & lowering the risk of injury hence useful for skylights, overhead glazing and windows for bank and jewellery bank Sound insulation • used to glaze windows of residences, classrooms, hospitals & etc Hurricane-resistance • exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows Solar energy control & UV screening • using tinted, reflective, low-E glass and uv-absorbing addictives to reduce heat gain and control glare Design versatility • available in wide variety of glass types such as annealed, tempered, heat strengthened & decorative ceramic coated glass

BMW Welt

InterContinental Hotel, Düsseldorf

Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart

Chemically Strengtened Glass
 produced by an ion exchange process when the glass immersed in a potassium salt bath at 300°C  a surface treatment which occurs at low temperature hence it does not experience the optical distortions or warping.  A type of glass that has increased strength and keep the glass as flat as possible.  reduce impact and scratch-related damage and creates a bending strength much greater than normal float glass.


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When the glass breaks, it produces large and hazardous shards Used for the glass that are not easily heat treated, such as those are small, thin and oddly shape. Hence, it is not considered as a safety glass When its surface is deeply scratched or being cut, loses its additional strength. Chemically strengthened glass was used for the aircraft canopy of some fighter aircraft

Spandrel Glass
• • • • • • Spandrel glass is a type of glass that is used to cover construction materials. They’re used to conceal such building components as columns, floors, HVAC systems, wiring or plumbing The main aesthetic purpose of spandrel glass is to create an overall uniform appearance. By using colored glass panels, spandrel glass can match most other types of glass that are used to crate aglass-front building. available in numerous shades ranging from green to bronze The degree of color and visual similarity of a building’s vision and spandrel glass can vary greatly depending on several factors: light transmission, time of day, sky conditions and interior shading. Spandrel is created using fired-on frit methods. This process includes a ceramic frit - a material used as a basis for glassmaking that is fused to the glass using high-heat fusing methods. This technique creates a glass that will not fade over time. resistant to thermal conditions





Benifits: • Wide range of visual effects available • spandrel is up to five times stronger than annealed glass. • Provides uniformity of curtain walling appearance • Choice of insulation to suit most performance requirements • Total concealment of internal structure or services • Free from discoloration by internal condensation. • Insulated panels can be provided with range of internal finishes. • Ease of installation. • All available toughened to BS EN 12150: BS EN 12600 Impact Classification 1. • Resistance to corrosion and chemical attack. • Minimal maintenance. • Durable • No colour fading. • Lead free

Low Emissitivity Glass
• • LOW-E COATED GLASS is pyrolitic multilayer coating glass with high reflectance to infrared Able to keep the solar radiation and heat radiation from passing through the glass. It prevents the heat from going inside in the Summer and keeps the inside heat from going out in the winter so that makes the room more comfortable. It is the first choice for energy efficient glass. cost about 10%–15% more than regular windows, but they reduce energy loss by as much as 30%–50%.





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Low-E glass/ Low-Emissivity Glass Characteristics Decorative aesthetics High strength and safety Thermal impact resistance Customized colors and patterns Good chemical stability for acid and alkali resistance

Application • Curtain Wall, Canopy, Windows & Doors, Partitions.
Low-E glass/ Low-Emissivity Glass Type • Include: High-transmitance Low-E Glass, Shading Function Low-E Glass, Double silver Low-E Glass and Allopatric processable Low-E Glass. It can be processed not only to enamelled tempered coated glass for excellent decorative aesthetics. • It can be made processed to laminated and insulated unit for more additional performance. • Its pattern and color can be customized.

Tinted and reflective coated glass
• Solar heat build up can be problematic in buildings with large area of glasses, especially with climate in the Malaysia. • Fixed sun shading devices outside the windows are the best was of blocking unwanted sunlight • But glass manufacturers have also developed tinted and reflective glasses that reduce glare and cut down on solar heat gain.

Tinted Glass




By tinting glass, its visible light transmittance is reduced. Tinted glass is made by adding small amounts of selected chemical element to the molten glass mixture to produce the desired hue and intensity of colours.

Reflective Coated Glass
• Is a thin durable films of metal or metal oxide can be deposited on a surface of either clear or tinted glass sheets under closely controlled conditions to make reflective coated glass. The film maybe applied to either the inside or the outside of the glass



Advantages - The exterior of the building looks lighter, reflective but at the same time, less heat gained from solar radiation to the interior. - Best cooperated in “double glazing” where tinted glass is used alongside the reflective glass.

Self-cleaning Glass
• Insulated with titanium oxide on its exterior surface (NON-toxic). This coat acts as catalyst that enables sunlight to convert organic dir to carbon dioxide and water. • It also causes rainwater to run down the surface in sheets rather than to bead up. Disadvantages • Non-organic dirt such as sand, is unaffected by the catalyst, but the sheets of water are more effective at removing such matter than beaded water • The coating is applied only to the outside of the glass; therefore the interior of the glass must be washed manually.

(Stage 1)The coating reacts with natural daylight to break down and loosen organic dirt (Stage 2) When it rains, instead of forming droplets, the water spreads evenly over the surface of the glass, forming a thin film and helping to wash away any dirt and reduce streaks.

GLAZING SYSTEM

GLAZING OPTIONS: • The use of single and multiple layers of various types of glass within any given sash or door. • Single, Double & Triple Glazing • with the advent of such products as sealed insulating glass, Low E glass, Heat Mirror and others, insulating values can be enhanced without the use of multiple glass layers

Single-Glazed, Clear Glass This figure illustrates the performance of a typical single-glazed unit with clear glass. Relative to all other glazing options, singleglazed with clear glass allows the highest transfer of energy (i.e. heat loss or heat gain depending on local climate conditions) while permitting the highest daylight transmission.

DOUBLE GLAZING GLASS is made up of 2 or more pieces of glass with hollow aluminum tube inserted inside; the hollow aluminum pipes are filled with desiccant and drying gases, or inert gases and the tube are undergone air-proof processing

ADVANTAGES »Good heat insulation performance so as to keep the room comfort. »Reduce the bad phenomenon resulted from the temperature difference between the inside and outside. »Insert with decoration item for decoration use. »Low energy consumption - especially when Low-E and Solar-E glass are used for insulating. »Comfortable indoor environment. »Dew condensation prevention and noise insulation. »The heat and sound insulating effects could be further improved if argon or other inertia gases are filled between the glasses. APPLICATIONS »Office building, hospitals, hotels need with exceptionally high heating or cooling. »Building need the temperature and humidity strictly controlled such as telephone exchanges, laboratories. »Airport control towers, trains windows, and other environments where need regulated atmosphere and prevention of condensation.

The Glass Architecture in Malaysia
Residential Commercial

“the task of architecture is to make visible how the world touches us…through vision, we touch the stars and the sun.” (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1994)

• Within the house (residential), the glass concept was further developed:
– Viewing – Observing – Duality of show + display – Ideas of gazing and space

Glass Shed @
• Designed by Ng Seksan (Landscape
Architect)

• Inspired by adjacent Orang Asli huts
– using stilts and treading lightly on the land

• Site is heavily vegetated, with steep slopes

• Why GLASS?
– Celebrate the nature (forest + + landscape) – Transparent qualities – Seems to be “floating” beside the stream – Reflective qualities

aesthetic – transparency, space, light • glass + steel is its entire structure. • bold experiment material of choice :  respect the surrounding environment  responding to the privacy of the inhabitants.  incur least disruption to the forest  reduce long term maintenance


The OVAL @ Kuala Lumpur
• 41-storey of residential tower

• glass-wrapped sculpture
• present a study in lightness and strength • opens the interior to dramatic panoramas of the Kuala Lumpur cityscape

• by night, the tower will be illuminated by LED, become the luminous tower of lights. • conceived as “seamless”, although made up of glass panels, the fluid organic lines of the façade is presented.

The Diamond Building
Design by NR Architect with Ar. Dr. Soomtorn Boonyatikam A distinctive diamond form: - is prominent and unique - symbolizes value, quality, transparency & durability, - characterise EC’s role as a regulatory body - is an optimum passive design approach to achieve energy efficiency

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