Grammar Swedish 00 Fort Rich

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METHOD GASPEY-0TT0-3AUER

ELEMENTARY

SWEDISH GRAMMAR
COMBINED WITH
EXERCISES, READING LESSONS AND CONVERSATIONS

HENRI FORT.
II

SECOND EDITION.

LONDON.
W.

DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square,
CO., 100 Southwark Street, S. E.
YORK: BRENTANO'S, Fifth Avenue and 27th Street.
& PFEIFFER (CHRISTERN'S), 16 West 33rd Street.
INTERNATIONAL
COMPANY, 83 and 85 Duane Street.

DAVID NDTT, 57-59 Long Acre,

C.

SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON &

NEW

DYRSEN
THE
NEWS
G. E.STECHERT & CO.,
STEIGER &
BOSTON: RITTER & FLEBBE,
E.

149 a

151-155 West

25th Street.

CO., 25 Park Place.
formerly C. A. KOEHLER

Tremont

Street.

HEIDELBERG.
aTJ]L.ITJ®

OROOS.

i9n.

&

Co.,

W.

pr>

sill

nil

The method of Gaspey-Oito-Sauer is my own private property,
having been acquired by purchase from the authors. The text-books made
after this method are incessantly improved.
All rights, especially the
right of making new editions, and the right of translation for all languages,
are reserved. Imitations and fraudulent impressions will be prosecuted
according to law. I am thankful for communications relating to these
matters.

Heidelberg.

Julius Oroos,

Preface.
The second edition of this "Elementary Swedish
Grammar" has undergone many alterations in the text
of the exercises, most of which have been taken from
the best class-books used in Swedish schools.

The

chief

features

of

the

second edition consist

in the adaptation of the phonetical
ciation phonetique internationale"

of the

new Swedish orthography

system of the "Assoand the application

in accordance with the

Royal Circular of the 7tli of April, 1906.
Special care and attention have been devoted to
the phonetical transcription of the sounds and to the
accentuation of the words occurring in the text, but it
should be remembered here that each word has been
treated individually and accented accordingly, no mention being made of the "melodious" accent, which
would be quite out of place in an elementary book of
this kind.

The author hopes
a

great

that the second edition, which is
improvement over the first, will meet

with the favour of and prove useful to

all

those

who

begin learning the Swedish language.

much pleasure in thanking Mr. W. Gr. Priest,
of London, who revised the manuscript of the English
part, and Miss A. E. Millberg, of Berlin, who had the

He

has

great kindness to read the Swedish part and helped
him with her valuable advice.

Cognac, December, 1910.

H. Fort.

ivi249302

IV

Contents.
Page

The alphabet

Pronunciation.

1
2
2
2

Accentuation
Pronunciation of the letters

Vowels
Consonants
Swedish writing

8

1.

Lesson.

2.

»

The indefinite article
The terminal definite article
The independent definite article
Declension of substantives.

3.

»

declension

.

4.

»

»

»

»

II.

»

.

.

5.

»

»

»

»

III.

»

,

.

6.

»

»

»

»

IV.

»

.

.

7.

»

8.

»

I.

.

»
V.
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns
The gender of substantives
Remarks on the nouns. Read. Less. Fisket i Sverige
The auxiliary verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav

»

»

»

.

9.

»

10.

»

11.

»

12.
13.

»
»

14.

»

15.

»

II.

16.
17.
18.
19.

»

III.

»

»

»

»

IV.

»

»

»

20.
21.
22.
23.

»

24.

»

25.
26.

»
»

27.

»

28.

»

29.

>

.

:

Vasas ungdom
The adjective. Reading Lesson: Gruvan
The adjective (contin.). Read. Lesson yiS^ocMoZTTis
hlodhad
The verb. I. conjugation. Read. Less.: Stockholm
.

.

conjugation. Reading Lesson

:

/S'^ocA:^oZm (cont.)
.

.

Auxiliary verbs (contin.). Read. Less.: yiS'rm^es/bZA:

The numerals. Read. Less. Svenskt metersgstem
The pronouns. Reading Lesson: Nordens natur
The pronouns (contin.). Reading Lesson J^m^ma
The deponent verbs. Read. Less. ^nsfma (cont).
The impersonal verbs. Read. Less. Gustav Adolf
Compound verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf

»

:

:

:

:

(contin.)

Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf (contin.)
List of the principal prepositions. Reading Lesson
Sveriges natur
List of the principal conjunctions. Reading Lessoa:
Sveriges natur (contin.)
List of the principal interjections. Reading Lesson
Adverbs.

92
95
101

108
113
117
120
123

:

127

130

:

Hemmet
The

132

construction

Hemmet

of sentences.

(contin.)

Reading exercises

Poems
Appendix
Vocabulary:

64
69
75

80
Kinnekulle
Slag et vid Poltava 84

»

»

54
59

:

»

»

18
20
22
23
26
28
32
35
38
41
46
51

I.

II.

Swedish-English
English -Swedish

Reading Lesson:
135
139
152
157
161
192

Pronunciation,

§

1.

The Alphabet.

The Swedish alphabet consists of 29
1.
which are represented and named as follow:
Character.

letters,

\":

*
'-

I

'•

.•\

§

2.

Pronunciation.

Accentuation.

The Swedish accentuation

is

represented by the

following signs:
1)

'

*

2)

which indicates the strong accent

mid-strong accent



weak accent
secondary weak

'

3)

»

r,







y,

'

4)

These

signs,

a) after a
b) after a

when

accent.

placed,

vowel indicate that

this

vowel

is

long,

consonant that the preceding vowel

is

short.

bad [ba'd], bath.
1) b) all [al^l all.
2) a) bada [ba'da% to bathe.
2) b) alia [d'a'], all (pi.).
3) a) mogenhet [mco'gdnhe't], maturity.
3) b) fattig [fafig'], poor.
4) a) promenad [prco'radnatd], walk.
4) b) destillera [des'tildra], to distill.

Ex.: 1) a)

§

Pronunciation of the letters.

3.

Vowels.

I.

1.

Swedish a
1) In

is

A.

pronounced:

long syllables like «a» in «father» like Ger«o» in «^ttte» and French «a» in «ame».

man

Phonetic transcription: a.
Ex.: a)

apa [a'pa% monkey.

b) sfcada [ska'da'], damage.
c)

bra

[bra.'],

well.

short syllables it has no equivalent sound in
English. It nearly resembles English «u» in «fun»
and corresponds to German «tt» in «33lott» and
French «a» in «capital».

2) In

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) alster [al'stdr], product.
b) packe [pak'd^], package.
c)

docka \dok-a%

doll.

a.

3

Pronunciation.

E.

2.

Swedish

e is

pronounced:

long syllables nearly like «a» in «name» and
«ai» in «sail», German «e» in «fe^(en» and French
«^» in «bl6».

1) in

Phonetic transcription:

e.

Ex.: a) ek [etk], oak.
b) fel [fell], mistake.

2) in

short syllables
«man», «parish»,
:

a) like «a» in
«c» in «2Scrf» and

French «al»

Phonetic transcription:
Elx.:

a)

b)

«

carry »,

German

in «traltre».
ee.

verk [vBevtk], work,
herr [hBer^^ sir.

like «e» in «better», German c in «@affe» and
final «e» in French words such as «porte» after the
pronunciation used in the South of France, in the
/9)

final syllables

in

-el,

-e,

-er.

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.

:

a)

gosse

c)

kloster [klosttdr], monastery.

«e» in
other cases.

3) like

« there »

and «2lU

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.

:

fest [festt],

penna

in

e.

:

Swedish

I.

i is pronounced
long syllables like «ee»
:

in «meet».

Phonetic transcription:
:

i.

a) isa [i'sa% to ice.

b) piga, ]prga,% maid.
c)

2) in

all

[pen'a^], pen.

3.

Ex.

«hair»

a few words such as ett, svedd, hemma,
has nearly the sharp sound of «i» in «middle».

it

1) in

in

feast.

in

Except

when

a.

[^os'a'j, boy.
b) fag el [fotpdl], bird.

hageri, [ba'gdrif], bakery.

short syllables like «i»

Ex.:

a)

b)

Phonetic transcription
irra [ir'a'], to err.

minska [min'ska%

:

in
i

«miss».

(as above).

to decrease.

1*

4

Pronunciation.

0.

4.

Swedish

o is pronounced:
long syllables:
a) nearly like «o» in «go» or «oa» in «gfOat» in a
few words of foreign origin ending in -oh, -of, -ok, -om,
-ofiy 'op, -or, -OS, -ovy -log and in some other words such
1) in

as:

kol, son, sova etc.
Phonetic transcription: o.
Ex.: garderob [gar'ddroth], wardrobe.

Jilosof [fiVosotf], philosopher.

epok [epotk'l, epoch.
symbol [symbo'l], symbol.

ekonom

[ek'onotm]^ economist.

polygon [pol'igoin], polygon.
mikroskop [mik'rosko.'p], microscope.
korridor [kor'ido!r],

corridor.

metamorfos [me'tamorfots], metamorphose.
alcov [alkoiv\ alcove.
dialog [di'aloig\ dialogue.
kol \kotl]^ coal.

son [sotn\ son.
sova [so'va% to

sleep.

«oa» in «broad5>
/9) like «o» in «more»,
in «door» in a few words before -rl, -rd, -I
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) sorl [so.'rl], murmur,
b) order [o.'rddr], order.

and «oo»
and -v.

o.

«o» in «to lose», «oo» in «too» or «u» in
at the end of a long
syllable and at the beginning of a word when forming
a syllable of its own.
y) like

«rule»

in

Ex.:

many monosyllables

Phonetic transcription:
word.

ord

[ojlrd],

stol

[staj!i\^

co.

chair.

ro [roj!], rest.
broder [bra>'ddr% brother.
obekant [co'bdkan't], unknown.
2) in

short syllables:

a) like «o» in «clock» in

most cases:

Phonetic transcription:

o.

Ex.: a) lock [loki], curl,
b) ollon [ol'on% mast.

«oo» in «book», «u» in «put» in a few
/9) like
monosyllables, at the end of a short syllables and in
the plural termination -or.

Pronunciation.

Phonetic transcriptions:
Ex.: a) ost

[ojstt],

co.

cheese.

rodd [rcodt], rowing.
kvitto [kvit'a)% receipt.
d) vokal [vcokatl], vowel.
b)
c)

e)

skolor

f)

dockor [dok-ajT%

[skco'lajr^], schools.
dolls.

U.

5.

Swedish u has two

different sounds.

has a sound peculiar to the
long syllables
Swedish language and has no equivalent in English.
It is not unlike French «u» in «pure» and German
«u» in «fu^ren». This sound is obtained in rounding the lips as closely as possible and pronouncing i whilst with drawing the tongue and
the lower lip backwards.

1) In

it

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)

ui.

ur [mtr\

b)

gud

c)

hus

watch, clock.
[gmtd\ god.
[hmis\ house.
two.

d) tu [tui^,
e)

N.B.
sound

hjuda

(bjiti'da^\,

to invite.

In unaccented syllables,

u,

has a somewhat more open

:

Ex.: a) rubin [rmbi'n], ruby.
b)

salu [saUui],

(till)

(for) sale.

short syllables it has also a sound peculiar to
the Swedish language and which is nearly like
English «u» in «pat», «ou» in «could» or German

2) in

«tt»

in «ittng».
Phonetic transcription

:

u.

Ex.: a) under [untddr], wonder.
b)

kund

c)

stund

d)

faktum [fak'tum%

e)

furstinna [fudstin'a%

f)

rum

[kuntd], customer.
[sfun!d],

moment.

1)

tj

princess.

[rum!], room.

6.

Swedish

fact.

Y.

has:

long syllables a close sound nearly like French
«n» in «dune» or German «tt» in «3tt9el».

in

6

Pronunciation.

Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a)

[y'ra''\ whirl.
\my'ra% ant.

yra

b)

myra

c)

hy [hyt\

village.

short syllables an open sound nearly
2)
French «u» in «lustre», «rustre» and German
in

like
«tt»

in «f(uftern».
Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a) ynka [yy'ka^ to pity,
b) syster [sys'tdr% sister.
o

7.

Swedish a

is

A.

pronounced:

1) in lonj? syllables like «o» in «go», «oa» in «coat»
and German «ii» in «BQ^n».

Phonetic transcription:

o.

Ex.: a) dr, [o.V], year.
b) dka [o'ka^], to drive.
c) pdse [po'sd% bag.
d) gd [go!], to go.
e)

2) in

trdd

thread.

[tro.^d],

short syllables

man

«clock» and Ger-

like «o» in

«o» in «3Sol!».
Phonetic transcription:

Ex.: a)

b) sdll

sieve.
[mot!], measure.

[sol!],

d)

matt
sdng

e)

rdtta [rot'a%

c)

o.

dska [os'ka% thunder.

[soy!],

song.
rat.

8.

A.

Swedish a

is pronounced:
long syllables:
a) before r followed by a consonant like «a»
«parish» but longer and German «d» in «9efa^rlid&».

1) in

in

Phonetic transcription: «,
Ex.: aria [$s'rla% wagtail.

jdrn

lice!jin],

gdma
^) in all
in «hair».

iron.

[jag'jina% willingly.

other

cases like «e» in «there» or «ai»

7

Pronunciation.

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)

dga

b) dta

e.

{e'ga.% to posess.
[€'ta% to eat.

c) hdra [he'va'-], to bear.
d) Idra [U'ra^ to teach.
^
e) tra [trei], wood.
Tend
knee.
f)
\kn€f\^

2) in short syllables:
a) before double r or r followed by a consonant
like «a» in «c8p»,y«hat» or German «c» in «2Bcrf».
Phonetic transcription: %.
Ex.: a) drr [sert\ scar.
b) drt \8erit\ pea.
c)

mdrke

d) Idrka

mark.

[mier'kd'],

lark.

[l%rka%

^) in all other cases like «e» in «tbere» or «ai»
in «liair».
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) dpple [ep'h'], apple.

€.

b) hdst [hes't] horse.
c)

Idmpa [l€m'pa%

to apply.

'

9.

Swedish
1) in

6*

is

0.

pronounced:

long syllables:

«) before r followed by a consonant nearly like
«i» in «bird». It has also the broad sound of French

«oeu» in «c(»ur».
Phonetic transcription:
[ceUn], eagle.
b) morda [mce'rda'], to murder.
c) lordag [lceUda(gJ], Saturday.

Ex.: a)

ce.

om

'^

/?) before simple r (followed by a vowel or at the
end of a word) nearly like «e» in «her». It corresponds to German «(i» in «®iitter».

Phonetic transcription: o.
Ex.: a) for [/oVr], for.
b) ora [o'ra'], ear.
c)

d)

fora [fd'ra%
smor [smo'r],

to lead.

butter.

and before r in the plural of
a very few words ending in 6 like French «eux» in
«deux» or German «ii» in «©B^ne».
f) in all other cases

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a) oga
b)

lopa

eye.
[l0'pa% to run.

[0'ga,'],

0.

Pronunciation.

c) hon [h0in\ prayer.
d) /^c* {fr0t\ seed.

mor

e)

[mo.^r], maids.

short syllables:

2) in

a) before r
«o> in «6rter».

nearly like «i» in «first» or
Phonetic transcription:

German

ce.

Ex.: a) ort [ceUt], plant.
b) torst [toed,.^st], thirst.

dorr

c)
j3)

man

in

[doer!], door.

other cases like «e» in «her» and Ger-

all

in «r5ften».

«ii»

Phonetic transcription:

o.

Ex.: a) ost [ds!t] east.
b) rosta [ros'ta'], to vote.

mossa

c)

[mds'a'], cap.

II.

Consonants.
B.

10.

Swedish
1)

b is

pronounced:

like English «h» in «ball».
Phonetic transcription:

b.

Ex.: a) bild [biUd], image.
b) stab lsta.^b], staff.
c) kabel [kaibdll cable.

d)
e)

snabb [snabf], swift.
bubbla [bub'W], bubble.

2) like English «p» in «pot» before t in the
«snabbt» (neuter of: snabb) and s- sound.

word

Phonetic transcription: p.

Ex.: snabbt

[snai?'.^],

klubbslag

swift.

11.

Swedish

c is

e,

i

and

:

«8ense»

before the

y.

Phonetic transcription:

Ex.:

a)

club.

c.

pronounced

1) like English «8» in

wels

blow with a

[lclup'sla.'g],

ceder [seiddr], cedar.

b) cirkel \sir'kdl'-\ circle.
c) cylinder [sylin'ddr], tall hat.

s.

soft

vo-

Pronunciation.

English «k» in

2) like

i

«kill».

«chef>:
a) before h (except in French words such as

etc.)

and

k.

Phonetic transcription: k.
Ex.: a) och [oki], and.
b) jiicka [fiik'a%
c) icke [ik'd'], not.

Note.
words as:

girl.

d) lycka [lyk-a% luck.
In the new orthography

k

is

substituted for

c.

Such

kanon \kano/-n\ cannon.
kompass [kDrnpas!], compass.
kurtisera [kur*tise.^ra],
which were formerly spelt with

to court,
c,

etc.

spelt with k.

See page 11.

D.

12.

Swedish d

etc.

now

are

is

pronounced:
English «d» in «duck».

1) like

Phonetic transcription: d.
Ex.: a)
b)
c)

dag [da'g], day.
bada {ba'da'], to
rad [raid], line.

bathe.

English «t» in «take».

2) like

a) before s at the genitive case followed by a
vowel.
derived syllables beginning by s.
/9) before
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)

3)

t.

guds (fruktan) [gut's-], fear of
gods (dgare) [gcot's-], landlord.

god.

Swedish d is not audible at the beginning of
words before j.
The combination dj is sounded like j.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)

djup
djur

[jyuiir]^

(See page 12.)

animal.

13.

Swedish f

j.

[juiip], deep.

is

pronounced

F.
:

English «f» in «frui£», «cuif».
a) at the beginning of words.

1) like

/?)

before s and t.
the end of some foreign words.

r) at

10

Pronunciation.

Phonetic transcription: /.

Ex.

:

a

I

a)

!

b)

fara [fa'ra% danger.
frag a [froga^] question.

c)

Jikon [Jl'kon%

(

fig.

a) loft [loftl loft.

b)

rofsa

[rejf^'sa'],

rake.

c) luft [luf't], air.

a)

strof

b)

fotograf [fcof cograif]^ photographer.

c)

jilosof [fiVDsotf\ philosopher.

[stro!f], strophe.

2) like English «v» in «voice».
a) at the end of words (except foreign words ending in -grafj -strof -sof and those ending in -mf).
middle of words (except before «s» and «^»).
/?) in the
^

Phonetic transcription:

Uf[Wvl

Ex.:

bref

After

v.

life.

[bre'v], letter.

tafla [ta'vla% table.
silfver [sil'vor], silver.
the new orthography

/

is

replaced by v in above cases.

See page 18.
liv in stead of lif

brev in stead of bref
tavla in stead of tafia,
silver in stead of silfver.

14.

Swedish g

G.

is

pronounced:
English «y» in «year».
a) before the soft vowels: e^ i, i/, a and o.
^) after I and r in the same root- syllable.

1) like

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.:
(
'

j.

a) get [je't], goat.
b) giva Wva'], to give.
c)

gyckel

[jykidl], jest,

d) gdst [jes't], guest.
e) gora [jor'a% to do.

^
P

j
\

a) farg [fier!j], colour.
throat.
b) svalg [svaUj],
[si

2) like English «g» in «get».

a) before the hard vowels a, -o, -u and a.
e and after i in short unaccented final
/9) before
syllables.

11

Pronunciation.

y)

before a consonant.

end of a syllable (except

S) at the

1, /3).

Phonetic transcription: g.
Ex.:

(

a)

gata [ga'ta%

J

b)

god

c)

gud
gd

\ d)

street.

[gcoid], good.

[gmtd]^ god.

[got], to go.

a) spegel [spe'gdr], looking-glass
b) fattig [fat'ig^], poor.

^
r

^
^

f

f

]

3) like

grata [gro'ta% to weep,
prdgla [pr€'gla% to coin.

a)

I b)

a) lag [lo.'gl low.
b) lag [latg], law.

English «k» in «keen».

a) before s
/9)

and

t.

the

before

final

in

syllables

-set,

-sen

and

sera.
Phonetic transcription: k.

Ex.:

(

a)

hogst
~ )gst

c)

sagt

highest,
[hdk.'st],
[hdk!st], highest.
b) fattigt [fat'ikHl
[fat'ik% poorly.
[sakit], said

a) hlygsel [blyk\sdl], bashfulness.

avldgsen [a'vhk'sdn], remote.
bog sera [bok'setra], to tow.

b)
c)

4) like

in

«ng»

English

vowel and

«finger»

between a short

n.

Phonetic transcription: y.
Ex.: a) regna [reyna'], to rain.
b) fdgna [feyna''], to gladden.

5) like

English «sh» in «sbade» before

-e-

and

foreign words.
Phonetic transcription
Ex.: geni [fenif] genius.
logi [lofit], lodging.
Note. In the combinations «^j», the
Ex.: gjort [jojj,!t]^ made.

gjuta

[jm'ta''],

Swedish

g

/.

is

mute.

to found.

15.

1) like

:

H.

h is pronounced:

English «h»

in

«hold» before vowels.

-i

in

12

Pronunciation.

Phonetic transcription: h.
Ex.: hagla Uia'gla^], to hail.
hehag [hdhatgX
[hdhat
pie

2) before the

consonants j and v \

quite mute.

«/i» is

Ex.: hjul [juitl]^ wheel.
hjdlp [jeltp\ help.
hjdrta [J8Br'ta% heart.
hjord [jojUd]^ flock.

16.

Swedish j
1) like

Ex.

:

J.

is

pronounced:
English «y» in «.year».

a)

jord

Phonetic transcription: J.
[jcoUd], earth.

b) Jul [jut- 1], yule.
c)

bjuda [bjm'da%

to invite.

d) bjorii [bjoe'rn], bear,
c)

koja

[koj-a^], cot.

English «8h» in «bush»,
derived from French.

«shame»

2) like

Phonetic transcription
Ex.:

a)

projeJd [projfektt]^

b)

jurnal

/.

project,

[furna.'l], journal.

17.

Swedish k

:

words

in

K.

is

pronounced:
«k»
in «kid».
like
1)
English
a) before the hard vowels a, o, u, and a.
the soft vowels e and i in unaccented
/?) before
final syllables.
f)

before and after a consonant (except j),

d) at the end of a word or
e) in some loan words.
Ex.:

f

a)
b)

a syllable.

kap [ka'p], cape.
kopp [kop'], cup.

kull [kul'], brood.
d) kdl [W'l], cabbage.
c)

^
r
^

j

a) rike

\

b) trdkig [tro'kig^\ tedious.

[rrkd% kingdom.

Words formerly beginning with h drop
new orthography.

after the

h]i-ad [vatd], what.

h\varje [i'ar'jd% each.
li\vem [vemt\ who.

this

letter

before

y,

13

Pronunciation.

b)

klocka [khk'a'], clock.
krig [kri'g], war.

c)

prakt

rid)

skola

a)

^{

e)

minska

f)

rysk

a)

tak

b)

dka

a)
b)
c)

2) like

[prak!t], magnificence,
[sk(o'la'\, school.

[min'ska.''], to decrease.

[rys!k], Russian.
[ta'k], roof.
[o'ka^], to drive.

m^kiv [arkHv], archives.
anarki \an'aTkit\ anarchy.
bankeft [baykef], banquet.

German «b^»

in «9}idb$en»

and [nearly

like

«t-y» in «don'(t-y)ou» popular.]
a) before the soft vowels e, i, y (except in cases

mentioned at

1, /5,

<^,

12) a

page

and

o.

^) before j.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.:

a)

[

kedja

b) kil

a

\
I

I

[gitl],

wedge.

c)

kyla [cy'la'\

d)

kdr

e)

kol

[getr],

a)

cold.

dear.
keel.

[co.'Z],

Note: ko \ko.%

A

cue.

kjusa [cia'sa%

dell.

b) kjol [qojU], petticoat.

18.

Swedish
and

c.

[ge'dja'], chain,

I

is

L.

pronounced

like

English «1»

in «loan»

«call».
Phonetic transcription:

Z.

Ex.: a) lag [la'g]. law
b) sval [sva:l], cool.
c)

Note.

L

kalla [kal'a'l to
is

call.

mute before j and

in the

word <ivdrld*.

Ex.: a) Ijus \.jm!s], light.
b) Ijud ljm!d\, sound.
c) vdrld [v^j,!d], world.

19.

Swedish

w

is

M.

pronounced like English «m»

«main».
Phonetic transcription: m.
Ex.: a)

matta [mat'a^

b)

palm

c)

lampa

carpet.

[pal.'m], palm.

[lam'pa''\ lamp.

in

14

Pronunciation.

20.

Swedish n

N.

is

pronounced;
English «n» in «none» generally.

1) like

Phonetic transcription: n.

Ex.: a) natur
b)

panna

c)

organ

[natui.'r]^

nature.

[pan'a'J, forehead.
[orgatn], organ.

English «ng» in «sing» before k and in a
few words loaned from French.

2) like

Phonetic transcription;

y.

Ex.: a) vink [vir)tk\ beck.
b) linka [liij'ka^], to limp.
c) annons [ano7)ts\ advertisement.

3)

n

mute

is

lugnt

words:

in the

[luytt], peacefully.

ndmnt

\nemtt\ named.

The combination ng
1) like

English «ng»

is

in

pronounced:
«sing» and

German «ng»

in

«6ringen».
a) After
tal sound.

e,

i,

/?) after a, o
tural sound.

?/,

a and a whereby

and u whereby

it

Phonetic transcription:

it

has a pala-

has a slightly guty.

Ex.: a) engelsk [ey.'dlsk], p]nglish.
b) ingen [iy'dn'], none.
c) yngling [yy'Uy'l youth.
d) dnga [oy'a,^], steam.
e) cingel hy'dl'], angel.

f)
g)
h)

2)

rang [ra,y.% rank.
halkong [bdlkoy:], balcony,
lunga [luya,% lung.

In the combination gn, g

is

pronounced:

English «g» in «guest» at the beginning
of words: (It is then never mute as English «g» in
«gnaw».)
a) like

Phonetic transcription: g.
Ex.: a)

gnat [gnatt^ quarrel.
b) gnista [gnis'ta], spark.
c) gno [gn(jjt\ to rub.
d) gncill [gnelf], whimpering.

15

Pronunciation.

/^)

like

+ n»

English «ng» in «siiig

at the end of

words.
Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
,b)

vagn

[vayiri], carriage.
[ur)tn\ oven.

ugn

21.

Swedish j9

7)71.

is

P.

pronounced

like

English «p» in «peep».

Phonetic transcription: p.
Ex.

:

a)

pol

c)

apa [a'pa% monkey.

[pojtT\ pole.
b) lojpjp [loA course.

22.
Is

Q.

k by which
always pronounced
new orthography:
like

it is

now

replaced in the

(qvist) kvist [kvis.% branch,

23.

Swedish

r

is

etc.

R.

pronounced:

English «r» in «room» but
be vibrated with the tip of the tongue.
like

1) nearly

Phonetic transcription:

it

should

r.

Ex.: a) [rco't], root.
b) [broj'd9r% brother.

2) before -n, -d,

-s,

-t

it is

almost quite mute.

Phonetic transcription:
Ex.: a)
b)
c)

ham

,i

(also: r).

[hajbtn], child.

lard [lsedtd\ learned.
forst [foRdtst], first.

d) hevars
[

L^j^^^

[h^va^t|\ God forbid!

24.

Swedish

s is

S.

pronounced like English «s» in «seat».
Phonetic transcription:

Ex.: a) stund [stuntd], moment.
b)

c)

resa \re'sa% to
ros [ro)is\ rose.

travel.

s.

16

Pronunciation.

Note. In words ending in -sion, the combination
nounced like English «sli» in «ship».
Phonetic transcription

:

«si>

is

pro-

/.

Ex.: a) mission {mifcotn], mission,
b) pension [payfojtn], pension.

The combinations:
pronounced

sch-,

skj-

sj-,

and

stj-

are also

like «8h» in «sliip».

Ex.: a) schal [fa.% shawl.
b) sjo [/0.I, sea.
c) skjuta [Jm'ta'], to shoot.
d) stjart [j^d!t], tail.

Sk.

The
1) like

combination sk is

pronounced:
English «sh» in «ship».

a) before

-e,

-i,

-z/,

-a

and

-0.

Phonetic transcription /.
:

Ex.: a) sken [fe!n], shine.
b) skicka [fik'a% to send.
c) sky \fy!l sky.
d) skagg [feg!], beard.
c)
j3)

skord

[Jcedkl], crop, harvest.

in the following

words:

b)

marskalk {7nar'fal'k], marshal.
mdnniska [me'nijy], man.

c)

skarlakan [farlaikan],

a)

scarlet.

2) like English «sk» in «de8k».
a) before a

consonant.
before the hard vowels a, 0, u and a.
y) after all vowels at the end of words or syllables.

/5)

Phonetic transcription: sk.
Ex.: «)

skriva [skri'va^\ to
a) skald [skaV.d]^ poet.
1 b) skog [skoj'.gX wood.
a)

write.

c) skur \skm:r\^ shower.
d) skdjp [skoi-p], cupboard.

a) rask [rastk'], swift.
b) fisk [fisikl fish.
ci

kusk

{kustlc],

coachman.

d) flask Xflisik]^ bacon.
e) pdsk [postk], easter.

In derivatives and in the various inflections of words the
of which ends in «s/L'», these two consonants have the
same sound as in the root-syllable before «e> and «i».

Note.

root-syllable

17

Pronunciation.

Ex.: disk-en ('from disk) [dis'kdn''^ the counter.
jUask-et (iiom flask) fles'kd^t], the bacon.

fiaskig ^from fjask) [fJES'kig% bustling.
jiskeri f from fisk) [Jis'kerif], fishery.

The combination
1) like

sc is

pronounced:

English «8» in

-scent, -scens

and

in

«8hip»

words ending

in

-scion.

Phonetic transcription /.
:

Ex.: a) konvalescent [kon'valefsnH], convalescent,
b) konvalescens [kon'valefen's], convalescence.

These words may also be pronounced:

Note.

[kon'vales£n.'t] [kon'valesen^s].

2) like

English «s» in «8un» in the following words

:

seen [se'n], scene.
sceneri ]s€^ndrif], scenery.
scenisk [se!niskj, scenic(al).

T.

25.

Swedish
1)

like

t is pronounced:
English «t» in «tip» in most words.

Phonetic transcription:

t.

Ex.: a) tacka [tak'a^ to thank.
b) rdtta [rot'a^], rat.
c) mat [ma-'t], food.

2) like

in «gets» before

English «ts»

the vowels a or

i

followed by

i.

Phonetic transcription:

ts.

Ex.: a) aktie [ak'tsid], share.
b) initiativ [in^itsiati^v], initiative.

The combination
a) like

in -Hon

«8h»

ti

is

pronounced:

in «ship».

In foreign words ending

preceded by a consonant.
Phonetic transcription

:

y*.

Ex.: lektion [lekfcotn], lesson.
/5)

ending

like

English «ch» in « church » in foreign words
preceded by a vowel.

in -tion

Phonetic transcription:

tf.

Ex.: nation [natfojtn], nation.

The combination

tj

is

pronounced

like

German

«b^» in «3)idb4en».
Phonetic transcription:
Elementary Swedish Grammar.

c.

2

18

Pronunciation.

26.

Swedish

v is

pronounced

V.
like

English «v» in

Phonetic transcription:

«,voice».

v.

Ex.: a) vagn \vaytn\, carriage.
b) tavla [ta'vla,\ picture.
c) Ijuv [jiiitv], sweet.

27.

W.

This letter only occurs in some names of towns,
persons and countries. It is pronounced as v (26 -v)
and never as English «w».
28.

Swedish x

is

X.

pronounced

like

English «x» in

«fix».

Phonetic transcription: ks.
Ex.: taxera \takseira], to tax.

Note. In words ending in -xion the combination
nounced like: kf.

«cci»

is

pro-

Ex.: reflexion [re'flekfcoin], reflection.

29.

Swedish

z is

Z.

pronounced like English «8»
Phonetic transcription:

Ex.: zink

in «sit».

s.

[siy.'k], zinc.

§

4.

Swedish writing.

The Swedes make use
and their handwriting

differs

of the
little

handwriting.
Notice the following letters

©yf U,J

©^ U,
v_^

Ky

i^x^j

Latin characters
from the English

:

(y ^

and

'?

Preliminary remarks.
§ 1.

The genders.

Swedish three genders, viz: the masculine (han-kon), the feminine (hon-kon), and the
There are

neuter

in

(det-kon) genders.

Pronunciation.

19

The study of the genders in Swedish is an important and
one for Englishmen; but it should be observed that it is
sufficient to distinguish the neuter nouns from the masculine-feminine group which are followed or preceded by the same articles, their
inflections remaining always the same.
Note.

difficult

§ 2.

The numlbers.

The Swedish language has two numbers: the
gular (ental)

and the plural
§ 3.

The parts
The article
The noun

(flertal),

The parts of speech.

of speech in

(artikel).
or substantive

sin-

(ting-

ord).

The adjective (egenskapsord)
The pronoun (ersdttningsord).
.

Swedish are the following:
The verb (hdndelseord).
The adverb (omstdndighetsord)
The preposition (forord).
The conjunction (bindeord).
The interjection (utropsord).

.

First Lesson.

The
§

There are

1.

definite
the

in

article, the

articles.

Swedish three

independent definite
I.

The

articles: the in-

terminal definite

article

and

equivalent to

the

article.

indefinite article.

(Obestamd artikel.)
§ 2.

The

indefinite

article

is

English article a or an and has two forms:
1. en which is used before masculine and feminine nouns;
2. ett which is used before neuter nouns.
Ex.:

en

en

gosse (masc), a boy;

barn

Jiicka

(fern.),

a girl; etf

(neut.), a child.

§ 3.
Interrogative sentences with the auxiliary'
verbs „hava"^ «to have» and „vara" «to be» are formed
as in English:
Is the father good?
Ex.: dr fadern godf

hava de en fader f

Have they a father?

Hava [ha'va%
Jag har [jatg hatr\ I have.
du har {duit — ], thou hast

to have.

(you have).

har Vhani — ], he has.
hon har [hojnt — ], she has.
det har ^dett — ], it has.
vi hava vii ha'va% we have.
I haven ii ha'vdn% you have.
de hava dii ha'va% they have.
lian

Words.
drlan

the wagtail
bird
fdgel U'oigdJ]
hamen[ha'JLndn'^] [the] children
[le'rlan^]

stjdrt [fxjitt]

tail

liten

little

mask

\li'tdn^'\

[masth]

worms

The

stalk

vem ?' [vemf]
vadf [va!d]

who ?

iitjalk [fel'k]

mitt [nkf]

pretty

styv [sty!v]

stiff

ungar

yoimg ones

[i«?;*ar']

munter
Idng

[Zo?;/]

wpp och ned

lively

long
[upt up and

down

alia [aZ'aJ

everybody,

segdma[setjse'r-

like to see

ok: ne'd]

hon

Tia']

tycka mycket

[she] it.
for itself

[hconf]

at sig

[ott si'g]

[tyk'a''

sina [si'na^]
its.
da [do^
when, as
trippar [trip'ar^] ambles, is ambling

omkringlomkriyf about
plockar [plok'ar picks up

gungar

what?

dr [%!r] or [e^r] is
dro[x'roy]or[8'rco^] are.

[m.unitdr] merry, gay

livlig [li'vlig^]

sj

21

articles.

[guy'ar'

henne [hen'd']
som [som^
vippar [vip'ar^]
ihland [ihlanta\

pa

swings

hurudan?[hia'rm how? what?
dan^]

om

of,

like

it

that,

which

wags
sometimes, now
and then

on

[poi]

gor

[jotr]

och

[oki]

Reading Exercise

very fond

are

myk'df

all

does
and.

1.

Arlan.
Arlan ar en liten natt fagel. Hon ar munter och livlig.
Alia se henne garna. Barnen tycka mycket om henne. Hon
har en lang styv stjart, som vippar upp och ned, da hon
Hon plockar mask at sig och sina ungar.
trippar omkring.
Ibland gungar hon pa en stjalk.
Conversation.

Hurudan ar arlan?
Ar hon en livlig fagel?
Se alia henne garna?

Vem

tycker mycket om henne?
Hurudan stjart har hon?
Vad gor hon, da hon trippar omkring?
Vad plockar hon at sig och sina imgar?
Pa vad gungar hon ibland?

Words.
pupil
Idrjungellse'rjuy'd]
school-master skolmdstare [skco'l-

the teacher
chair

mes'tard'']

school

skola

man

man [man^

class-room

klassrum

maps

[klas^rum^]
kartof' [ka'rtcor']
svart tavla [svaM't

blackboard

[skoj'la''']

(neut.)

ta'vla"]

forms

skolhdnkar[skoj-lbey^kar]

Idraren

[U'rardii^]

Idrostol

[le'rco-

stoj'r]

the desk(s)

pulpet(ema)[pul-

penholder

pennskaft

peit]
(neut.)

[pen'skaf^t]

inkstand

copy-book

hldckhorn (neut.)
[hUkliojUn]
skrivbok [skrrvbco'k]

reading book Idsebok [U'sdbo/k]

Lesson

22

am

I

go

in

jag dr [ja'g e^r]
vdr [vo'r]
school jag gar iskola[ja.'g

our
I

to

goir i skoj'la^]
talar [ta'lar']
engelska [ey^dlska]

speaks
English
Swedish

lard [lasUd]

learned

blyertspenna
[hlyeMspen^a]

pencil

2.

i [if]

several
there are,

[is]

flere [fle'rd']
det jinns[dett fints]

sits

sitter [sitidr]

behind
each

varje

hakom [hakom^

see

I

jag

[var'jd^]

sei^

[jatg setr].

svenska [sven'ska^]

Translation Exercise 2.
The class-room.

am

go to school. Our school-master is a
learned man; he speaks English and Swedish. In a class
room there are several maps, a black board, and forms. The
Each pupil has a
teacher sits in a chair behind a desk.
form and a desk. What do you see on the desks? I see
a penholder, a pencil, an inkstand, a copy book and a
I

a pupil.

I

reading book.

Second Lesson.
II.

The terminal

definite article.

(Slutartikel.)

§ 1. This article consists of a letter or a syllable
It answers to the
affixed to the end of substantives.
article
«the».
English
§ 2. It
plural, viz.:

has four forms in the singular and in the

Singular.

3.

§

masculine and feminine nouns

-n or -en for the

of the I'S
Ex.

't

or

:

-et
4^^'

Ex.:

2°^^,

3'*^

and

5'^

declensions.^

gossen, the boy ; flickan, the girl
hagaren, the baker.

for the

neuter nouns

and

declensions.

5*^

myteriet, the sedition;

;

nyheten, the news

belonging to the

;

3'"'^,

^

spdnnet, the buckle; hordef,

the table.

Plural,

4.

§

-we for the
5*^

masculine substantives

declensions.

of the

^

Ex.: gossarne, the boys; hagai^ne, the bakers.
^

See lesson 3 and the following

(4,

5,

6 and

7).

2'''^

and

The
-na

23

article.

for the substantives of each gender belonging
to the P% 2^*^ and 3^*^ declensions.^
Ex.

girls
gossarne or gossarna, the boys
nyheterna, the news; myterierna, the seditions.

flickorna, the

:

;

neuter nouns

-a for the

of the 4^^ declension.

;

^

Ex.: spcinnena, the buckles.

neuter nouns

-en for the

of the 5^^ declension.

the children; borden, the tables.

hamen,

Ex.:

The independent

III.

definite article.

(Fristaende artikel).

The study of the independent definite article
with that of the qualifying adjective,
connected
being
it will be treated in lesson 12.
§ 5.

jag dr [ja!g et
du dr [diai
_
han dr ^an'
]
hon dr [hojni — ]




"Vara [va'ra^] to be.
det dr [dett
J
thou art
vi dro [vit troj'"']
I



am

he

I

dren
de dro

is

she

is

]ii

it

is

we

are

you are

s'rdn']

they are.

[det e'rco^]

Words.
2
pd 800

talet [po' in the ninth
800 taildt]
century

stort

great

[stcotdt]

fruktbart [fruk't-

fertile

bauH]
vdrt [votjbt]

our

[he'vdiy'] chieftain
sdndebud (neut.) messenger(s),
ambassador(s)
[sen'ddbia^d]

av [atv\
sedan [sedan]

of
since

folket

bodde

I

8ver(i)ge

[ii

Sweden

in

svsmrtjd]

hovding

(neut.) [foU- people

(neut.)

dwelt

was called,
whose name
came
[was

Russia

kommo

[rys'lan^d[\

land (neut.) \lantd] country
ordning [o'ddni'^'^] order
army
^dr [heir]
Ostersjon [os'tdr- the Baltic Sea
fo'n]

pd andra sidan on

the
side

other

[pot an'dra' si'dan']
rike (neut.) [ri'kd'] kingdom

grdnserlgrentsdr] borders,
bounds

vdrlden

[it

vssU- in the world

ddn]

grannland

neighbouring
[gran'lan^d]
country
mdktig [inek'tig^] powerful
^

greatest

[stoRJitsta]

[bojd'd']

hette [het'd^]

kdt]

Ryssland

i

storsta

(neut.)

[kom'oj'']

sade [sa'dd'']
ingen [%*a?i']

said

no

kom

come
\komi]
Tidrska [hsev'ska''] rule
samlade[sam'ladd''] assembled,
mustered,
gathered

seglade [se'gladd^] sailed
founded

grundlade

[grun'dladd'']

vidgade [vid'gadd'] extended
vdxte ut [vek'std'' grew to,
came
mtt]
till
honom [til! to him

See lesson 3 and the following

be-

hon'om^]
(4, 5,

6

and

^

7).

dtta hundra.

Lesson

24

frdn

from

[frohi\

gjorde
en ^a^

over us
ddrfbr [dser^foer] therefore
hdr [h%tr or heii^ here

over OSS [oivdr

2.

osf\

kdnna

did

[jco'jdd']
[e.'n

one day

datg\

[we] know
then.

[vi] [c€n'a!'\
'

c?« [dot]

Reading Exercise

3.

Rurik.

Pa 800
hette Rurik.

talet
Till

bodde

i

Sverige

som

en maktig hovding,

honom kommo en dag sandebud

fran

fol-

Ryssland och sade:

„Vart land ar stort och fruktbart,
men det finns ingen ordning dar. Kom darfor och harska
Da samlade Rurik en stor har, seglade over
over OSS.'*
Ostersjon och grundlade pa andra sidan ett rike, som sedan
vidgade sina granser och viixte ut till ett av de storsta i

ket

i

Det riket kanna

varlden.

vi

det ar vart grannland:

alia,

Ryssland.
Conversation.

Vem
Vad

bodde i Sverige pa 800 talet?
hette denne (this) maktige hovding?

Vem kom till honom?
Vad sade sandebuden fran folket
Vad gjorde Rurik da?
Vad heter (what is the name of)

Ryssland?

i

det

som han

rike,

grundlade?

Words.

man

[the]

being
the

mdnniskan

M

vdsen

\men'i-

(neut.) [vetsdn]

human Tnd'nniskokroppen

body
the head

[men'ifcokrop ^dn\

huvudet

[hia'vu-

d'9t]

the
the
the
the
the
the

trunk

hdlen [bo!hn]

ansiktet [an'sikHat]
forehead pannan pan'an']
ogonen p'gondn^]
eyes
face

ears

cheeks

oronen

[o'ronan'J
kindema [gin'ddr-

ndsan [ne'san^]
Idppaima [lep'ar-

ryggen

heart

hjdrtot. Jsed'tat']

liver

levern

mouth

munnen

hair

hdret

stomach

mag en \ma'gdn^]
sidoma [si'dcom a*]
annar [avmar^]

sides

arms

the beard
the neck
the teeth

skdgget U'egtdt]
halsen [haUsdn]

the tongue
the breast

tungan

tdndema

[ten'ddr-

ben

rygidn]
[I

eivdm]
[mun.'dn]

[hotrdt]

leg, legs
fingers
nail

fingrar [fivgrar']

the limbs
the chin

ledema [te'dama^]
hakan \ha'kan']

much

reasonable

[betri]

nagel [naigdt]

mgcket [mgk'dt^]
fomuftigf
[fcernufitikt]

consists of

na']

belong to
we hear

two

bestdr av [bdstoir]
tillh ora [til'h o'ra]
vi

hora

tvd
tre

[vit ho'ra']

[t}:oi]

[tuy'an^]

three
four

fyra

[brds.'tat]

five

fefin [/f???.*].

na*]

brostet

back

very,

713*]

the nose
the lips

the
the
the
the
the
the
the

[trei'^

[fy'ra'']

25

Declension of Substantives,

Translation Exercise 4.
Man.
a reasonable being. The human body consists
The different parts
of the head, the trunk and the limbs.
of the head are: the face, the forehead, the eyes, the ears,
the cheeks, the nose, the mouth, the teeth, the lips, the chin,
The tongue and the teeth are in
the beard and the neck.
The heart, the stomach the back and the ribs
the mouth.
(revhenen) belong to the trunk. The heart is in the breast.
The lungs and the liver are also in the breast. A man has
four limbs: two arms and two legs. We have two hands and
each hand has five fingers. Each finger has a nail.

Man

is

Third Lesson.
Declension of substantives.
§ 1.
(bdjningar)

The Swedish language has

five declensions

which are varied by four cases:
the nominative answering to the questions: who?
or what?
the genitive answering to the questions: whose?
or of which ?
the dative answering to the questions: to whom
or to what?
the accusative or objective case answering to the

1.

2.

3.

4.

questions:

whom?

§ 2.

:

Note

faders, fathers
1.

noun the s
Ex.

what?

Formation of the genitive.
The genitive is formed in the singular and

the plural by adding
Ex.

or

:

is

s
;

to the nominative.
skolors, of schools.

When

the terminal definite article is affixed
added to the article and not to the noun.

gossens, the boy's

;

skolornas, of the

to

the

schools.

When

the substantive is preceded by the indefinite
article the genitive case is formed by adding s to the substantive and
not to the article which remains unchanged,

Note

2.

blommas, of a flower; ett barns, a
Nouns ending in s, x and z take no
indefinite form, that is when preceded by the

Ex.: en

Note
of the

The
is

3.

s of the genitive
left unaltered.

is

child's.

s in the genitive
indefinite article.

replaced by an apostrophe or the substantive

2Q

Lesson
Ex.

:

en jprins

or en

prins

slott, a prince's castle.

Note 4. Whilst the genitive case is used in English with nouns
denoting animate objects and sometimes with nouns denoting time and
space, it is used in Swedish with all sorts of nouns, whether they indicate animate or inanimate objects.

First Declension.

I.

The

3.

§

nouns in

declension

comprises

feminine

all

-a.

The

§ 4.

sion is formed
Ex.

§ 5.

first

:

plural of nouns belonging to this declenby changing -a into -or.

flicka, girl

flickor,

;

The terminal

girls.

definite article is -n in the sin-

gular and -na in the plural.

Example.

§ 6.
Indefinite

N.
G.
D.
A.

en
en
en
en

Form.

Definite

Form.

Singular..
N. blomman, the flower
blomma, a flower
G. blommans, of the flower
blommas, of a flower
D. blomman, to the flower
blomma, to a flower
A. blomman, the flower.
blomma, a flower

Plural.
N.

blommor, flowers.
G. blommors, of flowers
D. blommor, to flowers
A. blommor, flowers

N.

blommoma,

G.

blommornas,

D. blommoma,
A. blommoi^na,

the flowers
of the flowers
to the flowers
the flowers.

Haya.

Jag hade [ha'dd'] or
du hade, thou hadst
han hade, he had
hon hade, she had

[ha'dd^], I

had

it had
we had
haden, you had

det hade,
VI hade,

I

de hade, they had.

Words.
sjdar

[fo'ar^]

mdngd

lakes

Vdnern
Malar en

[me'O-d]

mdrkvdrdigf

remarkable

[maer'kvse'rdikt]

Vattem
oar [0'ar']

isles,

fatten (neut.) [va-

water

klart

bottom

djup \jmtp]
imt [leti]

mdrkvdrdigaste
islands

tidn]

bottnen

quantity

[bottndn']

rorelse [ro'rdlsd^j

motion, movement

[mderkvcx'rdigastd]
\kla:.it\

most remarkable
clear

deep
easily

svdr sjo [svo!rfo!] rough sea

ganska
ka'

litet

[gan's- ever so

little

tillflode [til'Jio'dd]

tributary

tusen [tmtsdn]

thousand

dar

rivers

ndgra

some

countries

storre [stcerta]

greater,

smd'rre [smoer.'d]

ger
smaller

stream
[o'ar']

lander

[leniddr]

pa jorden
jo/dddn^]

[pot

li'tdt']

hio'gra''']

on earth

lar-

Declension of substantives.

quite, very

27

28

29

Declension of substantives.

Note.
article for

line

nouns

The article -ne is, properly speaking, the terminal definite
masculine nouns, but the use of the article -na for mascuis

becoming more and more general.

Examples.

§ 4.

Sul)stantive8 ending in -e.

I.

Indefinite

Form.

Definite

Form.

Singular.
N.
G.
D.
A.

en
en
en
en

gosse, a boy
gosses, of a boy (a boy's)
gosse, to a boy
gosse, a boy.

N.
G.
D.
A.

gossen, the boy
gossens, of the boy
gossen, to the boy
gossen, the boy.

(the boy's)

Plural.
N. gossatme, the boys

N. gossar, boys
G. gossai'S, of boys

G.

(boys').

gossarnes,

of the boys (the

boys')

D. gossarne, to the boys
A. gossarne, the boys.

D. gossar, to boys.
A. gossar, boys.
II.

Substantive with various terminations.
Singular.

Indefinite

N.
G.
D.
A.

en
en
en
en

Form.

Definite Form.
N. gdrden, the yard
G. gardens, of the yard
D. gdrden, to the yard
A. gdrden, the yard.

gdrd, a yard
gdrds, of a yard
gdrd, to a yard
gdrd, a yard.

Plural.
N.

N. gdrdar, yards
G. gdrdars, of yards
D. gdrdar, to yards
A. gdrdar, yards.

G.

D.
A.

gdrdama, the yards
gdrdamas, of the yards
gdrdama, to the yards
gdrdama, the yards.

Yara.

Jag var [vair] I was
du var thou wast
han var he was
hon var she was

det var it was
vi voro \va>'ro/]

we were
voren you were
de voro they were.

I

Words.

Lappama
p'ama']
ansiktsfdrg

[la-

[the]

Laplan-

ders
[an'-

complexion

[hyk'sa)r^'\

trousers
coat

kolt [koUt]
vadmal [va'dmal] drugget(coarse
stuff)

renar

[re'nar']

skinn [fin']
pals [pd's]

[top'-

reindeer
skin
fur

peaked cap

mos'a]

hoskap

[hoj'ska^p] cattle

boskapsskotsel

siktsjagr'j]

hyxor

toppmossa

cattle

feeding

[bco'skapfofsdl]

hostdder

[ho)'-

dwelling

pla-

ces

ste^ddr]

trakt [traktt]

region

dkerhruk

husbandry

[o'kdr-

hrm'-k]
hjordar[ja)'jidar'-] herds

30

31

Declension of substantives.

spent

j faster [fasitdr]
I moster [mcos^tdr]

aunt

easter holi-

kusiner [kmsiindr]
pdskferier [pos'k-

days
garden

trddgdrd [tre'goUd]

cousins

fe'ridr]

grand fatherZ-^^-^r'!/*^^-^?;^
^

grand mother

-,

\morfar''[m(or:far]
armor ^ [far'mojr]

j

f

stays

\mormor^[ma>rima>r]

will

stories

cakes

sagor

[sa'gojr^]

kakof

[ka'kcor']

stannar

come

to

skola

us

grand
daughter

skoj'la le'ka^]

dottev

[sow

dotterdotter [dot'dv-

\
^

dot'ar]

French

franska

German
Swedish

tyska [tys'ka^']
svenska \svEn'ska^'\

teaches

Idr,

under vis ar

\l£tr

sar
talar

speaks

[fran'ska^]

,

berdtta [bdrd'a]

to tell

to

dot'er]

\

till

enjoy myself roa mig [rwa' mi!g]
we shall play vi skola leka [z;z?

8071']

(Son

[stan'ar']

komma

oss [skorla" kom-'a'
tilf]

isonson [son'son^]
\dotterson
[dot'dr-

grand

tillhragte
{til'
brak^td]
several years j^ere dr [fie're'' otr]
plays
spelar [spe/lar^]
sjunger [fuy'dr']
sings
de gd [di! go']
they go
kind to me goda mot mig [gorda' mojtt mi'g]

baka

bake

dlska

my
my

min [mi'n]
mina [mi'na']
dnnu i livet, vid

(pi.)

still

alive

[el'ska']

[snui''

it

litvdt

liv

vitd

Wv]

i

un'ddrvi^-

[ba'ka']

like

beautifully

fdrtrdffligt

[for-

treffliktj.

if\

[ta'lar']

Translation Exercise 8.
The Family.

My
our

parents are

grammar

alive.

still

school.

He

My

teaches

father

is

a teacher in

modern languages;

he

speaks French, German and Swedish very well. He spent
several years in France, Germany and Sweden.
My mother
plays on the piano and sings beautifully. I have a brother
and two sisters; they go to school. I love my parents with
all my heart (av alt mitt hjdrta), for they are very kind to
me. My little sister stays at home to-day, because she is
ill; I hope she will be better to-morrow (i morgan).
My
I shall enjoy
Uncle and aunt will come to us at Easter.
We
myself with my cousins during the easter holidays.
shall play in my grandfather's garden. Our grandfather will
tell us nice stories and our grandmother will bake good cakes
for us. Their grandsons and granddaughters like them very
much.
by the father's

side.

^

by the mother's

side.

32

Fifth Lesson.

^

III.

§

This declension contains:

1.

masculine

the

1.

Third Declension.

n o u n s ending in

-ac?,

-nad^ -skap

and -ndr ;

feminine nouns ending

the

2.

-else,

-het,

the

3;

in -an,

masculine nouns ending in -at,
-is and- the feminine nouns

and

-en

-d,

-sfj

-t,

-and and -ang ;
-ant^

-ass,

ending

in

and -ur, which come from a foreign language and have the accent on the last syllable;
the neuter nouns which end in -eum and -ium
and are derived from Latin;
-ik^

-ion

5.

the

polysyllabic neuter nouns

6.

a great

4.

in -eri;

number

of monosyllabic nouns of
each gender and with various terminations, such

as:
prdst (masc),

priest;

dam

(fem.), lady; salt (neut.), salt etc.

§ 2. The substantives of the third declension take
the plural.
Ex.: mdnad, month; mdnader, months; r or else, move-

•er in

ment, motion; rorelser, movements; tryckeri, printing-office; tryckerier, printing-offices.

Note

1.

The words

in -else drop the final-e before taking the

plural ending.

Ex.: hdndelse, event (occurrence); hdndelser, events.

Note

a

2.

The nouns ending

in

-and and -dug change a and

into a.

-um

Ex.: tand, tooth; tdnder, teeth; tang, pincers; tdnger, pincers,
tongs etc,
Note 3. Nouns, ending in -eum and -ium drop the syllable
before taking the plural termination.
Ex.: museum, museum, plur.: museer.

The terminal definite article of the
§ 3.
third declension has four different forms in the singular and in the plural, viz:
1.

2.

a) in the singular:
-n for the feminine

tives

substantives ending in -e;
substan-

masculine and feminine
ending in a consonant;

-en for the

Declension of substantives.

3.

for the

-et

b) in the

neuter

33

substantives;

plural:

-na for each gender.

-mm

Note. Neuter nouns in -eum and
before adding the terminal definite article.

drop the syllable -um.

Ex.: museet, the museum.

Examples.

§4.

Feminine and Masculine Nouns.

I.

Indefinite

Form.

Definite

Form.

Singular.
N. en konstndr, an
G. en

konstndrs,

artist

of

an

artist

N. konstndren, the artist
G. konstndrens, of the

(an artist's)

artist

(the artist's)

D. en konstndr, to an artist
A. en konstndr, an artist

D. konstndren, to the artist
A. konstiidren, the artist.

Plural.
N. konstndrer, artists
G. konstndrers, of artists

N. konstndrerna, the

D. konstndrer, to artists
A. konstndrer, artists.

D. konstndrerna, to the artists
A. konstndrerna, the artists.

artists

G. konstndr ernas, of the artists
(the artists')

II.

Indefinite

Neuter Nouns.

Form.

Definite

Form.

Singular.
N. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill
G. ett spinneris, of a spinning-

N. spinneriet, the spinning-mill
G. spinneriets, of the spinning-

mill

D. ett spinneri,

mill
to

a

spinning-

D. spinneriet,

mill

A. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill.

N. spinnerier, spinning-mills

to

the

spinning-

mill

A. spinneriet, the spinning-mill.

Plural.
N. spinneriema, the spinningmills.

G. spinneriers, of spinning-mills

G.

spinneriemas,

of the spin-

ning-mills

D. spinnerier, to spinning-mills

D.

spinneriema,

to

the

spin-

ning-mills

A. spinnerier^ spinning-mills.

A. spinneriema,
mills.

Words.

the spinning-

34

Lesson

eldstaden[el'dsta'- the

fire

ddn]
sovplatser [so'v- sleeping

place
pla-

food

den
the movings

Iflyt'niyama,']
[sa'kdr]

ackja

[ak'ja']

bat

medar
kol

things
ackja (a kind
of sledge)
boat

[bo.'t]

ime'dar^]

[go.'l]

torn [tomf]

da det b orjar

[do.^

bli[va] [bli'va^]

hosten [om!

[bcj']

[des'a'

dwell
these are

[va'ri- through which
je'nom]
gar ut [go.'r m't] goes out
serve
tjdna [ge'na']
bredas [bre'das'] are spread out
pa marken [pot on the floor

varigenom

madtkdn]
skaffa [skaf'a']
ej blott [eji blotf]

procure
not only
bear

runners
keel

bdra [be'ra']
spdnnas [spen'as']

are put to

rein

ser ut [setr m!t]

looks like

when

it

begins

dett b (Br'jar']

om

[skra'- scrape up

£'rco']

clothes
dragareldra'gard'] beasts of bur-

saker

bo

dessa dro

kldder VkUiddv^

flyttningama

skrapa upp
pa' up']

ces

plat^Sdr]
foda [fo'da']

5.

to

in

become
autumn

hos'tdn]
to move
flytta ner [ne'r]
leva av [leva' a'v] live on
out of
ur [iii'r]

bred [bretd]
Idngs [l€7j.'s]

rymmer
ndtt

broad

[rym.'dr]

ochjdmt

along
holds

[net' just

ok.' j€m.'t]

down

dkande [okan'dd']
kor [Qd:r]

driver
drives

kallt [kalit]

cold.

Eeading Exercise
Lapparua

9.

(continued).

det borjar bli kallt om hosten, flytta de ner i skogarna,
dar (where) renarna leva av renlav, som de skrapa upp ur snon
med sina klovar. Lappama bo i kator. Dessa aro ett slags talt
ay vadmal med hal i taket, varigenom roken fran eldstaden
gar ut till sovplatser tjana renskinn, som bredas pa marken.
Renarna skaffa lappen ej blott foda och klader, de aro aven
bans dragare, som vid flyttningama bara bans saker.
Denne ser
vintern spannas de for ett slags slade, ackja.
ut som en liten bat, ar utan medar med en bred kol langs
mitten och rymmer natt och jamt en (one) akande, vilken kor
renen med endast en tom.

Da

;

Om

Conversation.
flytta lapparna om hosten?
Varav leva renarna?
Huruledes (pa vad satt) skrapa de upp renlav ur snon?
Vari bo lapparna?
Beskriv (Describe) lappamas bostader?
Vartill tjana renarna?
Vad kallas lappamas siadar?

Vart

Hum

ser en

ackja ut?

Declension of substantives.

35

Words.
dwelling pla- he7nvist[he7n'vis^t]

water

lilies

ndckrosor

ces

{nek'-

rcL>''sojr\

in the country

pa

landet [poi lani-

cowslips

gullvivor [gul'vi'-

roses

rosor

dew-drops

daggdroppar

tulips

tulpaner

park

kulle [kul'd']
park [par!k]

orchard

frukttrddgdrd

we

ddt]
in

town

i

vcor]

staden[i' sta'ddn]

summer house sommarbostad[sDm'arbo/stad]
hill

[dag'drop'ar]

frukttrdd [fruk'-

reside,

vi

apple-trees

dppeltrdd

1

jag dlskar (tycker

like

eV'skar'-]

stands
det star [deit sto^r]
in the middle mitt i [mitt it}
it

[Qce,r'sh€^rtr€\
[ep'dl-

tre'\

pdrontrdd[pe'ron-

shady

skuggig [skug'ig']

plenty of
in front of

framfor

hlomstertrddgdrd
[blojm'stdrtre^gdrd]

basin

bassdng

gold fishes

guldfiskar[gul'd'

violets

violer

[bas€7j']

among
swim

simma

beautiful

many

Jis'kar]

manga

[moy'a']

[framt-

for]
ibland [iblantd]

tre']

flower garden

[vi' bco^]

om)[ja'g

korshdrtrdd

pear-trees

bo

(dwell)

tre'\

cherry-trees

[tulpat-

ndr]

[fruktre^godd]
fruittrees

[rco'sojr]

other

[sim'a^]

skon, fager
faigdr]

[jo.'n,

manga andra
[moy^a' an'dra'].

[vico.'ldr]

Translation Exercise 10.
The house.
have two dwelling places. In summer we reside
I like our
(dwell) in the country and in winter in town.
summer-house very much. It stands on a small hill in the
middle of a shady park. Behind the house there is a large
orchard with plenty of fruittrees: cherry-trees, apple-trees
and pear-trees. In the flower garden in front of the house
there is an oval basin in which many gold fishes swim among
water-lilies. In our flower garden we have plenty of violets,
cowslips, roses, dew-drops, tulips and many other beautiful

We

flowers.

Sixth Lesson.
IV.
§

1.

1.

all

2.

all

Fourth Declension.

This declension contains:

neuter nouns
neuter nouns

in -e;

(most monosyllables) the root

of which ends in a vowel.
Ex.: knd, knee;

kndn, knees.
3*

36

Lesson

6.

The substantives belonging
§ 2.
declension form their plural in -n.
Ex.: spcinne, buckle;

§

3.

to

the fourth

buckles.

spdnnen,

The terminal definite

article is:

in the singfular.
Ex.: spdnnet, the buckle.

1.

-t

2.

-a in the plural.
Ex.: spdnnena, the buckles.

Example.

§ 4.
Indefinite

Form.

Definite

Form.

Singular.
N.
G.
D.
A.

N. ett rike, a kingdom
G. ett rikes, of a kingdom
J), ett rike, to a kingdom
A. ett rike, a kingdom.

N. riken, kingdoms
G. rikens, of kingdoms
D. riken, to kingdoms
A. riken, kingdoms.

riket, the kingdom
rikets, of the kingdom
riket, to the kingdom
riket, the kingdom.

Plural.
N. rikena, the kingdoms
G. rikenas, of the kingdoms
D. rikena, to the kingdoms
A. jHkena, the kingdoms.

Words.
Tyskland

[tys'k-

Germany

lan'd]
[mo'rco- of

Europas

Europe

vetenskapsman

men

of science

[ve'tdnskapsme^n\
konstndrej^lkon'st- artists
nerdr^]

pas^]

fastland

[fas't-

continent

lan^d]

sidan [si'dan']
hav [ha.^v]

Nordsjon

the side
sea
[nco'rd- the North Sea

endast

\endas''t]

sar^]

sluttar [slut'ar']

Idngsamt

fo'n]

sluttningarna

the slopes
rivers

Jioder [Jioj'ddr]
strdnder [stren.'- banks
ddr]
{J'enihet]

tyskama

[tys'-

beauty
the

Germans

karna']

folkmdngd [fol'k-

population

slopes
slowly

sam't]
emco.'t]

utfor [uittfor']
rinna frm'a']

down
flow

learned [men]
Idrde [Ix'rdd'^]
flow
flyta [flyta'l
beromda [bdrom'- renowned
da']

stolta over [stol'ta' proud of

mey'd]

miljoner

[lon^g-

mot, emot [moj.% towards

[slut'niyama^]

skonhet

only

north
norra [nor'a^]
grdnsar till [gren'- borders upon

[miVjoji- millions

oivdr]

vacker

ridr]

vetenskap [ve'tdns- science
ka'-p]

art
konst lkon!st]
vdrlden [vae'jddn^] the world

skolor

{skoylcjr^]

intager

[in'ta''gdr\ occupies

uppgdr

\vak.'dr]
till

[up'-

beautiful

comes up

gor' til!]
std [sto!]

stand

hogt

[on

(adv.) [hok!t]

schools

a]

[level]

samt

[sairu't]

to

high

37

Declension of Substantives.

Reading Exercise

11.

Tyskland.
Tyskland intager mitten av Europas fastland. Endast
pa norra sidan gransar det till hav Ostersjon och Nordsjon.
Landet sluttar langsamt mot havet och utfor sluttningarna
rinna manga stora floder. Till Ostersjon flyta Weichsel och
Oder, till Nordsjon Elbe och Rhen. Storst av dessa ar Rhen;
dess strander aro mycket beromda for sin skonhet och tyskarna aro mycket stolta over denna sin (their) vackra flod.
Tyskland ar ej sa mycket storre an Sverige, men dess folkmangd
uppgar till over 60 miljoner. Vetenskap och konst sta i hela
Tyskland mycket hogt; intet land i varlden har sa manga
skolor av alia slag samt sa manga vetenskapsman, larde och
:

konstnarer.

Conversation.

Ar Tyskland

ett stort

land?

hav gransar det at norr?
Vilka aro Tysklands storsta floder?
Vilken ar Tysklands storsta och vackraste flod?
Varfore ar Rhen beromd ?
Hvarfore aro Tyskarna stolta over denna flod?
Ar Tyskland mycket storre an Sverige?
Hum manga invanare har Tyskland?
Sta vetenskap och konst mycket hogt i Tyskland?
Till vilka

Words.
on the ground

sitting

nedre

botten

[po' neidrd hottdn

floor

rooms

pa

rum (neut.) [rumi
room vardagsrum (neut.)
[va'rdagsrum^]

dining room
study

matsal [ma'tsal^]

kitchen
on the

kok

floor

(neut.) [ge.'k]

en trappa

upp

dal [daU]

inthe morning pa

[tvo.^ trap'cor''

upp

will

be over

skola vara forbi
[skoj'la''

in (within)

three

inom

weeks

windows

[m't jetnomfontstrdn]

va'ra''

veckor
tre'

ve-

k-cor']

to breathe
andas [an'das']
the fresh air frisk luft [fris'.k

up']

utgenomfonstren

tre

[inom'

luftt]
alltid,

[vin'dskam'ard]
out at (of) the

morgonen [po!

fcerbH]

vindskammare

attics

[so'vrum']

mor'on^dn]

[ent

trap' a' upf]

on the second tvd trappor
floor

sovrum

valley

studerkammare
[stm'ddrkam^ard]

first

bed rooms

ti'd,

pleasant
loft

stddse

[al'-

ste'dsd']

trevligt [tre'vlig't]
loft [loft].

Translation Exercise 12.
The House (continued).
the ground floor there are four rooms: the sitting
the dining room, my father's study and the kitchen.

On
room,

38

Lesson

On

7.

and second floor there are six beautiful bed
Our house has also a loft and two attics. Out at
the windows you can see the Rhine, that slowly flows in a
the

first

rooms.

I should like to dwell always in the counso pleasant to breathe the fresh air in the morholidays will be over in three weeks and we shall

verdant valley.
It

try.

is

The
town

ning.

move

to

again.

Seventh Lesson.
V.
§

The

1.

a) all

fifth

declension includes:

masculine nouns

1.

in -are;

2.

in -ande;

b) the names of
substantives in -er;
c) all

Fifth Declension.

peoples and

neuter nouns

the

foreign

ending in a

(loan)

consonant.

Except the neuter nouns in -eum and 4um derived
from Latin which belong to the third declension.
:

§

main

The substantives

2.

in the plural.
Ex.: barn, child and children.

The
§ 3.
declensions is:
1.

of the fifth declension re-

unchanged

terminal definite article

a) for masculine
-n in the singular.

for this

nouns

Ex.: hagaren, the baker.
2.

-ne in the plural.
Ex.: bagarne, the bakers.

Note. The substantives
terminal definite article.

b) for

ending in

-e

drop

it

before adding the

neuter nouns

in the singular.

1.

-et

2.

-en in the plural.

Ex.: bordet, the table; barnet, the child.

Ex.: borden, the tables: barnen, the children.

39

Declension of substantives.

Examples.

§4.
I.

Masculine Nouns.

Definite Form.
Singular.
N. Idraren, the teacher
N. en Idrare, a teacher
G. Idrarens, of the teacher
G. en IdrareSy of a teacher (a
Indefinite

D. en
A. en

Form.

(the

teacher's)

teacher's)
Idrare, to a teacher
Idrare, a teacher.

D. Idraren, to the teacher
A. Idraren, the teacher.

Plural.
N. Idrarne, the teachers

N. Idrare, teachers
G. Idrares, of teachers

G.

of the teachers (the

teachers')
Idrarne, to the teachers

D.
A. Idrarne, the teachers.

D. Idrare, to teachers
A. Idrare, teachers.
II.

Indefinite

Idrames,

Neuter Nouns.

Form.

N. ett hord, a table
G. ett hords, of a table
D. ett hord, to a table
A. ett hord, a table.

Definite

Form.

Singular.
N. hordet, the table
G. hordets, of the table
D. hordet, to the table
A. hordet, the table.
Plural.

N.
G.
D.
A.

N.
G.
D.
A.

hord, tables
hords, of tables
hord, to tables
hord, tables.

h or den, the tables
hordens, of the tables
h orden, to the tables
horden, the tables.

Words.
fjdllen

[fjel'dn'']

driver

[dri'vcor']

the mountains
drifts

dret [o.'rdt]
tdcke [tek'd']

the year
cover [coat]
the top
toppen [tDp!dn]
snogrdnsen [sno'- the limit of

snows

gren'sdn]

dalar \da'lar''^
fordjupningar

vales

depressions

[fcerjm'pni7)ar'']
[hran'- the steeps

hranterna

tdma^]
tryoket [tryktdt]

samman

is

compressed

i.^s]

[i'sma-

sig [sam'- gathers

[ne'dan'- underneath
fcer]
become
hliva [hli'va']

nedanfor

uppstd [up'sto^]
hogre [hotgrd]
hinner [hin'dv']
fidlstdndigt [ful'-

[jo'klar^]

arise

higher
succeed
fully

hortsmdlta[hor'ts- to melt away

meVta]

utan

{m'tan'^

but
remain

li'ga]

om [otvdt omt]

into ice

through the
year

bulks of ice

evig

[e'vig'']

eternal, ever-

glaciers

som

[som.']

lasting
as

sojr']

joklar

glaciers

lar^ si!g]

dret

[prss'as^ sam'an^]

ismassor

samlar

kvarligga [kvair-

mascor']

till is [tiU

[gla-

s'ie'r&r]

sten^dikt]

the pressure

hopade [hoj'padd^] heaped up
snomassor [sno'- bulks of snow
pressas

glacidrer

40

Lesson

(man) kallar (den)

it

sdsom

like

[so'som^]

is

called

7.

sages

nd over
na

sammanhdngande hanging
[sam'anhey'andd]
over hela [o.'vdr over the whole

sddant [sotdant]

i}^ ^^ h^yoiiiA

Ino"]
\no.\

1

to reach

above

most
mesta [mes'ta^^
i trdnga [zV fro?;'a'] in narrow
lidT

sd

he'la']

said

is

[se'gds'']

such

Sjisetr]

starkt

[sot-

[t]here
so strong

startkt]

Reading Exercise

13.

Fjallen.

Pa de hogre

fjallen ar det sa kallt,

att

snon

hinner

ej

fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren, utan stora driver ligga
kvar aret om. Pa de allra hogsta fjallen ligger denna evig
sno, som man kallar den, sasom ett sammanhangande tacke

over hela toppen ett sadant fjall sages na over snogransen.
Mesta snon samlar sig i tranga dalar och fordjupningar nedanfor fjallbranterna, och har kan trycket av de hopade snomassorna bliva sa starkt, att snon pressas samman till is. Sa
;

uppsta stora ismassor, som

man

kallar joklar eller glaciarer.

Conversation.

Ar

det kallt

pa de hogre

fjallen?

Hinner snon fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren?
Var ligger den eviga snon?
Vad kallas sammanpressade snomassor?
Words.
drawing-room formak [fd'rma^k]

newspapers

tidningar

sofa

ceiling

chandelier

tak [ta^k\ fniyar^]
Ijuskrona [jm's-

every corner

varje horn

arm-chairs

soffa [sof-a']
Idnstolar [hn'-

krco'na]

stcj'l]

chairs

stolar

foot-stools

pallar [palar^]
vdggai^na [veg'ar-

the walls

[stco'lar^]

?ia']

papers
on the floor

tapetei^ [tapet'dr']

plants
vases
flowers

hung with
represent
illustrated

painters

niyar']
mdlare [mo/'ara'j

landscapes

landskap

bloom

books

rosenrod

[roj'sdn-

tapetserade

[tap'dt-

framstdlla [fram'stel'a]

illustrerade

[iVii-

stre'radd']

ka^p]
[h(oird]
sdllsynt [ssl.synH]
bocker [boktdr]

[hloj-

se'radd^]

mdlningar [moV-

hord

{vek'stdr"'\

[va'sdr^]

hlommor

ro'd]

pictures

[lan'ds-

vdxter

vaser

ni'ojr^]

rosy

Vdt]

[var'ja''

hcerhi]

pa golvet [pot golt-

mattor [mat'cor^]
carpets
the pianoforte pianot [matnojt]
the door
dorren [doRrtdn]
the window fdnstret[fontstrdt]

table
rare

[tid-

blomstra
[blojm'stra']
[emel'an^]

between

emellan

exotic

exotisk [iksojitisk]
porslin [porslitn].

china

Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.

41

Translation Exercise 14.
The Drawing-Room.
our drawing-room there are a sofa, four arm-chairs,
and so many foot-stools. The walls are hung with
rosy papers and the floor is covered with red carpets. Some
pictures made by renowned painters are hanging from the
Most of these pictures represent English landscapes.
walls.
On a small round table you can see several books and illuA beautiful chandelier is hanging from
strated newspapers.
the ceiling.
Every corner of the room is garnished with
rare plants and exotic flowers are blooming in china vases.
In

six chairs

Eighth Lesson.
Irregularities in the formation of the plural
of nouns.

it

First declension.

1.

§

This declension has no irregular plural forms, but
contains
:

Certain nouns that are used only in the plural;

1.

such as

:

victuals

anor, ancestors

matvaror,

bannor, chiding

indlvor, bowels
dthavor etc., manners, gestures.

flavor, estate.

Some compound substantives which have preserved their ancient form of genitive in -o and -u;
such as:
2.

mdnniskokdrlek, philanthropy.
mdnniskodtare, man-eater
salupris, sale-price
salutorg, market
varumdrke, trade-mark
varulager etc., warehouse.

Some feminine nouns which end

in a as well
ending in -e they are declined according to the second declension in the singular but follow
the first declension in the plural.
3.

as in

When

-e.

Ex.:
Note.

§
1.

2.

or skugge, shade; skuggan or
the shade, but skuggor in the plural.
ending in -e they are masculine.

skugga

When

skuggen,

Second declension.

The following nouns drop the vowel

syllable before taking the plural ending:

of the final

42

Lesson

sommar, summer

somrav, summers
aftnar^ evenings
morgnar, mornings
djdvlar, devils.

afton, evening

morgon, morning
djdvul, devil
2.

Two

8.

nouns modify their root-vowel:
modrar, mothers

moder, mother

ddttrm%

dotter, daughter

daughters,

The

four nouns indicating the colours of cards
are unchanged in the plural:
3.

hjdrter, hearts
ruter, diamonds

Jdover, club, clubs

spader, spade, spades.

4.
Some nouns that end in -e as well as in -a in
the singular, thus belonging to the first and the second
declensions, but in the plural they are declined according to the second declension.

Ex.:

timme

or

the

timma, hour; timman,

timmar

hour,

but

in the plural.

Such are:
ande, breath; droppe, drop; make, husband; mane, moon;
tanke, thought etc.

Third declension.
1.
Several masculine and feminine nouns modify
the root-vowel and most of them double the final con§

3.

sonant before taking the plural termination:
fot, foot

fotter,

rot, root

rotter, roots.

feet

son, son

soner, sons

bot, fine

boter, fines.

Notice the plural of: bok, bocker, book, books ^ ledamot,
ledamoter, member, members; not, notter, walnut, walnuts; get,
getter, goat, goats and van, vdnner, friend, friends.
2.

A

few masculine and feminine nouns modify the

root-vowel,
the plural:

but do not double the

bokstav,

letter

stad, town
natt, night
fader, father
3.

w,

final

bokstdver, letters
stdder, towns
ndtter, nights

fdder,

fathers.

The masculine and feminine nouns

and a form

their plural

by adding

stadga, statute

stadgar, statutes

mor, maidens

ko, cow
so, sow

^-''•{

kor, cows
sor, sows

in -a,

-r.

mo, maiden

'^-^™{hf4ewife

consonant in

hir/ewives

-e,

-o,

43

Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.

rd, yard

rdr, yards

sld, rod
td, toe

sldr, rods
tdr^ toes

sko, shoe

skor, shoes

vallmo, poppy
bonde, countryman

vallmor^, poppies
bonder, countrymen

fiende, enemy
bo, inhabitant

fiender, enemies
bor^, inhabitants

frdnde,
Note.

The

relative

foreign nouns

frdnder,
-e and

in

relatives.

form their plural

-i

re-

gularly.

Ex.:

4.
1.

2.

teori,

theory; teorier,
qvaliteer, qualities.

theories;

The word man, man, has two

qvalite,

quality;

plural endings:

man and manner, men, in a general sense;
man (unchanged), man, when denoting a group
of persons forming a whole.
Ex.: tio tusen

§ 4.

man

(soldiers), ten

thousand men.

Fourth declension.

1.
To this declension belong six nouns which are
declined in the plural according to the third and fourth
declensions; viz.:
drenden or drender, business
drende, business

fdngelsen

fdngelse, prison
brdde, board

brdden

tdckelse, covering
ode, ode

regemente, regiment
2.

The word:

or fdngelser, prisons

brdder, boards
tdckelsen or tdckelser, coverings
oden or oder, odes
regementen or regementer, regiments.
or

oga, eye,

and om,

ear,

have an

irre-

gular plural.
Ex.: ogon, eyes; oron, ears.

§ 5.

Fifth declension.

1. The word: fruntimmer, ladies, has three different
plural forms when used with the definite article; viz:
fruntimren (fruntimrena and fruntimmerna).

2. The word:
finger, finger, is both neuter and
masculine and takes the following endings when used
with the definite article in the plural: fingren or fingrarne.
^
Or vallmoblommor.
bor parishioners etc.



^

Only

in

compound words: socken-

44

Lesson

8.

Words,
korsfarare

[kod's- .crusaders

fa'rara]

finnarna [ jin'ar-

the Fins

hedningar

heathens

[he'd-

hyste [hys'td']

\

agg

f

till

had

(a

spite

against)

landsteg [lan'ste'g] landed, went
on shore
uppmanade [up'- exhorted

ma'nadd]
[the] baptism
dopet [doj.'pdt]
Jm^an [h-ran']
[the] doctrine
Finland
Finland [/in'lan'd]

biskop

[bis'kop'']

Kristendomen

bishop

apostel [aposttdl]
ny.'

agg

omvand

to let
to christen

[do'pa']

de vdgrade

[de'

they refused

besegrade

[ba-

vanquished

se'gra'dd]

apostle

[en' a

catechumen

compelled
tvang [tvay']
mottaga [mort-ta'- to receive

om'ven'd]
kristen [krns'tan'] christian
dtervdnde [o'tdr- came back

spite

[ag-]

kvarldmnade

left

[kva'TUm^nade^
kallad [blr- was called

blivit
vit''

dopa

ve'gra'dd]

Christianity

[kris't9ndoj^m9n]

en ny

lata [lota']

kal'ad']
[an'gri'-

angripa
pa]

ven'dd]

predikade [predi'- preached
ka'dd]

to attack

mordades

[mod'r- was murdered.

da'dds]

Reading Exercise

15.

Erik den Helige.^
i Sverige
en har av korsfarare och
Kung
seglade med den ut for att angripa finnarna, som da annu
voro hedningar. Han landsteg i trakten av Abo. Forst uppmanade ban finnarna att lata dopa sig, men de vagrade. Da

Erik samlade

angrep han dem med sin har, besegrade dem och tvang dem
De visste likval icke mycket om den
att mottaga dopet.
kristna laran.
Da Erik atervande till Sverige, kvarlamnade
han darfor biskop Henrik, som dar predikade kristendomen
och darfor blivit kallad Finnlands Apostel. Biskopen mordades dock snart av en ny omvSnd finne, som hyste agg till
honom.
Conversation.

Vad gjorde Erik den Helige

for att angripa finnarna?

Var (where) samlade han denna har?
Voro finnarna annu hedningar?
I vilken trakt landsteg Kung Erik?
Voro finnarna villiga att lata dopa sig?

Vad gjorde Kung Erik niir de vagrade
Vad hette Finlands Apostel?
Av vem mordades biskopen Henrik?
the Holy.

at lata

dopa sig?

45

Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.

Words.
book-case

bokskdp

(neut.)

typewriter

skrivmaskin

the use

begagnandet

[skri'vmafi^n]

[boj'ksko^p]

works

verk

writers

skriftstdllare

[vwr.'k]

[skrif'tstel'ard]

copying press kopiepress [kco'pid-

skalder [skalddr']

poets

„.
^
volumes

I

band

[ba,n!d]

lagbocker

[la'g-

bok^dr]

sakforare

lawyer

ett

steel

[kas'asko'p]
stdl [stoil]

bills

vdrdepapper

money

penningat^ [pe-

skrivbord

writing-table

jewels
family
simple
elegant

juveler [jmveUdr]
familj [jmniUj]

green cloth

gront kldde[gr0nH
kh.dd^]

ma- iskrivmaterialier

terials
[

stationery

)

[skri'mnat^eriailidr]

inkstands

bldckhorn

ink

hco^m]
black [bhk!]
portfolj [podtfoHj]

blotter

rulers

[blek'-

linjalej' [linjaildr\

{pldnpapper[plo'npap^dr]
\l(iskpapper
V
pap^dr]

]

blotting-

paper

iriyar^]

[skri'v-

boj'rd]

\les'k-

kassaskdp

[v^'rddpap'dr]

[sa'k-

fo'rard]

writing

pr€S^]

a safe

[polymer [voly-mdv^]

codes (laws)

\bd-

ga7)'nan''ddt]

enkel [eyjkdl]
elegant [e'legayit]

bound books bundna backer
[bun'dna'' bdk.'dr]
stitched books ^a/if«c?e backer
[hef'tadd^]
Russian
rysk [rys!k]
covered with betdckt med [6atekH me.'d]
provided mthforsedd med [for'sed^ me!d]

nodvdndig

necessary

[no'd-

ven'dig]

writing-paper skrivpapper
[skri'vpap'dr]
post-paper
brevpapper [bre'v-

pap'dv]
penholders

pennskaft

pencils

kaft]
blyertspennor

[

pen's-

full

of

uppfylld

med [yp-

jyVd me!d]
red
black

rod

now a days

nu for

[ro'd]

svart

[sva'ji't]

tiden [nm:-

fo.'r trddn']

much spread mycket spridd

[bly'drtspen'cor]
letter-weigner brevvdg [bre'vvotg]

[myk'df spridf]
preserves

forvarar [foe'rvarar''].

Translation Exercise 16.
The Study.
simple but elegant. In the bookcase there are many bound and stitched books.
Among his
various books you can see many works w^ritten by Svredish,
French and Russian authors and poets. Most volumes are
on law, as my father is a lawyer. The writing table is
covered with green cloth and provided with all the necessary writing materials (stationery): two inkstands, the one
full of black ink and the other full of red ink, a blotter, a

My

ruler,

father's

study

blotting-paper,

a letter-weigher.

is

writing-paper, penholders, pencils and
a little table stands a typewriter.

On

46

Lesson

9.

Here is
the use of typewriters is much spread.
the copying-press. The safe is in the corner; it is made all
of steel. My father preserves in it all sorts of bills, money
and the family jewels.

Nowadays

Ninth Lesson.

The gender
I.

of substantives.

Masculine.

Masculine are:

men

a) All appellations of

and

male animals.

Ex.: mdlare, painter; bonde, countryman; tupp, cock.

b)
forests.

The names
Ex.:

c)

of the seasons,

sommar, summer; lordag,

The nouns ending

-ad and -nad,

2.

-ande (names of persons).
Ex.: handlande, merchant.

mdnad, month;

skillnad, difference.

3. -are.

Ex.: Idrare, teacher.
4.

-dom.

5.

-e

6.

-el

7.

-er

Ex.: barndom, childhood.

(Plural -ar).
Ex.: gosse, boy.

(Plural -ar),
Ex.: axel^ axe.

(Plural -ar or

-er),

Ex.: seger, victory.
8.

-ing (concrete nouns).

9.

-ling.

Ex.:

taming,

die.

Ex. frdmlingj stranger.
:

10. -lek.
Ex.: kdrlek, love.

11. 'ndr.
Ex.: konstndr,

Saturday.

in:

1.

Ex.:

months,

artist.

12. -skap (Plural -er).
Ex.: egenskap, property.

days and

The gender of

47

substantives.

Except:
1.

The

ending in -hud

titles

and -rad which are

neuter.
Ex.: sdndebud, ambassador; statsrdd, minister.
2.

3.

4.

The words:

hdrad, district; altare, altar; ankare,
anchor, are also neuter.
The words: fjdder, feather; -fidder^ elder; lever
liver; adevj vein; ndver, birch-bark, are feminine.
The nouns in -sel are also feminine.
^

Feminine.

II.

Feminine are:
a) All female
Ex. flicka,
:

names and appellations:
girl

;

hona, hen.

Swedish rivers and the names
b)
of trees and the nouns in -and and -ang which modify
the final vowel in the plural.

The names

of

Ex.: bjork, birch-tree; hand, hand.
c)

The substantives

in

1.

-a (Plural -or),

2.

-an (abstract nouns).

3.

-d,

:

Ex.: skola, school; piga, maid.

Ex.: borjan, beginning.
-t^

Ex.:
4.

-st

(mostly abstract).
mdngd, great deal of; avsikt,

intention; konst, art.

-else.

Ex.: varelse, being.
5. -het

(mostly abstract).

Ex.: sannolikhet, likelihood.
6.

'ing (abstract

nouns) and -ning.

Ex.: handling, act, action; aktning, esteem.
7.

-sel

(mostly abstract).
Ex.: horsel, hearing.

8.

-^,

-ik^

Ex.:

-ion

and -ur (foreign words).

theory; fabrik, factory,
perature; mission, mission.

teori,

temperatur,

tem-

Except:
1.

The words:
tree

;

blast,

brand, fire; pil, willow; apel^ applegale (strong wind) jdst^ yeast tingest^
;

;

48

Lesson

9.

pastry; strirkelse, starch;
gaol; hackelse, hacked straw, and vdxt,
plant, are masculine.
thing;

^ors^, thirst; bakelse,

hdktelse^

2.

The words: fruntimmer^
mare land, country

sto,

;

;

lady;

kvinnfolk,

women;

water-willow

vide,

;

fdng-

ghost; stdngsel, enclosure,
paddock; tdckelse, covering; betsel, bridle; harhari,
barbarity; baroni, barony; kompani, company; geni,
genius, are neuter.
else,

prison;

spokelse,

III.

Neuter.

Neuter are:
a) The names of towns, countries, the letters of
the alphabet and generally the words used substantively; such as ett ja, a «yes»:
Ex.: Frankrike, France;

b)
1.

The nouns

-a (Plural -n)

ett b,

a b.

in:

and nouns

in -a

derived from Greek

and Latin.
2.

Ex.: oga, eye; drama, drama.
-an (concrete nouns).

Ex.

:

lakan, sheet.

3.

-ande and -ende (abstract nouns).
Ex.: anforande, conduct; avseende, connection.

4.

-e

(Plural -n).
Ex.: spdnne, buckle.

5.

-el

and
Ex.

:

-er

(unchanged in the

plural).

galler, railing.

6.

-m.

7.

-on.
Ex.: smultron, strawberry.

8.

-skap (unchanged in the plural).
Ex.: herrskap, master and mistress of

Ex.: tryckeri, printing-house.

9.

a house.

-urn, -eum and -ium (derived from Latin).
Ex. faktum, fact museum, museum studium, study.
:

;

;

Except:
The words: morgon, morning, and
which are masculine.

afton, evening,

The gender

49

of substantives.

Words.

nordens

[in] of the

[nco'r-

gudfruktig [gm'd- pious

North
ddn's]
kvinnoi^[kvin'cor'] women
[dro- dreams

fruk'tig]
tyckte sig [tyk'td' thought

drommar

si!g]

Idt
visions

uppteckna [UH had

written

syner [s^'nar']
angels
dnglar [eiflar^]
Kristus [kris'tus''] Christ

uppenbarat[up'dn- revealed

rykte [ryk'td']

spred sig [spread spread

dlderdom

up'tek^na]
ba'rat]

renown,repute

[ol'ddr- old age

sUg]

vida omkring

dcom^]

Rom

Rome

[rojhn]

pdven

the pope

[po'vd7i']

sitg]

sedermera

[h dgti'dlighe^tdr]

iiunnekloster
[nun'dklDs'tdr]

monastery
nuns

kloster [khsttdr]

monastery

avled

died
at the age

[a'vle^d]

dr gammal[otr
gam'ar]

70^

pa

of

of 70
deti tiden [po! at that time

den! ti'ddn^]
den heliga [deni

around

begav sig [hdgatv repaired

festivities

hogtidligheter

all

omkriy^

[vi'da''

[se'dar- hereafter

me'ra]
bosatt [bco'saf]

settled

slutligen

at last

[sluc't-

ligdn^]

vallfdrdade
fm'rdadd

[val'-

went on a pilgrimage

ddrefter[dEtTeftdr\ afterwards

forklaradfor hel- canonised
gon [fcerkla'rad^

the holy

for!

he'lig'a]

hel'gon'].

sam,tala[sam'ta^la] to converse

Reading Exercise
Den heliga

17.

Birgitta.

Pa den tiden levde en av Nordens markvardigaste kvinnor,
den heliga Birgitta. Hon var mycket gudfruktig. I drommar
och syner tyckte hon sig samtala med Kristus och anglarna
och lat uppteckna vad de uppenbarat for henne. Hennes
rykte spred sig vida omkring. Pa sin alderdom begav hon
sig till Rom, dar hon sedermera var bosatt och slutigen vallfardade hon anda till Jerusalem. Hon avled 70 ar gammal
i Rom
Nagon tid darefter blev hon av paven under stora
hogtidligheter forklarad for helgon. Hon grundlade i Vadstena
ett nunnekloster, som blev det mest beromda kloster i hela
Norden.
Conversation.

Vad vet Ni {what do you know) om den heliga Birgitta?
Var hon gudfruktig?
Med vem tyckte hon sig samtala i drommar och syner?
Vad lat hon uppteckna?
Var hennes rykte stort?
Vid vilken alder avled hon?

Av vem

blev hon forklarad for helgon?
Var grundlade hon ett kloster?
^

sjuttio

=

70.

Elementary Swedish Grammar,

a

50

Lesson

9.

W ords.
the dining

matsalen[ma'tsa^-

room
apartment

members

of

the family

rum (neut.) \rumf]
ifamiljens [famil'J

jdn's]

meals

[fru-

k'ostdn'']

luncheon andra frukosten
[airdra'

dinner



supper

walnuttree

^[e-ta'

tea
coffee

te [tef]

cakes
sandwiches

kaffe [kafd^]

kakor {ka'kojr'']
smorgdsar
[sm(Er'gosar'-'\

cold

meat

kallmat [kal' ma't]
rodvin [ro'dvi'n]

forsamla

[kvel'svaUddn]
valnotstrd
[va'l-

square

fyrkantigt

vitt

[hco'rd-

plates

tallrikar

glasses
wine bottles

glas [glais]
vinhuteljer [vi'nhmtEVj]
vattenkaraffiner

intaga [inta'ga']

is laid

ar

[pi'gan']

dukad

[aetr

lays the cloth

dukar bordet [dm'-

she puts
at 8 o'clock

Idgger [Ug'dr^]
klockan 8^

dar' bco'rddf]
[tal'ri-

[khk'an^]

inthemorningpa morgonen
[movgon'dn]
in the evening_p«
aftonen

[vat'9nkaraf'indr]

spoons

[fy'r-

dui'kad']

kar']

forks

viin]

sig [for-

to take

[fa.'t]

knivar
gafflar
skedar

[vW

kan''tigt]

fat

knives

vin

sam'la^]

linne [/m"9']

pigan

]

[vzV

drik'a^]

kvdllsvarden

bord-duk
dm^k]



tili

dricka

red wine
white wine
assemble

vio^lti-

linen
the maid
dishes

decanters

[fruk'ostetra]

vi

not'stre]
table cloth

\

we drink

]

middags mdltiden
[mid'ags
ddn]

[the]

.

[mo'lti^-

ddr]
[the] breakfast/ri^^'os^en

[the]

ifrukostera

we breakfasti

[me'd-

lem^ar]

mdltider

[sa^rve-

t'dr]

welunch[eon]/^ ]ata tillfrukost

]medlemmar
I

[the]

servetter

napkins

Idiil

[aj^to-ndti^]

p.

m.

e.m.{eftermiddag)
[ef'tdr' mid'ag']

we

eat

vi dta

[vii

£'ta%

Translation Exercise 18.
The Dining Room.

The dining-room is an apartment in which all the members of the family assemble to take their meals: breakfast,
A square table of walnuttree
luncheon, tea and dinner.
stands in the middle of the dining room with twelve chairs
around. The table is laid wdth a white table cloth made of
very fine linen. When the maid lays the cloth she puts on
the table dishes, plates, glasses, wine bottles, decanters, kniWe breakfast at 8 o'clock
ves, forks, spoons and napkins.
in the morning and lunch a 1 p. m. At 5 o'clock we drink
In the
tea or coffee and eat some cakes or sandwiches.
evening we eat cold meat and drink red or white wine.
dtta.

51

Tenth Lesson.
Remarks on the nouns.
Gender of compound nouns.

I.

Compound nouns are generally of the same
§ 1.
gender as the last component.
Ex.: husdgare (m) [from hus (n) and agave (m)].
Tiusfru (f) [from hus (n) and fru (f)].

posthus
II.

the

post

(f)

and hus

(n)].

Formation of female appellations.

The female

2.

§

to

(n) [from

appellations

animals and

appellations are formed by adding
of male individuals -inna (female

titles),

-erska (profession),

-a,

-iska

-ska^

(names of peoples), -fru and -hustru (profession).
greve, count (earl)
furste, prince

grevinna, countess
furstinna, princess

hertig, duke

hertiginna, duchess

varg, he-wolf

varginna, she-wolf

lejon, lion

lejoninna, lioness

dsna, ass
kock, cook

dsninna, she-ass
kokerska, cook
slaktarhustru (fru),

slaktare, butcher

butcher's

wife

tyska, German (lady) woman
svenska, Swedish (lady) woman
spaniorska, Spanish (lady) wo-

German

tysk,

svensk, Swede
spanior, Spaniard

man
kines, Chinese
kinesiska, Chinese (lady) woman.
Note. Names of peoples ending in imam) change this syllable
into -ska.
Ex.: Norronan, Norwegian; Norska, Norwegian (lady)

woman.

§

Special feminine appellations.

3.

fader, father

moder, mother

son, son

dotter, daughter
syster, sister
flicka, girl
fru, lady

broder, brother
gosse, boy
herr, gentleman

morbror'^, uncle

faster^, aunt
moster^, aunt

man, man

kvinna, woman

systerson^, nephew

syster dotter^, niece
brorsdotter^, niece.

farbror^, uncle

brorson^, nephew
^

By



^
the father's side.
By the mother's side.
*
By the brother's side.

sister's side.





^

By

4*

the

52

Lesson

Double gender.

III.

Double plural.

The following nouns have a double gender

§ 4.

and

10.

meaning:
Masculine.

hdl, trunk

Neuter,

hdlar, trunks

hdl, funeral-pile

hdl^

funeral-pi-

les

fjdll^loity mowii' fjall[ar\,

lofty

fjdll, scale

fjdll^ scales

grund, shoal

grund, shoals

lock, lid

ZocA:, lids

mountains

tain

grund, motive

grunder, motives

lock, curl, lock

lockar,
locks

curls,

Feminine,
not, walnut
rev, fishing-line

Neuter.

notter, walnuts

revar,

fishing-

not, cattle
rev, reef

not, cattle
rev, reefs.

lines.

Masculine,
bal, ball

baler, balls
bank, sandbank bankar, sand-

banks
borsar, purses

bors, purse

mask, worm

gdngar, paths
maskar, worms

torsk, cod-fish

^or.s•^*a7',

path

^a72.gr,

cod-fis-

bal, bale

5<2Z«r, bales

bank, bank

banker,

6ors,Exchange
(building)
^«??^, time

borser, Exchange (buildings)
gdnger, times

mask, mask

masker, masks

^orsZ:, thrush

banks

(no plural)

hes
vals, cylinder

valsar,
ders

bok, book

bocker, books

cylin-

vals, waltz

valser, waltzes,

Feminine,
&o^',

beech-tree

bokar,

beech-

trees

wo^, drag-net

r%,

scales

notar, drag-nets
vdgar, scales

??of,

note

noter, notes
vdgor, waves.

v«^, wave

>Vor(ls.

fisket [fis'kdt^]

[the]

fishery,

fishing

Bohusldn

[bo)'-

Bohusliin

htasle'n]

landskapen

shires

Uan'dska'pdn]

fiskamci

\fis'-

the fishers

kama']
fiskldgen [Jls'kU- fishing places
gdn]

byar

\by'ar'']

Jdippor [klip'ojr^]
trdd [tretd]

jord

[jco.'ud]

stdllningar

[stel'-

niyar']
ndteu [nctdn^]
storfiske [stoj'r-

stands



nets
great fishery

jislco]

Idnga [loya^]
veckor [vek'cor^]

ling

torsk [tortsk]

cod

weeks

hdlleflun dralhel'd- halibut

trees

flun''dra]
[kus'tdn^] shore
sillfiske [sil'Jis^k9\ herring-fishery
sillen [sil'dn']
herri»g

land,earth,soil

invid [invHd]

villages
clifi"s

kusfen

on

Eemarks on

nakna

abundant

rikt [riktt]

rich,

utomor dentil gt

extraordinari-

almost
[nes'taii^]
like
[li'ksom'']
aUmdnhet [iV al- generally
western
southern

fdnga

most

idkas [idkas']

to

go

olika

da ...an [etn

often

inklamdalinkUm' - compressed

to catch

[foya']

oft a [of'ta^]

[oj'lika']
. .

.

they give
themselves to
various
etn\ now ... now

givande [ji'vanda'] productive
forsvunnenlfcers- disappeared.

da']

vun'dn^]

amongst

[blan.'d\

arable

somUga[sDm'Uga'] some
borta {bod'ta']
away

liggande[Ug'andd^] lying, situated
vid [vi!d]
on, near

bland

naked barren

overallt[0'V9rart] everywhere
to dry

torka [torka']
far a [fa'ra']

men'he^t]

vdstra [ves'tra']
sodra [so dra']
mest [mes.'t]

[oj'd-

liy'sbar]

ndsfan
liksom
I

[na'kna^]

odlingsbar

ly

[la'tomod'denHlikt]

53

the nouns.

Reading Exercise
Fisket

19.

Sverige.
I Bohuslan, liksom i allmanhet i vastra och sodra landskapen, bo fiskarna mest i fiskelagen. Dessa aro byar, liggande vid stranden, ofta inklamda bland nakna klippor utan
Overallt ser man stallningar
trad och utan odlingsbar jord.
sommaren fara somfor naten eller att torka fisk pa.
i

Om

pa sa kallat storfiske, ofta langt ut^) at Nordsjon; de
ligga da borta i flera veckor och fanga torsk, langa helgeliga

fiundra

o.

s.

v.

=

(och sa vidare).^)

Om

vintern idkas invid

har under olika tider varit
olika rikt; an har det varit utomordentligt givande, an har
sillen under manga ar varit nastan forsvunnen.

kusten

ett rikt sillfiske.

Sillfisket

Conversation.
I vilket

Ian bo de fiesta fiskarna?

Var ligga fiskelagena?

om sommaren?
Vad for fiskar fangar man i Nordsjon?
Nar idkas sillfisket?
Har sillfisket alltid lika givande?
Vart fara fiskarna

Words.
domestic husdjuren
animals
jm'rdn]

[the]

the dog
friend
the bitch

hunden

[hm's-

Uiun'ddn]

van [v€.'n]
hyndan Uiywdan']

hu7idar [hun'dar^]
dogs
the watch-dog gdrdvaren [go.cdva'rdn]
^

2

=

far away.
Idngt ut
and so forth
etc.

=

the hound

jakthunden

[jak't-

hun'ddu]
the shepherd's/ar^wncZe/*

dog
the hunter
the game

[fo'r-

hun'ddn]

jdgaren

[je'garan']

villebrddet

[vil'd-

bro'ddt]
the flock

hjorden [jcoUddn]

54
the horses

Lesson

hdstarna

[hes'tar-

na']

the mar(
stona [stoj'na'^
the ass
dsnan [o-sna^]
[oin the meadow p«
cincjen [jpot
£7)'9n'']

the she-ass

dsninnan

\os-

7iin'an'']

the cat

katten

tuppen

ycat'dii^]

[tup'dn']
[ho'nojv-

honorna
na']

folet [f0'l9f]

kon

[kco'ii]

mjolk [mjol'k]
figg

bg^

fdret
ull

[;fo'rdf]

[uli]

oxen [ojk'sdii^]
vagnen [vay'iidn^]
plogen [plco'gdn']
tjuren [cm'rdn']
kalven (kal'vdn'']
geten [je'tdn]

11,

The

55

auxiliary verbs.

Infinitive.

JETava,

to have.

Participle present.

Supine.

havande, having.

haft, had.

Indicative.

Sul)junctive.

Present.

jag har
du har
han har
VI

hava

jag (have)

S.

or

md

hava

>M

du (have) or Tnd hava
han (have) or md hava
P. vi (have) or
1 (haven) or
de (have) or

(ha)

I haven

(han)
de hava (ha)

md hava
man hava
md hava

S

Imperfect.

jag (hade) or skulle hava
du (hade) or skulle hava
han (hade) or skulle hava
P. vi (hade) or skulle hava
I (haden) or skullen hava
de (hade) or skulle hava

jag hade
du hade
han hade
P. vi hade
I haden
de hade
S.

S.

bO

OS

Perfect.
S.

P.

jag har haft
du har haft
ha7i har haft
vi hava haft
I haven haft

S.

jag (have)

or

md

hava haft

du (have) or md hava haft
han (have) or md hava haft

P. vi

(have) or

I (haven)

de hava haft

de (have)

or
or

md

hava haft

O

e8'

man hava

md

haft
hava haft

Pluperfect,
^

jag hade haft
du hade haft
han hade haft
P. vi hade haft
I haden haft
de hade haft
S.

S.

P.

3

S,

jag (hade)

jag skall hava haft
du skall hava haft

han skall hava haft
P. vi skola hava haft

I

skolen hava haft
de skola hava haft

Or matte.

haft
haft
haft
haft
haft

Conditional.
S.

1—1

*^

jag skulle hava
du skulle hava

han

hava
hava
I skullen hava
de skulle hava
skulle

P. vi skulle

Future past.
S.

hava haft

(hade) or skulle hava
han (hade) ov skulle hava
vi (hade) or skulle hava
I (haden) ov skullen hava
de (hade) or skullen hava

Future.
jag skall hava

du skall hava
han skall hava
vi skola hava
I skolen hava
de skola hava

or skulle^

du

2-£^

Conditional past.
S.


P.

ja^ skulle hava haft
du skulle hava haft
han skulle hava haft
vi skulle hava haft
I skullen hava haft
de skulle hava haft

o a

56

Lesson

11.

Infinitive.

Impcratiye.
hav, have (thou)
Idt orri OSS hava (havom),
let us have
haven (haver), have (ye)

Note
Note

it

1.

Perf.

hava
hava

Int.

skola hava,

Pres.

or lia^ to have
haft, to have had
to be about to

have.

The forms havom and haver

are antiquated.

«ia^» /, is never written with a capital letter, unless
occurs at the beginning of a sentence.
Note 3. The pronoun I (ye, you) is written with a capital letter.
Note 4. In general conversation vi ha, I han, de ha, are used
2.

instead of vi hava, I haven, de hava.
Note 5. The periphrastic forms of the tenses of the subjunctive
mood are more frequently used.

Infinitive.

vara,

to be.

Supine.

Participle present.

varit, been.

varande, being.
Indicative.

Sul)jnnctive.

Present.
b.

P.

S.

jag ar
du ar
han dr
vi dro
I dren
de dro

S.

(vare) or

md

vara

du (vare) or md vara
han (vare) or md vara

P.

vi (vare) or

I

(var en) or

de (vare) vr

md

vara
vara
md vara

mdn

Imperject.
S. jag vore or skulle vara
du vore or skulle vara
han vore or skulle vara
P. vi vore or skulle vara
I voren or skullen vara
de vore or skulle vara

jag var
du var
han var

P. vi

jag

voro

1 voren

de voro

S_

"

Perfect.

jag (have) or md hava varit
du (have) or md hava varit
han (have) or md hava varit
P. vi (have) or md hava varit
I (haven) or mdn hava varit
de (have) or md hava varit

jag har varit
du har varit
han har varit
P. vi hava varit
I haven varit
de hava varit

S.

S.

S.jag hade varit

du hade varit
han hade varit
P.ti

hade varit

I haden

varit

de hade darit
^

Or matte.

^

Pluperfect.
S.jag (hade) or skulle^ hava
du (hade) or skulle hava
han (hade) or skulle hava
P.ri (hade) or skulle hava
I (haden) or skullen hava
de (hade) or skulle hava

varit
varit
varit
varit
varit
varit

s s

rt

e3

The
Future.

auxiliary verbs.

57

58

Lesson

forrddiskt [fcere!- treacherously
diskt]

hortford

[hoji't-

under [un!ddr]
horde [h(£\idd']
tola

taken away
during
heard

om [ta'la' om'} talk(ing)

dmnade [em'nadd^]
foretaga [fo'rd-

11.

kdnde [gen'dd^

felt

oemotstdndlig

irresistible

[ox em ojtston'dlig]
forklddd [fo'r- disguised

kUd']
trdffade \tref'add^] met,
over

came

across

intended

redan

undertak(ing)

smog

ta^ga]

[re'dan']

sig

already

[smo^g slipped.

si-g]

Reading Exercise

21.

Gustay Yasas nngdom.
Gustav Eriksson Vasa foddes i Uppland pa garden Lindholmen, troligen ar 1497. Hans fader var radsherre och en
av Sturarnas trognaste anhangare. Sasom yngling kom Gustav
till Sten Stares hov.
Han kampade tappert i striderna mot
Kung Kristian och i slaget vid Brannkyrka bar han den
svenska fanan. Kort darpa blev han av den trolose Kristian
forradiskt gripen och bortford till Danmark.
Under sin
fangenskap horde han danskarna tala om det stora krigstag
de amnade foretaga mot Sverige. Gustav kande da en oemotstandlig langtan att fa komma hem och kampa for faderneslandet.
Forkladd flydde han fran Danmark till Lybeck och
traffade dar en skeppare, som forde honom over till Sverige
om varen 1520. Da voro danskarna redan i besittning av
storre delen av landet. Pa ensliga vagar smog han sig fran
det ena stallet till det andra och kom slutligen till en av
sin faders gar dar, Ravsnas i Sodermanland.
Conversation.

Var foddes Gustav Vasa?
Vem var bans fader?
Mot vem kampade han?
Av vem blev han forradiskt gripen?
Vad horde han under sin fangenskap danskarna
Huruledes flydde han till Lybeck?
Vem traffade han i denna stad?
Nar aterkom han till Sverige?

tala

om?

\

Words.
kitchen-gar-

den
wall
the gardener

seeds

kokstrddgdrd

vegetables

gronsaker [gro'n-

radishes
love-apples'

rddisor [re'di^sojr]
spenat [spena.'t]
kdrleksdpplen

asparagus

sparris [spar

sa'kdr]

[gok'strwD^jid]

vdgg [vegf]
trddgdrdsmdstaren [frrgojdmes'tard]
[fro^n]

fron

spinage

[ga?'rlefcsep^h7i]

The

59

adjective.

tomatoes

spaden

hackan

[spa'ddn^]
[hak'an^]

rdfsan [ref'san^]
omgiven [om'ji''vd7i\
sdtt

seg

[sott]

[seig]

mjuk

[mjuifk]

hdlsosam [heVsMsamy\

mogen

[moj'gdn^]
flytta Cflyt'a']
det dr tid [deit etr
ti'd]

utrotar

[m'tr cot-

tar].

Translation Exercise 22.
The kitchen-garden.
Behind our house we have a large kitchen-garden. It
is surrounded by a high wall.
The gardener has sowed
many seeds. We shall have plenty of vegetables in spring
and summer radishes, spinage, love-apples, asparagus, onions,
salad, carrots, beans, cauliflowers, parsley and sorrel. These
:

love-apples are red; they are ripe. In spring horse radishes
are tough.
Asparagus are soft and wholesome vegetables.
It is time to transplant cabbages.
The gardener roots up
the weeds in the boarders.
The gardener's tools are: the
spade, the hoe and the rake.

60

Lesson 12.

A.

Indefinite Form.

§ 2. The indefinite or strong declension has three
different forms:
a)

A common

form for the masculine and feminine
whereby the adjective requires no

in the singular

alteration.

A

particular form for the neuter in the singular,
the inflection of which is -t.
common form for the three genders in the
c)
plural, the inflection of which is -a.

b)

A

Note.

Participles in

-ad and superlatives

in -ast take -e instead

of -a.

Examples.
Masculine.
Sing, en god gosse

en god fiicka

ett

Plur.

goda

goda ham.

goda
Note

-t in

Feminine.

gossar.

The

1.

adjectives

Neuter.

fiickor.

gott

ham

that end in an accented vowel double

the neuter.

Ex.: grd^ grdtt; hid, hldtt; ny, nytt.
Those ending in -en (unaccented) drop the -n before
2.
taking the neuter inflection -t.
Ex.: mogen^ Tnoget; trogen, troget.

Note

Note 3. The adjectives in
remain unchanged in the neuter,

-t

Ex.: fast; stolt; trott

Note

Those ending in

4.

in the plural the vowel preceding

Ex.:

preceded by a consonant or in

etc.

-al,
-I,

-en, -el,
-n, -r.

-er (unaccented) drop

gammal, gamla; tapper, tappra.
mogen, mogna; ddel, ddla.

Note 5. Those ending in -d preceded by a consonant,
as participles in -ad change -d in -t in the neuter.
neuter:

Ex.: hlind

mild
aktad
Note
-tt in

6.

-tt

hlint

milt

»

aktat.

»

Those ending

as well

in -d preceded

by a vowel change d

in

fhe neuter.

Ex.: god, neuter: gott.

B.

Definite Form.

weak declension has for the
§
three genders and both numbers the same inflection -a.
When the adjectives are declined according
§ 4.
to this form they are generally preceded by the In3.

The

definite or

dependent definite article

(fristaende artikel):

The

61

adjective.

den for the masculine and feminine in the singular.
»
»
neuter in the singular.
det
»
»
three genders in the plural.
de

Here it must be observed that the qualified noun
has the terminal definite article although the adjective
is preceded by the independent definite article, excepted
in some cases which will be treated in the Lesson on
the Pronouns.

Examples.
Plural,

Singular.

den goda (e) gossen
den goda flickan
det

goda

NB.

de
de
de

harnet.

Note 2 and 4 apply also

goda gossarne
goda fiickorna
goda barnen.

to the adjectives declined after

the definite form.

§ 5. In the masculine singular the inflection -e
It should always be used instead of -a:
also used.

is

In exclamations and in solemn apostrophes.
Ex.: gode Gud! svenske man!
b) When the adjective is not followed by a noun or
when it is used after a proper noun as a surname.
Ex.: den gode, the good (man or woman)
Karl den Store, Charles the Great.
NB. Participles in -ad and superlatives in -ast take -e instead
-a, as when declined according to the indefinite form.
a)

of

Use

C.

of the

modes of

inflections.

The

§
adjectives should be declined according
to the strong declension when used:
6.

Without

1.

Ex.

:

article or predicatively.

gott vin, good wine

With the indefinite

2.

;

vinet dr gott, the wine

is

good.

article.

Ex.: en

god man, a good man.
en god flicka, a good girl.
ett gott ham, a good child.
(goda filckor) (good girls).

3.

With the indefinite pronouns.

4.

With the interrogative pronouns.

Ex.: varje tapper soldat, every brave soldier.

Ex.: vilket sott sockerf

§

weak

The adjectives are declined according to the
declension when used:
7.

Lesson

62

1.

Before a noun with the

12.

terminal definite

ar-

ticle.
Ex.:

franska sprdket, the French language.
In this case the adjective is generally preceded by the

NB.

independent definite
2.

article (see B. § 4).

After a noun in the genitive case.
Ex. faderns stora egendoinar, the father's large estates.
After the personal, possessive, relative and demonstrative pronouns.
Ex.: jag olyckliga mdnniska! min gode van!
:

3.

Remarks.

Some

a)

adjectives are indeclinable, such as:

ode, waste; gdngse, usual; hra, good etc. etc.

These adjectives have the same termination

b)
all

they take an

cases;

s

in the

genitive

in

when used

substantives.

as

Ex.

:

but:

den dygdiges olycka, the virtuous (man's) misfortune.
den dygdige mannens olycka, the virtuous man's
misfortune.

Words.

gruvan [grrn'ran^] the mine
maimer [maltmdr]

dmnen

[em'ndn'']

inre [in.^rd]
herget [hserjtdt]

meter [mettdr]

gruvor [grui'vcor^']
at alia sidor

[^oit

al'd^ si'dojr'']

gdngar

rum

[goyar'']

[rumf\

nedgdngen

[ne'd-

goy'dn]

oppning

[op'niy']

brunn

[brunf]

stegar

[ste'gar^]

korgar [kor'jar^]
tunnor [tun'ojr^]
pd dagen [po!
da'gdn^]

lampor [lam'pojr^]
bloss [blosf]

upplyste

[up'-

lys^td]

nyttiga [nyt'iga^]

:

The

63

adjective.

Reading Exercise 23.
Grruyan.

For

att

andra nyttiga amnen

i

sig djupt ner i berget
jorden, stundom flera hundra meter. Sa far man gruvor.
utvidgas at alia sidor^ sa att de slutligen besta av en

jordens inre

mider
Dessa

komma at maimer och
har man fatt spranga

mangd gangar och rum. Dar nere kunna ofta flera hundra
manniskor arbeta. Nedgangen till en gruva utgor vanligen
blott en smal oppning, som ser ut som en brunn man stiger
ner pa branta stegar eller hissas utfor i korgar eller tunnor.
I sjalva gruvan skuUe vara kolmorkt aven pa dagen, om man
ej upplyste den med lampor eller bloss.
hel

;

Conversation.

gora for att komma at maimer
jordens inre?
Varav bestar en gruva?
Huru manga manniskor kunna arbeta i en gruva ?
Huru ser nedgangen till en gruva ut?

Vad har man

fatt

i

Hur ypplyses gruvoma?
Words.
the earth

jorden [jutrddn]

a ball

ett

Mot

[eti klojtt]

the Isthmus
the bays

havsvikama

the peninsula

halvon

round

rund

moves
infinite

ror sig [rd!r siig]
odndlig \oj'En^dlig\

fictitious

finger ad[Ji7)jeiraa\

the universe vdldsalUet[vse'dds-

aUdt]
the equator
line

hemisphere

ekvatorn

[ekva'-

linje [Unijd]
[linih
Hot [Jial'vJialvklot

kWt]
quarters

fjdrdedelar[fjss'jiddde'lar]

surface

yta [yta']

oceans

oceaner[Q)' seaindr]
the m2im-\2inAfastland€t [fas-tlan'ddt]
the continents kontinenterna

[hav'svi'karna]

similar
divides

plains,

low-

landstrdckor
[lan'dstrEk^ojr]
Idgland [lo'glan'd]

land
streams

strommar

volcano

vulkan [vulka'n]

southern
northern

slat

wide

vidstrdckt

sund
vdg

[sun'd]

[v€!g]

[sh.^t]

[vi'd-

strek^t]
spitting fire

leads
in the year

eldsprutande [el'dsprm'tande]

for

[/o.V]
or pd .. . talet
[otr or pot tatldt]

dr

by the French av fransmdnnen

.chain of moun- bergskedja[bser'jstams
ge'dja]

way

delar [de'lar^]
sydlig [sydligl
nordlig [noj'MUg^]

flat

[a.'vfran'smin^dn]

[stro-

m'ar*^]

strait

[hal'vo^n]

[rwitd]

lik(a) [li'ka^^

[kon'tinen'tdrna']
tracts of land

ndset Ine'sdt]

in the

Alps

pd Alperna
al'p9rna']

[po.'

fna^]

the summits

topparna

rocky

klippig [klip'ig']

heights
capes

hojder

[hojtddr]

uddar

[ud'ar^].

[top'ar-

64

Lesson 13.

Translation Exercise 24.
The earth.

The earth is round like a ball; it moves in the infinite
The equator is a fictitious line, that divides the
universe.
earth into two similar hemispheres.
Three quarters of the
surface of the earth are covered by seas and deep oceans.
The main-land is divided into two continents: the old and

new continents. On the main-land are high mountains,
pieces of land, which are called plains, deep and vdde
A mountain
valleys (through) in which great rivers flow.
that spits fire is called a volcano.
A chain of mountains
consists of several mountains.
A strait is a way that leads
from one sea into another sea. The Isthmus of Suez was cut
by the French in the year 1870. Glaciers are heights covered
with ice. There are many glaciers in the Alps. The summits
of the highest mountains are covered with eternal snow. The
sea-shores consist of steep capes, deep bays and rocky
the

flat

peninsulas.

Thirteenth Lesson.

The adjective
(continued).

Degrees of comparison.

II.

§

1.

The

of Swedish adjectives is
the comparative and the

comparison

by two degrees:

aifected

superlative.
A.
§ 2.
classes

Formation of the comparative.

The comparatives may be divided

into three

:

a) The comparative which expresses a superior
degree and which is formed in the regular way, that
is, by adding -are to the positive.
Ex.: rik, rich; rikare, richer.

The comparative which expresses an equal dewhich is formed by the words: lika or likasa
and
gree
b)

placed before the positive.
Ex.:

lika rik
as poor
.

.

as rich ....

.

.

.

.

lika or likasa fattig

.

.

.

The

65

adjective (continued),

c) The comparative which expresses an inferior
degree and which is formed by the words: mindre or
icke (lika) sd placed before the positive.
icke (lika) sd rik
not so rich
Ex. mindre rik
NB. «Thaii» is translated by an.
«As» is translated by som.
:

Ex.

:

.

Han
He

is

Han
He

is

.

.,

.

.

.

.

.

.

dr rikare an min fader.
richer than my father.
dr icke sd stor som jag.
not so strong as I (am).

Formation of the superlative.
The superlative may be: attributive,

B.
§ 3.

predi-

cative or absolute.
a)

The

superlative attributive is regularly formed
-ast to the positive and is used
followed by a noun (which may be understood).

by adding the syllable

when

Ex.

:

Bosen dr den vackraste hlomman

The rose is the prettiest flower
Jag dr den yngste (sonen).
I

am

.

.

.

.

.

.

the youngest (son).

b) The superlative predicative is formed
same manner as the superlative attributive, but
used after the verb «mm» as predicate and
variable.

Ex.

:

Dessa blommor dro vackrast.
These flowers are (the) prettiest

am
c)

is

the

is

only
is in-

German:

jc^onften).

The superlative absolute, that

comparison

(in

in

is

without

formed by placing such words asi mycket,

hogst, alldeles, ganska,

before the positive.

Ex.: mycket god, very good; hogst angendm, most
agreeable; alldeles bid, quite blue.

Remarks.
1.
The adjectives ending in -al, -el, -en, -er (unaccented) drop the vowel preceding I, n and r in the
formation of the comparative and superlative.

Ex.: mogen, ripe; mognare, riper; mognast, (the) ripest.
2. Polysyllabic adjectives in -ad, -e, -se, -es, -isk and
the polysyllabic participles form their comparative by

Elementary Swedish Grammar.

g

Lesson 13.

66

placing the adverb mera and their superlative b}' placing the adverb mest before the positive.
Ex. krigisk, warlike mera krigisk ; mest krigisk.
:

3.

;

The adjectives ending in -a form their compaand superlative by adding only -re and -st to

rative
the positive.
Ex,

:

stilla,

still

;

stillare ; stillast.

4. Notice the following adjectives which form their
degrees of comparison like those in -a.

Positive.

The

Ex.: den rikaste fursten
den vackraste fiickan
det flitigaste barnet

The

b)

Ex.

de rikaste furstarne
de vackraste flickorna
de flitigaste barnen.

superlative predicative remains
Dessa blommor dro vackrast.

unchanged.

:

The superlative absolute

c)

67

adjective (continued).

declined like the

is

indefinite form.
Plural.

Singular.
Ex.: fursten dr ntycket rik
fiickan dr mycket vacker

barnet dr mycket sndllt.
E.

6.

§

furstarne dro mycket rika
flickorna dro mycket vackra
barnen dro mycket sndlla.

Irregular comparisons.

Positive.

Comparative.

Superlative.

mindre, smaller
»
»
smd (plur.),
smdrre,
ddlig, elak (ond), bad sdmre, vdrre, worse
dldre, older
bdttre, better

old

gammal,

minst, smallest
»
smdrst,
sdmst, vdrst, worst
didst, oldest
bdst, best

small

liten (sing.),

bra, god, good

few

mi/cfcen (sing.), much

mera, more

minst, least
mest, most

manga (plur.), many

flera

fldsta,

ndra

ndrmare, nearer.

fa,

fdrre, less

near.



mesta



ndst, ndrmast, nearest.

Words.
blodbad

\bloj'd-

slaughter

stdt [stoif]

mdnnen
svek

[sve.'k]

[sa.'Z]

uppsyn
iron

doden

knektar

pomp

\mentm\ the men

slott \sht:'\

sal

till

[ti'l

dei- to death

ddn]

ba'd\

deceit

ring

(treachery)
castle
room, hall

bodeln [boiddln]

[up'sy'ri] face,

mien,

look
throne

[trco.^n]

domstol [doj'mstco'U

kla^gadd\

[riy!]

ring
the executio-

ner

svdrdet [svseirddt] the sword
uppstdllda \up' posted

vdntade \vvrvtdid^''\ was awaiting
dodade^de'dadds'] were killed
tillsatte [til'sat'd]

instituated

domdes [dom'dds'] were condem-

sif'niT)]

forhanid]
de anklagade

soldiers

steVda}

beslut€t[bdslm.'t9t] the decision
avsdttning [a*t*- deposition

a forhc
pd
forhand

[knek'-

tar']

court

(of Ju-

stice)
[po.^

[a?i*

beforehand
the accused

ones

ned

hy Hades
dds']

[hyl'a-

was sworn
allegiance

krontes [kron'tds^] was crowned
inbjudit [hvbjm^- invited
dit]

Lesson

68

fomdmsta

[fce'Ji-

n€m'sta\
visade sig

\vi'-

most eminent

showed

him-

tankte

\t€7)'td^'\

framstdende

fom

thought

samtyckte [sam'-

distinguished
called together

should be punished
consented

tyk'td]
'it [de'lta^git]
deliagit
[c
partaken
befallde [bdfaT- commanded

dd']

[sam'la'- assembled

std

till

rdtta [sto^ to sue at law

til! ret'a']

'dds]

mork

[mcer!k]
satte sig [sat'd']

gloomy

framtrddde

appeared

sat (upon)

[hdjseirdd]

avgjord [a'vjcor^d] decided
fordes ut [fcR'ji- were led out
d9s' uc't]

avrdttas[a'vr€t^as] be executed.

[fram'tre'dd]

begdrde

persecuted

avsatt [a'vsaf^

karadd]

samlades

[fce'v-

clement

[fram'sto'dndd]

uppkallade [up'-

forfoljt

matte straffas

self

nddig [no'dig^]

13.

demanded

Reading Exercise 25.
Stockholms blodbad.

Nu

hyllades Kristian II sasom Sveriges konung och kronStockholm med stor stat. Till hogtidlighetema hade han
Han
inbjudit de fornamsta mannen i riket och deras fruar.
visade sig iiadig mot alia, men i sitt sinne tankte han pa svek.
En dag i november 1520 blevo de mest framstaende svenskarna uppkallade till Stockholms slott. De samlades i en sal
pa slottet. Konungen kom in med mork uppsyn och satte
Infor honom framtradde nu Gustav Trolle
sig pa sin tron.
och begarde, att de, som forfoljt och avsatt honom, matte
straffas. Konungen samtyckte hartill och befallde, att alia, som
deltagit i beslutet om Gustav Trolles avsattning, skulle sta
till ratta infor en domstol, som han tillsatte.
Domen var pa
forhand avgjord: de anklagade domdes till doden.
Darpa
fordes de ut till att avrattas.
Pa Stortorget voro danska
knektar uppstallda i en ring, och inom denna viintade bodeln
med svardet. Nu dodades 82 av de fornamsta svenskarna.
tes

i

Conversation.

Vem

hyllades sasom Sveriges konung?
Var krontes han?
Vad skedde under dessa hogtidligheter?
Vad vet Ni om detta blodbad?

Vilket ar agde det

rum?

Vad begarde Gustav Trolle?
Vad befallde konungen?

Av vem

tillsattes domstolen?
vad domdes de anklagade?
Hum manga av de fornamsta svenskarna dodades?

Till

The

69

verb.

Words.
-et

blast-furnace

gold

guld,

silver

silver, -vret[sil'vdr]

platinum, pla- platina,

[gul'd]
-n

[pla'-

metals

metaller, -na [me-

lead
iron

bly, -et [bly!]

jam,

copper

koppar, -en

-et

an

kvicksilver, -vret
[kvik'sirvdr]

malmen {maHmdn]

iron-plate

jdrnbleck,

fusible

dyrbar [dy'rba'r\
smdltbar [smel't-

smelts

smdlter

-et

easily

[smel'tar'']
latt [htt]

hard

hard

ductile
are dug out

tdnjbar [tsn'jba'r]
graves ut [gre'vds'

smelted

smalt

dipped
is used

doppad

-et

[ten!

or

ten.']

Ijusbleck, -et

[jiit's-

to solder

blek']

cast-iron

gjutjdm,

mixture

jeeUn]
blandning,

coal

Iblan'dniy']
kol, -et \kotl\

-et [jut't-

-en

[hoidd]

m.'t]

[jds'Miblsk^]

tenn,

[tgyrd'

en.']

ba'r]

[ko-

quick-silver
the ore

tin-plate

stdl, -et [stoH]

[jseUn]

p'ar']

tin

steel

precious

tal'dr]

-en [ma'-

suy^n]
heavier than tyngre

tina

mercury,

masugn,

rusts

damp
brass

[smelit]

[dop'ad']

brukas [brm'kas']
loda [le'da']
(Mir rostigt
<

[bli.'r

ros'tig't]

[rostar [ros'tar']
fukt [fuktt]
massing, -en[m€S'-

¥]'

Translation Exercise 26.
Metals.

and platina are precious metals.

Platina
Gold,
heavier than silver; it is the heaviest metal. Precious
metals are not the most useful.
Lead is more fusible
than iron; it smelts very easily. Copper is not so heavy
as quicksilver. Silver is harder than gold and more ductile
than copper. The ore as well as most metals are dug out
of the earth.
Iron-plate dipped into smelted tin becomes
Cast iron is a mixture of iron and coal.
Tin
tin-plate.
is used to solder other metals.
Iron rusts easily when exposed to damp weather. Cast iron flows out of blast-furBrass is not so hard as steel.
naces.
silver

is

Fourteenth Lesson.
The verb.
§ 1. The Swedish language has four conjugations
which are distinguished by the termination of the

supine.

70

Lesson 14.

The termination of the supine
-at for
»

-t

is:

the P* conjugation.
»
»
2^^

'tt

»

»

S'-^

»

-it

»

»

4*^

»

The first three conjugations are called regular
conjugations and the fourth irregular or strong
conjugation.
2.

§

or

weak

First conjugation.

The

3.

§

ding in

-erttj

conjugation contains the verbs en-

first

-iga^

-la,

-na, -ra, -ska, -sa

and

-ta.

It takes:

-ade in the imperfect indicative.
-ad in the past participle.
-at in the supine.
§ 4.

Alska^

to love.

Active volee.
Indicatiye.

Sul)juiictive.

Present.
I
S.

loye

I

etc.

jag dlkaf"

du dlskar'
han dlskar
P. vi

I

love or

dlska
dlsken

jag dlske

may

love

etc.

md
md
md

or
dlska
du dlske or
dlska
han dlske or
dlska.
P. vi dlske or tna dlska
I dlsken or
dlska
dlska.
de dlske or
S.

man

md

de dlska.

Imperfect.
I
S.

loYed

etc.

jag dlskade
du dlskade

han dlskade.
dlskade
I dlskaden

P. vi

de dlskade.

S.

P.

I loved or might love etc.
jag dlskade or skulle or matte dlska
du dlskade or skulle or matte dlska
han dlskade or skulle or matte dlska.
vi dlskade or skulle or matte dlska

I dlskaden
de dlskade

or skullen or mdttefti dlska
or skulle or matte dlska.

Perfect.
I
S.

P.

have loved etc.
jag har dlskat
du har dlskat
han har dlskat.
vi hava dlskat
I haven dlskat
de hava dlskat.

I

have
S.

P.

or

may have loved

md hava dlskat
du md hava dlskat
han md hava dlskat.
vi md hava dlskat

jag

I man hava

dlskat

md hava

dlskat.

de

etc.

The

71

verb.

Pluperfect.
I
S.

P.

had loved

I

etc.

jag hade alskat
du hade alskat
han hade alskat
vi hade alskat
I haden alskat
de hade alskat.

S.

P.

had

or

might have loved

jag hade
du hade
han hade
vi hade
I haden

or skulle

skulle
skulle
skulle
skullen
skulle

»
>
>
»

de hade

>

Future.
shall love

I
S.

skola dlska
skolen dlska
de skola dlska.

I

Future past.
have loved

I shall

etc;

should have loved

S.

jag skulle hava dlskat
du skulle hava dlskat

han

etc.

hava dlskat.
hava dlskat
I skullen hava dlskat
de skulle hava dlskat.

hava dlskat.
hava dlskat
I skolen hava dlskat
de skola hava dlskat.

skulle

P. vi skidle

Infinitive.

Imperative.
love.

dlsken, love

should love

I

skall

P. vi skola

let

>
>

Conditional past.
etc.

jag skall hava dlskat
du skall hava dlskat

dlskom,

>

S.

P. VI

dlska,

>

jag skulle dlska
du skulle dlska
han skulle dlska.
P. vi skulle dlska
I skullen dlska
de skulle dlska.

jag skall dlska

han

»

Conditional.
I

etc.

du skall dlska
han skall dlska.

S.

etc.

matte
matte
matte
matte
mdtten
matte

or

us love.
ye.

Pres.
Perf.

dlska, to love.
hava dlskat, to have

Int.

skola dlska,

loved.

to be about to love.

Participles.
Pres.
Perf.

dlskande, loving.
havande dlskat, having

Sup.

dlskat,

loved.

loved.

Passive voice.
Indicative.

Subjunctive.
Present.

I

am

S.

loved

etc.

jag dlskas
du dlskas

han dlskas.
P. vi

dlskas

I dlskens
de dlskas.

I

he or

may he loved

etc.

jag dlskes or md dlskas
du dlskes or md dlskas
han dlskes or md dlskas.
P. vi dlskes or md dlskas
I dlskens or man dlskas
de dlskes or md dlska.
S.

72

Lesson 14.

Imperfect.
I
S.

was loved

etc.

jag dlskades
du dlskades
Tian dlskades.

P. vi

dlskades

S,

P.

7 dlskadens
de dlskades.

I were or might be loved etc.
jag dlskades or skulle or matte
du dlskades or skulle or matte
han dlskades or skulle or matte
vi dlskades or skulle or T/ia^^e
I dlskadens or skullen or mdtten
de dlskades or sfcwZ/e or wdffe

Perfect.

have heen loved etc.
S. Ja^ ^ar dlskats
du har dlskats
han har dlskats.
P. vi hava dlskats
I hava dlskats
de hava dlskats.

I

have
S.

or

jag

may have heen

ma

loved,

hava dlskats

The

73

verb.

Supine: (ilskats

=

been loved.

The

passive voice is also formed by the auxiliary verbs
<hlivai> and ^vara^ and the participle perfect past.

Note.

jag Mir (dr) dlskad etc., I am loved.
jag blev (var) dlskad etc., I was loved.

Irregular verbs of the

be

named

heta

to

kunna

to be able

leva
veta

to live

vilja

will

know

to

I.

Conjugation.

Ind. Present,

Infinitive.

Imperfect.

Supine.

Sing.

Plur.

heter

heta

hette

hetat

kan

kunna

kunde

kunnat

level"

leva
veta

levde

vet

visste

levat
vetat

vill

vilja

ville

velat.

Words.
utlopp [m'tlop^]

mouth

salt-sea
saltsjo [sal'tfo^]
holmar [hol'mar^^ islets
halvdar\hal'v0ar^\ peninsulas

sund,
vikar

pi.

[sunJd']

straits

ldvskog[l0'vskoj'g^ foliage
dungar [du7far'] clumps
soder [so.'ddr]
south
malmenlmal'mdnl the suburb
djurgdrden [jui'r- the zoological

anden

[an'dd'n]

riksdag shuset
[rik'sda'gshm'

garden
the ghost
parliament-

house

S'dt]

slussen [slus.'dn] the
fartyget [fa'rty'- the

sluice
vessel

gdt]

strax

intill

[strakis intiH]
[6a-

begravna

jo'rds

of

a.'v']

skilda [fil'da^]

separated

uppfyllda [up'

filled

up

JyMa]

[vi'kar^]

goUddn]

around
kring [kriy.']
utgores av \m't- are formed out

lummiga[lum'iga'] bushy
sjdlv [fsl'v]

itself

ddrigenom

thereby

[d€.'ri-

je'n'om]
delat [de'laf]
at soder [o.'t

divided
se.'-

ddr]
at norr [o!t nor!]
i vaster [tV ves.'tdr]
i oster [i' os.'tdr']
oster om [os.'tdr

to the south
to the north
in the west
in the east

to the east of

om.']

kunglig [kuy'lig'] royal
ever since
ifrdn [altt

quite near

allt

buried

helgeands [hd'jd- of the Holy
Ghost
an'ds]

ifroin]

gra'vna']
hredvid\hre'dvitd] close to
tvdrton^tvBBJi-tom''] vice versa
vanligtvis [va'n- usually
liktvi^s]
beldgen [bdUigdn^ situate(d)

bygffd [byg;d]

built

ndmligen [nem'-

namely

ligdn']

ny

new.

[ny.']

Reading Exercise

27.

Stockholm.
Stockholm ar en av de vackrast belagna stader i Europa.
Hela trakten kring Malarens utlopp i ^Saltsjon" utgores av
sma oar, holmar och halvoar, skilda av sund och vikar samt

74

Lesson 14.

uppfyllda av sma branta berg, skogar och lummiga lovskogsdungar. Sjalva Stockholm ligger pa flera holmar och halvoar
och ar darigenom delat i flera delar: I mitten ligger „Staden''
pa en holme mellan „Norrstrom" och „Soderstr6m" at soder
„Sodermalm'',atnorr „Norrmalm" samt ^Kmigsholmen" i vaster
och „Ostermalm*^ i oster. Oster om „Staden" at ^Saltsjon"
till ligga
„Skeppsholmen*' och ^Djurgarden'^
„Staden'' ar
Stockholm aldsta del. Har ar det „Kmigliga Slottet" och pa
en liten holme strax intill ligger „Riddarholmskyrkan". dar
konungarna allt ifran Gustav II ligga begravna. Pa en annan
;

holme, ,,Helgeandsholmen'', ligger det nya „Riksdagshuset".
Bredvid ^Soderstrom" ar en sluss byggd for fartyg, som skola
ga fran Malaren till ,,Saltsj6n'* eller tvartom; vattnet i Malaren star namligen vanligtvis hogre an i „Saltsjon''.
Conyersation.

Ar Stockholm en vacker stad?

Av vad
Pa vad

utgores trakten kring Malarens utlopp

i

Saltsjon ?

Stockholm?
I hum manga delar ar Stockholm delat?
Vilka aro Stockholms viktigaste byggnader?
Vad ar byggt det bredvid Soderstrom?
ligger sjalva

Words,
hyggnader\hyg'na-

buildings

d^dr]

professors

Idrare

merchant

kopman [gd'pman^]

\l£'rard^\

lundervisning [uwhead-master \iskol)fdrestdndare
I
[foTdston^dard]
dormitories

sovsalar

[so'vsa'-

dining-rooms

matsalar [ma'tsa^-

infirmary

sjukrum

school-rooms

skolrum

[fuck-

rum^]
[skco'l-

rum']
of

sprdkldrare[spro'kh^rard]
ritldrare
[ri'tU'''

languages
drawing
master
rard\
writing master skrivldrare[skri'vU^rard]
singing

master

sdngldrare

rooms

klassrum

\haiji7i\

[foR'r-

valtas]

composed bestdr av [bdsto'r
of

a.'v]

spacious

rymlig \rym'lig^^

quiet

stilla

scolded

grdlade

\stil'a^'\

pa

\_gr€'-

la^dd]

was whisper- viskade [vis'ka'dd]
ing
industrious
polite

flitig [flitig']
hdvlig [ho'vlig']

indulgent

skonsam

[Ise'r-

blames
punishes

[klas'-

impartial

strict

juy^ar]
class

ham

conducted forvaltas

[soj}'-

W'rard]

Idrjungar

pupils

children

IS

lar]

ddrvis^niy]
[lektion [Ukfcotri]

j

is

lar]

teachers

lesson

[skco'n-

sam']
tadlar [tad'lar^^
straffar \^straf'ar^'\
Strang \str£y^
opartisk [oj'par^tisk].

The

75

verb.

Translation Exercise 28.
The School.
one of the finest buildings in the town.
The school is
It is conducted by a very learned director.
composed of three spacious dormitories, two dining-rooms, an
infirmary, four class-rooms. We have three teachers of (for)
modern languages, a Latin and Greek master, a drawing
master, a singing master, a writing master and two other
teachers. Pupils must be quiet in the class-room. Our teachers
are very strict but impartial. Are all present to-day? No,
four pupils are absent they must be ill. Our director scolded
the merchant's son because he was always whispering during

Our school

is

;

Industrious and polite children are loved by their
Is your master indulgent?
Yes, he
blames us often but punishes us very seldom.
the lesson.

parents

and masters.

Fifteenth Lesson.
Second conjugation.
The verbs

belonging- to the second conju§ 1.
into
two classes:
are
divided
gation
a) To the first class belong all verbs the root of
which ends in -k, -p, -s, -t, and contains one of the

weak vowels

:

a, y, o,

e,

i.

These verbs take:
in the imperfect indicative.
past participle.
-t in the supine.
To the second class belong all verbs the root
-te
't

b)
of

in the

which does not end

of the vowels:

a, y,

-de in the

o,

in -k, -p,
«,

-s,

-t,

but contains one

i.

imperfect indicative.

-d in the past participle.
-t in the supine.

Kopa,

to buy.
Active voice.

Boja,
Indicative.
Present.

S.

jag

du
han

to bend.

Passive voice.

76

Lesson 15.

Imperfect.
S.

jag

du >
han J
P. vi

S.

\

jag
I

kopte.

bojde.

du >
han J
P. vi

koptes.

hojdes.

koptes.

hojdes.

kopte.

bojde.

I

kopten.

hojden.

I

koptens.

bojdens.

de

kopte.

bojde.

de

koptes.

hojdes.

Note.
The compound tenses of the Indicative and the
Subjunctive etc. are conjugated with the same auxiliary verbs
as the verb: dlska, dlskas.

The

verb.

77

78

Lesson

15.

Words.
uppfarten

\up'-

the ascent

hissar

dngslupar

[^oy's-

steam-launch

Im'par]

fa^rtdn]
lifts

[his'ar''^

stupar

[^stui'par^']

=

place

[so.'kal'add']

finnas

[prco'mdna'dplafsdr]

kungstrddgdrden

King's

(the)

garden
(the) Hopgarhumlegdrden
den
\hum'ldgo'rddn\
operahus [oj'pdra- opera house

[kuystrEgo'rddn]

hm^s]

[jin'as^^

are found,
there are

underjordisk

underground
[un'ddrjojUdisk]
innehdller [ind'containSjholds
historisk \histcjt-

historical

Tisk'\

nationalmuseum

national

mu-

seum

[nat'fojna'lmiase^urri]

konstsam lingar

artistic(al)

collections

[kon'stsam^liyar]

sandds [san'do^s] sand

ridge

tvdrsover

[tvsej,'-

through

se'vdr]
bekant [bdkanti]

known

leder [le'ddr^]

leads

ock

lokf]

talrik [ta'lri^k]

also

numerous

bergds [bxr'jo^s] ridge

besokas [bdso'kas^] are

seger

bekvdmt [bdk-

victory

[se.'gdr]

fabriker

sinks

Idtta {let'a^^
facilitate
s. k.
sd kalladid) so called

ve'gar]

tunnlar [tun'lar'''] tunnels
promenadplatser walking

slopes ,

down

jamvdgar [jx'dn- railways

[fabrit- works,

facto-

ries

kdr\

avdelning [a'vde%

division

park

park
Stockholmers

[paM^k]

stockholmare

v£7n!t]

Jiotta [Jlot'^'}
forlustelsestdlle
[fcerlus'tdlsdsterd]

navy
pleasure

ground

lustsloiten [lus't- the

[stok'hormard]

omgivningar[om'- environs

visited

comfortably

slot'n]

pleasure

castles

spdrvagnar[spo'r- tram-cars.

jivniy^ar]

vay^nar]

Beading Exercise 29.
Stockholm.

„Sodermalm« stupar brant
dit

har

man

tva

s.

k.

hissar.

For att latta uppfarten
For jarnvagarna finnas tva

at sjon.

langa underjordiska vagar, s. k. tunnlar. A ,,Norrmalm,. ligga
Stockholms tva fSmamsta promenadplaster, ^Kungstradgarden''
och ^Humlegarden'', samt Operahuset och Nationalmuseum,
som innehaller statens historiska och konstamlingar. Tvarsover „Norrmalm*' gar en sandas, „Brunkebergsasen**, bekant
genom Sten Stures seger over danskarna; genom denna as
leder ock en tunnel.
Pa ,.Kungsholmen'* finnas stora fabriker.
Vid „Skeppsholmen" ligger en avdelning av svenska
flottan.
Djurgarden ar en vacker park med talrika sommarbostader; den ar stockholmarnas forniimsta forlustelsestalle.
Mycket besCkas ocksa de i Stockholms niirhet liggande
kungliga lustslotten ^Haga**, ^Ulriksdal" och j,Drottningholm".

The

79

verb.

Mellan Stockholms olika delar avensom till dess omgivningar
kommer man latt och beqvamt med sparvagnar och angslupar.
Conyersation.

malm

ar brantast?
Var ligga Stockholms tva fornamsta promenadplaster ?
Vad kallas de?
Var ligger en avdelning av svenska flottan?
Vilka aro stockholmarnas fornamsta forlustelsestallen ?

Vilken

Words.
the tTa.desm3inhandlanden[han'dlan'ddn]
business, pi. affdrer [afsridr]

goods

var or gods

profit

vinst

fordringsdgare

debitors

gdldendrer

Ifoj'rdriyse'gard]

r(j)T\ gcot^s]

manager

disponent

bills

vdxlar

receipts

kvitton [kvit'ojn^]

commercial
code

handelsbalk [han'-

losses

forluster

handlanden\han'dlan'ddn]

kopmannen

clerks

man'dn]
kontorister [kon'-

[co'p-

traveller

hokhdllare \ha)'khoVard]
kassor [kaso.'r]
[handels]resande

office

kontor

merchandise

[foRV-

customers

[6a-

lay'skon^toj]
assets

(tillgdngar) aktiva
ak[til'goy^ar,

liabilities

(skulder), passiva
[skul'ddr, pasivia]

handelsvaror

does

[han'ddlsva'rcor]
kunder [kun'ddr^]

buys

gor [joir]
koper [p0-»ar']

sells

forsdljer [fcersel'-

employs

sysselsdtter [sgs'dlsd'dr]
utsdnder [m'tsen'ddr]

tiv!a]

(neut.) [kon-

tco'.r]

luppdrag
I

ddlsbal'k]

balance-sheet balanskonto

[re'san'dd]

orders

[vek'slar^]

lus'tdr]

tojrisitdr]

cashier

[dis'pco-

nenit]

[vin.'st]

the merchant

book-keeper

[jel'dd-

ne'rdr]

[va'-

^

tradesmen

creditors

jdr']

(neut.)

[up'dra^g]
bestdllning[bdst€l'-

sends out

my']
order-book

^bok
orderl
bco'k]

imports

invoices

fakturor

exports
enter

infor [in'fqr']
utfor [m*ftfor']
inskriva [in'skri^

correspon-

brewdxUng \bre'vmake

utstdller

\D'j,ddr

tm'rojr']

dence
agents

vek'sUy]

ombud, agenter
[om' bm'd,ag€n.'tdr]

cash-book

kassabok

fakturbok

[fak-

tm'rboj'k]

stock-book

lagerbok

ledger

Jiuvudbok
vudbo/k]

[la'gdr-

[uctste-

rdv]
attend

[kas'a-

bco'k]

invoice-book

va]

out

besorja

[bdsoe'r-

Ja']

keeps
pays

for

[for^]

betalar [bdta'lar']

receives

uppbdr

signs

undertecknar [wv-

\up'bser''\

ddrtek'nar]

boj'k]
[hui'-

is

bound

dr tvungen
tvuy'dn'']

[fer'

80

Lesson 16.

take stock

inventera

[in'ven-

in compliance

ascertain

utrbna [m'tre'na]

go beyond

overskrida [0'vdr-

cheap

hilligt [bil'ig^t]

skri'da]

dear

dyrt
.

.

.

.

[ve'-

ddrbce'rligdn

easy

regelmdssigt [regdlmesHgt]
drligen [o'rligdn']
latt [Ut^

or

eller [elidr]

yearly

[dyji't]

.

enlighet med hV
'nligh&t meid]

vederborligen

properly
regularly

now an ... an [sn! enf]
therefore
ddrfor [dser'fc&r]
now

z

with to

tetra]

Translation Exercise 30.
Commerce.

The tradesman does business; he buys goods and sells
them again with a profit. Tradesmen buy now cheap now
dear.
The merchant employs several clerks, a book-keeper
and a cashier in his office; he sends out travellers to every
part of the world to sell and buy goods; he therefore imports and exports all kinds of merchandise. The clerks enter
the travellers' or customers' orders in the order-book, make
out invoices and attend to the correspondence with the
The book-keeper keeps the
agents, travellers or customers.
cash-book, the ledger, the invoice book and the stock-book.
The cashier pays the merchant's creditors and receives
The manager signs the letmoney from his debitors.
In compliance with the
ters, invoices, bills and receipts.

commercial Code in France every merchant is boimd
keep books properly and regularly and take stock every
year that he may ascertain his losses or profits. The balance sheet shows whether the assets go beyond the liabilities.
It is then easy for the merchant to ascertain his
to

profits.

Sixteenth Lesson.
Third conjugation.
§ 1. To this conjugation belong
monosyllabic verbs and a few others
ie,

to

show
happen

ske, to
bo, to

dwell

bero, to depend
glo, to gape

all

the following

:

sno, to twist
tro, to believe

varsko, to
sy, to

warn

sew

gnOf to rub

bry, to trouble, to bother
trd, to long for

gro, to shoot forth
sko, to shoe

fly,

ro, to

row

to flee

The
gry, to dawn
sky, to shun
spy, to spit, to vomit
md, to be, to feel
forma, to be able

sow

forebrd, to reproach
fid, to skin
feM, to strike
forsmd, to disdain
spa, to foretell, to predict
dtrd, to long for.

J

I

to

sd,

nd, to reach
to take after
brd[s],

81

verb.

to resemble

These verbs take:

2.

'dde in the imperfect indicative.
-dd in the past participle.
-tt in the supine.
to believe.

Tro,

Passive voice.

Active voice.
Indicative.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Subjunctive.

Present.
S.

S.

jag

du
Tian
P. VI

tror.

md

jag

du
han

tro}

tros.

md

tros.^

tros.
tros.
tros.

tro.

md

tros.

md

I

iron.

man

I

trons.

mdn

de

tro.

md

de

tros.

md

troddes,

troddes.^

tro.
tro.
tro.

P. vi

Imperfekt.
S.

jag

du

)

han

)

P. vi

I
de

S.

i

trodde.^

trodde.

jag

du
han

trodde.

trodde.

trodden,
trodde,

trodden.
trodde,

P. vi

I
de

troddes.
troddes.
troddens. troddens.
troddes.
troddes.

Note. The compound tenses are conjugated in the
as the verb: dlska, cilskas (page 70).

same manner

Imperative.
tro
P. tron.
S.

S. tros.

P. trons.

Infinitive.

tro.

tros.
Participle.

troende.

trodd.

^
The simple form of the subjunctive is antiquated and consequently no longer used.
^
The periphrastic forms are like those of the verb dlska, dlskas.
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
g

82

Lesson 16.

Supine,
trott.

trotts.

Note. The 1st person plural of the imperative mood is formed
with the auxiliary verb ^Idta^ and the personal pronoun oss.

Ex.: Idtom oss tro,

us believe.

let

Irregular Verbs of the III. Conjugation.
Indicative.

Pres.

Infinitive.

Imp,

Plur.

Sing.

Sing.

Supine.

Participle,

Plur.

do

to die

dor

do

dog

dogo

dott

dod

fd

to get
to go

fdr
gdr

fd
ga

jick

jingo

gick

gingo

fdtt
gdtt

(und) fdngen,
gdngen, -et

lev

le

log

logo

lett

ser
stdr
sldr

se
std
sld

sag
stod

sdgo
stodo

sett

sedd

stdtt

(ut)

slog

10

slagit

slagen,

r

to

laugh

to see

se
^

std to stand
sld to beat

(adj.)
-et

sett

stdnden,

-et

-et.

Words,

kyrkosocknar

parishes

hatften [heltftdn] the half
avsatser [a'vsaf"-. shelves
Sdr]

trappsteg [trap'-

stairs

stenart [ste'na'ut] species of
stone

sandstone

ste^n]

alunskiffer

alumish slate
lime stone
trap^
firwood

its

flat

nan^dd]
tredje [tre'djd^]

third

hard [hoUd]

hard

ak^tig]

[dstr

vdxa

[vek'sa^]

manor house

stdtlig

[boR'.idig'']

[co'dlad'^]

the plain
surface

to

grow

,

fertile

tilled

,

culti-

vated
[sto'tlig^'\

odndligt [wend^the view

up there

up' 9^

odlad

tdn]

sldtten [sUttdn]
yta [yta^]

[jemtn]

country
church

go^jid]

utsikten [m'tsik

near

hoja sig [hoja' si'g] to rise
liknande [li'kresembling

b ordig

kco'g]

hygd [bygtd]
kyrka [fcer'Ara']
herrgdrd [hser-

[ne'ra']

brett [bretf]
wide, broad
omfatta [oirvfafa] to comprise,
to cover

ddr uppe

ste^n]

trapp [trapf]
barrskog [bar's-

[na- beauty of nature

svartaktig \svax't- blackish

[a'lunfif'dr]

kalksten [kal'k-

ndra

jdmn

ste'g]

sandsten [san'd-

naturshdnhet
tm'rfonhe't]

[ccer'ksok'nar]

splendid
infinitely

ligt]

skull [skul']

sake

resande [re'san'dd]

travellers.

*
an igneous rock (a variety of dolerite or basalt
presenting a stair-like aspect.

named from

The

verb.

Reading Exercise

31.

KinuekuUe.
Det markvardigaste av Vastgotabergen ar KinnekuUe.
Det ligger invid Vanern/) ar nara 300 m. hogt, 14 km. langt
och nara halften sa brett. Det omfattar tre hela kyrksocknar
samt delar av fern andra. Det bildar icke en jamn sluttning,
utan hojer sig i avsatser, liknande stora trappsteg. Varje
avsats bestar av en sarskild stenart den lagsta av sandsten,
den andra av alunskiffer, den tredje av kalksten. Toppen
innehaller en hard svartaktig bergart, som kallas trapp. Dar
uppe vaxer barrskog; bergets ovriga delar utgora en bordig
och val odlad bygd, med kyrkor och statliga herrgardar. Utsikten over bergets lagre delar samt over hela Vastgotaslatten
och Vanerns vida yta ar oandligt vacker, och KinnekuUe
besokes for sin naturskonhets skull mycket av resande.
:

Conversation.
Vilket ar det markvardigaste av Vastgotabergen?
Vid vilken sjo ligger KinnekuUe?
Hurudan ar dess sluttning?
Varav besta dess avsatser?
Ar utsikten over bergets lagre delar vacker?

For vad besokes KinnekuUe?
Av vilken bergart bestar toppen?
Words.
the seasons drstidema[o'rstrof the year
ddrna\
the trees
trdden [trcddn^]
the weather vddret [vetdrdt]
this year
i dr [it otr]
fruit

temperature

under \un!d9r]

wonder

blossoms
favourable
is

[da'gar-

na^]

in wet
ther

wea

[mant]

vdtvdder
[vo'tvs'ddr]

vid

[in'tef untddr]

no wonder

foga underligt
[frffs,' un'ddrligH]
ej att undra
[€j.'

hot

at'

it is

dark

mork

early

tidigt

getting
cold

ruskvdder

[kalit]

[mortk]

Strang,

[rus'kvE^ddr]
(neut.) \kli-

matt\
^

(pd dagen)

[ti'dig't]

hdrd

[streyt hoird]

desjuka[de!furka^]

klimat

un'dra' pof\

het [he!t]
det blir kallt

'

the sick
climate

[jyn'-

commenced borjas [bcer'jas']
intet under

[bla'ddn*]

dagama
I

gynnsam

pd

bladen

man

[bloj-

sam']

tdr]

people

blommor
m'cor^]

bathing places badorter[ba-dco^rthe leaves
the days

[tem.-

psratut^r]

frukt [frukU]

nature
natur(en) [natmtr]
the crop, the skdrden[J CR'rd9n^]
harvest

temjperatur

short
best

kort
bast

[kco!rt]

[besit]

a famous lake in Sweden.
6*

Lesson

84

rdtmdnad

dogdays

17.

seems

(sing.)

[ro'tmo'nad]
there will be det shall finnas

begin
to fall

synes \sy'n9s^]
borja [bcer'ja^]
falla ned [fal'a'

[skali Jin'as']

netd]

smdle

to smile

everything

[smo'le']
allting, allt [al'tiy'

to revive

leva

is

coming on nalkas

to catch cold

altt]

upp

[leva''

to recover

igen

up!

i'jdn']

[nalkas'']

forkyla sig

[foer-

gyla' sitg]
tillfriskna [tilfris^kna].

Translation Exercise 32.
The seasons of the years.
Spring is the season that I like best. Trees are white
If the weather is favourable this year,
with (av) blossoms.
All nature smiles and everythere will be plenty of fruit.
thing seems to revive. We have had a warm summer; the
No wonder that it is so
harvest has already commenced.
hot we are in (pa) the dog days.
During the whole summer
we dwell in bathing-places. In autumn it is not so hot as








;



Leaves begin to fall; days become shorter.
summer.
In the morning it is getting cold winter is coming on. Winter
is very cold in Sweden.
People catch cold very easily in
wet weather. The sick must spend winter in a warm climate
In the month of December it is dark early.
to recover.
How can people be fond of winter! The days are so short
and the temperature is so low.
in

;





Seventeenth Lesson.
Fourth conjugation.
Strong verbs.
§

The strong verbs are characterized by vowel-

1.

changes of their root
§
a)

in the

Imperfect Indicative.

are divided into three chief groups:

They
The first group contains the verbs

2.

the root of

which undergoes but one vowel-change in the singular
and in the plural of the Imperfect Indicative.
According to the change of the different rootvowels the verbs belonging to the first group may be
divided into 9 classes.

2nd

86

Lesson

17.

Olbservation.

It results from the above that the verbs belonging
to the first group are characterized:
1.

by a simple change of the root- vowel in the Imperfect Indicative;

2.

by the preservation of the root-vowel
Supine

in

the

;

whereas those belonging to the second group are characterized
:

1.

by a double change of the root-vowel

in the

Im-

perfect Indicative;
2.

by the vowel in the Supine and Past Participle
which is always u.

c) The third group contains all the irregular verbs
belonging to the 4 conjugations. The irregular tenses
will be given in the text as they occur or in the vo-

cabulary.
§ 3. Besides the different changes undergone by
their root- vowels, the strong verbs are also characterized

by the following terminations:
-en in the
-it

§ 4.

Gripa,

»

»

Past Participle.
Supine.

to seize

The

87

verb.

Imperfect.
S.

S.

jag

du
han
P. vi

I
de

jag

du
han

grep.

band.

grepo.
grepen.
grepo.

bundo.
bunden.
bundo.

P. vi

I
de

greps.

bands.

grepos.
grepens.
grepos.

bundos.
bundens.
bundos.

gripes.

bindes.

Subjunctive.
Present.
S.

S.

jag

du
han

gripe.

jag

du
han

binde.

gripe.^

binde.^

gripes.^

bindes.^

I

gripen.

binden.

I

gripens.

bindens.

de

gripe.

binde.

de

gripes.

bindes.

grepes.^

bundes.^

grepes.

bundes.
bundens.
bundes.

P. vi

P. vi

Imperfect.
S.

jag

S.

)

du
han

[

grepe.^

)

P. vi

grepe.

I

grepen.

de

grepe.

jag

)

du
han

bunde.
bunde.
bunden.
bunde.

P. vi

[
I

I

grepens.

de

grepes.

Imperatiye.
S.

grip.

bind.

S. grips.

binds.

P.

gripom.

bindom.

P.

gripoms.

bindoms.

gripen.

binden.

gripens.

bindens.

gripas.

hindas.

gripen.

bunden.

gripits.

bundits.

Inflnitiye,

gripa,

binda.
Participle.

gripande. bindande.
Supine.
gripit.

^

bundit.

The compound forms

are conjugated after <^alska» page 70.

88

Lesson 17.

vis^t^^^t^^^^^
a

^^

-"^

s -^

.-ts

ill ill

'Sj-^

s

:t:j

-to

vS
-1

-'^s

"^

t^-:ts ,^
.•*>i

."tS

iS

"<

I U^~r

IIP! i*iri'l-ili:&il i Nl
-"^ .-s

.-t-

--^

.-t^

."^

.-t^

Wliiiiffliiiiijiife

ifiitti-PliiillHiiliilli!
^ '^^-^'?i,'^<«2, ^^ ^ ^
^o ^5'^o ^o ro ro

'ts

o

5^!^o§^

'^

Qi

.<

,^

;:s ;;5-:2

The

89

verb.

«:5>i

^

S-

^^
c5

''.*

'-

'•'-

<=^

c/j

'^^oS,g.
cc "^ so CO
p

i:

^

g ^

i:

g ^'^

?~

S>

II ill
°

CO

cc

cc

g
«o

«c

^

s

?^-g 53,1

g^^ ^M

Lesson 17.

90

Words,
anfallet [an'fal'dt] the attack
framgdng [fram'- success
gonv']

utstd [m'tsto']

to

dterse

to see again

[o'tdrse^']

fienden [Ji'dnddn^] the enemy

forsta [/cers^a']
skedde [fed'd^]

truppema

vek

[tru- the troops

p'drna']

oordning

[oj'o^Jid-

disorder

undergo

first

took place

gave way

[ve.'Jc]

rdkade [ro'ka^dd]
passa pd [pas' a'

to

anfalla [an'faVa'\

to attack

got

watch

niv\

skarorna

[ska'r- the bands

overmanna

corna^]

kulregnet \km'l- the shower of
rty'dt]

hdstbdr

[hes't-

the bullets
stretcher

(borne by a
horse)
stretcher, bar-

bo'r]

bar [6o.V]

row

moda

[me'da^]

dterstoden

difficulty,

trouble
\o'tdr- the rest

[tur'ikisk' turkish

omrdde \om'ro^dd

fdngama

the prisoners

[fov'arna']

lan'd]

to

[de.'Hb-

with draw

[dra'ga^^
to bring along

fo'ra]

ndrbeldgna

[ne'r- neighbouring

bdl€g''na]

sdra

to

[so'ra^^

utmatiad [uct
mafad]

formd
rddda,

wound

exhausted
to

[/cermo/]

to
sig.

be able
run away

to save

one's

I

[red'a^']

[li'dan^- sufferings

ddn]
dterstd [o'tdrsto^] to remain

ddribland

kom'a]

draga (undan)

territory

befdlhavare \bd- chief commander
ftlha'vard]
fdlttdg [fd-tto'g] campaign
disaster
olycka [oxlyk^a^

lidanden

pieces
[sdn'ddrfm'ta]
[un'd- to escape

undkomma

medfora [me'd-

sto/ddn]

Turkiet \turkiidt Turkey
turkisk

overwhelm
man'a]
soon
snart [snaji^t]
spridde [sprid'd^] spread
Idt [UH]
caused, let
to shoot
to
sonderskjuta
[o'vdr- to

among

'

self

modlos [moj'dWs] disheartened
giva sig fdngen, to surrender
[ji'va''

fd

si'gfoydn^]

[foi]

(one's self)
few, a few.

Eeading Exercise 33.
Slaget Tid PoltaYa.

Det forsta anfallet skedde med framgang, och fienden
Men da rakade de svenska trupperna i oordning; ryssarna passade p§, och anfollo dem samt overmannade snart
de spridda svenska skarorna. Konungen lat fora sig omkring
i
det varsta kulregnet liggande pa en hastbar; men baren
blev sonderskjuten och konungen undkom med moda pa sin
hast.
Aterstoden av haren drog sig, medforande konungen,
undan till den niirbeiagna floden Dnjepr, som har bildade
gransen mellan Ryssland och Turkiet. Sarad och utmattad
formaddes konungen att med n&gra hundra man radda sig
over floden in pa turkiskt omrade. I den aterstaende svenska
vek.

The

91

verb.

voro befalhavarna och en del av trupperna modlosa
och haren, som nu bestod av omkring
14,000 man, daribland 5,000 sjuka och sarade, gav sig fangen
at Ryssarna.
De svenska fangarna fingo i Ryssland utsta
Endast fa av dem atersago faderneslandet.
ja lidanden.
liaren

efter falttagets olyckor,

Conversation,

Skedde det forsta

med framgang?

anfallet vid Poltava

Vad gjorde Ryssarna, da de svenska trupperna rakade
i

oordning?

Hur fordes konungen omkring?
Huru manga man blevo sjuka och sarade?
Vid vilken flod gav sig den svenska haren fangen at

Ryssarna?
Words.
besoket [bdso'kdt]

the visit
at the door

pa dorren

by the

vid

[po

side

harden

[vi'd

to greet

hsedtddn]

jag

hope

hoppas

[ho-

p-as']

good bye!

farvdl (sd Idnge)

how

huru

are you ?

from

me

take a seat,
please!

!

[farve'l so Uy'd']
star det till
[hm'rm' stoir
det tilf]

frdn mig

[fro'n

sitt

long

Idnge {ley'd'-']
nej [nejf]

stanna

to stay
to

hear

to

do

{^siti

will

oktatg

gojtd
plates]

ma

be

to

you

[mo!]
Ni [viU nit\
itack! \takt]
vill

jag tackar
(I)

thank you<

tak'ar']

\_jatg

^

\\tak'ar^ so my'kdt']

neid]
to call for

/comma

in \kom'a'

itn]

[stan'a^]

(erfara [erfa'ra']
^fd veta [fo ve'ta^]

gora

I

1

tackar sd mycket

sit

no

hdlsa [hel'sa^]
ivar so god och tag
\vair so
plats
y

rnitg']

ned

[knak'a^]

[vem!]

be pleased glddja sig [glsd'ja'']
ever since
alt sedan [se'dan'']

en kopp [kopt^

a cup
I

vem?

who?
to

do&r.'dn]
fire-

knacka

knock

to

i

to-day
I

am

sorry

dag [^ datg]
gor mig ont

det

[det

[jo'ra^]

jotr

mitg

conif].

Translation Exercise 34.
The

Who

Visit.

knocks at the door? Go and see who it is and
It is Mr. Holm, the teacher of modern
open the door.
I am very pleased to see you.
How are you?
languages.
It is an age since I saw you
Take a seat, please!
Sit on this chair by the fire-side; it is so cold.
I am very
Will you not take a cup
well, but I have been very ill.
of tea?
I have
No, thank you; I cannot stay longer.
only called to hear how you are. I have much to do and

















92

Lesson

18.

must go back to the country to day. Another time I will
stay longer with you. I am sorry that you cannot stay longer
I hope to see you again soon.
I thank you for your visit.
Good bye! Greet your father from me.

I

>.

jag

du
han

93

x^uxiliary verbs.

§

kunna,

To these should be added the

4.

viljay

3.

kunnaf

Present.
S.

jag

du
han

§5.

§6.

§7.

following

maste and fa.

kan.

to be able.
Imperfect.

94

Lesson 18.

ldgland[lo'gldn'd] lowland
with regard tx)
till
[me^d hen'sy^n tilf]
fjdlhnark \_fjd'- mountainous
land
mdr'k]
tdthet [ts'he't]
density

glest [gles't]
befolkad [bdfolkad']
hogldnta [ho'g-

inhyggare [in'by- inhabitants

tat

med hdnsyn

g'ard]
race

sla^g]

utseende

look
[m'tse^dndd]
sprdk [spro'k]
language
on both sides
pa orase sidor
om'sd'
si'[poi
.

.

.

och

as well ... as

[bo'dd' okr\

sydlig [sydlig^]

upper

nordlig [noj'rdlig^] northern
dense

[te.'t]

[bdbyya^]

to inhabit,

to

people
tdtare bebyggt
more densely
\tE'ta^rd bebyg!t]
peopled
sdrskilt [sas'rjil^t] particularly
'

vars
tola

of which,

[vaj.^s]

[to'la^']

besldktad

dco'v]

bade

peopled

len^ta]

l>el>ygyci

folkslag [fol'k-

thinly

\bd-

shk'tad']
likna [lik'na^^

(whose)
to bear
akin
to resemble.

southern

Reading Exercise 35.
Sveriges folk.
I

Sverige bo over 5 miljoner manniskor.

I jamforelse
sydligare lander ar Sverige glest befolkat. I synnerhet
galler detta om de hoglanta trakterna och allra mest om de
nordliga skogs-och fjallmarkerna. Tatare bebyggt ar laglandet,
sarskilt de sydliga slattlanden, till exempel Skane, vars sodra
och vastra delar med hansyn till folktathet tala jamforelse
med de battre befolkade trakterna i Europa. De fiesta av
Sveriges inbyggare aro till nationen svenskar. I nagra trakter
bo finnar och lappar, som aro beslaktade folkslag; de likna

med

varandra bade
finska gransen,
pa omse sidor
till

till

Finnarna bo nara

utseende och sprak.

men nagra aven i de stora skogar, som ligga
om Dalarna. Lapparna bo i fjalltrakterna ner

Harjedalen.

Conversation,

Hum

manga manniskor bo

Ar Sverige sMedes

i

Sverige?

tatt eller glest befolkat?

Vilken provins ar folkrikast?
Vad kallas Sveriges inbyggare?
Vad vet Ni om Finnarna och Lapparna?
I vilka trakter bo dessa bada folkslag?

Words
post
postcard

post [pos/^l
brevkort [bre'v-

envelope

kuvert [kmvcM't]

stamp

frimdrke

telegraph
telegraf\te'ldgraif]
postal order post anvisning

[pos'tanvis^niy]

\_fri'-

mser^ka]

kcou^t]

universal postal

union

vdrldspostforening
\vssr ds
pos'tfo^reniy]

The numerals.
postman

hrevhdrare [hre'v-

letter

be^rard]
brev [breiv]

double

dubbelporto

postage

non-postpaid ofrankerad
[oj'fraifkerad]
to deliver

avldmna [a'vhm^-

latest

na]
senast [se'nas't]

to register

rekommendera

words
figures

ord [io!dd]
tal \tail\

electric

elektrisk

[du-

b'dlpojCtoj]

utomlands [m'tom-

abroad

95

[re'komendetra]

lan'ds]

wire,telegram

telegramm

post office

postkontor

[te'ld-

graTnf]
[pos't-

kon^cor]

vdrde

value
ters
to

invention

[vse'rdd'']

printed mat- trycksaker

to belong

skicka

uppfinning

\up'-

finHy]

\tryk'to despatch

sa''kdr]

send

[eleki-

trisk]

avsdnda

[a'vsen''-

da].

[^fik'a^^

tillhora [tiVho^ra]

Translation Exercise 36.
Post and telegraph.
letter-paper and envelopes, if you wish
Will you give me two penny
your brother.
stamps, and a post card. With postal orders one can send
money to all the countries, that belong to the universal postal
union. The postman has delivered me a non-postpaid letter;
I therefore had to pay double postage. The postage of letters
This wire was despatfor abroad is two pence half-penny.
ched at nine o'clock; I should have received it at twelve
Go to the post office and have these letters
o'clock latest.
registered. On registered letters (containing) enclosing banknotes, the actual value should be written in words and figures
on the envelope. The electric telegraph is one of the most
remarkable inventions of modem times. The post-man delivers letters, news-papers and printed matters twice a day.
I have not been able to buy
I had this letter registered.

You must buy

to

write

to

stamps, for the post

office

was

shut.

Mneteenth Lesson.
The numerals.
I.

§

1.

Cardinal numbers (Grundtal).

en {m and

f),

ett (n)

one

tvdnne, two
tre, trenne, three
fyra, four
tvd,

tu,

fern, five

sex, six
sju,

seven

dtta. eight

96

Lesson

19.

nio, nine

trettio,

Ho, ten

fyrtio, forty

elva, eleven

femtio, fifty
sextio, sixty

tolf,

twelve

tretton, thirteen
fjorton, fourteen
femton, fifteen

thirty

seventy

sjuttio,

aderton, eighteen
nitton, nineteen

eighty
nittio, ninty
hundra, a hundred
tusen, a thousand
en miljon, a million
en biljon, a billion

tjugu, tw^enty

noil,

sexton, sixteen
sjutton, seventeen

dttio,

nought.

In compound numbers between
§
units are added as in English.
2.

Ex.

femtio

:

fern,

20—100

the

fifty-five.

the hundreds and in the thousands the
§
smaller number is placed before as in English.
Ex. tre hundra, three hundred.
fyra tusen, four thousand.
3.

In
:

§ 4. Tvenne designates two persons or things belonging together and is used instead of tva.
Hundra and tusen may be used as nouns
§ 5.
and are neuter.
Ex.:

§ 6.
2

-|-

2

ett

hundra,

ett tusen.

Note the following expressions:

= 4 that

gor
is

fyra.
lika tned
minskat wied tvd \ dr (etc.), tvd.
f fyra
tvd ifrdn fyra
\
j blir tvd.
tvd gdnger tvd gor (etc.) fyra.
tvd i fyra gor (etc.) tvd.
j
)

i

=2
2X2 = 4*
2
4 = 2
4
2 = 2
2

»

:

»

»

:

»

*

i

dr

tvd och (plus) tvd

fyra genom tvd gor

(etc.)

tvd I

^**

«In the year» is translated by the
§ 7.
(year) placed before the numeral.
Ex.: In the year 1830: dr 1830.
II.

§

8.

Ordinal numbers (Ordningstal).

forste, -a, first

andre,

-a,

second

tredje, third

fjdrde, fourth

femte, fifth
sjdtte, sixth

|f ^"/^^^^

word a

The numerals.
sjunde, seventh
dttonde, eighth

fjortonde, fourteenth

tjugonde, twentieth

nionde, ninth
tionde, tenth
elffe, eleventh

trettionde, thirtieth

fyrtionde, fortieth

femtionde etc., fiftieth
hundrade, hundredth
tusende, thousandth.

twelfth.

tolfte,

97

trettonde, thirtheenth

compound ordinal numbers the greater
placed before the smaller number, which
takes the termination of ordinal numbers as in English.
§

In

9.

number

is

Ex.

:

fyrtiosjunde, 4:7th (and not fyrtionde sjunde).

III. Collective

§ 10.

ett

ett

numbers

par, a pair (couple)
dussin, a dozen

IV. Fractional
§ 11.

The

dish by adding

fractional

(Samlingstal).

a score
en gross, a gross.

ett

tjog,

numbers

(Deltal).

numbers are formed

in

Swe-

the particle -del (part) to the ordinal

numbers.
Ex.

:

en tredjedel, a third.
tvd tredjedelar,

two

thirds.

V. Proportional numbers.
§

12.

The proportional numbers are formed by

adding the particles:
numbers.

-dubbel or -faldig to the cardinal

Ex.: tvddubbel or tvdfaldig, twofold.
treduhhel or trefaldig, threefold.

The hours of the
§ 13.
in
the
following way:
pressed
Hvad dr klockan? What

day and night are ex-

time (o'clock)

is it?

Klockan
Klockan
Klockan
Klockan
Klockan
Klockan
Klockan

dr ett, tvd, sex. It is one, two, six o'clock.
dr half tvd, It is half past one.
dr ire kvart pd (till) fern. It is a quarter to five.
dr en kvart over tre I
^^ .^ ^ -i^^^^^ t^^^^^
ar en kvart pa fyra )
dr 5, 10 minuter over tvd. It is 5.10 m. past two.
It is (wants)
(dr) fattas 5, 10 minuter i sex.
5.10 m. to six.
Huru dags? At what time?
Elementary Swedish Grammar.

7

98

The numerals.
to celebrate
p.

m.

last

jira [^'ra']

(in the

afternoon)
to set

forliden
ddn]

pa eftermiddagen
this

ef'tdvmid^a[_po
gdri]
avresa [a'vre'sa]

komma for

to miss

till

day week

i

ndst

was born

ot'a, da'gar'' tiV]

sent

late

[kom'a' for

this

sen

morning

i

[se-'n]

morgan

[i

mor'-

on']
to leave

[nes.t]

foddes

dtta da-

gar till [i datg om

senit til]

next

[fcerli^-

dag am

o'clock

[fod'ds^]

avgd [a'vgoi]
klockan [khk'an'].

Translation Exercise 38.
Age.

How

you? I am twelve years old. My brother
Next month my father will be forty-four. Last
is twenty.
week my mother was thirty years old. She does not look
so old. The teacher is a man of fifty years (of age). Is he
so old? Your grand father will soon be eighty years old.
When was your sister born? She
It is a great (hog) age.
was born on the 17^^ of January 1899. This day week we
old are

will celebrate

my

elder brother's birth- day.

The Hour.

What
It

is

o'clock is it?

not very late;

it

Can you tell me what o'clock it is?
only two o'clock p. m. At what

is

time will you come to me to-night? I will await you until
To morrow I will set out for London and as
nine o'clock.
the train leaves at nine o'clock, I will be at the station at
a quarter to nine, not to miss the train.

Words.
rdknesdtt [re'kud- rule

multiplikator

SEf]

de fyra rdkne-

the four rules

addition

dentd]
division [di'vi-

sdtten [de fyra'

addition

[adHt-

fojin]
term [tasrim]

term

summa

sum,

[sum'a']

suhstraktion

multiplier

[murtiplika'tor']
faktor [jakitor] factor
dividend
dividend [di'vidivision

fcoin]

kvot
total

subtraction
^

[sub'strakfojtn]
[mi'nuienid]
subtrahend [suh'-

[kvco't]

sammanldgga
[sam'anh'g^a]
kallas [kal'as']

quotient
to

put

to-

gether
is

(are) called

minuend

to add
[adefra]
uppkomma [up'- to result

trah£n.'d]
rest [rssH]

sammanldggande

addera

kom^a]
rest

skillnad \jil'nad'] difference

[sam'anhg^andd]
subtrahera [sub*- to subtract

multiplikand
multiplicand
[muVtip likanJd]

forra

trahe'ra]
[/cer-a']

(the) former

7*

Lesson

100

19.

senare [se'nard']

(the) latter

utvisa [m'tvi^sa]

to

multipUcera

to multiply

produkt

product

[^proj-

duktt]
dividera [di'vi-

[multiplise.'ra]

gemensam[^jeme'n- common

show

to divide

detra']

multiplikation
multiplication
[murtipUkafoj^n]

divisor \divi'sor^^ divisor
storlek lstoj'rle%] quantity.

Reading Exercise 39.
De fyra raknesatten.
Att sammanlagga tal kallas aven att addera

Addition.

som adderas, kallas termer, och det
uppkommer genom deras sammanlaggande, summa.
dem.

Talen,

som

tal,

Subtraktion.
Att draga ett mindre tal fran ett storre,
aven att subtrahera det forra fran det senare. Det

kallas

o

kallas minuend, det mindre subtrahend.
stoden kallas, rest eller skillnad.
storre

talet

Ater-

Multiplikation. Att multiplicera ett tal med ett annat
ar att taga det forra sa manga ganger, som det senare utvisar.
Det forra talet kallas multiplikand, det senare multiplikator
bada tva med ett gemensamt namn, faktorer. Det tal, som
uppkommer genom multiplikation kallas produkt.
:

Division.
Att dividera vill saga att dela ett tal i sa
lika stora delar, som ett annat tal innehaller enheter.
Det forra talet kallas dividend, det senare divisor. Det tal,
som visar storleken av var och en av de delar, i vilka dividenden blivit delad, kallas kvot.

manga

Conyersation.

Vad gor 8 till 10?
Vad gor 3 fran 15?
Vad gor 5 ganger 9?
Huru manga ganger innehalles 4

i

12?

Words.
time

January
February

tid [ti'd]

januariljan'uicu'ri]

februari

October

oktober \okt(oibdr\

November

november [ncovem'-

December

december

bdr]

[/e'-

bruiairi]

[desem.^-

March

mars

April

april lapriit]

ordinary

vanlig [va'nlig^^

May

maj

Monday

mdndag \montdag\

June

[maji]
juni [jmtni]

Tuesday

tisdag [tiisda'g^

July

juli {jiatli}

Wednesday

onsdag

August
September

augusti \a(^gustti^
September [septem:-

Thursday

torsdag [tMUsda'g]

Friday
Saturday

fredag tfreidag]

bdr^

bdr]

[maM's]

\(l)insdag^^

lordag ilo^trdag]

The pronouns.
Sunday

sondag [son'dag]

leap year

skottdr

hour

timme

\

[skot'or'']
\ti'md^'\

I

101

name

namn

minute
second

minut \minmtt]
sekund [sekunid].

{namtrt]

Translation Exercise 40.
Time.

There are four seasons of the year. These are: Spring,
Summer, Autumn and Winter. Spring begins on the 21st March,
Summer on the 22^^ of June, Autumn on the 22^^ September
and winter on the 21st of December. An ordinary year has
three hundred and sixty five days and a leap year three
hundred and sixty six days. A month is the twelfth part
of a year. The twelve months are January, February, March,
April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November
and December. The first, third, fifth, seventh, eighth, tenth
and twelfth months have thirty one days, the second, twenty
ei^t in an ordinary year and twenty nine in a leap-year,
the fourth, the sixth, the ninth and the eleventh months
have thirty days.
A month has four weeks and a week
seven days. The names of the days are
Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. A week
is the fourth part of a month and a day the seventh part
of a week.
A day has twenty four hours, an hour sixty
minutes and a minute sixty second.
:

:



Twentieth Lesson.

The pronouns.
There are in Swedish 7 kinds of pronouns
§ 1.
the personal, possessive, demontrative, determinative,
relative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns.
:

A, Personal
§

(Personliga).

First person.

2.

(Masc,

fern,

and

neut.)

Plural.

Singular.
N.
G.
D.
A.

jag,

I

min, av mig, my (of me)
(at) mig, to me, me
mig, me.

we
G. vdr, av

N.

vi,

oss, our (of us)

D. (at) oss, to us, us
A. oss, us.

Lesson 20.

102

§

Second person.

3.

(Masc,

fern,

and

neut.)

Plural.

Singular.

I

N. du, thou

N.

G. din, av dig, thy (of thee)
D. (at) dig, to thee, thee
A. dig, thee.

G. Eder (Er,avEr),Yom of you.
D. (at) Eder, Er, to you, you
A. Eder, Er, you.

(Ni)y you.

Third person.

§ 4.

Feminine.

Masculine.

N. han, he
G. hans, av honom, his (of him)
D. (at) honom, to him, him
A. honom, him.

Common

N. hon, she
G. hennes, av henne, her, of her
D. (at) henne, to her, her
A. henne, her.
Neuter.

gender.

N. den, he, she
G. dess, his, her
D. (at) den, to him, to her
A. den, him, her.

N. det, it
G. dess (av det),
D. (at) det, to it
A. det, it.

its

(of it)

Plural
for all genders.

N. de, they
G. deras (av dem), their (of them)
D. (at) dem, to them, them
A. dem, them.
In conversation «2V"u is used instead of «I> and ansNote.
wers to the English polite form «you>. «M> is also commonly used
in narratives, novels etc. but it is not generally accepted as a mode
The title or name of the individual addressed is
of social address.
more frequently used with the third person of the verb.
Ex.:

Huru mar grevenf How are you. Count?
Har doktom varit i Paris? Have you

been in

Paris, doctor?

Ar fru Smith sjukf Are you ill, Mrs.
used between intimate friends,
German ,,bu" and French «tu».

Du
like

is

Smith?
relatives,

//'

§

B. Possessive (Agande).

5.
I.

Adjectival possessive pronouns.

My.
Singular.
Masc. and fern.
N. min, my
G. min, of my (my)
D. (at) min, to my,

Plural
Neuter.

N. mitt,

my

G. mitt, of my (my)
D. (at) mitt, to my,

my

my

A. min, my.

A. mitt, my.

for all genders.

N. miiia, my
G. mina, of my (my)
D. (at) mina, to my,

my
A. mina, my.

The pronouns.

10^

Our.

§6.

Plural

Singular.
Masc. and fem.

Neuter.

N. far, our
G. vdr, of our (our)
D. (at) vdr, to our,

N. vdrt, our
G. vdrt, of our (our)
D. (dt) vdrt, to our,
our
A. vdrt, our.

our

A. vdr, our.

§7.

for all gender.

N. vdra, our
G. vdra, of our (our)
D. (dt) vdra, to our,
our

A. vdra, our.

Thy.
Plural

Singular.
Masc. and fem.

Neuter.

for all genders.

G. cZm, of thy, (thy)
D. din, to thy, thy

N. <ZzY^, thy
G. ditt, of thy (thy)
D. (dt) ditt, to thy,

A. din, thy.

A.

N. c?m, thy

thy
ditt, thy.

N. dina, thy.
G. cZma, of thy (thy)
D. fa^:; cZwa, to thy,
thy
A. dina, thy.

Your.

§8.

Plural

Singular.
Masc. and fem.

Neuter.

N. eder (er), your
G. eder[s] (er([s]),
of your, (your)

D.

("d^j

N. edra (era), your
G. edra,
of
your,

edert

(your)

(ert),

your

(ert), your.

D.

edra, to your,
your
A. edra, your.

Her.

N. hans, his
G. /iaw5, of his (his)
^a?is, to his,

his

A. hans,

D. (dt)

A. edert

His.

C«<t)

of

(ert),

to your,

your, your
A. eder (er), your.

D.

(ert), your.

your, (your)

ec?er fer), to

§9.

N. edert
G. edert

for all genders.

his.

N. hennes, her
G. hennes, of
(her)
D. Ta^j hennes,
her, her
A. hennes, her.

Its.

her,
to

N.
G.

N.

c?ess, its
c?ess,

of

its

D. fd^j dess,
its

A. dess,

Their.

§ 10.

("a^J

c^eras, their

G. c?eras, of their, their
D. (a^) deras, to their, their
A. deras, their.

its.

to

(its)

its,

Lesson 20.

104

Reflexive possessive pronouns.

§ 11.

Plural

Singular.
Masc. and

N. sin,

Neuter.

fern.

his, her, its

N.

sitt, his,

for all genders.

her, its

N. sina,

his, her, its,

their

G. sin,

of his,

her,

G.

his,

D. (at)

sitt, his, her, its

G. sina, of his, her,

its

D.

(at)

its,

sin,

to

sitt,
her, its

her, its

A. sin,

his, her, its.

A.

sitt,

to

his,

their

D. (at) sina, to
her,

his, her, its.

its,

A. sina,

his,

their

his, her, its,

their.

§ 12.
Sin^ sitt, sina are used in a subjective reflective sense, that is when they refer to the subject
of the sentence, whilst hans, hennes, dess and deras are
used objectively, that is when they do not refer to the

subject of the sentence.
Ex.:

Han

(gossen) dlskar sin broder (syster).
(the boy) loves his brother (sister).

He

Hon

(flickan) dlskar sin broder (syster).
girl) loves her brother (sister).

She (the

Det (bamet) dlskar
It (the child) loves its

Han
He

(fadern) dlskar

sin broder (syster).
brother (sister).
sitt

barn.

(the father) loves his child.

Hon

(modern) dlskar sitt bam.
She (the mother) loves her child.
Det (fruntimret) dlskar sitt bam.
She (the wife) loves her child.

De

(gossarne, Jlickorna, barnen) dlska sina broder.
They (the boys, the girls, the children) love their brothers.
Gossens fader soker hans bok (gossens bok).
The boy's father is looking for his book (the boy's book).
Flickans moder soker hennes bok (flickans bok).
The girl's mother is looking for her book (the girl's book).
Bamets broder soker hans bok (barnets bok).
The child's brother is looking for its book (the child's
book).

De (gossames

fdder, jlickomas modrar,
broder) soka deras bok.

barnens

(the boys' fathers, the girls' mothers, the children's
brethren) are looking for their book.

They

II.

Absolute possessive pronouns.

These pronouns have the same forms as
§ 13.
the adjectival possessive pronouns and are declined in
the same manner.

Tue pronouns.

105

Plural.

Singular.
Neuter.
Masc. and fem.
mitt, mine
ditt, thine

mina, mine

din,
sin,

sitt, his, her, its

sina, his, hers,

vdrt, ours
edert, ert, yours.

vara, ours.

min,

vdr,
eder, er,
Note.
Sin,

dina, thine

edra

its

(era), yours.

sina agree in gender and number with the
possessed object whereas:
is used when the object is possessed by a masc. noun.
hans
sitt,

»>:»»>»
>>»»»»
»»»»»»

hennes
dess

deras

»
»

fem.

»

neut.

»

plural

»

Demonstrative (Utmdrkande).
I. Conjunctive (Forenade).

C.

§ 14.

»»
»>


>

Singular.
Neut.

Fem.

Masc.
N. cZew or denne,
G. (dens) dess or denne,

den

det or c?ef^<2, this
dess or detta, of this,

or denna,
dess or denna,

this

D.

(at)

den

or denne,

A. den or denne,

(at)

den

den

or

or

denna,

(at) det or c?e^^a, to
this, this

det or c^e^^a, this.

denna,

PZwraZ
(for the 3 genders).

.

N.
G.
D.
A.

de or dessa, these
cZeras or dessa, of these, these.
(at) dem or dessa, to these, these.
cZem or dessa, these.

Note. In conversation «this» is expressed by den liar, det Jidr
by den ddr, det ddr, the following substantive taking the
terminal definite article.

and

«that2>

Ex.: den hdr gossen, this boy.
det ddr barnet, that child.
II.

Absolute

(sjdlfstdndiga).

The absolute demonstrative pronouns have the
same forms as the conjunctive ones and are declined
in the same manner but take an s in the genitive,
whereas the conjunctive pronouns remain unchanged,
the following noun only taking an s.
Ex.:

Denne

(conj.)

mans sjukdom dr

This man's disease

Se hdr dessa

omf Jag

is

farlig.

dangerous.

(conj.) tvd rosor! vilken tycker Ni bdttre
tycker bdttre om dennas (abs.) fdrg men

jag tycker mycket

om

dennas

(abs.) doft.

106

Lesson 20.
which do you prefer?

See these two roses!
colour
(very)

of

this

one,

but

I

the

like

I prefer the
smell of that one

much.

Words.
omgivning

environment,
surroundings
intryck \in'try^k'\ impression
ndrvaro \n8srpresence
[om'ji'vniT)]

va^roj]

mdtta

\mot'a^'\

measure,

mo-

[vser'md']

ddrstddes

[de'r-

sU^dds]
mg:\
njugg [njugt]

hdrdsint
irdsir

deration

avbrott [a'vbrof] interruption

overgdng [0V9r-

vdrme

warmth

exterior
yttre Yyttvd]
kdnnbar l^en'bar] sensible

there
stingy

id-

rough

sin't]

dm

transition

tender

[oTw/]

vdnlig
hasiig

\ven'lig^'\

friendly

sudden

Nordbo[nco'udbco^] Northerner
alternativ [artdr- alternative

forbereda [fo'r-

to

natHv]
kold [gdltd']

cold

bdre^da]
fysisk [jy!sisk]_

physical

hetta yhet'a^^

heat

moralisk

moral

svalka [sval'ka^^

coolness
to refresh

uppfriska

[up'-

[M

[mojra.'-

prepare

lisk]

skiftevis [fif'td-

jris^ka]

bildande

{has-tig^']

alternately

vi's]
\bil'-

dan''dd\
sakna [sa*A;na']

ndrande

formative

[ns'-

nourishing

ran'dd]
to lack, to be

mognande

lacking

maturing.

[moj'ynan^dd]

Reading Exercise

41.

Nordens natur.

Den yttre omgivningens maktiga intryck gor i norden
sin narvaro latt kannbar. Naturen ar darstades Strang, ofta
njugg och hardsint.

Den kan ocksa vara om och

vanlig,

men

ar det da vanligen utan m^tta.
Det hastiga avbrottet av
vinter och var, host och vinter, genom ingen overgang forberedd, utan liksom smygande sig fram, ar just en bild av
vad nordbon ar i sitt inre. I den fysiska som moraliska

varlden harska skiftesvis dessa alternativ av kold och hetta;
det som ligger daremellan, den uppriskande svalkan, den
det ar vad som saknas.
narande, bildande mognande v^rmen



Conversation.

Hurudan ar naturen

i

norden?

Kan den ocks^ vara mild?
Hurudan ar Overgangen till de 4 arstiderna?
Vad liknar nordbon i sitt inre?
Vad saknas i norden?

The pronouns.

107

Words.
bird

fagel [foigdl]
svala [sva'la'^
stork [stoxiU]

swallow

stork
bird of pas- jiyttfdgel [flyt'sage
fo'g9n
ndktergal \n£k'tdrnightingale

ga'n
bur [bm!r]

cage
titmouse
nest
robin

mes

trast [trasit]

siskin

gronsiska

[fo'gdlbco^]

\ug'la^^
steglitsa [ste'glitsa]
feathers (plu- fjddrar [fje'drar']

mage)
partridge

hona [hco'na'-]
rapphona [rap'-

lark

Idrka

ho^na]
\lseji'ka^^

huntingsman jagTYidstare
[jeg'mes'tard]
snipe

sndppa

[gro'n-

pheasant

gok [i0-A:]
fasan [fasa.^n]

singing-bird

sdngfdgel

[soif-

fo'g9l]

rotgel [rojtigel]

uggla

[o'kdr-

sis'ka]

cuckoo

magpie

skata [ska'ta^]

quail
net

vaktel [vak'tdV^

ndt \nett\
fiyga [flyg'a^']

gold-finch

female

dkerrdtta

[me's]

fdgelho

owl

thrush
field-mouse

gdr

yesterday

i

to sing
to chirp

sjunga
(to

\i

go'r]
[Juv'a,']

kvittra [kvit'ra^^

twitter)

ugly
to destroy
to build
to shoot

to chatter

l^snep'a^']

ful IfmtT] [stdira\
forstora [foer-

bygga

[byg'a']

skjuta [/m'^a']
iprata [pra'ta^]
[snattra [snat'ra^

Translation Exercise 42.
Birds.

Swallows and storks are birds of passage; they fly to
Do you see this
countries, when it becomes cold.
nightingale? I caught it yesterday; it sings the whole day
in its cage.
The young tit-mice are chirping in their nest.
The robin is a pretty little bird. These ugly birds are owls;
however they are very useful, because they destroy field-mice.
Your gold-finches and siskins are very beautiful; where did
you buy them? Their feathers please me very much. The
cuckoo does not build any nest; its female lays her egg in

warmer

My pheasants are greater than
partridges have you shot? I did not shoot
them; I caught them with nets. Larks are the first singing
birds in Spring.
When a man talks too much, it is said of
him, that he « chatters like a mag-pie ». The sportsman has
shot twelve larks, six quails and so many thrushes.
the nests of other birds.
yours.

How many

108

Twenty-first Lesson.

The pronouns.
(Continued).

D. Relative pronouns
§

The

1.

pronomen).

(relativt

relative pronouns are:

(masc. and fem.), who, that; vilket (neut.),
which, that; vilka, who, which, that (for the
three genders).

vilken

S,

det,

^^^' ^^^^^^

dem

^^^^•

\

vad, which.

Singular.

Masc. and fem.

Neuter.

N. vilken, who, that
G. vilkens, whose, that
1).

(at) vilken, to

whom,

whom,

A. vilken,

that

that.

N. vilket, which, that
G. vilkets, of which, that
D. (at) vilket, to which, that
A. vilket, which, that.

Plural
(for the three genders).

N.
G.
D.
A.

vilka,

who, which, that

vilkas, whose, of which, that
(at) vilka, to whom, to which, that

vilka,

Som

whom, which,

that.

and may be used for all
Like the English relative pronoun «that», <^som-»
genders.
is never governed by a preposition.
Ex.; 1. Mannen, som (vilken) star pa hryggan dr min
Note

1.

is

indeclinable

fader.
2.

The man, who stands on the
Gif mig kdppen med vilken

bridge, is
("not

my

father.

^som») du

slog

min hund.

me

the stick with which you hit my dog.
ej till flickan som Ni talar om.
I do not know the girl that you are speaking of.

Give

3.

Jag kdnner

When

the relative pronoun is in the objective
the preposition connected with the pronoun is
placed at the end of the sentence, the relative pronoun may
be left out, as in English.

Note

case or

2.

when

The pronouns
Ex.

Det vin, jag kopte dr icke goU.
I bought is not good.
Ben flickan jag talade om dr

:

109

(continued).

The wine

gift

(i.

s.

om

of:

vilken).

The
Note

girl I

spoke of

is

married

(i.

s.

of: of

whom).

Instead of the genitive, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas,
vars (antiquated genitive of var) is often used.
Ex.

3.

Define konung, vars dygder man prisar sd mycket
This king, whose virtues are praised so much

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

Note 4. The antecedent of a relative sentence generally
drops the terminal article when the independent article is
placed before it.
Ex.

:

De darner (damerna) som du

talar om, kdnner jag

icke.
I

do not

know

the ladies you are speaking

of.

are not very much used and are
Note 5. Den, det,
always used in the dative and accusative case.

dem

Ex.

De booker, dem jag kopte dro for min moder.
The books that (which) I bought are for my mother.

:

E, Interrogative pronouns (interrogativt pronomen),

The interrogative pronouns are:
vem? who? which is always used substantively
»
»
>
»
»
vad? what?

§
1.

2.

2.

and occurs only
3.

in the singular.

vilken? (m. and f.) who? vilket? (n.)
sing, vilka? for the three genders

what? In the

who? which?
can be used substantively

4.

(what?) in the plur.
and adjectively and is declined as the relative
pronouns: vilken, vilket, vilka^ page 108.
vilkendera? (m. a. f.) vilketdera? (n.) which of the
two (these)?
vad for

which kind

5.

vad for en? (m.
of?

6.

hurudan ? (m. a. f.) hurudant ? (n.) hurudana ? plural
for the 3 genders is always used adjectively and

means how
7.

a. f.)

is?

who? is obsolete
or poetical language.
ho?

ett? (n.)

and only used

in biblical

110

Lesson

21.

vem? who? vad?

§ 3.

which?

Singular.
N. vem? who?
N. vad? what?
G. vems? whose?
G. vars? of what?
D. fdfj vem? to whom?
D. faf) vad? to what?

vew? whom?

A.

Ex.:

Vem

Who

A.

vad? what?

framfor huset?
stands before the house?

star

At vem giver du applet?
To whom do you give the apple?
Vad Jiar Ni sett?
Intet.



What have you seen?
Vilka hooker har han



Nothing.

last?
books (has he) did he read?

Which

Vilkendera is declined like vilken, the ter-dera remaining unchanged except in the genitive which admits of an «s».
§ 4.

mination

Vilkendera af dessa

(tvd)

Idrjungar dr sjuk?

Which of these (two) pupils
Vad for fdglar dro dessa?

What
§

5.

(sort)

is ill?

kind of birds are they?

Vem

is used for persons, vad for things.
Vilken is used for persons and things.

F. Indefinite prononns (Obestdmda

pronomen),

1.

man, one, they, we, you (or passive voice).
-ensj Dat. and Ace. -en.

2.

nagoUf nagot, nagra^ any, some, somebody.

3.

annan^ annatj andra(e)y other.

4.

var och en

(ett) ;

en

(ett)

var(t), all

Gen.

and every one,

each, every.
5.

varje (indeclinable).

6.

vem

heist;

vad

heist;

vilken

som

whatever.
7.

bada and bagge^ both.

8.

allj

9.

hel, helt, hela,

10.

alltj

alia, all.

whole, entire.

mangen, manget, manga.,

many

a.

heist j

whoever,

The pronouns

Ill

(continued).

11. somliga^ some.
12. flere or flera, several.

NB.

The

indefinite

pronouns admit of an «s» in the genitive

like the substantive.

G. Correlative pronouns.
Declension.
Singular.

Masc. and
N.
G.
D.
A.

Neuter.

fern.

den, he, she
dens, of him, of her
(at) den, to him, to her
den, him, her.

(for

N.
G.
D.
A.

det,

the one

— —

it,

of ^he one
(at) det, to it, to the one
det, it, the one.

Plural
both numbers).

N. de, they
G. deras, of them
D. (at) dem, to
A. dem, them.

them

Observations.
a) This

wed by
Ex.

:

pronoun

is

almost always immediately

follo-

the relative pronoun ^som^.
Den, som fruktar Gud, dr sail.
He who fears God is happy.
De, som dro rika, dro icke alltid de lyckligaste.
They who are rich are not always the happiest.

b) It may also be used with a noun and then it
becomes a determinative pronoun and drops the «s»
in the genitive case.
Ex.: Den
som, fruktar Gud dr sail.
The man who fears God is happy.

man

Den mans dygder som
The

virtues of the

.

.

.

man who

.

.

.

c) In the dative and accusative cases «dem» changes
into «de'» when followed by a substantive.
Ex.
Gud dlskar de man, som dro dygdiga.
:

God

loves the men,

who

are virtuous.

112

The deponent
meat

mat

thirst

torst

Rhine-wine

renskt vin {rsniskt

to

become

rancid
to harvest

tillsdtta [til'sst'a]
drickbar \drik'-

to prepare

[matt]

drinkable

[toejitsti

ba'r]

sour

vitn\

eatable
rancid

113

verbs.

dthar [e'tha^r]
hdrsken [hed'skdn']

indigestible

hdrskna[h€x'skna']

I

skorda

to

am

thirsty

sur [smtr]
osmdltbar [co'smeVtbar]
jag dr torstig [jaig
setr tcex'stig']

falla
to please

i

[/(B'dda^]

smaken

[fal'a'' i

I

smaJkdn]

to use
'
j

behaga [bdha'ga^]
ndrande [n€'ra7i'd9]

nourishing

sldcka

quench

[shk'a''

bruka [brw/ka^]
hava for sed
[ha'va'' for setd].

Translation Exercise 44.
Food.

Who

has sold you this butter?

it is

not eatable;

it

has

The wine that I have harvested in my vineyards pleases my customers. Brandy is distilled from wine.
What meat do you prefer? I prefer beef to veal. What did
become

rancid.

you eat at luncheon? My luncheon usually consists of roast
ham, eggs and a piece of cheese. In Germany they
drink beer, wine and other beverages. Fresh eggs are nouAt breakfast we drink coffee with milk, chocolate
rishing.
or tea and we eat sandwiches. The salad is prepared with
salt, pepper, oil and vinegar. This wine is not drinkable; it
has become sour. Ham, sausage, and bacon are indigestible
meat. I am thirsty; I will drink a little wine with water to
quench my thirst. Eat this cake and drink a cup of tea.
What sort of wine are you fond of? I am very fond of Rhine
wine. After each meal my father used to drink a small glass
of brandy and to smoke a cigar.
beef,

Twenty-second Lesson.
The deponent verbs.
§1. A deponent verb is a verb, which is conjugated in the passive form whilst having an active
meaning.
Note

1.

The deponent verbs form

their

compound

tenses with

the supine.

Note
the

«,9»

2.

when

The present participle of the deponent verbs retains
alone and drops it when followed by a noun.

Elementary Swedish Grammar.

g

lU

Lesson 22.

§ 2.

The

four Swedish

conjugations contain de-

ponent verbs, of which the principal are

2Qd Conjugation (cont^).

yst Conjugation,
andas, to breathe.
dagas, to dawn.
hoppas, to hope.

rddas,

to be afraid.

to be ashamed.
synas^ to appear.
tyckas, to seem.
vdmjas, to be disgusted.

skdmmas,

svettas, to sweat.

tdras, to weep.
vistas, to stay, to sojourn.
avundas, to envy.

2/vas, to boast.

5rd
hrn<i
^^^^

2nd Conjugation.

Coujugation.

*® ressemble.
\
\ to take after.

^th

behovas, to want.
dvaljas, to dwell.

minnas,

:

Conjugation,

bitas, to bite,
^/in-s (^(C?e;fj, there

to recollect.

is.

Pronominal verbs.
The conjugation of the pronominal verbs is
§ 3.
formed with the help of the personal pronouns which
are placed after the verb; the auxiliary verb is «hava».

Example.
Beklaga sig, to complain.
Indicatiye.
Present.

Jag beklagar mig,
du beklagar dig,

Perfect,
I

complain.
thou com-

jag

du har
hast

plainest.

han
hon
det

)

\

he
beklagar sig, she
it

)

beklaga oss, we
beklagen eder, you
de beklaga sig, they
vi

i

/

>

and so

mig, I have
beklagat dig, thou

liar beklagat

)

complains.

•73

det
vi

com-

«
a

«'»'

it

\

hava beklagat

I

oss,

we

/ haven

plain.

beklagat eder, have

you
de hava beklagat

forth.

sig,

they

Words,
samtid [sam'ti^d] (contemporaneous) epoch;
age

fomtidlfco'mti^d] antiquity
eftervdrld [ef'tdr- posterity
vseUd]
tanke {taij'kd^^
thought
metal
metall [metalt]
sldkt [slekit^
generation
storhet [stco'rhe^t] grandeur

drottning \drot'-

queen

niy']

diadem

[di'ads.'m]

spira [spi'ra^']
val [vaU]

diadem
sceptre
election,

choice

krona [krco'na']
fdrddmjukelse
drag [drdtg^^

humiliation

nedstiga\nedstVga]

to

crown
feature

descend

S
o
o

The deponent

115

verbs.

rulla {rul'a^^

kejserlig [cej'Sdr- imperial

to revolve,
roll

%']
enda

senaste [se'nas'td] future

only
[eWfZa'l
(ful'- to achieve

to explain
tyda \ty da^'\
de dodlige [do'd- the mortals

fullkomna

kom'na]
nojd [noj.'d]

satisfied, con-

tent,

umgds

[um'go^s]

to

pleased

be enviro-

ned

ypperst

oinsom

[yp.'djisfi
.

.

.

prime

omsom now

,

.

now

.

to

[om'som']

stdmpla
[stem'pW]

to coin

oforgdnglig

imperishable

lig'd]

nedldgga

to

[ne'd-

depose

leg^a]

drva [asr'va']
to inherit
vdrdig [vee'Mig^] worthy
tilldga [til'leg'' d] to add
the Most High
den Hogste
\hdktst9^'\

\a)-foRrJE7flig^

teckna sig [tek'na']

to depict one's
self

behova [bdhova^]

to need.

Reading Exercise 45.
Kristina.

umgas med sin samtids yppersta
forntiden, omsom i eftervarlden.

Ej nojd att

hon omsom

snillen, lever

Varje hennes
tanke blir en bild, som, stamplad i en oforganglig metall,
ruUar kring varlden och for de senaste slakter tyder hennes
sjals storhet. Utan rike vill hon vara drottning; utan diadem
den yppersta bland dodlige. Sedan hon nedlagt en arvd spira,
vill hon genom val finnas vardig en annan; och hon nedsteg
ifran tronen, da hon till den kungliga icke kunde lagga en
kejserlig krona. I sjalva sin forodmjukelse infor den Hogste
andas hon blott sin egen storhet. «Du har gjort mig sa stor»
sager hon till Gud; «att om du givit mig hela jordens rike,
skulle du ej fornojt mitt hjarta.» I detta enda drag tecknar
hon sig sjalf sa talande, att jag till fuUkomnandet av hennes
bild ej behover tillagga flera.
i

Conversation.

Nojde

sig Kristina

med

att

umgas med

sin

samtids

yppersta snillen?
Vilken var hennes livliga onskan?
Varfor nedsteg hon ifran tronen?
Vad sade hon till Gud?
Vad bemarker detta sty ekes forfattar e angaende Kristinas
bild?

Words.
soul

116

Lesson 22.

healthy

frisk

amusement

forlustelse

play
sadness

lek

only

rik [ri'k]
endast, hlott \m'-

wise

vis [vi's]

careless
to die

sorglos [sor'jle's]

rich

\^frisik}

(foer'-

das%

lus'tdlsd^]
[le.'k]

sorgsenhet [sorsenhe^t]

discourage-

ment

modloshet

[mcj'd-

fortvivlan

have

a)

glad

[glcu'd]

hekymra
Qymtra

[lus!t]

mind
pleasure

[to'la^]

munter {munitdv]

to care for

(hava) lust

[de!]

tdla

[foert-

vi'vlan']
(to

do

bear

gay

loshe^t]

despair

to

blot']

sig

frdmmande
fomojelse

[f(£r-

[6a-

siig]

[fri-

m'an'dd]

strange
unsettled

action

glddje [gle'djd^]
handlinglhan'dliy']

obekant [co'bdkan't]
fordnderlig [foer-

conduct

uppforande

to grieve
to discourage

bedrova [bddro'va]
modfdlla [moj'd-

to encourage

gov a modigljo'ra^
to

uppmuntra

to regret

moj'dig^]
dngra [oyra^]

something
wish

ndgot {no'gof]
onska [^on'ska^]

to

to

continually

stdndigt[st£n'dig't]

blamable

weak

svag

nojtdlsd]

joy

[up'-

foran^dd]

poor

sn'ddrlig']

fd'a]
gladden

\up'-

mun'tra]
bad begd [bdgo!]

do (a
action)

tadelvdrd

[si'a!g]

[ta'ddl-

vse^jid'].

fattig Ifat'ig']

Translation Exercise 46.
The sonl and

its faculties.

Man has always something to hope for and to wish.
There are people who continually complain of their lot; the
weak would like to become powerful; the poor envy the rich;
the wise man only knows how to bear pains, troubles and
cares, for hope never dies in his heart. The child is careless;
when healthy it is always gay and lively; it does not care
for the future; it thinks but of plays and amusements. Sadness, discouragement and despair are strange to it. When it
Our impressions are
cries it often has a mind to laugh.
unsettled; the least pain, the least care grieve and discourage
us, whereas the least pleasure and the least joy gladden and
encourage us. When we have done a bad action, we are
ashamed of ourselves and we regret our blamable conduct.

117

Twenty-third Lesson.
The impersonal verbs,
The impersonal verbs are so called because
§ 1.
they are conjugated only in the third person of the
singular.

Example.
Hagla, to hail.
IndicatiYe.

Present.

Det haglar,

it

Imperfect.

hails

(is

hailing).

Det haglade,

it

hailed (was hai-

ling).

Pluperfect.

Perfect.

Det har haglat,

has hailed

it

Det hade haglat,

(has been hailing).

Future
Det shall hagla,
will

(it

I.
it

will hail

(it

had been

it

had hailed

hailing).

,

Future II.
Det skall hava haglat,
have hailed

be hailing).

(it

will

it

will

have been

hailing).

Conditional.
Past.

Present.

Det skulle hagla,
(it

would be

it

would hail

it would
would have been

Det skulle hava haglat,
have hailed

hailing).

(it

hailing.

Subjunctiye.
Present.

Imperfect.

Det md hagla, it may
may be hailing).

hail

(it

Det skulle (matte) hagla, it might
hail

(it

hailing).

Pluperfect.

Perfect.

Det

might be

md

hava haglat, it may
have hailed (it may have been

Det skulle (mdtte) hava
might have hailed
have been hailing).
it

hailing).

haglat,

(it

might

Infinitive.
(att)

hagla,

to hail.

Participle.

Past,

Present.

haglande, hailing (being

hailing).

havande haglat, having

hailed

(having been hailing).

The
det
det
det
det

chief Swedish impersonal verbs are:

regnar, it rains.
snoar, it snows.
hlixtrar, it lightens.
finns, there is.

det toar, it thaws.
det dskar, it thunders.
det haglar, it hails.
det dngrar (mig), I repent.

118

Lesson 23.

Interrogative conjugation.

I.

The interrogative conjugation

2.

§
in English.

Ex.:

jagf am I? voro vi? were we?
dr bamet sjuktf is the child ill?

cir

II.

§

Negative conjugation.

The Swedish negative conjugation

3.

formed as

is

differs alto-

gether from the English one; the negative particle is
icke (ej, inte) and it is placed after the verb in simple
tenses and between the auxiliary and the verb in compound tenses, the English negative forms «do not» and
<^did noi» should therefore never be translated literally.
Ex.: vi tola icke, we do not speak (we speak not).
vi hava icke talat, we have not spoken.
vi skola icke tola, we shall not speak.
Note. In subordinate phrases the negative particle should be
placed before the subject and the verb.

honom, att jag icke kunde gd pa teatem.
him (that) I could not go to the theatre.

Ex.: jag sade
I told

III.

Interrogative^negative conjugation.

In interrogative-negative sentences the negaalways stands after the subject whether it is a
noun or a pronoun.
Ex. Skall jag icke se dig i dag f
§

4.

tion

:

I not see you to-day?
barnet icke varit sjuktf
Has not the child been ill?

Shall

Har

Words.
history of the
[vai'ddshistco^ria] world
remembrance
minne [min'd']
virtue
dygd [dyg!d]

vdrldshistoria

statsman
man']

[stat's-

statesman

foremdl

[fo'rd-

object,

levnad [le'vnad^]
verksamhet

life

activity

[vasjb'ksamheH]

rdddning[r€d"niy^] salvation

hjcilte [jel'td^]

hero

dager [daJodr]

light

egenskap

quality

kunskap

science

[e'gdn-

ska^p]
personlighet[paer- personality
\_S€t''\

hragd [bragdi]

{kun'-

ska^p]

samhdltsordning

social order

[sam'helsoUdniy]

soj'nlighe^t]

sdtt

aim

mo^l]

way
great deed

drhundrade

[o'r-

hund'dradd]

century

The impersonal

mod

fdre7ia [fore'na^] to unite
ovanlig [M'va^n- unusual

courage
[moxd]
slaveri [^sla'vdri^ slavery

bildning

[bil'd-

119

verbs.

%]

culture

dyrhar
tillvaro \til'va^Ta)\ presence
to leave
efterldmna

\dyr'ha^T\^ dear

spiritual
andlig
~Mg [an'dJZt^']
[a
vdrldslig [v^'j^ds- temporal

[^Ef'tdvUmfna]

dterkalla

[o'tdv-

to recall

hdrlig

ensldld [e'nfiVdl^

[h^'rlig'']

slutlig [slm'tlig^]

kaVai]

splendid
final.

private

Reading Exercise 47.
(xustav Adolf.

Fa manniskor hava i varldshistorien efterlaranat ett sadant namn som Gustav Adolf ett namn som aterkallar minnet
;

icke blott av alia den enskilda manniskans dygder, utan ock
av snillets, statsmannens och hjaltens darmed icke alltid forenade egenskaper. Redan denna, lika ovanliga som alskvarda
personlighet. skuUe gora honom dyrbar for varje hjarta; men
annu mera har ban blivit det genom sattet varpa dessa
egenskaper anvandes, genom den bragd, vilken blev slutliga
foremalet for hans levnads verksamhet, namligen Europas
Den harliga
raddning fran andligt och varldsligt slaveri.

dager af samhallsordning, kunskap och bildning, som under
dessa tvanne sista arhundraden gjutit sig over och ifran det
nordliga Europa, har for sin tillvaro att tacka Gustav Adolfs
mod och Gustav Adolfs svard.
Conversation.
Vilket namn har Gustav Adolf efterlamnat
historien ?
Vilka dygdep aterkalla hans namn?
Vad gjorde honom sa alskad?
Vilket var hans livsmal?
Hurudant var Europa vid Gustav Adolfs tid?

Vad har Europa Gustav Adolf
Words.
weather

att tacka for?

i

varlds

120

Lesson 24.

to hail

to

hagla [ha'gla']
osa ned [0'sa' ne.'d]

pour

to clear

Mama

up

to

[os'ka^^

bad

blixtra \blik'stra']
frysa [frysa']

this

dka skridsko [o'ka''

to skate
to

[kla'rna^]

skina [/rna']

thunder

to lighten
to freeze

seem

to destroy

dska

to shine
to

to

skrUdskco]
toa [if0*a']

thaw

hear

synas [s^'nas']
forstora {foRrstotra]
fiora [ho'ra^]

ddlig [do'Iig']

morning

dark

morse

i

[moji'Sd^']

mork

[mcer!k]
overcast
betdckt, mulen \hdtekit, mm'ldn"].
(Contin. Page 123)
:

Translation Exercise 48.
The weather.

What
it

has

sort of weather have we to-day ? It is
snowed and hailed this morning; now^

bad weather
it

is

;

pouring.

dark weather. The sky is overcast, but it will soon
The sun will soon shine and we shall have a
It is very sultry
It lightens
it will soon thunder.
and large rain drops are falling. It has lightened and thundered the whole night the weather was stormy. The streets
were muddy and now it is slippery, for it has frozen very
hard.
The pond is frozen; we can skate on it. Now^ it is
snowing and to-morrow at sunrise it will thaw the weather
seems to become milder. It has hailed very hard; the harvest is almost destroyed. Do you hear it thunder? a storm
is raging on the sea.
It

is

clear up.
nice day.

;

;

;

Twenty-fourth Lesson.

Compound

verbs.

§ 1. Compound verbs, that is verbs composed of
a root- verb and a prefix which may be a noun, an
adjective, an adverb or a preposition are divided into inseparable and separable verbs.

A. Inseparable verbs.
Verbs beginning
§ 2.
prefixes are inseparable:
an-

J

be-f

hi-,

ent-j

with one of the following

er-j for-j gen-, hdr-, miss-,

um-, und-, van-, reder-.
Ex.

:

vi forstd, we understand.
jag erbjuder, I offer.

sam-,

Compound

B.

121

verbs.

Separable verbs.

Most of the compound verbs composed of a n o u n
or an

are separable.

adjective

The separable

prefix is placed after the verb.
tog del av brevet.
The judge took cognizance of the letter.

Domaren

Ex.:

§

Verbs

4.

figurative

compounded with an adverb or a

are

preposition

inseparable

generally

meaning and separable

Ex.

:

jag oversdtter (ins.), I
jag sdtter over (sep.),

in the

the

in

proper meaning.

translate.
I

overstep.

Note. It is difficult to give absolute rules on the composition
of the verbs belonging to this class; they can only be learned by
practice.

Some
avhdnda^
anklaga,

inseparable verbs.

to spoliate
to accuse

frdnkdnna,

nedgora,

Some
hddan-jara,

overwhelm

to help from
dkalla, to invoke
dterspegla, to reflect back
overgiva, to leave, to surrender.

to dispossess

underldta,

fdregiva, to pretend
inverka, to influence
innebdra, to imply (infer.)
tnotvdgay to counterbalance

av-dela, to share
frdn-taga, to carry

to

tillhedja, to worship

separable verbs.
(ejmot-taga, to receive
to hurl down
till-blanda, to bland

ned-hugga,

away

to decease

to dress
over-ldsa, to read through.

in-packa, to pack up
inne-stdnga, to shut in

pd-kldda,

Note. Some compound verbs composed of an adjective or a
noun remain inseparable these are very few and will be better learned
by practice.
Ex.: Hvem hushdllar for honomf
Who keeps his household?
:

Words.
kallelse [kal'dlsd^'] vocation
strength,
kraft [krafit^

power
Ijus \_jmts]
light
frihet [/rr^e'^]
liberty
forsvarare [/ce^s- defender

vdrv

[vseriv]

Mod

mission, task

\blojid^

fro [/V0/]

blood
seed

krans \kranis\

crown

befriare

[

bd-

liberator

fritard]

tar [fo.V]
skote [fo'td^]
ojffra

[ofra']

egen [e'gdn']
framstd [fram'-

tear

bosom
to offer

own
to

come

forth

sto']

fullborda
b(o''jida\

\_ful'-

to

fulfil,

achieve

besegla [bdse'gW] to seal

to

Lesson 24.

122

ddel

noble

l^etddT]

skon [fe'n]

beautiful
\m'tfd^ra\ to accomplish

utfora
vdga \vo'ga^'\
knytas \kny'tas^'\

to venture

protestantisk

protestant

to be knotted

bedew

fukta {^fuk'ta^^
tacksam [tak'sam'']

to

akta [ak'ta^^
uppfostra [up'-

to regard
to bring

thankful

upon
up

fajs'tra]

vdlsigna [velsiy.^na] to

bless.

[prco'testanftisk]

Reading Exercise 49.
Gustay Adolf.

Han var den, som inom eget brost kande kallelsen och
kraften att framsta som Ijusets och frihetens forsvarare och
han fullbordade detta heliga varv och beseglade det med sitt
Vad stort, adelt och skont dessa landers hjaltar
eget blod.
;

och snillen hava utfort, bildat och tankt, lag redan som fro
den enda hjaltetanken att for Ijusets seger vaga bade sig
sjalv och sitt folk och detta fro har efter bans dod utvecklat
sig i eviga bragder i statens likasom i snillets varv, vilkas
skonaste blommor ma knytas till en krans at befriarens minne,
en krans, fuktad av hela det protestantiska Europas tacksamma tarar men mest av det folk, som aktades vardigt att
i sitt skote
uppfostra denne hjalte, att med honom offra sitt
blod i den heliga striden, att med honom ga i valsignat
minne till den senaste eftervarld.
i

;

;

Conversation.

Vilken kallelse kande Gustav Adolf inom sig?
Vilka voro foljdema av bans regering?
Som vad kan Gustav Adolf betraktas?

Words.
clothes

kldder \kletddr]

clothing
overcoat

klddsel [kled^sdl]

tailor

overroc]4^0'vdrrok^]
skrdddare
[skrsd'ard']

trousers

byxor

,

benkldder

[byk'sayr',

be'n-

IcW'ddr]

waistcoat

vdst

Slipper

toffel [tofidl]

{vesif]

morning gown morgonrook
{mor'onrok'-^

chambermaid kamTnarjungjru
hat
felt hat
straw hat

[karrfarjuy^frm]
hatt \hat\

fiUhatt [fil-thaf]
halmhatt [hal'mhae]

stocking

strumpa

sock

halv strumpa

[stru7n'pa^'\

linen
necktie

[hal'vstrum'pa]
linne \lin'd^'\

halsduk [hal'sdm'k]
pair of braces hdngslen [heyishn]
shoe maker skomakare [skco'-

shoe
boot

ma'kard]
sko [skcof]
stdvel [st0tv9l]

half boot

halvstovel [hal'v-

peasant

bonde [bojn'dd^]
krage Ikra'gd]
manschett [man-

sto'vdl]
collar

cuff

Adverbs.

shirt

slcjorta

glove

handske [han'd-

{^foj'jiia^']

skd']

fur

pals [peHs]
trdng [troyf]

tight
skilful

123

muddy

smutsig [smut'sig^]

slippery

slipprig [sUp'rig']

very hard

mycket StarJet
[myk'df star'kt]
mild [mil'd]
rasar [ra'sar^].

mild

sultry

skicklig [jik'lig']
kvav (kva!v]

stormy

stormig [stor'mig^]

is

raging

(Contin.:

Page 127)

Translation Exercise 50.
Clothing.

We

have had warm clothes made. This overcoat is too
I can hardly button it.
He has tried on his
tight for me
new coat it suits him very well, as it was made by a skilful tailor.
The trousers are too wide; the waistcoat is
fashionable I will wear it with much pleasure. You see me
with my slippers and morning gown, because I must keep
my room. Has the chamber maid brushed my hat? Which
hat? The felt hat. In winter we wear woollen stockings
and in summer cotton socks. Take off your old coat and
put on a new one. Dress quickly, for we are going to take
a walk this morning. Have you folded up my linen ? Where
did you buy these silk neckties? They are very elegant.
This pair of braces is worn out you should buy a new pair.
The shoe-maker makes shoes, boots and half boots. Peasants
;

;


;

;

The collars are too tight for
usually wear wooden shoes.
these shirts the cuffs old-fashioned and the gloves too dark.
I will not have them.
You must beat the fur; it is so
Put on your woollen stockings because it is very cold
dusty
;

!

to-day.

Twenty-fifth Lesson.
Adverbs.
§ 1. Swedish adverbs are derived from adjectives
Swedish adjectives may become adverbs by placing
them in the neuter.
;

all

Ex.: Jiovlig, polite; hovligt, poHtely.
trogen, faithful; troget, faithfully.

Some adverbs end in -igen.
Ex.: trolig, probable; troligen, probably.

§ 2.

The word «ja» answers to a question ex§ 3.
pressed affirmatively and « Jo » to a question expressed
negatively.

Lesson 25.

124

Ex.:

Vill du dricka ett glas vin? Ja.
Will you drink a glass of wine? Yes, I will.
Vill du icke dricka ett glas vin? Jo.
Will you not drink a glass of wine? Yes (certainly).

Degrees of comparison.
§

4.

Adverbs form

their

degrees of comparison

like the adjectives.
Ex.: hovligt, politely; 7^oi;%are, more politely

most

;

hovligast,

politely.

Note. The «^» in the positive form does not occur in the comparative and superlative forms.

Irregular adverbs.
hra, vdl, (good, well)

Adverbs.

ndstan^ almost, nearly

125

126

Lesson 25.

han kallade sin ogonsten, som han med sa mycken anstrangning forsvarade mot Wallensteins hotande svard: Niirnberg,
som hade den hugnaden, att det var en av dess invanare,
den unge Leubelfingen, vilken likasom ett ombud av stadens
tacksamhet foljde konungen anda in uti dodsstunden; Niirnberg beslot

att uppresa sin valgorares bildstod, fastan inre
forandringar och yttre tvang sedermera hindrade verkstalligheten.
En Gustav Adolfs ridknekt valtrade pa Liitzens fait
en stor sten till det stalle, der det konungsliga liket blev

Stenen bar sedan bibehallit sin plats jamte nammet
Schwedenstein, samt blivit omgiven av planterade trad och
besokt av en var, som kommit till dessa nejder.
funnet.

Conversation.

Var Gustav Adolf alskad av tyskarne?
Hum kallas rummet, som flackades av bans blod?
Vilken stad beslot att resa bans bildstod?
Vilken ung man foljde konungen anda in i dodsstunden?
Varfor bar Niirnberg beslutit att uppresa bans bildstod ?
Vad star pa det stalle, dar Gustav Adolfs lik blev funnet?
Vad kallas denna sten?
Words.
The

British

127

Adverbs.
oldfashioned

gammalmodig

to

bdra

wear

[gam'almoj'dig]

dammig

dusty
to

have

.

.

Idtit

made
to button

[dam'ig^]

gora

on

to try

take

to fold

up

menad [proj'mdnaid]
Idgga tillhopa

anstd, passa
[a7i'sto\ pas'a^l

to brush
to take off

borsta [bod'sta^]
avtaga [a'vta'ga]

[ta'ga^

a

walk

forsoka, prova
[fcersetka, proj'va^]

to suit

to

zjVtz.']

taga pa sig
poi si'g]

kldda sig \klE'da^'\
taga sig en pro-

to dress

jo'ra^]

{knep'a'

on

[lo'ti^t

kndppa igen

[bas'ra^]

[be'ra'']

to put

[leg'a' tiUhoj'pa^],
to

buy

to beat

kopa
piska

[ge'pa^]
{^pis'ka^\

Translation Exercise 52.
The State and (xovernment.

The

British Empire is the greatest in the world.
It
comprises the United Kingdom (England, Scotland and Ireland which form the British Isles) India and many other
countries and Colonies in the five parts of the world.
It is

governed by a king. The legislative power is exercised by
House of Lords and the House of Commons. At the
opening of the first sitting the king delivers a speech, which
is called the throne speech.
In England Monarchy is hereditary the Salic law is not applied in this country, for wives
may reign. England has had many celebrated queens. Queen
Victoria's reign was one of the longest and most glorious
during the last century. This great queen was beloved by
all her subjects, respected and admired by all civilized peoples and very often received by all the Sovereigns of Europe.
England may be proud of Queen Victoria whose remembrance will be imperishable.
the

;

Twenty-sixth Lesson.
List of the principal prepositions.
av^ of

bakom, behind
efter, after

enligt, according

emot, towards
emellan, between
before

framfor,

frdn, from
hos, at
ibland,

.

.

.'s

among

igenom, through
innan, before
inom, in, within
med, with
medelst, by means of
oaktadt, in spite of

omkring, about
pa, on
rorande, concerning
sedan, since

128

Lesson

26.

at, to

under, under, during
utan^ without

anskont, notwithstanding

uti, in

over, over.

utom, out

Words.
polhojd

[poj'l-

latitude

hofd

[bserj'-

idrak''t]

olikhet

Skdne

bergstrakt

oj'likhe't] diversity

^sko'n9^]

luftstreck

[luf't-

Scania

strdcka ut

region
to stretch

[^strek'a^ vjuit]

climate

strek^]

gent emot [je^nt

just opposite

emco't]

kastanje[kastaniJ9\ chest nut(tree)
mullbdrstrdd
mulberry-tree

mild [miUd]
dkta [ek'ta^]

Tnajb^k^

kom

\kojijin\

corn

fara

[/a'ra']

risk,

[bserj'-

harvest, crop

frysa hort

to freeze

[fry'sa'' bo'r't]

naturlig \natmtr- natural
condition

%]
betydlig \bdty'd- fimportant

{hdskafidnhe't]

^Istring sformdg a ^Toductiweness

lig^^

motas

[al'striysfcer-

[me'tas']

[considerable
to meet with

verklig [vser'klig'] real

mo''ga]

nedre [ne'drd]

[frco'das'] to thrive
ovre [o^vrd]
upper
frodig [froj'dig^] luxuriant
to be precious
brddmogna

frodas

[bro'dmoj'gna]
danger

niy']

heskajfenhet

mild
real, very, ge-

nuine

\imul'h£jLstre''^^

rag \rotg'\
rye-(seed)
seed
sdde [^SE'dd^^
'mark
[Lap Lappland
Lapp

hdrgning

mountainous

lower

nordisk [nojUdisk] northern.

Reading Exercise 53.
Sveriges natur.
Ett land som utstracker sig under sa olika polhojder,
maste inoni sig visa manga olikheter. Skane gor till utseende
och luftstreck en overgang till det gent emot liggande nedre
Akta
Tyskland, men har annu mildare vintrar an detta.
kastanjen, mullharstradet, ehuru blott planterat, frodas i
Skane. Husdjuren aro storre och frodigare. Ragsiidet behover blott halvfemte manad att mogna, ej langre, an i Tyskland och ovre Italien, da det daremot i Lappmarkerna (dar
endast kornet bradmognar) behover halvannan sommar dartill,

med

fara att innan bargningen bortfrysa.

En

hastigare forandring i naturlig beskaffenhet och alstringsformaga finnes ej i Sverige, iin emellan Skane och
Smaland. Detta kommer av det senares betydliga hojd over
havet, som gor den smalandska bergstrakten nilstan till ett
Norrland mitt i Gota rike. Den fran soder resande motes
forst hiir av verklig nordisk natur.

Adverbs.

129

Conversation.

Vad ar Skane?
Aro vintrarne i Skane mildare an

i
Tyskland?
denna provins?
Hum manga manader behover ragen for att mogna?
Ar det stor skillnad mellan naturen i Skane och Smaland?
Vad kommer detta av?

Vilka trad vaxa

i

Words,
constitution

statsforfattning
[sta'tsfoRvfat^nixi]

councilors of statsrddsherre
state

[sta'tsrad'sh^rd]

the execution lagarnes utforande
of laws
[la'gamd^s m'tfceran'-dd]
fleet

fiotta

army

hdr

the Swedish

den svenska

to

comply

to

command hefalla

chambers

riks-

[svsn'ska'

[rik'sdagso^rdniy]

Forsta Kamm aren

Chamber

kam'a-

Ifcer'sta'^

citizen

borgare

to

choose

vdlja

genomfora

responsible

nomfo^ra]
ansvarig for

for



[an'dra^

military service
under the

]

militdrtjdnst \mi'lite'rgen'st]

under

.

.

gering

reign

[je*-

\^an' sva''rig']

be bound to forpliktad till
[fcerplrktad']
to count
anse for [an'se'']
to

to

improve

forbdttra

[foer-

bet'ra]

Andra Kammaren

Chamber

[bor'jar9^]

[vel'ja']

to carry out

rd^n]
the Second

[6a/aZ*a']

k(on)ungarike
[ko'nuyari'kd]

kammare[kam'ar9']
riksdag sordning

the First

villfara [vil'fa'ra]

kingdom

rik'sda'gdn]
diet-bill

[Isy.'d]

steam ship
dnghdt {oyhoH^
national edu- folkundervisning
cation
[fol'kunddrvi'sniy]

{flot'a''^

\hetr]

dag en

diet

langd

length

.

to

read

to write
to respect
to admire

Idsa [le'sa']
skriva [skri'va']

hogakta[h0'g ak^ta]

beundra

s re-

[uniddr

rdje!ri7)]

reforms

fdrhdttringar

railways

[fcerbet'riy^ar]
jdrnvdgar [jx'xnvs'gar]

[bdun'-

dra']
to receive
to

mottaga[mojt'aga^]
be proud of vara stolt over
[stoltt]

imperishable oforgdnglig
[co'fcerjey'lig].

Translation Exercise 54.
The Grovernment of Sweden.

Sweden

governed by a king.
The king should comply with the
cillors

of

is

state

It is

an old monarchy.
The Coun-

Constitution.

are responsible for the

execution of laws.

The king commands the fleet and army. The Swedish Diet
consists in two chambers. According to the Diet-bill of 1866
the first Chamber is composed of the richest and most learned
men of the kingdom the second Chamber, of citizens chosen
;

Elementary Swedish Grammar.

9

Lesson 27.

130

In Sweden all citizens are bound
Under the reign of Oscar II many remilitary service.
forms were carried out in Sweden. Railways were stretched
out and their length is now over 10 000 kilometers.
The

from among the people.
to

fleet numbers over 1200 steam ships.
National
education was much improved and the number af those who
cannot read nor write is less in Sweden than in any other

Swedish

country.

Twenty-seventh Lesson.
List of the principal conjunctions.
anting en

.

.

.

eller, either ... or

att, that

hade

.

.

och, both

.

.

.

.

men, but
ndmligen, namely
och, and

and

dock, though
da, as, when
ehuru, although
eljest, otherwise

ocksd, also
if, whether
sdledes, thus

eller, or

an

emedan,

(viz.)

om,

ty, for

... an, sometimes
times
dndd, however.

as, since, for

Jivarfore, why
likvdl, nevertheless

.

.

.

some-

Words.
bevis

\^b9vi!s]

kalkgrund

proof

skdrgard {fas'r- archipelago
goUd]
skdrgdrds natur archipelagic

[—s natm'r]
sin like [si'n

nature

li'kd^] its like

bok [bojfk]
lund [lun^d]

beech

bolja [bol'ja^]

wave

bordighet

fecundity

[bce'r-

grove, thicket

knappast

[kna-

scarcely

p'ast'l

ovan

above

\o'va^n'\

enstaka [ensta'-ka]

lonely,isolated

orolig
likvdl

unsettled

[cj'rco'lig^

equally

[lik've'l]

bdda [bo'da']
utmdrkt [m't-

both
remarkable

7nser^kt]

dighett]

vattenomrdde [va- basin
fdnom'rodd]
sddesbygd [se'dds- cornfield
byg'd]

hlandning [blan'd- miscellany
niy']

bergsrorelse

\kal'k- calcareous soil

grun'd^

i

anseende

till

H

with regard to

an'sedn^do til]

around
mellerst [mel'dJLst] most central
dessutom [dss'ui^- moreover

kring [kriy!]

torn]

mining

in-

gynna

[jyn'a']

to favour

lycklig [lyk'lig^]

happy, lucky

forening [fo'rd- union

vdlgorande

beneficial

niy']
inflytelse [in'fly'-

influence

jo'randd]
forvdna [foer

mountainous

\to wonder
vdxtlighet [vek'st- vegetation

[basr'jro'rdlsd]

dustry

vo-'na]

tdlsd]

bergig [bserjig']

vildhet \vildheH'\ wildness

lig^het]

[ve'l

rto astonish

Adverbs.

131

Reading Exercise 55.
SYeriges natur.
Foljer man fran Skane ostra kusten, sa visar sig i Blekinge
det vackraste beviset pa Ostersjons mildare skargardsnatur
och fran Karlskrona till Kalmar en strand, som pa sina stallen
Ovan Kalmar vaxer
i skonhet knappast har sin like i norden.
smarre lundar och enstaka trad ga dock
ej bokskogen mera
:

hogre.
Vatterns

klara, men oroliga boljor skilja Vaster- och
Ostergotland, tvenne av Sveriges fruktbaraste landskap, bada
I anlikval utmarkta genom stora skillnader i bordighet.
seende till sjalva landets bildning hor Vastergotland till
Vanerns, Ostergotland till Vatterns vattenomrade.
Kring sjoarne Hjalmaren och Malaren ar det mellersta

med harliga sadesbygder, dessutom
gynnade genom en lycklig blandning av akerbruk och bergs-

Sveriges storsta slattland
rorelse.

Dessas forening har strackt sin valgorande inflytelse

Varmland och Dalarne, utan att likval i dessa bada
bergiga landskaps ovre delar hava kunnat besegra naturens
borjande vildhet. Likval narer annu kalkgrunden kring sjon
aven

till

Siljan

(t.

ex.

i

som

Rattvik) en vaxtlighet,

forvanar.

Conversation.

Vilken natur har Blekinge?
Ar stranden fran Karlskrona

till

Kalmar skon?

Vilka aro Sveriges fruktbaraste landskap?
Vilka aro Sveriges storsta sjoar?

Words.
great powers stormakter

head

[stco'r-

at the

rytteri

regiment

makHdr]
cavalry

kavalleri,

infanteri

[fco'tfol^k,

in'-

fantdri^l
artilleri {^ctr'tihrii']
artillery
horse-soldier ryttare [ryfard^]
foot-soldier
fotsoldat
[fco't-

soldaH]
victory
seger [se!gdr]
field-marshal fdltmarskalk

troops
discipline

colonel

regemente

[re'jd

sergeant
corporal
cornet

menttd]
kapten [kaptetn]
lojtnant [loftnan't
sergeant [s^rfanH
korpral [korpra'l
kornett \kornEti']

garrison

garnison

captam
fotfolk,

spetsen for
[spet'sdn]

\ksLvaVdritj ryt'd-

infantry

i

lieutenant

[gar'ni-

sajfTi]

volunteer
recruit

frivillig [fri'vilHg]
rekryt [rdkrytt]

declaration of krigsforklaring

war

\krig' sfoRrkMrirj]

[fd'tmarfark]
trupp [trup']
discipUn
[di'siplUn]

capture of the m^«^<2?2c?e (av en
place
plats) \intagandd\

dragoon

dragon

overste [o'vdrstd^l^

cuirass

kyrass {kyrasi^

\draga)tn^^

132

Lesson

helmet
sword

hjdlm Yjdim']
svdrd [sv^.^rd]
gun
gevdr [JdVEtr]
cartridge-box patrorikok [pair congo'k]

haversack

mat-tornister

to

underhdlla
ddrhoVa]

keep

to stand

to defend

kdmpa
vinna

lance

laiis [lan^s]

pistol
to exercise

pistol [pistojH]
utova [m'te'va]

to

arm

vdpna

to

equip

utrusta

to fear

\ma't-tornisHdr\

to fight
to win

28.

\un'-

[cem'pa^]

to bear

frukta [fruk'ta^\
avvdpna [a'vep^na]
hdra [&£'ra']

strict

strdng

obligatory

ohligatorisk

to

disarm

[vin'a']

[streif);']

{ph'li-

gatojirisk]

std [sto']

forsvara

Xvsp'na^"]
\m^trus^ta^^

compulsory

tvingande

[foers-

[tviyan'dd].

va'ra]

Translation Exercise 56.
Army.
All great powers of Europe keep an army.
An army
consists in cavalry, infantry and artillery. The horse-soldiers
and foot-soldiers fought bravely and won the victory. The
field marshal commands the troops.
In the German army
The Colonel stands at the head of
discipline is very strict.
his regiment. Under the colonel stand the captain, the lieutenant, the sergeant and the corporal. Military Service is not
The Comet defended bravely the
obligatory in England.
colours of the garrison.
The volunteers and recruits will
soon be exercised, equipped and armed, because a declaration
of war is feared.
After the capture of the place, the garrison was disarmed. Dragoons wear a cuirass and a helmet
they defend themselves with the sword, lance or pistol. Footsoldiers bear a gun, a cartridge-box and a haversack. Officers



;

bear a sword.

Twenty-eighth Lesson.
List of the principal interjections.
ack!

alas!

ajf ay! o dear!

anfdicta! plague!
gtid nd's! alas!
fy! fie!
hva! hva sa!

st! hush!
tag mot! look here!
hvadan! what!

hm!

I

say!
ah!

ha! ha!
hey!

topp! agreed!

lappri! nonsense!

tro

min sann!

usch! oh!

really! faith!

mig! depend upon

it!

Adverbs.

Words.

hem

\hemf\

133

134

135

Twenty-ninth Lesson.
The construction of sentences.
I. Order of the words.
A. Place of the subject.

The subject

1.

§

is

generally placed:

Before the verb in affirmative and negative sen-

a)

tences.
Ex.

:

jag laser

^

I

read

;

icke, the father did

fadern sjong

not sing.

b) After the verb in negative and interrogativenegative sentences.
Ex.: Laser barnetf Does the child read? or is the child
..reading?

Alskar du icke din moderf

Do you
Note.

word

«

not like your mother?

When

manner
Ex.:

the interrogative is made with the help of the
or «Jw» the subject should precede the verb.
Mdnne de voro trottaf were" they tired?

Hon

dr ju nojdf she

is

Exceptions.
§
a)
1.

2.

The subject

When

is

placed after the verb:

the sentence begins with.

the object.
Ex. Det huset har min fader kopt.
:

father has bought this house
has bought).

My
2.

(this

house

my

father

an adverb or an adverbial expression or a conjunction.
Ex.:

Nu

skola vi gd

till

sdngs.

Now we

are going to bed.
I gar voro vi pa landet.
Yesterday we were in the country.

3.

an attributive adjective.
Ex.

:

Mdktig dr Gud! God

is

powerful! (powerful

is

God!)

b) When the principal phrase
preceded by a
subordinate sentence.
Ex.: Om han vore rik, skulle han gora mycket gott.
If he was (were) rich he would do much good.
is

c)

In exclamations.
Ex.: Leve drottningen!

the queen for ever!

136

Lesson 29.

B. Place of the objective case.
§ 3. a) The indirect objective case when used
without any preposition precedes the direct objective
case.

Ldraren gav Idrjungen en hok.

Ex.:

The teacher gave the boy a book.
b)

When

the

indirect

objective case

is

preceded

by a preposition the direct objective case should immediately be placed after the verb.

Ldraren gav en hok

Ex.:

at Idrjungen.

The teacher gave a book
c)

Like

a noun is
the noun.
Ex.

to the boy.

English the indirect objective case of
placed in the genitive case and precedes

:

in

Min fader s
11.

hus,

my

father's house.

Order of clauses.

§ 4. a) Generally the clause
cipal part in the sentence should

which bears the prinbe placed at the be-

ginning of the sentence.
Ex.

Om

:

de icke dro skyldiga, skola de frikdnnas.

If they are not guilty they

should be acquitted.

b) The relative pronouns, the adverbs, conjunctions
generally follow the nouns to which they refer.
Ex.: Drdngen pa vilkens (vars) trohet jag rdknade
har stuUt pengar frdn mig.
The servant on whose faithfulness I relied has stolen
money from me.

When a subordinate sentence precedes the prinsentence, both are generally united by the conjunction ^Sa» which is not rendered in English.
Ex.: Ndr hamet fick se sin moder, sd borjade det att le.
c)

cipal

When

the child saw

its

mother,

it

began

to

smile.

Words.
godhet

{^gojtdhet']

tjdnsteande

kindness

ro

serving spirit

medlem

[gen'stdan'dd]

rest, repose
[me'dlem^] member
vdrldsliv [vse'jids- world's life

[rojf]

frid \_fri'd^
peace
trevnad [tre'vnad^] comfort

naturliv [natrn'r- natural

rot \ro)it^
leende Ue'dn^dd]

gudsjruktan

gubbe

[gub'd^]

root

smile
old man

li'v]
life

im

\_gut'sfrukHan\

fear of

God

The
tapperhet

gro

bravery

[tap.'dv-

forhdllande /Ae^]j circumstance
[^foRrhol'cin^dd]

|

{gra)f\

viga

[^frara'kaV'a]

fdrkvdva [foerk-

to

to bless

[vrga^'l

n/juta
bitter

to shoot
earnest

%]

condition

hitter \hitt9r\

[aZ* va'r-

allvarlig

to call forth

framkalla

137

construction of sentences.

to

\njwi'ta''']

Umiv]
Jiembygd [hem
Ijuv

choke up

V£.'va]

enjoy

delightful
native land.

hyg'd;\

Reading Exercise 59.
Hemmet.
Godhet

och ordning, dessa himmelns tjansteandar pa
jorden, framkalla overallt samma frid och samma trevnad.
Ingen bitter rot far vaxa dar den vill gro, uppkommer alltid ett leende eller en tar, och i dessa ett ord av karlek att
forkvava den.
Karleken vakar over barnets vagga
over
gubbens ro, over var medlems val och trevnad for att vara
hem.
lycklig gar manniskan ur varldslivet
Det star i livet sasom ett gronskande trad, vaxande allt
hogre upp mot himmeln. Norden ar kail och allvarlig. Konsterna aga ej dar sin hembygd blommornas tid ar kort. Vill
du se deras jord, se Italien, se Frankrike vill du se hemmets
och familjens vigda jord, se Sverige se overallt bland fjallen
och skogarna, dessa stilla gardar, der manniskan njuter ett
foradlat naturliv, dar i skotet av heliga och Ijuva forhallanden utvecklas svenskarnes nationaldygder gudsfruktan och
;

,



;

;

;

!

:

tapperhet.

Conversation.

Vad framkallar friden och trevnaden
Hur forkvaves varje bitter rot?

i

hemmet?

Vilka aro karlekens forrattningar bland familjens med-

lemmar?
Vad liknar hemmet?
Vad motsvarar nordens hem

i

de sydliga landerna?

Var utvecklas och vilka aro svenskarnes nationaldygder?
Words.
fatherland

fddemesland

native

[frddmdslan'd]
fosterland

country
sacrifice

uppoffring
fosterjord
[fco'stdrjcoUd]

dra

[s'ra']

fosterlandskdrlek
[fcos'tdrlands-

[fcos'tarlaa^d]

[up-ofriy']
native land

glory
patriotism

gse'rlek]

love

kdnsla
karlek

attachment

tillgivenhet

sentiment

[(gen'sla'''\

[f^rZe'fc]

Vdnhet]

[til'ji'-

Lesson 29.

138

fidelity

troliet \tra)thet]

to protect

devotion

hdngivenhet \h€'n-

on

danger
duty

fara

skydda Uyd'a']
"

war

i

bt [kri'gskrigsfoi

establish-

gi'vdnhet]
civil

the

ment

[fa'ra']

medhorgerlig plikt
[me'dbor'jdrlig

to contribute

hidraga [bi'dra'ga]

prosperity

framgdng [fram'-

to require
to prevail

fordra [fco'rdra']
rdda [ro'cZa']
forena [/ore/na]

plik't]
social duty

samhdlsplikt
[sam'helsvUk't]

to love
dlska {el'ska^']
on the peace, pa fredsfot

establish-

ment

[fred'sfoj^t]

to unite
to threaten

hota

[hoj'ta''']

to travel

resa

[re'sa^]

to stay

stanna

[start' a'].

Translation Exercise 60.
Fatherland.

We

ought to love, protect and defend our native country.
our duty in time of peace to contribute to its prosperity
and in time of war to defend it even at the sacrifice of our
A brave soldier ought to fight and die for his native
life.
land when the glory of the nation requires such a sacrifice.
Patriotism prevails in the hearts of all good citizens all are
united in the same sentiment of love and attachment to defend their country when danger threatens it. Fidelity, love
and devotion to fatherland are the principal civil and social
duties.
When we travel or stay in a foreign Country we
are always thinking of our native land. Let us love our
native country, because nothing is more beautiful and more
worthy of our love^ than fatherland.
It is

;

139

Readings,
1.

En

frukost pa Medelhavet.

En hostdag ar 1869 hollo tvenne ekipager vid hamnen
Marseille just dar de stora angbatarne ligga som i alia riktningar ploja Medelhavet. Ur det forsta stego en herre och
en dam, bagge unga, med tre sma barn. Det var synbarligen
«wne famille tres-distinguee» och de som akte i andra vagnen

i

,

tycktes tillhora uppvaktningen. Det var D.D. K.K. H.H. hertigen och hertiginnan av Ostergotland, som med sina barn
skuUe resa till Nizza, for att dar tillbringa vintermanaderna.

Klockan var sex pa aftonen, den timman da, enligt
annons, angbaten skuUe avga men ingen rok ur angskorstenen
rojde, att man annu eldat pa, och vid sidan av angbaten lag
en koldragare, som lastade in kol pa den forra. Den som
ar van vid vara ordentliga angbatsturer forvanas over oordningen soderut, och man kan darfor ej undra pa, att de nyss
;

anlanda passagerarne syntes missnojda.
«Nar avgar fartyget?» fragade en av prinsens uppvaktning kaptenen.
«Nar vi fatt kolforradet ombord», svarade denne tvart.
«Och nar sker det?»
«Det vet jag icke.»
«Det drojer kanske en hel timma?»
«Det kan droja tva.»

«Tva? Omojligt!»
«M kan hava ratt, det ser omojligt
tenen;

«slippa vi

jag vagar hoppas.»
»Men det var

med

tre eller fyra

i

ut»,

medgav kap-

dag, ar det mer, an

annonserat klockan sex»,

anmarkte den

uppvaktande forargad.
Kaptenen smalog medlidsamt och vande ryggen till.
«Men det ar hoga personer ombord», anmarkte den
uppvaktande.

Kaptenen smalog, men bevardigade honom ej med nagot
Ombord ar skepparen ensam konung, om ocksa alia
Europas suveraner vore tillstades.
Till nagon ursakt for angbatskonungen i fraga ma namnas, att den bat, han forde, mera var avsedd for gods an for

svar.

folk,

och gods ar en

talig

och tystlaten passagerare.

Emeller-

140

tid

Readings.

hade H.K.H. hertiginnan med sina sma funnit

sin hytt
Men
besvarligt klattrande over tunnor och balar.
hertigen foredrog att vistas pa dack, avvaktande med latt begriplig otalighet stunden for avresan, vilken lange lat vanta
efter

ett

pa sig. Klockan var 11, nar angbaten stotte fran land.
Natten var kolmork, men havsvinden vanlig och mild. Trots
morkret trodde sig prinsen igenkanna nagra av de ogn.pper,
mellan vilka angbaten gled fram, och han betraktade dem
med den djupa rorelse, ett poetiskt sinne erfar, nar det aterfinner stallen, som det i yngre dagar skadat.
Prinsen hade
namligen en gang som yngling, och da i egenskap av lojtnant
pa ett svenskt orlogsfartyg, gjort en resa over Medelhavet.
Men sjon suger och Medelhavet icke minst. Fram emot
sig prinsen hungrig. Men ingen restauration
Fartyg, som endast gora nattresor, aro beraknade for sovande, icke for atande. Prinsen gav sig i sam-

morgonen kande
fanns ombord.

kaptenen, men huruvida han da avkastade anony«Vill Ni och Ert sallskap halla till
ej bekant.
godo med vad jag har att bjuda pa», sade kaptenen, «sa ar
Ni hjartligen valkommen. Min frukost vantar redan ».
Prinsen tackade forbindligt och intradde med sin kavaljer
i
kaptenens hytt, dar en frukost serverades, som visst icke
var att forakta. Men det drojde icke lange forran en fjarde
person visade sig i samma hytt. Det var en lang ung man,
sotig och flottig fran hjassa till fot, men som icke desto mindre
belt obesvarat tog plats bland de andra vid bordet och del-

sprak

med

miteten

tog

ar

med
«For

frisk aptit i frukosten.
att vara rysk amiral, talar

Ni en ypperlig franska»,
yttrade kaptenen till prinsen.
«Vem har sagt Er, att jag ar rysk amiral ?» fragade
prinsen; «jag har den aran vara svensk amiral och ar fullkomligt belaten darmed. Men att jag talar franska ar mindre
underligt, nar jag i min slakt haft icke mindre an tva franska
marskalker.>
«Tva franska marskalker», upprepade kaptenen med en
viss andakt, «och vilka aro de?»
«Eugene och Bemadotte!» svarade prinsen.
«Bernadotte!» upprepade anyo kaptenen och gjorde stora
ogon, dem han oupphorligen flyttade mellan prinsen och maskinisten, vilken sednare ocksa fick stora ogon.
«0m Ni ar en Bernadotte», tertog kaptenen, «sa kan
jag har p^ stallet presentera for Er en nara slakting, Monsieur De la Graise, maskinist pa min bat och sonson av en
syster till marskalk Bernadotte.*

De
mycket

bagge sysslingarnes ogon mottes.
i

ett

odets lotter

!

Det kan ligga

sadant dar omsesidigt betraktande. Huru olika
Fr^n samma vra kommer man, den ene till en

141

Readings.

Det kan osa lika
furstekrona, den andre till en angpanna.
hett fran bagge och bagge kuna hava sitt stora ansvar for
sig men i forhallande till fursten, blir val anda maskinisten
en underordnad person, han ma befinna sig over eller under
dack.
Prinsen rackte likval vanligt den sotige och flottige
franden sin hand, och som denne var en bildad img man,
uppstod snart emellan dem ett livligt och underhallande samtal, som for det mesta rorde sig kring familjegrenar sa i
norr som soder. Alia med namnet Bernadotte tillhora dock
Namnet Bernadotte i sodra Frandrike ar lika
ej samma att.
;

vanligt,

som namnen Bergstrom och Stromberg hos

oss.

Huru-

omsesidiga slaktbesok utlovades,
kanner jag dock icke. Men frukosten om skeppsbord ar alDen unge maskinisten avlagsnade sig snart
drig langvarig.
och halade sig ater ned i maskinrummet. Prinsen fortfor att
promenera pa dack, betraktande den av eldgnistor paljetterade
stenkolsroken, som virvlade ur skorstenen. Han syntes tankfull.
Kanske tankte han pa sin frande, som djupt darnere
vida

vid

tillfallet

nagra

stektes for det

gemensamma basta.
Mahanda tankte han ocksa pa huru den, som av odet ar
bestamd att foresta det stora maskineri, som kallas staten och
varav an fleras val och liv bero, jamval ofta nog far stekas
vid sakta eld och mera an en gang torka sin panna.

August Blanche.
2.

Slaget vid Narva.

Karl den tolvte tog vid femton ars alder riket i arv efter
En lang foljd av fredliga ar och en kraftfuU
sin fader.
styrelse hade da bragt Sverige till en valmaga, som det
under hela arhundradet forut hade saknat, och utsikterna for
framtiden voro lovande.
Men det spordes snart, att den unge konungen tankte
mera pa lekar och nojen, an pa allvarliga varv. Dock voro
lekarne sadana, som tydde pa nagot ovanligt. Det var hans
lust att pa en yster hast flyga fram over de farligaste stigar
och forgaves sokte da hans faders gamle tjanare varna honom. Jakten var ock ett av den unge kung Karls huvudnojen; men det djur, som isynnerhet jagades av honom, var
bjornen, och de vapen, som da anvandes, voro icke skjutvapen,
utan hogafflar och pakar
Da Sveriges grannar horde, att pa den svenska tronen
satt en yngling, som endast roade sig, trodde de ratta tidpunkten var inne att utfora de fientliga planer, som de lange
nart. I Ryssland harskade da en kraftfull furste, Tsar Peter,
som gjort till sin uppgift att hoja sitt rike till en stormakt
i Europa.
Till det andamalet ville han berova Sverige dess be;

142

Readings.

vid Ostersjon, och i den atgarden liksom i varje
annat Sveriges forsvagande voro Danmarks och Polens konungar av hjartat villige att deltaga. Sa borjade de tre makterna
nastan pa en gang och utan skymt av rattvisa ett anfall
sittningar

mot

Sverige.
Just nar konung Karl
nojen vid Kungsor, kom

som

bast var sysselsatt med sina
underrattelse om Danmarks och

Polens fredsbrott. Detta slog honom med harm och forvaning.
«Det forundrar mig», sade han, «att mina grannar vilja hava
Ma sa vara! Gud hjalper oss val; vi hava en rattkrig.
fardig sak. Jag vill forst avgora saken med den ene sedan
fa vi nog tala med den andre.»
Nu var det slut med nojena. Som en blixt stod Karl
med sin krigshar pa Seland och foreskrev danske konungen
en forodmjukande fred, och da han strax darefter fick underrattelse om Tsar Peters forraderi gick det lost emot Ryssland.
Vid landstigningen pa Seland hade Karl, sages det, hort
«Vad ar det?» sporde
i
luften ett underligt vinande Ijud.
han. «Kulorna, Eders Majestat», svarade en gammal krigare.
«Na val», sade Karl, « detta skall hadanefter bliva min musik.»
Och sa blev det ock, ty fran den stunden var hans liv en oavbruten kedja av strider under mer an aderton ar. Tsar Peter
;

upprepade forsakringar om vanskap, gjort ett
anfall.
Med en ringa har seglade da
forradiskt
och
hastigt
konung Karl over till Ostersjolandskapen. Det gallde att nu
forst undsatta Narva, som av Tsaren belagrades.
I november manad ryckte Karl med sina fataliga trupper
fran Pernau, dar han landstigit, till Narvas undsattning. Det
vat ett forfarligt tag, som prcivade bade mod och krafter, ty
i vinterkold
och snoyra maste haren genomtaga ett alldeles
ode och forharjat land, dar han pa sex dagars tid knappt
fann ett spar av manniskor och dar han led brist pa allt.
Och nar han antligen stod nara vid malet, sag han framfor
sig den ryska harens sextio atta tusen krigare.
Vid underrattelsen om svenska harens ankomst lamnade
dock Tsar Peter befalet over de ryska trupperna at hertigen
av Croi och begav sig sjalv pa vagen inat sitt eget rike. Karl
daremot uppstallde sjalf sin har och beslot att angripa fienden
och med inom hans egna forkansningar. Det var ej tid
till
att langre droja, ty noden hotade den svenska haren.
Ryska forskansningarna strackte sig kring Narva i en lang
halvkrets, med flyglarne stodda mot Narvaflodens strand.
Svenska haren var for svag att angripa mer an ett par niirbelagna punkter. Dessa utsagos nara mitten av ryska linien.
Ett par raketer skuUe vara tecknet, klockslaget tu-tiden, och
orden «med Gudshjalp* losen. Nu flogo de tva raketerna i
luften, och under faltropet: «Med Guds hjaip!» drog den lilla

hade,

trots

Readings.

143

svenska haren framat. Konungen i sin enkla blaa rock befann sig ytterst pa vanstra flygeln, och honom foljde narmast
bans drabanter, en utvald trupp av ett hundra femtio man,
som anfordes av Arvid Horn. Nagot till hoger om konungen
gick Magnus Stenbock med dalkarlarne ocb sa bela den
ovriga haren.

detsamma svenskarne ryckte fram, uppstod en

I

haftig

blast, som drev framfor sig ett tjockt, men enstaka moln med
ett sa tatt snoglopp, att ryssarne, som hade detsamma mitt
i
ogonen, icke kunde se trettio till fyrtio steg framfor sig.
ville uppskjuta anfallet till ovadret
sade konungen, «vi hava mera gagn an

Nagra svenska generaler
forbi.

«Nej»,
skada darav.»
gatt

Ryssarne, som trott, att Karl dragit sig tillbaka, och som
sedermera forblindades av det starka snogloppet, anade ocksa
ingenting, forran svenskarne voro pa blott femtio stegs avstand fran vallarne. Da forsvann aven till alias forundran
snomolnet med ens, och vid det ater frambrytande solskenet
stortade svenskarne mot forskansningen. Gravarna fylldes av
medforda risknippor, och vallarne bestegos. Ryska linjen brots
och kastades at sidorna. Detta var gjort inom en fjardedels
timma, och genom den tillvagabragta oppningen sprangde
svenska rytteriet fram att understodja fotfolket.
I borjan sokte val ryssarne forsvara sig; men bestortningen over svenskarnes underbart hastiga anfall och deras
utomordentliga mod spred sig allt, mer, och snart sprungo
de som skramda far om varandra.
Manga sokte pa sidan
om svenskarne fly undan till skogs. Men da motte dem Karl
sjalv i spetsen for drabanter och dragoner och jagade dem

tillbaka in

i

trangseln.

oordning stortade nu ryssarnes hogra flygel ner
emot bron over Narva. Den brast, och tre tusen ryssar,
sages det, funno sin grav i boljorna. Storsta delen maste
saledes stanna vid stranden mellan floden och svenskarne.
De ryska gardesregementena, som voro mer ovade och krigsvana, hejdade for en stund det svenska anfallet, och generalema gjorde allt for att ordna den ovriga massan. Men da
borjade med ens ropas, att olyckan komme fran de forradiska
tyskarne och fran andra utlanningar, som Tsaren dragit over
sina landsman, och i fortvivlan borjade ryssarne nedhugga
allt vad tyskt var, utan att akta nagot befal.
Hertigens av
Croi eget liv hotades.
Da besloto han och tvenne av bans
generaler samt nagra andra utlanningar att som fangar
lamna sig i svenskarnes hand hellre an vara utsatta for ryssarnes raseri.
Med adjutanter och betjaning sprangde de
over till svenska sidan och stotte dar pa Magnus Stenbock,.
at vilken de gavo sig till fanga.
I

vild

144

Readings.

Nu
slag.

emellertid den haftigaste striden i detta
vid stranden instangda ryssarne uppforde i hast av

intraffade

De

trossvagnar och vad de fingo fatt en forskansning, och
borjade de ihardigt forsvara sig. Svenskarne hade
storsta delen bortskjutit de tjugufyra skott, varje soldat
till
medfort, och uppsokte nu nya ur doda Senders patronkok.
Ett stort antal ryssar stupade, ock likval ville de aterstaende
liarifran

annu icke giva sig.
For att fiendernas vanstra

flygel ej skulle komma den
hjalp lat Karl erovra ett stort ryskt batteri, som
lag pa en hojd mitt emellan bada flyglarne, varigenom han
avskar dem fran varandra. Da forlorade ryssarnes hogra

hogra

till

flygel modet och skickade ett par officerare att begara forskoning. Nu inbrot morket och blev sa tjockt, att striden ej
langre kunde fortsattas, utan konungen lat giva tecken till
dess upphorande. En var sokte nu vila, bast han kunde,

ingen fick avlagsna sig. Karl gick med annu genomvata klader till en vakteld, som gardessoldaterna uppgjort,
och lade sig dar pa en kappa, som man utbredt over marken.
Med huvudet i knaet pa en bland bussarne, tog han en kort
och behovlig vila.
Snart kommo tvanne af ryssarnes anforare for att underhandla. De anmaldes for Karl, dar denne lag vid vaktelden.
Overenskommelsen uppgjordes snart. Ryssarne, utan kanne-

men

dom av verkliga forhallandet, tyckte sig ej nog fort kunna
komma undan; svenskarne med kannedom av samma forhallande, tyckte sig ej snart nog kunna bliva av med dem.
Man uppgjorde, att generalerna och overbefalet skulle stanna
krigsfangar. Kanoner, fanor, standar m. m. borde ock
kvarlamnas, men alia trupperna genast over den snart upplagade bron taga hem igen med bibehallna vapen.
Svenskarne hastade att laga bron i ordning, och redan
klockan fyra foljande morgon, langt innan dagsljuset hunnit
visa verkliga belagenheten, tagade fiendens hogra flygel over
bron, och var och en skyndade till sitt hem igen.
Ryssarnes vanstra flygel hade stridit med storre framgang. Men under natten kom bud, att hogra flygeln dagtingat, varigenom den befalhavande generalen pa vanstra flygeln
fann sig tvungen att gora detsamma.
Overbefalet
Underhandlingen harom oppnades genast.
skulle bliva krigsfangar men den ovriga skaran finge avtaga
dock skulle alia lamna sina vapen.
Det var ett markvardigt skadespel att foljande formiddag
se tio eller tolv tusen man, bland vilka manga voro val
vapnade, stracka gevar for knappt sex tusen svenskar, bland
vilka manga voro uttrottade och sjuka efter den foregaende
« Bland mina sex hundra dalkarlar*, skrisvara medfarten.

som

;

;

145

Readings.

ver Magnus Stenbock,

Men ban bad dem

«hade ingen

likval

se

ett

modiga

enda skott kvar».
Svenskarne upptaga sig nagorlunda

ut.

en lang rad pa ett led for att
huvud vandrade i en lang stracka ryssarne
forbi svenskarne ocb nedlade infor konung Karl sina fanor
och vapen. Det varade lange, innan alia hunnit forbi; men
sa stor var skramseln bos ryssarne, att vid bron trangdes
manga hundra i vattnet och drunknade.
Sa slot Karls forsta falttag mot ryssarne. Efter denna
forsta seger fattade Karl for dem ett djupt forakt och ansag
dem foga farliga. Darfor lamnade ban dem ock snart och
stalldes
ut.

Med

i

blottade

tagade att straffa den polske konungen,

3.

som

infallit

i

Livland.

Karl von Linne.

bora utlanningar tala om vart fadernesland, dess
natur och folk, dess samhallsskick och historia, kunna vi ofta
ej annat an pa det bogsta forvana oss over den okunnigbet
ocb de oriktiga forestallningar, som de i dessa avseenden lagga
i dagen.
Aven bildade framlingar gora sig bar vid ej sallan
skyldiga till stora misstag, ocb manga av de verkligt store

Da

vi

man, som Sverige frambragt, aro for dem antingen till namnet okanda, eller ock anses de ej sallan bava tillhort nagot
annat folk.
Det finnes dock ett svenskt namn, vilket for ingen bildad person inom hela varlden torde vara obekant, och vilket
darfor mycket bidragit att gora Sverige kant ocb aktat i
frammande land. Det namnet ar Linn6, och det namnet
namnes med vordnad och beundran over hela jordklotet, var
Da bor ock varje svensk
heist bildade manniskor finnas.
kanna detta namn ocb veta, vem den man var, som gjort det
sa ryktbart.
I en av sodra Smalands vackraste trakter ligger, ej langt
ifran Skanes grans, Stenbrobults socken. Komministersbostallet
inom denna socken beter Rasbult, och bar, i en ringa och
oansenlig koja, foddes den 23 maj 1707 en gosse, som i dopet
erboU namnet Karl. Fadern, en fattig komminister vid namn
Nicolaus Linnaeus, vilken sedermera blev kyrkoherde i forsamlingen, var en stor alskare av blommor och anlade en for den
tiden vacker tradgard, i vilken den lille gossen redan ifran
sina spadaste ar inbamtade en livlik karlek for blomstervarlden
en karlek, som sedan forskaffade honom plats bland
varldens namnkunnigaste man, men tillika tillskyndade honom
mangen sorglig och bitter stund.
Detta fick ban redan som skolgosse erfara. Hos den unge
Karl Linnaeus var bagen for naturens studium sa stor, att densamma bos honom borttog all lust for lasandet av de gamla



Elementary Swedish Grammar.

IQ

146

Readings.

latinska och grekiska forfattarne, vilka studerades i skolorna.
Med desto storre iver sokte han daremot att lasa i naturens
stora bok, i vilken han ansag sig inhamta kimskap om Skaparens allmakt, vishet och godhet. Da han till foljd harav

visade sig sasom en haglos och ingaluuda flitig larjunge i de
iimnen, som i skolan foredrogos, och da dessutom naturvetenskaperna den tiden voro ringa aktade, sa var det ej underligt,
om hans larare i Vexio skola ansago honom sasom oduglig
Ocksa tillradde de hans fader att satta honora i
att studera.
skraddare- eller snickare-lara, pa det att han atminstone pa
nagot satt skulle i en framtid kunna fortjana sitt uppehalle.
Med biodande hjarta beslot aven fadern att lyda detta rad,
och blott en tillfallighet gjorde, att gossen pa inradan av en
doktor Rothman fick kvarstanna i skolan, varest han dock
f*>rtfarande gjorde endast obetydliga framsteg. Darfor, da han
lamnade Vexio gymnasium for att sasom student i Lund
i'ortsatta sina studier, medforde han dit ett ingalunda vackert
avgangsbetyg, i det att hans larare forklarade, att «ungdomen
liknas vid sma trad i en tradskola, dar det
i skolorna kan
under tiden, fastan sallan, hander, att unga trad icke arta
sig val, utan pa allt satt likna vilda stammar, ehuru man pa
dem anvandt den allra storsta flit; bliva dessa sedermera
omflyttade i annan jordman, kan det handa, att de forandra

och bliva skona trad, som giva behaglig frukt.
denna avsikt och ingen annan avsandes till akademien denne
yngling (Karl Linnaeus), som kanske dar kan komma pa ett
stalle, som kan vara gynnsamt for hans forkovran i kunskaper».
Med ingalunda glatt mod begav han sig med ett sadant vitsord till Lund, varest han genast vid sin ankomst traffades
av en ny motgang. Vid inresan i staden horde han namsin daliga art

I

ligen klockorna ringa till begravning, och till svar pa sin
lorfragan, vem den avlidne vore, erhoU han den upplysningen,
att det var en hans slakting, hos vilken han hoppats finna

skydd och hjalp. Den fattige, av alia forbisedde 3'nglingen
hade mahanda varit nodsakad att snart lamna Lund, sa vida
en lycklig tillfallighet gjort hans synnerliga flit bekant for
en doktor vid namn Stobseus, vilken snart fattade sadant
behag for honom, att han ej blott lat honom fritt begagna
sin stora boksamling, utan aven upptog honom i sitt hus och
till och med lovade gora honom till sin arvinge.
Emellertid var Lund ej en lamplig plats for att inhamta
kunskaper i de amnen, som Linnaeus mest alskade. En sadan
var daremot Upsala, varest den beromde Olof Rudbeck meddelade undervisning i naturens kunskap. Da Linnaeus dessutom, for att skaffa sig sin utkomst, hade beslutit att bliva
lakare, var det for honom av stor vikt, att de baste lararne
i
medicinen funnos i Upsala. Han beslot darfor att lamna
ej

147

Readings.

Lund, varover hans valgorare Stobseus hogeligen fortornades.
Det var om hosten 1728 han kom till Upsala. Har fick han
dock snart kampa mot den storsta nod och de svaraste bekymmer. Den lilla penningsumma, som hans foraldrar kunnat
lamna honom, var snart fortard, och da det den tiden ansags
vara nastan foraktligt att studera lakarevetenskapen, sokte
han forgaves att erhalla nagot understod for sina studiers
fortsattande. Noden gick sa langt att han med papper maste
omlinda sina frusna fotter, pa det att de ej skuUe sticka fram
ur de trasiga skodonen. Utan mat, klader eller penningar hade
han knappast nagot annat beslut att fatta an att saga farval
at Upsala och pa samma gang at studierna.
Nu besannades dock ordspraket, att da noden ar storst,
ar ock hjalpen narmast. Innan han lamnade Upsala, ville han
namligen annu en gang besoka den botaniska tradgarden,
varest han njutit sa m3'cken gladje vid betraktandet av en

mangd

utlandska,

som han

for

honom

forut

frammande

orter.

En

stod dar nyss utslagen.
I
gladjen over den samma glomde han nastan sin sorgliga belagenhet och undersokte vaxtens delar med storsta noggranndet var ju ocksa, som han trodde, sista gangen ett
het,
sadant noje var honom beskart. Till sist ville han avbryta
sadan,

forr

ej

skadat,



blomman

for att medfora henne sasom ett minne fran lyckligare dagar, da han annu vagade hoppas pa en framtid, agnad
at

naturvetenskaperna.
Da hordes plotsligen en barsk stamma, som hejdade hans
Da Linnaeus vande sig om, sag han framfor sig en
hand.
vordig prastman, doktor Olof Celsius den aldre, vilken efter
nagra fragor snart uppskattade Linnaei stora insikter, och da
han sjalv var sysselsatt med utarbetandet av ett verk om de
i bibeln omtalade vaxterna och dartill
ansag sig kunna fa god
hjalp av Linnaeus, sa upptog han honom i sitt hus, sa att den
fattige studenten snart med gladje sag sig kunna fortsatta sina
studier.

Detta kan man saga vara en av vandpunkterna i Linnes
underbara ungdomsliv.
Genom Celsius blev han namligen
bekant med den ryktbare professor Rudbeck, vilken ej allenast
tog honom till sina barns larare, utan ock skaffade honom
forordnande att, ehuru han blott var en ung student, under
JRudbecks sjukdom undervisa de ovriga studenterna i ortkunsett uppdrag, som han med allmant
kapen eller botaniken,
bifall fuilgjorde, an da till dess en aldre universitetslarare aterkommit fran en utlandsk resa och da overtog denna underLyckan, som en tid gynnat Linnaeus, borjade nu
visning.
ater att vara honom ogunstig, varfor han beslot att for
nagon tid lamna Upsala. Pa sin valgorare Rudbecks tillstyrkan foretog han darfor 1732 en vidlyftig och ofta livsfarlig



10*

148

Readings.

fard till Lappland, vilket land da var sa gott som alldeles
obekant, och varest han hade ett rikt tillfalle att gora nya
iakttagelser rorande detta egendomliga lands invanare, djur
Med alia de dyrbara
vaxter och ovriga naturforhallanden.
samlingar, som han dar sammanbragt, vande han visserligen
tillbaka till Upsala, naen snart finna vi honom ater i Dalarne,
dels undervisaude i naturalhistorien (i synnerhet laran om
stenarterna), dels undersokande detta landskaps naturalster.
Har forlovade han sig med Sara Elisabet Moreea, dotter av
stadslakaren i Falun.
Annu hade Linnaeus ej blivit medicine doktor, och for
detta mals vinnande ansag han det vara bast att begiva sig
till Holland, i vilket land pa den tiden ej blott lakarevetenskapen, utan aven botaniken stod i storsta utveckling. Har
vann han aven snart ej blott doktorsvardigheten, utan aven
vad mera var allmant erkannande och anseende.
En
mangd arbeten, som han har lat trycka, vackte det storsta
uppseende, sa att gamla hogt aktade vetenskapsman tavlade



i
att visa honom sin vanskap, samt oppet erden unge svenskens larjungar; rika man tavlade
att forstracka honom medel och gora bans vistande i Holland
behagligt samt bekostade bans resor till England och Frank-

med varandra
kande

sig vara

Mn



olika land
Frankrike, Holland, England, Tyskrike;
kommo frikostiga anbud, om han ville nedland, Spanien
satta sig darstades och undervisa ungdomen vid darvarande
universitet. Men Linnseus var svensk och alskade for mycket
sitt fadernesland for att lockas av frammande guld; han 1am-

nade

alia

franvaro



dessa lysande utsikter och atervande efter tre ars
fadernesland och sin vantande brud.

till sitt

Att en person, som
ara

vid

sin

hemkomst

i

frammande land vunnit

skulle

mottagas, sasom
val kunnat vanta,

sa

stor

man sager,
men sa blev

armar, hade man
Utomlands overallt firad, blev
dock ingalunda handelsen.
han hemma sa forbisedd, att han knappast kunde livnara sig.
Molnen skingrade sig dock efter nagon tid, och efter att f5rst
hava fatt anseende sasom Stockholms skickligaste lakare, utnamndes han 1741 till professor i Upsala, vilken befattning
han sedan innehade anda till sin dod den 10 januari 1778.
Under hela denna tid var bans rykte i standigt stigande, och
talrika voro de erkannanden harav, som kommo honom till
Sa, erholl han titel av arkiater, utnamndes till riddare
del.
av nordstjarneorden (vilket den tiden ansags siisom en lika
ovanlig som stor utmarkelse) samt adlades, varvid han antog
namnet von Linn6. Sa stor var den glans, som var fast vid
detta namn, att bans ende son f5re faderns dod utnamdes till
Vi hava nu i storsta korthet
bans blivande eftertradare.
redogjort for bans levnadslopp, men det ^terstar att antyda,

med oppna

Readings.

149

som han iitrattat, bestar, och varfor ban blivit
beromd bade inom och utom Sverige.
Skada vi omkring oss, finna vi jorden kladd av trad och

vari det stora,
sa

andra vaxter av otaliga slag, vilka i skilda trakter av jorden
aro hogst olika. Man kan med trygghet pasta, att pa jordklotet nu finnas mycket mer an bundra tusen olika arter.
Manga av dessa tjana manniskan till foda, klader, lakemedel,
och till andra nyttiga andamal, under det andra aro skadliga eller rent av giftiga. En noggrann kannedom av sadana
vaxter ar for manniskan nodvandig; men ej blott dessa bor
hon soka lara sig kanna, utan aven alia, som likna dessa
och med vilka de kunna forvaxlas.
Ja, varje annan vaxt,
stor eller liten, ar val fortjant av manniskans uppmarksamhet,
ty intet ar onodigtvis skapat; och darfor ma icke manniskan
i sin
kortsynthet anse sig for hog att betrakta och beundra
det, som den allsmaktige skaparen ej ansett sig for stor och

hog

att

frambringa.

Kannedomen av vaxtvarlden bor darfor anses s^som mycket
viktig for manniskan, men denna kannedom ar ock forenad
med ej ringa svarigheter. Detta var i synnerhet forhallandet
fore Linnes tid. Under manga arhundraden hade man visserligen forut gjort en mangd iakttagelser angaende vaxterna;
men liksom anvandandet av husgeradssakerna inom ett hushall bleve svart eller omojligt, om de kastades i en hog om
varandra, pa samma satt voro de om vaxterna gjorda iakttagelserna sa gott som oanvandbara, emedan ingen formatt
att ordna de samma.
Detta gjorde Linne. Han uppstallde
nagra enkla, lattfattliga grander, efter vilka ett sadant ordnande kunde ske, och salunda erholl vaxtkunskapen genom
honom en fast grund, pa vilken han ordnade alia de forr

gjorda iakttagelserna dessutom okade han dem med en mangd
nya och hogst viktiga, av honom sjalv gjorda upptackter.
Harigenom erholl Linn6 namnet «botanisternas konung»,
vilket namn han an i dag utan motsagelse uppbar. Det var
dock ej blott at denna vetenskap, som han agnade sin rastlosa flit och sitt genomtrangande snille, utan det samma galler
i nastan lika hog
grad laran om djuren eller zoologien, ty
ocksa denna borjar fran bans upptradande en ny tidrakning.
;

laran om stenriket, liksom ock medicinen, ronte ett
valgorande inflytande av Linnes ordnande ande.
For att sprida kannedom om sina nya asikter och iakttagelser, mj\ste Linne naturligtvis upptrada sasom forfattare,
och fa manniskor torde hava skrivit sa manga och dartill
Sakert ar, att en person, som
sa utmarkta bocker som han.
blott ager Linn6s alia arbeten, m;\ste anses hava en ratt stor
boksamling, och dessa bocker aro daruti olika flertalet av
bocker, vilka snart forlora sitt varde och glommas, att de

Aven

150

Readings.

tvartom fortfarande hogt skattas for allt det utmarkta de inneliksom i allt manskligt — nagra fel
aven om i dem
och oriktigheter hava insmugit sig.
I dessa Linnes talrika arbeten finnas alia da for tiden
kanda naturforemal namngivna, beskrivna och pa sadant satt
ordnade, att en var latteligen kan med tillhjalp av dessa
skrifter bestamma de naturforemal, som ban antraffar.
Men
darjamte sokte Linne att pa allt satt utreda och sprida kannedom om de sarskilda naturalstrens forekomst, levnadssatt,
nytta ocli anvandande m. m., utan vilket allt naturvetenskaperna skulle hava nedsjunkit blott till en namnkunskap.
Otaliga aro de nya upptackter och iakttagelser, som finnas
nedlagda i dessa arbeten, och ej mindre viktiga aro bans
vederlaggningar av en mangd oriktiga och vidskepliga forestallningar, som forut varit allmant gangse. Hartill fordrades
Sa t. ex
ej blott kunskaper, utan aven mangen gang mod.
svavade till och med Linnes liv i fara, da ban i Hamburg
visade, att en dar forvarad «flygande drake med sju huvud»,
som blivit said for en summa av tio tusen mark, ej var annat
an bedrageri, och att dylika djur ej finnas till 1 naturen, utan

halla,



blott

i enfaldiga personers inbillning.
Stor var utan tvivel Linne genom sina talrika verk, men
ej mindre storartad var bans verksamhet sasom larare. Ingen
professor vid vara hogskolor bar haft sa manga och sa hangivna ahorare. Att kallas «Linnes larjunge* ansags for en
aretitel, och derfor skyndade ej blott studenterna till bans
forelasningar, utan en mangd av rikets fornamsta man infunno

aven for att atnjuta bans undervisning. Ja, till och med
danskar, tyskar, engelsman. schweizare, fransman, ryssar, islandingar och amerikanare infunno sig for att av homom bora
tolkas naturens under sa, som endast han forstod det.
sig

Outtrottlig var aven lararen. Fran tidigt pa morgonen
sent pj\ aftonen i fullt arbete, meddelade han ej blott pa
forelasningssalen eller i botaniska tradgarden sin undervisning,
utan ofta vandrade han ut i fria naturen for att lara sina talrika, vetgiriga larjungar att sjalva undersoka och utforska na-

till

turens hemligheter. Till ett antal av ett par hundra vandrade
de ut tidigt pft morgonen, och efter en flitigt anvand dag int&gade de sent pa aftonen i Upsala, foljande under pukors och
valthorns klang sin alskade larare till bans bostad. Och barunder vaxte aven de forut ringaktade naturvetenskapernas
anseende sa. att de da av alia vordades nastan mer an nagon

annan vetenskap.
Sa satt Liun6 som en vetenskapernas konung i Upsala.
och bans blomsterspiras makt strackte sig over hela den bildade varlden. Jordens maktige furstar och furstinnor ansago
det som en ara att sta i beroring med honom, och fran alia

151

Readings.

hitll
insandes till honom skatter av naturalster for att bestammas och beskrivas. Sjalv utsande ban till varldens avlagsnaste trakter larjungar for att darifran hemfora dittills okanda

naturalster; manga bland dem folio val under sina resor offer
for sjukdomar, modor och forsakelser, men sa stor var den

som Linne maktade ingiva alia, att standigt nya unga
erbjodo sig till nya farliga farder. Varpa berodde nu
denna ofantliga makt, som Linne utovade pa alia sina samtida,
hoga och laga? Utan tvivel ar hon att soka i den snillrikhet,
vanned han forstod att tyda naturens dunkla gator, och den
glodande karleg, varmed han omfattade allt i naturen. Men
i
den
i
ej ringa grad torde hon val vara att soka aven
odmjukhet, varmed han bar sin iycka. Val ar det sant, att

hag,

man

de hedersbetygelser,
han harleda sig
Tvartom
att i sina skrifter satta sig sjalv i forsta rummet.
andas de alia den djupaste vordnad, den oinskranktaste undergivenhet for naturens herre; overallt soker han blott framvisa Guds godhet och allvishet. Da han gjort nagon viktig
och storartad upptackt, forhaver han sig icke darover, utan
utbristor i glad odmjukhet: «Jag sag skuggan av Herren, den
allsmaktige, svava forbi, och jag hapnade av vordnad och
beundran». Hans valsprak, som han bokstavligen alltid hade
for ogonen, inristat ovanfor sin dorr, lydde sa; «Lev rattAr det underligt, om en sadan man
radig, Gud ser dig»^
vinner sin samtids beundran och karlek?
Hundra ar aro snart forflutna, sedan Gustaf den tredje
infor rikets stander klagade over den oersattliga forlust: som
Sverige genom Linnes bortgang lidit, och mycket har sedan
dess forandrats. Men det, som ej forandrats, ar den beundran, som av hela den bildade varlden agnas Sveriges storste
vetenskapsman, Karl von Linne. Arligen fira naturens vanner
i vitt
skilda land arsdagen av bans fodelse, och otaliga aro
de, som med odmjukt sinne stannat vid bans grav i Upsala
domkyrka eller intratt i bans enkla boning pa Hammarby,
nu tyst och undangomd, men for hundra ar sedan det stalle,
varifran vetenskapens sol klart stralade over hela jorden.
I vara barrskogars djupaste skugga doljer sig en liten
vaxt, som fr^n en krypande stjalk hojer sina Ijusroda, klocklika blommor. Kar for alia ar denna blomma, Linnoea borealis,
ty hon bar Linnes namn. Standigt friska och gronskande aro
hennes blad, enkla och ansprakslosa hennes blommor, men
dock tjusar hon alia och fyller den omgivande nejden vitt och
brett med en mild vallukt. Hari kunde man se en bild av
Th. Fries.
Linne sjalv och bans ara.

han ofta nastan barnsligt gladde

som kommo honom

^

Innocue

vivito,

till

del,

numen

men

adest.

sig at

aldrig lat

Poems,

Vagen.
Mitt liv ar en vag,
Som rores en tid
I svallande tag,
Vid vindarnas strid.

Nar lugn blir pa hav,
Och vinden ar tyst,
Da somnar hon av
Vid stranden hon kysst.

Hon

lagger sig ner
i det bla.

Till ro

Hon synes ej mer;
Men fins dar anda.
Af varldshavet ju
En droppe hon ar,
Och solen annu

Kan

spegla sig dar.

K. A. Nikander.

V&rylsa.

Nu

ar den Ijuvliga varens tid,
grcinskas pa marken.
Och luften flaktar sa varm och blid,

Da

allt vill

Och ronnen blommar

D^

gullstankt

fjaril

i

i parken,
rosen gungar,

Och svanen simmar med
Pa morkbla \kg.

sina ungar

Poems.

153

Pa fastet solen i hogan^ loft
Den hela dag nu sitter,
Och dricker daggvin och rosendoft,
Och lyss pa faglarnas kvitter.
Den glada goken fran lindens krona
Sitt kiinda kuku pa nytt hors tona
I

gronan^ skog.

Hvad lustigt liv, som i allt
Och med zephirer blandas!

sig ror

Vart lov kan tala, sjalf klippan hor
Och blomsterkullarna andasDar grater kalian, dar suckar hacken,
Dar sjunger vagen, dar spelar backen
Sin polska upp.

Kom min
Och

folj

herdinna, rack mig din hand,
i det grona!

mig ut

Med hundratusende blomsterband
Och kransar skall jag dig krona.
Och om du sedan en kyss mig unnar.
For barg och dalar jag hogt forkunnar:
'Nu ar det var.
C.

F, Dalgren.

Tradgardsflickan.

Blomman

ar

min van

Svek mig aldrig
Oskuld bor i hennes oga.

an,

Blommor tusen slag,
Nya med hvar dag
Dricka Ijus utur det hoga.
»
Som en aldre syster vardar jag dem omt,
Solen glommer \dem,» men jag dem aldrig glomt.

Blomman

ar

min van,

Svek mig aldrig an,
Oskuld bor i hennes oga.
Lilla

blomma

bla!

Vakna upp! hor

Larkan

pa,
slar de Ijuva slagen.
Lilla blomma rod!

Ar du redan dod?
obsolete form of the dative case.

I

Poems.

154

Det for

bitti

ar pa dagen.

An

star solen vanlig over dal och sjo,
Lat den forst ga ner, och sedan kan du do.
Lilla blomma bla!

Larkan

Vakna upp hor pa,
slar de Ijuva slagen.

blomma jag
Vissnar ock en dag.
Det gar mig, som eder andra.
Varens dar forga,
Sjalv en

Kort
Lat OSS alska
Svarta natten
Glada lat oss
Sjalv

ar m,in ocksa.
da varandra.

mulen kommer med

sin blund,

blomma an en liten stund
en blomma jag

Vissnar ock en dag
Det gar mig, som eder andra.
C.

W.

BUttiger.

Flyttfaglarna.

Sa hett skiner solen pa Nilvagen ner,
Och palmerna ge ingen skngga mer.

Da
Och

griper oss langtan
taget forsamlas.

till

fadernejorden,

Mot norden! mot norden!

Och djupt under fottren vi se som en grav
Den gronskande jorden, det blanande hav,
Dar oron och stormen var dag sig fornyar.

med himmelens

Men

vi fara fria

Och
Dar
Dar
Dar

hogt mellan fjiillen dar ligger en ang;
nedslar var skara, der redes var silng.
lagga i iigg under kyliga polen,
klacka vi ut dem vid midnattssolen.

skyar.

Ej jagaren hinner var fredliga dal,
Dar halla guldvingade iilvor sin bal.

GrOnmantlade skogsfnm spatserar

Och dvargarne hamra

Men

ater

sitt gull in

i
i

kvallen,
fjiillen.

pa bargen star Vindsvales son

Och skakar de snoiga vingar med dan,
Och hararna vitna, och ronndrufvan gloder,
Och taget forsamlas. Mot soder! mot soder!

155

Poems.

gronskande angar, till Ijummande vag,
skuggande palmer star ater var hag.
Dar vila vi ut fran den luftiga farden.

Till

Till

Dar langta

vi ater till nordliga varlden.

E. Tegner.

Martyrerne.

(Extract.)

Flavins.

Skon ar

Da i
Som
I

du beder.

du, nar

ditt oga,

liljans

och

krona,

tempelsalen.

Stralar glansa

ditt anlete

skimrar

som en marmorbild

Lar ock mig

att bedja.

Perpetua.

Jag kan det ej. Det ord som skapte hjartat,
Kan ensam lara hjartat bonens ord.
Sa ogat ej av egen kraft kan se,
Om dagen ej dess spada drag bestralar.
Ett underverk nodvandigt ar,
Skall tala med sin Gud, och

om

stoftet

Anden

blott,

Den rena duva, som med silvervingar,
Milt svavar over tidens mulna flod,
Lar vara brost den helga suckens genljud.

Kom

hit emellertid.

Jag

vill

dig visa,

Hur du till bonens nad skall dig bereda.
Nar till ditt upphof med din kanslas offer
Du amnar framga, tankarna da ropa
Fran varje jordiskt foremal tillbaka;
Knapp sedan handerna, till vittnesbord
Att dina sinnen du for varlden sluter;
Boj sedan knan; for hela varldens Herre
Blott till det laga sankes
Det hoga neder. Bonens himlastege
Star djupt i odmjukhetens blomsterdal.

Boj dina knan.

Stagnelius.

Ur
«

„rritjofs Saga".

kvinna, kvinna
forsta tanke,

«Den

!

»

nu Frithjof sade.

som Loke

hade,

Det var en logn, och han sande den
I kvinnoskepnad till jordens man.
En blaogd logn, som med falska tarar
Alltjemt oss tjusar, alltjamt oss darar,
Hogbarmad logn med sin rosenkind,

Med dygd av

varis och tro av vind,

Poems.

156

I hjartat flarden

och sveket viska,



Och mened dansar pa lappar friska.
Och dock, hur var hon mitt hjarta kar,
Hur kar hon var mig, hur kar hon ar!
Jag kan
Att hon

ej

minnas sa langt

tillbaka,

var min maka.
Jag minns ej bragd, som jag tankt uppa,
Dar hon ej tanktes som pris ocksa.
Som stammar, vuxna fran rot tillsamman,
Slar Tor den ena med himla-flamman,
Den andra vissnar; men lofvas en,
Den andra klader i gront var gren;
Sa var yar gladje, var sorg gemensam;
Jag ar ej van att mig tanka ensam.
Nu ar jag ensam. ...»
i

leken

ej

E. Tegner.

Appendix.
1.

The universe.

Viirldsalltet.

vattnet, the water
on, the island
havet, the sea
^/ow, the lake
an, the river
bdcken, the brook
dammen, the pond
dalen, the valley.

himmeln, the sky
vdrlden, the world
solen, the sun
Ijuset, the light
mdnen, the moon
tjdman, the star
jorden, the earth
luften, the air
2.

Landet.

The country.
arrendegdrden, the farm
trddgdrden, the garden
kvarnen, the mill

bonden, the peasant
fdltet, the field
dngen, the meadow
62/v^, the village
hyddan, the cottage
trakfen, the country
skogen, the forest
veden, the wood
sldtten, the plain
vinbdrget, the vineyard
busken, the bush
vdgen, the road
landsvdgen, the highroad

3.

spannmdl, corn
rdgen, the rye
kornet, the barley
t;e^eif, the wheat

halmen, the straw
skorden, the harvest
^06^, the hay
plogen, the plough
ladan, the barn
grdset, the grass.

Trad, frukter och hlommor.

dppeltrddet, the apple-tree
dpplet, the apple

pdrontrddet, the pear-tree
pdronet, the pear
jikontrddet, the fig-tree
fikonet, the fig
valnotstrddet, the walnut-tree
valnoten, the walnut
korsbdrstrddet, the cherry-tree
korsbdret, the cherry
plommontrddet, the plum-tree
plommonet, the plum
smuUronet, the strawberry
vinbdret, the currant
hallonet, the raspberry

Trees, fruits and flowers.
boken, the beech

granen, the

fir-tree

ektrddetj the oak-tree
poppeln, the poplar
rosen, the rose
liljan, the lily
the
vinterlofkojan
tulpanen, the tulip.
nejUkan, the pink
,

violblomman, the

stockgilly-

[flower

violet

the pansy
fdrgdtmigejen, the forget-me-not

styfmorsblomman,

bldklinten, the corn-flower
getbladet, the honey-suckle
vintergronan, the periwinkle

158

Appendix.
4.

Fyrfotadjur.

hasten, the horse
dsnan, the ass
0X671., the ox
kalven, the calf
fdret, the sheep
lammet, the lamb
geten, the goat
svinet, the pig
lejonet, the lion
bjomen, the bear
raven, the fox
vargen, the wolf
tigern, the tiger
kamelen, the camel
elefanten, the elephant

Quadrupeds.
hunden, the dog
hJ or ten, the stag
rddjuret, the rose
gemsen, the chamois
haven, the hare

kaninen, the rabbit
ekorren, the squirrel
katten, the cat
rattan, the rat

musen, the mouse
mullvaden, the mole
renen, the reindeer.

5,

Birds.

Faglar.

vakteln, the quail
sndppan, the snipe

omen, the eagle
tuppen, the cock
honset, the fowl
rt^^e^, the egg
kycklingen, the chicken
pdfdgeln, the peacock
gdsen, the goose
ankan, the duck
svanen, the swan
dufvan, the pigeon
storken, the stork
ugglan, the owl
papegojan, the parrot

Idrkan, the lark
koltrasten, the black-bird
trasten, the thrush
ndktergalen, the nightingale
sparven, the sparrow
siskan, the siskin
kanariefdgeln, the kanary-bird
svalan, the swallow
mesen, the titmouse
goken, the cuckoo.

Fiskar, Insekter.

0.

the partridge

rapphonan,

Fishes, insects.
the toad

torsken, the cod-fish
gdddan, the pike
laxen, the salmon

paddan,

«Zew, the eel
karpen, the carp
sillen, the herring

masken, the worm

sutaren,

1

,,

^

.

,^

grodan, the frog

hummern,

the lobster

larven, the caterpillar
fjdriln, the butterfly
ollonhorren, the may-bug
wyran, the ant

,

forellen, the trout
ostronet, the oyster
musslan, the shell, muscle

spindeln, the spider

flugan, the

fly

6ie^, the bee

getingen, the wasp
odlan, the lizard.

krdftan, the cray-tish
snigeln, the snail
ormen, the snake
7.

byggningen, the building
kyrkan, the church
huset, the house

Staden.

The towu.
tornet, the tower
klockstapeln, the steeple

domkyrkan,

the cathedral

159

Appendix.

tuUhuset, the custom-house
sjukhuset, the hospital
borseyi, the exchange

slottet, the castle

vdggen, the wall
fdstningen, the fortress
platsen, the place, square

teatern, the theatre
hotellet, the hotel

target, the market
6 oc^eTi, the shop
gatan, the street
pldstret, the pavement.

vdrdshuset, the inn
posthuset, the post-office
kafeet, the coflfee-house

Huset.

8.

dorren,

the door
Z<2,9e^, the lock
nyckeln, the key
trappan, the staircase
rummet, the room

7nottagningsrummet, the parlour
sofrummet, the bed-room
fonstret, the window
fonsterluckan, the shutter
9.

Mobler.

The house.
^a^'ei^, the ceiling
golvet, the floor
klockan, the bell
spisen, the chimney
koket, the kitchen
kdllaren, the cellar

spannmdlsboden,tloLe

10.

vaxljuset, the wax-candle
talgl'juset, the tallow-candle

benkldder,
7. .-^^
byxor,

strumpan,

1

?
J

,i

^ trowsers
^ ^^^„
the
.

the stocking

sA:on, the shoe

stoveln, the boot

Ijussaxen, the snuffers
skeden, the spoon
gaffeln, the fork
kniven, the knife
koppen, the cup
tallriken, the plate
bordduken, the table-cloth
handduken, the towel
servetten, the napkin, serviette
forhdnget, the curtain
flaskan, the bottle
glaset, the glass
korgen, the basket.

Kladning.

hatten, the hat (bonnet)
mossan, the cap
bonjouren, the frock-coat
fracken, the tail-coat
jackan, the jacket
kdpan, the cowl
nattrocken, the dressinggown
vdsten, the waist-coat

granary

Furniture.

bordet, the table
stolen, the chair
soffan, the sofa
spegeln, the looking-glass
skdpet, the wardrobe
dragkistan, the chest of drawers
taflan, the picture
vdgguret, the time-piece
sdngen, the bed
huvudkudden, the pillow
lakanet, the sheet
madrassen, the mattress
sdngtdcket, the blanket
mattan, the carpet
Ijusstaken, the candlestick

loft

hrunnen, the well
vindskupan, the garret.

Clothing.

tovlorna, the slippers
skjortan, the shirt
forklddet, the apron
ndsduken, the kandkerchief
halsduken, the neck handkerchief

kravatten, the cravat

handskarne, the gloves
fickuret, the watch
bandet, the ribbon
slojan, the veil
spatserkdppen, the walking-stick
paraplyn(et) the umbrella
parasollen, the parasol
,

160

Appendix.

pungen, the purse

orringen, the ear-ring

ringen, the ring

glasogonen, the spectacles.
11,

mdnniskan,

(the)

Kroppen.

man

kuvudet, the head
the brain
hdret, the hair
pannan, the forehead
ansiktet, the face
ogat, the eye
ndsan, the nose
ora^, the ear
kinden, the cheek

hjdman,

^nunnen, the mouth
Idppen, the lip
tanden, the tooth
tungan, the tongue

hakan, the chin
skdgget, the beard

Mat och dryck.

12.

frukost, breakfast

middag, dinner
kvdllsvarden, supper
ftroc?, bread
wJoZ, meal, flour
soppan, the soup
the vegetables

fronsakerna,
0^^, meat
s^e/b,

roast-meat

oxkott, beef
fdrkott, mutton
kalvkott, veal
fldsk, pork

skinkan, (the)

ham

fisken, the fish
saladen^ the salad
senapen, the mustard
oljan, the oil
dttikan, the vinegar
saltet, the salt
pepparen, the pepper

The body.
halsen, the neck
skuldran, the shoulder

ryggen^ the back
brostet, the breast (chest)

lungan, the lung
hjdrtat, the heart
the stomach
the arm
handen, the hand
fingret (fingern)^ the finger
nageln, the nail
ftene^, the leg
kndet, the knee
foten, the foot
i(«?2, the toe
strupen, the throat.

magen,
armen^

Eating and drinking.
kdlen, the cabbage
potatisar, potatoes

moroten, the carrot
drier, peas

honor, beans

kakan, the cake
frukten, the fruit
smor, butter
os^en, the cheese
t-me^, the wine
67e^, the beer
vatinet, the water
kaffet, the coifee.
^ee^, the tea
mjolken, the milk
chokladen, the chocolate
honingen, the honey
timjan, the thyme
korveln, the chervil
persiljan, the parsley
syran, the sorrel.

VOCABULARY.
Explanation
of the signs and abbreviations used

The

five

The

four

the Vocabulary.

in

declensions of substantives are designated by the numbers 1., 2., 3., 4. and 5. followed by the terminal definite article in
the singular and the flexion of the indefinite form in the plural.
Ex. fana, 1. -n, -or
flag (the flag, flags).

=

:

figures

II.,

I.,

of verbs are

conjugations
III. and IV.

designated by the

Roman

The sign © placed after the Roman figures means that the verb
belongs to the third group of the strong verbs and is quite irregular.
The sign -1~ means that the noun has no plural. The sign
means, that the plural is similar to the singular.
adv.
adverb, conj.
adj.
adjective,
conjunction, prep.

=
=

preposition,
past part.

pres.

=

=

imp.

present,
s,

past participle,

=

=

=

imperfect,
singular,
pi.

=

=

sup.


=

supine,

plural.

Swedish-English.
A
Ackja,

adder a,

1.

I.

addition,

allvarlig, adj.

-an, -or [ak'ja^], ^ack[ade'ra], to addition
-er {ad'itfojtri],

3. -en,

addition
[a'cfZa'J, to
aftonvard, 3. -en,

adla,

I.

s^n7;s/cermo'^a],productiveness
alunskiffer, 2. -n, —ffrar [a'lun-

ennoble
-er

[af'ton-

va'rd], afternoon meal
akta, I. [ak'ta'], to esteem, to
consider, to regard upon (as)
agg, 5. -ef,
[a,gf], spite, resent-



ment
aldrig, adv.

fif'dr], aluminous slate

amerikanare, 5. -n,
katnard], American
amiral,

-en,

-er

[am'm-

[am'iraH],

ana,
[a'na'], to have a presentiment of, to surmise
I.

\^al'drig^'\,

never

anbud,

alia, adj. (pi.) [aZ'a'], all
alldeles, adv. [^al'de'lds], quite
allenast, adv. [^ale'nasH'], only,

andakt,

solely

allmakt, 3. -en, -\- {aVmak't],
omnipotence
allmdn, adj. [^aVmen'''], general
allmdnhet, 3. -en, -f- [^aVmenheH'],

commonness;

i

—,

in

general,

[al'ra'],

by

far (before a su-

— [an'bm'd'],

5. -et,
3. -en,

adj.

[al' smek'tig'],

alltjdmt, adv. [al'tjemH'], ever

(so).

spirit,

mind



andlig, adj. [an'dlig'], spiritual
anfall, 5. -et,
[an'/aZ'], onset,
attack

anfalla, IV.
to

II.

{^an'faV'a'],

[anfoe^ra],

command
5. -n,

to attack
to

lead,

— [arr/ce'rara],

leader, conductor

angripa, IV. [an'gri'pa], to attack
angdende, prep, [an'go^dndd], concerning, regarding

Elementary Swedish Grammar.

offer

[^anda¥t],

devotion(s)
I. [an'das'], to breathe
ande [a], 2. -en, -ar [an'dd'],

anforare,

perlative)

-er

andas,

anfora,

generally

allsmaktig,
omnipotent

3.



admiral

all, adj. [alf\, all

allra

\^al'va^rlig'], serious,

solemn, grave
alpstav, 2. -en, -ar [alpsta'v],
alpenstock
[duce
alster, 5. alstret [^alistdr'], pro-n [aV1.
alstringsformdga,

11

162

Vocabulary.

anhdngare,

5.

-?i,

— \sLn'h€ifard\

partisan
I.

ankomst,

[an'kla'ga], to accuse
[an'kom'st],

3. -en,

+

arrival

anlete, 4.

-^,

II.

anldgga,

-n [an'le'td], face
[^an'leg^a^ to put

O

on, to establish

anmdla,

II.

[aTi'm^'Za]

,

an-

to

nqunce
ob-

serve

annan,

annat(n),

andra

(pi.)

[an'an', an'at', au'dra'], other
annons, 3. -ew, -er [a?zo7?.'s], ad-

vertisement

annonsera,

[an'o2;se.Va], to ad-

I.

+

III.

O

[ari'se'], to

look upon,

to consider
4. -^, -\- [an'se^dndd],
till,
consideration, regard; i
in consideration of

anseende,

ansikte, 4.



-t,

-n [^an'sikHd], face,

ansiktsfdrg, 3. -en, -er [an'sikts/«r'j], complexion
ansprdkslos, adj. [a?i-sproA:sZ0's],
modest, moderate
anstrdngning, 2. -eri, -ar [an'streyHy], effort
5. -ef,

+ [an"s?;aV],

res-

ponsibility

ansvarig,

adj.

[awstJaW^'], res-

ponsible

antingen, conj. [an'^i^^'^n], either
antrdffa, 1. [an-^r£/'a],.to meet
antyda, II. [an'Z^/'cZa], to point
out

anvdnda, II. [awvewcZa], to use
anvdndande, 4. -^, -j- [an'ven'dandd], use, application
2. -en, -ar [an'vfn'cZ-

anvdndning,

nixi\, use, application
apostel, 2. -n (apostlar) [apos.^tdl],
apostle
a/?^iY, 3. -en, 4- [aptUt], appetite
arheta, I. [aroe'^aj, to work
arhete, 4. -^, -n [ar'^e'^af, work
arkiater, 2. -n ("ifrjar [ar7«a.'^ar],

physician

assume

to

[a'dta^],

inheri-

\_ariv],

tance
att

av

-ar

2. -n,

[ar'vir/d'], heir

an

[a^.H, to

(before
\aiv] [pi^v)], of
5.



-e^,

infinitive)

[^a'vhrot^ in-

terruption
avhryta, IV. [a*i;6r2/'fa], to inter-

rupt
2.

avdelning,

-e?i,

-ar

[avc^e'Z-

m'l/], division
[a'vgo'], to
avgd. III.

©

off

go
— [a'vgoys-

5. e^,

avgdngshetyg,

O

II.

avgora,

[a'vjo^ra'], to settle,

to decide
I. [a'^Aras'^a], to throw off
avlida, IV. [a•^'Z^'(ZaJ, to decease
avliden, adj. [a"i;Zi'cZ9/i], deceased
avldgsen, adj. \^a'vlek^sdn\, distant, remote

avkasta,

avldgsna,

I.

[a'vUk'sna],

to

re-

move

countenance

ansvar,

^si^J

"bdty^g^ testimonial

vertise

[an'ony'anonymitet, 3. -e/i,
miYe/f], anonymousness

anse.

I.

a certain quality
ary, 5. -et (arven)

avhrott,
II. [ari*7W«r'fca], to

anmdrka,

-er \^atdt\, kind, spe-

cies

arta,

arvinge,
to arrive

11. [an'Zfn'cZa],

-ar \artra\, arm

2. -en,

3. -en,

art,

anklaga,

anldnda,

arm,

avresa,
avresa,

[a'vre^sa], to depart
n.-or [a'vre'sa], depar-

II.
1.

ture

avrdtta, I. [a*?;r£f a], to execute
avsats, 3. -eTi, -er [a'vsafs], layer,
bed
[view
III.

O

[a'vse'],

avseende,

4.

-f,

arse,

-ri

have in

to

[a'vse'dndd],

respect, regard
avsikt, 3. -en, -er [a'vsik't], intention
avskdra,\Y. [a'vfse^ra], to cut off
5.

avstdnd,

-ef,



[a*i;sfor?/cZl,

distance

avsomna,

I.

[av's^m^na], to go to

sleep

avsdnda,
off,

to

II.

[a'vsoi'cZa], to send

forward

avsdtta,
pose

II.

avkasta,

I.

O

[a't'Sf^'a],

[a'i^/cas'^a],

to

te

de-

throw

off

avsdttning,

2.

-en,

-ar

[a't?5£^*-

n%], deposition
avtdga, I. [a'v^o'^a], to retreat
avvakta, I. [a't'-ya/c'^a], to await

163

Swedish-English.

B

— \hatd\ bath
— \ha'gard^'\, baker

had, 5.
hagare,

-et,

bakom,

prep, [bakom'], behind

5. -n,

embalming



bamburor, 5. -et,
ro^r], bamboo
1.

bana,

way

path,

band,

[bam'bm-

-or [6«'na'],

-n,



5. -et,

[6an/d],

1)

road,

band

;

2) ribbon; 3) volume
adj.
[barba'risk],
barbarisk,

barbarous, barbary

barn,

5.



et,

barnslig, adj.

[fta'^nsZz^^'],

2. -en,

filial,

-ar [ftar'sArw^^],

rude

-er [bate.'r{],

bat-

batteri, 3.
tery
on,
till,

-e^,

II.

[&962/^'a'],

to build

to cover with buildings,
to cultivate

bebyggare,

5. -n,

to

— \b^byg'ar^'^'\,

inhabitant
\be'dja^\
-en,

-er

to

beg,

Ibddriff],

deed

bedrageri,

-er [bddre'gd-

3. -e^,

2.

befattning,

command,

-ar [6a/af-

-en,

m??'], occupation, pursuit

hejinna, IV., sz^ [&a^na'], to be
found, [to do, to be]
befolka, I. \b9foVka^'\, to people
befriare, 5. -n,
Ibdfri'ard'],



liberator



5. -e^,

com-

behova,

II.

need

[6a^0.'t*a], to

behovlig, adj. \bdh0tvlig'], necessary, needful

bekant, adj. [ftaA^an/f], known,
acquainted
bekosta, I. [69A:os.'^a], to defray

bekvdm,

adj.

commo-

[69A;z;£.'m],

dious, convenient, comfortable
bekvdmlig, adj. [6aA:?;f.Wz^], con-

commodious



5. -(Vje^,
[^99^m!dr}, sorrow, care
beldgen, adj. [^^Z^.'^an], situated
beldgenhet, 3. -en, -er [bdle'gdn-

Aa'?;ara],

begiva, IV.

beldgga,

O

II.

[ftaZe^.^a],

-n,

commanding

officer

O

[SajziJa'], to repair
II. (IV.) [bdgra'va'], to

begrava,
bury
begravning,

to over-

lay, to cover

beldgra, I. [bdU.'gra], to besiege
6en, 5. -e^,
[6e.^n], leg, bone
bereda, II. [6are.^(Za], to prepare
berg, 5. -e^,
[ba3r!j], mountain
bergart, 3. -en, -er [6«r-Ja'^^],





bergig, adj.
tainous

gangue

[bxr'jig'],
-er

3. -en,

bergstrakt,

mountainous

country
bergsrorelse,

3.

-n,

moun{bser'js-

tract, hilly

-r

[6^r-js-

roe'rdlsd]

bergds, 2. -en, -ar [bser'jo^s],
mountain-ridge
bero, III. [6arw.'], to depend (upon)
beromd, adj. [bdrom^d], renowned
berora, II. [6ardVra], to touch
berova, I. [6ar0/ija], to bereave
beroring, 3. -en, -ar [bdrce'riy],
contact

—command
[69/fZ-

[bdfe'l],

5.

befdlhavare,

nf??'],

plea-

fortable

trak't],

ri.% deceit
befalla, II. [6a/a?'a'], to
to order

befdl,

[bdha'g],

behaglig, adj. [bdha'glig],

rock, veinstone,

bedja, IV.
to pray
bedrift, 3.
feat,

-et,

desire,

he't}, situation

adj. [ftaj^'sA:], rough,

bebygga,



bekymmer,

fir-forest

barsk,

5.

venient,

[baUn], child

childlike

barrskog,

behag,

to

[69j«/ra],

to require

sure, ease, comfort

bal, 2, -en, -ar \ha:T\, ball
bal, 3. -en, -er [6a/Z], bale
balsamering, 2. -en, -ar [bal-

sa'meriyli,

II.

begdra,

2. -en,

-ar [&a^ra*v-

burial

begripkg, adj. [ft^^W-pZi^'J, conceivable, comprehensible

besanna,

I.

[basan^a], to confirm,

to affirm

besegla, I. [6ase.'igrZa], to seal
besegra, 1. [69se.*i^raj, to vanquish
besittning, 2, -en, -ar [6asiY/nz7/],
possession

beskaffenhet,

3.

-en,

-{-

[bd-

skaf!dnhe't] , nature ,
quality,
condition
[scribe
IV.
beskriva,
[bdskri^va], to de-

ll*

164

Vocabulary.

beskdra, IV. \hdfseira\,

upon

to

bestow



[bdslid't], decision
[hdslvitta\ to decide

5. -et

besluty
hesluta, I.
heslaktad, adj. \hdslekttad\ kindred
hestiga, IV. \hestitga], to ascend,
to climb, to

mount

bestrdla, I. [bdstroHa], to irradiate
bestd, III.
[bdstot], to consist

O

adj. [69S^fm.'c?], definite
bestdmma, H. [69S^f7?2.'a], to de-

bestdmd,

termine, to define

besok, 5. -e^,
[ftasa'/c], visit
besoka, II. [6as0.^A:a], to visit
bete, 4. -#, -n [be'td'], pasture

betydlig,
tant

[bdtrak!-

adj. \b9tyidlig\

impor-

flash

[6ZiA:.'sf],

5.

-ef,



\blojid'],

-j-

5.

blodbad,

-e^,

blood

[6/a;'6?6a'6?],

massacre, slaughter
[6Z<i;Wa'], flower

I.

5.

blomster,



-e^,

[6Zo«//s^ar],



5. -e^,

[6Zom'-

2.

-en,

-ar [blom'-

stdrda^l], flowery dale

blomsterkulle, 2. -n, -ar [blomstdrkuVd], flowery hill
I.

-n, -or

\bhm'-



stdrspi'ra], flowery sceptre
bloss, 5. -et,
[bios!'], torch
blott, adv. [blot'], only, simply

blottad, adj. [6ZD^'ac?*], bare

blund,

3.

-e7z,

-f-

[6Zi/n.'c?],

wink

bid, adj. [5Zo.'], blue

beundra, I. [bdun!dra], to admire
beundran, 1.
[69i^n.'(^raw],

—+
,

admiration
to

keep on

-?i

{biblay) \bi':bdl\ bible

bidraga, lY.lbi'dra'ga], to contribute
bifall, 5.

approval
[bWd], image,

-e^, -j- [fti'/aZ'],

-en,

-er

[bilda%

to

form

bildad, adj. [ftz'/'^^ac/^], educated
bildande, part. [6i7'da?2'c?9], formative, civilizing
-en, -ar [6i7"d'«i2;'],
bildning,
formation, education
bildstod \bildstoj^d\, statue
biskop, 2. -en, -ar [ftis'/coj?'],
bishop
[6iY.'9?'],

bitter

bjorn, 2. -en, -ar [ft/ce.'^n], bear
blad, 5. -ef,
[blaid], leaf



blow
[bhsU], wind

[blo'sa'], to

II.

-671,

-\-

bldogd, adj. [ftZoo^^cZ], blue-eyed
bldnka, II. [ftZf??'^^^*^']? to twinkle
bloda, II. [ftZof'tZa], to bleed
blodande, adj. [ftZo'cZan'c^^], bleeding
60, III. [6w/], to dwell

bok, 2. -en, -ar [bcoik'], beech
60A:, 3. -en (backer) [bcoik], book

boksamling,

2.

-en,

-ar

[Z)(^cA:-

sam^liy], library (books of a..)
bokstauligen, adv. [bojksta'vligdn], literally
2.

boning,

-en,

dwelling

2.

bitter, adj.

[6Z0W3'], to blue, to turn-

1.

blue
6Z«s^, 3.

bibehdlla, IV. [6r&a7ioZ'a], to retain, to

bldna,
bldsa,

bevis, 5. -e^ [SatiVs], proof
bevdrdiga, I. [bevse.'rdiga],
think worthy of

3.

blod,

blomster spira,
(4. -^, -|-),

tandd], consideration
betraktelse, 3. -n, -r [bdtrakUdlsd],
observation

picture
bilda, I.

-ar

-en,

blomsterdal,

sider

&i7c?,

2.

(of lightning)

stdrban''d\

2.

betraktande

soft

feZias^,

blomsterband,

-ew, -f- [bdgenHy],
waiting, service, attendance
betrakta, I. [fta^ra/c'^a], to con-

bibel, 2.

[ftZiVcZ],

IV. \bli'va^\ to become

flower



betjdning,

blid, adj.
6Zzi;a,

blomma,

besvdrlig, adj. [6asr^.'r%], trou-

blesome

bland, prep. [&Zan.'cZ], among
blanda, I. [6Zan*c?a'], to mixt, to
blend
blandning, 2. -e?i, -ar [blan'd7117)% mixture

5.

bard,
board;
borgare,

-e^,

om
5.



-ar

[Z>w.W],

table,

— on board
— [bor'jar9^\

[am.']

-n,

[ft^^'m?;'],

,

burgher, citizen

borra,

I.

bort, adv.

[bor'a'], to bore
[Z>o.i^.'Zl, away, off

bortfrysa,
freeze

up

IV. [boji'tfrg^sa],

to

165

Swedish-English.
II. [bo.t'tfoh'a], to

bortfora,

away

+
decease

2. -en,

bortgdng,

departure,

lead

\bod'tgo7)'\

bortskjuta, IV. [bod-ffm'ta], to
shoot away, to put-off
borttaga, IV. \boji'tta'ga\ to take

bryta in [bryta'

m.'], to

break in

brddmogna

[bro'dmco^gna],

ripen early
brost, 5. -et^



to

\brds'.t\ breast
6wA:, 2. -en, -ar [bm'Jc], stomach
(belly)

-ar

2. -en,

buss,

\busf\,

fellow

soldier

away
bosatt,

residing,

[6&>-saf],

adj.

settled
3.

boskap,

-en,

+

[&<^"s^«'p],

by, 2. -n, -ar [%'], village
bygd, 3. -e/i, -er [byg!d], country
II.

%^^«5,

boskapsskotsel,

3. -en,

+

[bco's-

kapsfot'sdl], cattle breeding
bostad, 3. -en (—stdder) [bco's^acZ'], habitation
4.
-n [fttcCsff'Za],
-f,
bostalle,

bar,

2.

to

build,

barrow

[fto.'r],

-en, -ar [bekt], brook
bar a, IV. [dtfe'ra'], to bear

botanik, 3. -en, -4- [6w^'ani'A:],
botany
botanisk, adj. \b(jotainisk'\, bota-

bdrgning,

O

-ar

-e?2,

2.

back,

2. -en, -ar [&«r;;m7;'],
harvest, salvage
66'<ieZ, 2. -r (bodlar)
{betddl],

executioner

nic(al)

botanist, 3. -en, -er [ftw^'amV^],
botanist
botten, 2. bottnen, bottnar [bo-

ground

soil,

^.'an],

bra, adv.

[Jra.^], well

3. -en, -er

deed
brant,
brant,
brasa,

to

byxa, 1. -n, -or \byk'sa'\ trousers
bdda, adj. [6o*c^a'], both
bade [bo-da^], both
6«Z, 3. -en, -f [&o/Z], trunk

dwelling place
bosdtta, II.
[6c(;,S£f a], to settle

ftra^ftZ,

[byg'a'],

cultivate

cattle

&Qya,
bolja,

II.
1.

3.
1.

-en, -er [6ran.'f], steep
-n, -or [6rasa'], fire

bred, adj.

[ftre-'cT],

wide, broad

breda, 11. [6re'^a'], to widen,
spread out
bredvid, prep. \bredviid\ by
bringa, IV. [6rJ7;*a'], to bring
brinna, IV. [6rma'J, to burn

brinnande

to

[6ce*^^i^'],

fertile,

fruitful
3.

-en,
he't], fruitfulness
I
ftorja,
[boe'rja^],

+

[bce'ddig-

to

begin,

to

commence
borjan, 1, -|- \b(B'rjan''\ at
the beginning

(in)

C
civiliserad,

ardent,

[6nn*an'c?a],

-or [6oe'^c?a'], burden

adj.

bdrdighet,
adj. [&ran/^], steeply

wave

-er [bon], prayer

3. -en,
borda, 1. -n

bon,

bordig,

[brag'd], feat,

\bdj'a^\ to bend
-n, -or [6oZ:yV]

adj.,

[si'vilise^rad],

civilized

burning
Z)ris^,

3.

-er [brisH],

-en,

want,

p

lack

wf

[6ns*i^a'], to burst

brista, IV.,
bro, 2. -n, -ar [brcof], bridge
broder, 3. -n (broder) \brcj'ddr%
brother
brud, 2. -en, -ar [ftrm.'c?], bride

bruklig,

[5rm'A:%'], used,

adj.

usual
il

brunn,

2. -en,

bryta, IV. ay
&r?/^a

/ram

break forth

-ar

[ftrwn.'],

[ftri/'^a*], to

[bryta''

well

break

framt\

off

to

-e?i, -ar [c?a/^], day
dag,
dager, 2. -n (dagrar) \datgdr\

2.

day-light
c?<3^^^,

2.

dew
— \dag'vi^n\
— \dag'sjuL^s\

-en, -}- [c?a^.^,

daggvin, 5.
winy dew

-ef,

dag si'
dagsljus,

-e^,

5.

day light
dagtinga, 1

.

\dagti'r)''a\

to capi-

tulate

dal,

2.

-en,

-ar [dail]

valley, vale

166

Vocabulary.
-ar [dalkar^l],

dalkarl, 2. -m,
Dalecarlian

dam,

-m, -er [da'm], lady

3.

damm,

2. -en,

-ar [cZam-], pond,

dansa, I. \dan'sa^\ to dance
dansk, adj. [dan'sk], Danish, Dane
decimal, adj. [de'simaH], decimal
decimalsystem. 5 -et, -[~ [^esima'lsyste'm.], decimal system
del, 2. -e?2, -ar [deH], part, portion
c?eZa, I. [de'la^], to divide
deltaga, IV. [iie'Z^a'^a], to take
a share (part.)
dessutom, adv. [cZ^szi^fom], besides
[c?es'^z7e.Va], to distill

destillera,

I.

diadem, 5.
diadem

(3.), -et,

-er [di'ads^m],

dividend, 3. -en, -er [di'vidsn'd],
dividend
dividera,
\di'videira'\, divide
division, 3. -eri, -er [cZ{'viya>/?i],
division
[visor
divisor, 3. '-?i, -er \divi'sor^\ diI.

c?/wp, adj. [im.'jp], deep, (profound)

djupsinnig,
profound
djur,

5. -e^,

djurgdrd,

[jmpsin'igl,

adj.



2. -en,

animal

-ar [jm'rgo^jid],

doktor, 3.-71, -er[(Zoyfc/^Qr], doctor
doktorsvdrdigket, 3. -e?2, -|- [cZ^A:*torsvas'rdighet], doctorate
cZow, 2. -en, -ar [^<i>.'m], judgment,
sentence
dam, 3. -en, -er [dom% dome,

cupola

domkyrka,

1.
-n-or[c?om*pGer'A:a],
cathedral, minster

2. -en, -ar [<Z6;*ws^6;'Z],
tribunal, court

domstol,
dap,



[c?&;/^],

baptism,

3.

satellite

-en,

-er



[dfra6an/^],

droja, II.
be long

to

be

to delay,

to

[<i^rw2?*/!:?ia'],

[fZroj'a'],

2. -men, -mar
\drdm!:\
dream
duva, 1. -n, -or \dvi'va''\ pigeon
dunge, 2. -n, -ar [duy'd'], thicket
dunkel, adj. {durjikdV]
dark,

drom,

,

gloomy, dingy
dvdrg, 2. -en, -ar

[cZi^c^r/;],

dwarf

dygd,

3. -en, -er [dyg.'d], virtue

dJ^ZzA:,

adj.

dyr, adj.

dyrbar,

[^'Zz'^], like, similar

dear

[cZ^Z-'r],

adj. [t^^'r^aV], dear

adv. [do'], then
cZan, 5. -et, -f" [^^-^^1^ roaring

cZa,

to infatuate, to

cZara, I. [cZo'ra'],
befool



5. -et,
[dek'], deck
ddrefter, adv. [cZ^.'rf/rar], there-

ddck,

ddrfor, adv. [<Z«r.^cer], therefore
ddrihland, adv. [d^.'riblan'd],

among
ddrigenom,

adv.

\dsetrije'nom\

thereby
adv. [dsetmerd],

ddmere,

down

there

ddrpd, adv. [d«.'rpo], there upon
ddrstddes, 2A^\d,setrsted9s'\, there
ddrtill, adv. [cl^.'r^i'Z], thereto
ddruppe, adv.[cZ«.Vwjp'a], up there
cZo, IV. [(?0.^, to die
^ocZ, adj.
cZocZa,

I.

dead

[cZ0.'cZ],

2. -en,

cZocZ,

-ar

[cZe.'cZ],

death

r^0*cZa'], to kill

dodsstund,
s^wn'cZ],

\dratg\ feature
draga, IV. \dra'ga^\ to draw
dragare, 5. -n,
[dra'gard%
draught animal, beast of burden
dragon, 3. -en, -er [dragojin],
dragoon
-ar
2.
drake,
-n,
[c^ra'/ca'],
<^ra/7, 5. -et,

I.

drowned

dodlig, adj. [do'dlig'], mortal

christening

drahant,

queen

drunkna,

after
[jtnir],

zoological garden

5. -e^,

dricka, IV. [c?nA:a'], to drink
driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^], drift
driva, IV. [(iri'ya'], to drive
droppe, 2. -n, -ar [cZrop'a'], drop
drottning, 2. -en, -ar [cZro^'m'T;'],



dragon, (paper-)kite

dolja,

3.

-er

-en,

[docZ'.s-

hour of death

II.

[d?aZ'./a'],

to conceal

[(iom'a'], to judge,
condemn, to sentence

doma,
dopa,

II.

II.

[dopa^

to baptize, to

christen

dorr,
<ic>^;,

2. -en,

-ar

adj. [dotv],

to

[dfajr.'],

deaf

door

167

Swedish-English.

efter, adv. [ef'tdr^ after

behind
5. -n,
^r^'cZara], successor

eftertrddare,
«/]fermWcZ,



2.-672, -|-[^/*^9^''v«^*^,

3. -e/i, -er [e'^snsAra'p],



property, quality

ekipage, 5. -t,
(r) [ek'ipaJf],
equipage
3.
ekvator,
-n, -er [ekva'tor'],
equator
eldgnista, 1. -n, -or [eZ'cZ^nw'^a],
spark
eZcZ2^, adj. [el'dig^ fiery, ardent
stdder {^eVdeldstad, 3. -ew,



sta'd], fire place
3.

-er

-n,

leUk'tor^X

eller, conj. lEV.9r\ or
cZi;a,

[fairy

-or faZmj [£Zi;a],

1. -n,

elf,

ewieZZan, prep. [em^Z'an'], between
emellertid, adv. [smtZV^zV^Z], ho-

vever
enda, adj.
e7i(Z«.9Z,

[en'cZa'],

adv.

alone, one

[e/i'cZas'Z]

,

only,

-er [en.'^eZ], unity
mkel, adj. [e?;/A:aZ], simple, single
enligt, prep. [e'wZi^r'Z], according
3.

-er [/afc.'for], factor

folia, IV. [/aZ'a'], to fall
falsk, adj. [/aZ.'sA:], false
familj, 3. -eTi, -er [/amiZ/;], family
fana, 1. -w, -or [/a'Tia'], flag,
colours
/a?'^, 1- -n, -or [fa'ra% danger
fara, IV. [fa'ra'], to go, to
drive

farhro(de)r

3.

,

—broder

-n,

[faribrojr], uncle
3. -n, —fader [far!/a^], grandfather
farfordldrar [far.fcerel'drar],
grandparents
farlig, adj. [/(^'rZz^'], dangerous

farfa(de)r,

2.
-n, —modrar
farrao(de)r
yjartma)r\ grandmother

fartyg,p.-et,

— ifa-rty'g\ vessel
[/a'ryfZ],

mterj.
/^J-^'^^Z


"y®

^t

r/*

j.

/*^«^» adj. [/a^.Z],
2. -n (fastrar)

-e72,

to

^ ^V?*

.

,

cnsZz^, adj. [e'wsZ/^' J, lonely, alone
enstaka, adj. [e'nsta'ka], isolated,
solitary

erbjuda, IV. [e'rZym'da], to offer
erfara, IV. [e*r/aVa], to learn,
to hear
e>^hdlla, IV. [e*rA£>Z'a], to receive

erA:a7iwawcZe,4:.-Z,-7i[e-r^m'ancZa],

acknowledgment
erovra, I. [e'ro'vra], to conquer,
to overpower

fastdn,
fatta,

I.

,r^

./

t-

conj. [/as'Zm^], although
[/aZ'a'j, to seize, to com-

'i.-en, -\-

poverty
5.
fel,
fault

fiende,

-eZ,



3. -n, -r

[fal'igdcom%

[/e/Z],

^n,

mistake,

[fl'dndd^ enemy

fientlig, adj. [Jien'tlig],
inimical

hostile,

adj. [fi'n'}, fine

2. -n,
(—gret, —grar)
[A'^^J? finger

finger,

^/iwa, IV. [Jin-a'], to find
^nnas, IV. [fn-as'l to be (found)
fira,

I.

[T^'^a'],

to

celebrate,

to

solemnize

fsk,

fiskare,

[ffcs^m.'paZ],

[fasttdr\
,

prehend

exempel, 5.
example



,..

fattig, adj. [/aZ'i^'], poor

evig, adj. [e'vig^], eternal
-eZ,

,

fastland, 5. -et, (—lander) [fas
land], continent

fattigdom,

adj. [e'nsam'], sole, alone
enskild, adj. [e'ri/zZ'cZ], private

ensam,

,

good

^
tj
firm, solid

/asZer,

simply
enfaldig, adj. [enfal'dig], simple
enhet,

3. -ti,

faktor,

posterity, future

eZeA;^or,
elector

father

[Ef.tdv-

e^en, adj. [e'^an'], own
egendomlig, adj. \e'gdndojmHig],
peculiar

egenskap,

3.
-er [/a&nVfc],
-en,
manufacture, works
fa(de)r, 3. -n, fader [/acZar'],

fahrik,

efterldmna [ef'tdrUm'na], to leave

2. -en,
5.

fisher

-ar [fs!k], fish
-w,



[^s'fcara'J,

168

Vocabulary.

fiske,

5.

-n [jis'kd], fishing,

-t,

4.

jiskldge,

-n

-t,

[Jis'kh'gd'],

fisher village

fjdll, 5.

-et,

mountain

[/jsl'],

2. -en,

fjdrdedel,

-ar [fjce'rdd-

fourth

flera [fle'ra'], several



flertal, 5. -et,
jority
1. -n,

flicka,
flit,

[3.] -en,

ma-

+

[fli't],

diligence,

[.^2/-'Jj

to flee

[j?2/^*a'],

to

remove, to

wander

wandering
I.

Ifls'ka'],

to

blot,

to

breathe,

to

stain, to spot
I.

fidkta,
to

\^flek'ta%

blow (gently)

^*rrf,

3.

—+

-en,

/oZA:, 5. -eZ,

folkmdngd,

[flseUd], vanity

[foUk], people

3.

-en,

-er

[/bZ'A:-

m£2?*^], population
5.

folkslag,

-e^,



to

I.
[fram'kal^a\ to
call forth, to cause, to occasion

5. -et,

— [fram'ste'g],

framstd,

III.

O

[fram'sto'\

to

framstdende,Sidj.[fram-sto^dndr)],
eminent, leading
framstdllU, II. [/ram's^^/'a], to
expose, to represent
framtid, 3. -en, -er [fram'ti^d],
future

framtrdda,

[fram'tre'da], to

II.

appear

framvisa,

I.

[/r•am•^;^'sa j
forth

to

[fraykri''kd], France
[fran-ska'],

1. -n,

franska,

,

show

evince, to

French
fred. 3. -en, -er

+

lfre.'d], peace
fredlig, adj. [fre'dlig'], peaceful
5.
fredshrott,
[/rec^'sftrof],
breach of the peace



fri, adj. [/nV], free
frid, 3. -n,
{friid'\, peace,
[calm]
frihet, 3. -en, -er [/nV^e^], liberty



/WA:os%,

adj.

[/rrA:os'%j, liberal

frisk, adj. [/nVA:], fresh, healthy

[fol'ksWg],

nation

fordra,

produce

[fram'go%

advance, to step along
framgdng, 2. -en, -ar [fram-goy% success

Frankrike

flyttfdgel, 2. -n (—glar) [flytfo^gdl], bird of passage
flyttning, 2. -en, -ar [flyt'niy^],

fldcka,

©

III.

appear

fiyga, IV. [flyga'l to fly
^2/^eZ, 2. -71 (flyglar) iflg'gdl'],
wing, aisle
^2/^(2, IV. [^i/-^a'], to flow
1.

to bring forth, to

framgd,

progress

flitig, adj. [fli'tig'], diligent

flytta,

foot

\_fojttMkl

infantry

framsteg,
-or [Jiik'a^], girl

flod, 3. -e?i, -er [.)?<y.'6?], river
flotta, 1. -n, -or [flot-a'], fleet
flottig, adj. {^flot'ig'X fatty,
"
greasy
"
III.

-

-et,

framkalla,

[fle'rta^T]

application

j^2/j

5.

frambringa,ll. 0[fram'briy'a],



yjdUmark,d.-en,-er[fJ€l'mar'k],
mountainous soil
c?e'Z],

fot, 3. -en, (fotter) [fojtt],

fotfolk,

^fishery

fritt, adv. [/rzY.^], freely
1. [/rc<>'c?a5'], thrive

frodas,
I.

[/oj'rcZra'], to

demand,

to claim

fomtid,

-er [/<wrnZrc?],

antiquity, past

fortfara,

IV.

[/(W'^^/a'ra],

to

continue

[/rfo^'tZz^J,

prolific,

frukthar,

adj. [/rwA:"^6a'r], fruit-

II.

O

[foj'jitsefa],

frukttrdd,

to

fortsdttande[foj'd,ts£t^andd],continuation

frukttrddgdrd,2.-en,-ar[fruk'tfrysa, IV.

-en,

-ar

continuation

[fcj'jut-

[frt/'sa*], to freeze

bort, IV. [frysa'' bod't],
to freeze away
frdga, 1 . -n, -or [fro'ga''], question

frysa
2.

— [/rw^"^^r£'],

tre'^goM], orchard

continue, to pursue

fortsdttning,

5. -e^,

fruit-tree

dd\, continually, continuedly

sef'ni'ij],

adj.

/rw, 2. -n, -ar [friat'], wife
frukt, 3. -en, -er [/rwA:/Z], fruit
ful, fertile

fortfarande, adv. {fco'jitfaWanfortsdtta,

frodig,

luxuriant

3. -en,

169

Swedish-English.

frdga,

I.

to

[/ro'^aj,

ask,

to

frdn, prep, [froin], from
[/ro'7ii;a'rwJ,
frdnvaro, 1. -n,

+

absence

frammande,

[frem'andd],

adj.

strange, foreign
3. -ew, -er [fren'd9^'\, re-

frdnde,

[/i^A:-^a'],

to

wet,

to

moisten
/wZZ, adj.

I.

^
O

TT

II.

^m^^
fullkomlig,

r^

7

-c

-,

[/wZ'jo'ra],

^-

7-

adj.

r^7

7

<7-

.

to
1

[ful-Jcom'hgl

complete

fullkomna,

[fuVkom'na],

I.

to

perfect, to accomplish

fullstdndig, adj. [ful'sten'dig],
perfect, complete
furste, 2. -n, -ar [/w.i*sf9'], prince
furstekrona, 1. -n, -or [/w.x*s^a/([:rcc»'wa], princely crown
1. -n,

furstinna,

-or [fuj^stin- a'l

furstUg, 3idi.[fud'sUig% princely

/^ra

ride, drive

foda,
foda,
to,

fill

[fo'da^], food
[/0*c?a'], to give birth

II.

to be born

/o^eZse, 3. -tz,
[/^-f^aZsa'], birth
y^^^ ifo'Q^'l little
foija^ n, [/oZ'/a'], to follow
foljande, adj. [fol'jandd'l folio3. -en,

y^v^^ n.

fgsisk, adj. [fy!sisk], physical
[/o/], few

-er,

away
/oV«wi^i>[/os-ra'w2)/], toleadup
fdra over [fce-ra' o.'vdr], to lead
over
/6Vafcj5, 5.

+

-ej^,

dainful

forarga, I.
forbereda,

,.

^..P^^.P^f.

-

/aZaZz^, adj.
portant

[fotrl sheep
[fo'ta'ligl unim-

2. -en, -ar
ddrndsjco'jLd], native soil

fddernesjord,

[/f*-

+

5. -eZ,
[/f*^9^ndslan^d], native land (country)

fddernesland,
/aZ^, 5.

-e^,

fdltherre,
general



[/H'Z], field
-ar ifel'thxr'd],

2. -n,

anger

[/cer6are.''c?a],

adj.

r^

i.-

^^7-

to
i

[fcerbin^dhg],

obliging

O

III.
[f(B'rbise'l
overlook, to omit
I.
[fcerblin!da],
forblinda,
dazzle

foredraga, IV.

-et,

to

[foerar^ja],
II.

fdnga, I. [/b??'a*], to catch
fdnge, 2. -n, -ar \_foj)'d^'\, prisoner
fdngenskap, 3. -eri,
[/oT^'an5.

Ifmrakit], con-

tempt
forakta, I. [/cera/c/fa]., to despise
foraktlig, adj. [fcerakUlig], dis-

fordjupning,

s^a'p], captivity

result

lead
/^'^^ bort[fce'ra' boMt], lo lead

fd. III. O [/o/], to get, may
fdgel, 2. -tz, -ar [fo!gdl], bird

+

[fdmi

[/ce-ra'], to conduct, to

forbise.

[/^/'ra'J, four

/a

/«r,

firmament

-n, [fes'td],

-t,

1. -n, -\-

forbindhg,

princess
/2/ZZa, II. [/|//-a'], to

[/f^'^^o'^],

-er [fasUd], journey,

3. -en,

foijd,

[/wZ-6co»-^c?a], to
terminate, to achieve, to accom-

^?5''^
fullgora,

[fEl'trcxj'-p],

wing

[fuHlMl

fullborda,




+

n
^
-n r^
[froil seed
/wA:^, adj. [/?/A:.'^], damp, moist
•^^''^ / ..
4. -(e)t,

/ro,

I.

-e^,

^

fdste, 4.

(foreigner) stranger

fulda,

-et,

5.
fdlttdg
campaign

/arc^,

-ar [frem'tiy^],

2. -en,

frdmling,

^

5.

fdltrop,
parole

question

to
to

2. -eri,
-ar [foerjmipniy], deepning, cavity, hollow

[/ce'rad^ra'^a], to

prefer

foregdende,

adj. [/ce'rajgo'anc^^],

...P^f^dent

+

3.
-en,
/r^m'sZ], occurence

forekomst,

3. -en,
Us^nir)], lecture

foreldsning,

foremdl,

5.

-ei^,

[/os'ra-

-ar [/ce'ra-

— [fce'rdmo'l],

object, subject

forena, I. [/cere/na],
forening, 2. -en, -ar
union

to unite
[/cere.':

170

Vocabulary.
III.

forestd,

govern, to

[fce'rdsto^],

to

forestdlla, II.
place before,
introduce

fornya,

[jce'rdstel^a],
to represent,

to

to

[fcemy.'a], to renew

I.

forndm,

manage

adj. [foeme'Tn], disting-

uished
distinguished

forestdllning, 2. -en, -ar [foR'r9image, performance,
sterniy'],
representation notion
foretaga, II. [/ce'rafa'^a], to undertake
forfatta, I. [fcerfaHa], to compose
forfattare, 5. -n,
[/cer/a^/ara],
author
IV.
forjiyta,
[foerflytta], to flow



II.

forndja,

forordande,

[f(Krfra!ga], to in-

I.

quire

dan'd9], recommendation
4. +, -|- [fcero'ddnan^dd], order
forra [fceva^], former
forre [/osr'a'], fonner

forordnande,

forraderi,

adj. [/ce?'f/dzsA:], trai-

forrddisk,

— +

conj. [/osr^/n], before
3. -ti, -r \f(Brsa.^kdlsd],

forrdn,

forsakelse,
[foerfro'-

self denial

forsamling,

1.

,

elapse

forgdves [fcergs.^vds], in vain
forhand, (pd) [ foerhantd], beforehand

forhdllande,

-n [foerhDl'an-

4. -^,

dd], circumstance
II.

vastate, to ravage
I.



[/cer/i:Za.'ra],

ndgon for

to ex-

(helig)

he'lig^], to ca-

helgon [no'gon'
nonize

[guise

forkldda,
forkovra,

II.
I.

IfoRrkUidaX

to dis-

[/cerA:o/i;raj, to im-

prove, to perfect

forkovran,
ko^vrari],

forkola,

I.

forkvdva,

1.



,

-|-

improvement

[fcer•

[foerko.'la^, to charr
to
il.
[foerkv£.^va\,

stifle

forlora,
forlust,

I.

3.

2.

-ar

[/osr[cure
/orsA;a^<2, I. [/cersAra/'a], to proforskansning, 2. -en, -ar [fcer-e?i,

samUiy], meeting

skanisniy], intrenchment
2. -en, -f- [foersko'm'l;], exemption, forbearance
forskriva, IV. [/o2rsA:riVt;a], to

forskoning,

prescribe

[foRrhefva], to boast,
to brag, to be proud of
forhdrja, I. [fcerhe.'rja'], to de-

plain;

-er [/cert'^eW.^,

3. -e^,

treason

^aTi], inquiry, question
forgd^ III.
[/cer^o.'], to pass,
to slip away, to disappear, to

forfrdgan,

forklara,

[foerndj.'a], to satisfy
4. 4, -f [/cer^j'^-

torous

away
forfrdga,

forhdva,

[fcerne.'mst], most

forndm st, adj.

to lose
[fcerlco'ra'j,
-en, -er [/asrZi/s/^],

loss

forlustelsestdlle, 1. -if, -n [/cerlusitdlsd], pleasure ground
formiddag, 2. -en, -ar [foermid'da'g], morning, forenoon
fbrmd, III. F/cerma.'], to be able

fdrnitftig,&ai.[foemuf.'tig},Te&sonable

forsld,

III.

forstrdcka,

[/cersZo.'], to suffice
\^f(Brstrikta\ to

II.

advance, to stretch
forstd, III»
[/cersto.*], to understand
fdrsvaga,l.[f(Brsva!ga],tOYfeaiken
5. -et, -\- [/cersva.V],
defense

forsvar,



5.
-n,
[fcersva^rard], defender
IV.
forsvinna,
[foersvin'a], to
disappear
forsdkring, 2. -en, -ar [fcerseikriy], insurance, assurance
/orfj^'na, I. [/cer^f.'na], to deserve
fortjdnt, adj. [fcergen't], deserved

forsvarare,

1.

fortvivlan,
Za7i],

— +
,

[foertvitv-

despair

fortdra,

II.

[/cer^«.'ra],

to

con-

sume

fortoma,

I.

[/cer^ce.Vna], to of-

fend

forundra
to

sig,

wonder

forundran,

1.

I.

[/cBrw7i/c?ra],

— + [foenin'astonishment

dran], wonder,

,

171

Swedish-English.

forvdna(s),

I.

to

[fcervo.'na],

astonish

-ar [fcervo'forvaningj
niy], astonishment
2. -en,

forvdxla,

I.

{^fc&rvEkisW]

to

,

mistake

foradla, 1. [foRre'd'la], to ennoble
foranderlig, adj. [fcereniddrlig],
unsettled, changeable

fordldrar,

pi.

[

/cereZ/^rar],

parents
to
I.
[foeren^dra],
change, to alter
fordndring, 1. -en, -ar [/cerenidrirj], change, reform

fordndra,

forodmjuka,

I.

[fce'rodmjm'ka],

humble
forodmjukelse, 3. -w, -r [/ce'rddmjmtkdlsd\ humiliation
foroka, I. [/(}sr'0.'A:a], to increase,
to augment
forokning, 2. -en, -ar [fcere'kto

niy], increase, augmentation

giftig, adj. {jif'tig^\ poisonous
giva, IV. [^ji'va^\ to give

givande,

adj. [jrvan'dd], fertile,
productive
^;w^a, IV. \^jui'ta% to pour (forth)
2. -en, -j- [^Zan.^s], splen-

glans,
dour



5. -e^,
[^^a-'s], glass
gles, adj. [gle!s~\, thin
^ZicZa, IV. [^Zi'^a'], to glide,
slide

glas,

/ram

^ZtWa

to
to

[gli'da' framf],

glide

glddja, II. O [^ZfcZ'ja'j, to rejoice,
to be glad
glddje, 3. -n,
[gUd'jd^], joy
gloda, II. [^Z0'cZa'i, to make red
to
hot,
glow

+

glodande,
wing

adj. \^gl0-dan^dd\,

glo-

[^Zom'a'], to forget
good, kind
-en,
[^6;/(Z^ef],

glomma,

II.

god, adj.
godhet,

[^to».*cZ],

3.

+

goodness, kindness

godhjdrtad,

ri

adj.

[^(y*<Zj^./-'^acZ],

goodhearted
2.

gaffel,

(gafjiar) [gaf'dl],

-w,

fork

^a^n,

5. -et, -\- [gay.^n], profit

gammal,
ganska,

adj. [^am'aZ'], old
adv. [^an*sA:a'], quite,

entirely
4. -^, -n \^ga'jiddsre^jdinenHd], regiment of life-

gardesregemente,

guards
gata, 1. -n, -or [^a'^a'], street

godo

(till)

^ods,

5.

gosse,

grad,

[gco'doj^], in favour



-et,

goods

[gojt!s],

2. -n, -ar [^os"a'], boy
3. -en, -er [^ra/d], grade

gram, 5.
gramme
granne,

-me^,

2.-n,



[^raw/],

-ar[gran'd% neigh-

hour
5.

grannland,

-et,

(—Idnder)

[jame/nsam],

[^ran'/an'tZ], neighbouring country
grav, 2. -en, -ar [^graiv], grave

general, 3. -en, -er [je'ndrail],
general
genius, -ien, -ier [jeinius], genius
genljud, 5. -et,
[je-nljm^d],
echo

grekisk, adj. [^re.'A:isA;], greek
^ren, 2. -en, -ar [gre!n], branch
gripa, IV. [grrpa^], to seize
gro. III. \_gra)t'], to shoot forth
[^rwn.'cZ], ground
grund, 5. -eZ,

genom, prep. [je/nD/n], through
genomtrdnga, II. [je'nomtrey^a],

grund,

gemensam,

adj.

mutual



to penetrate

genomvdt,

I.

adj. [,;e"n3mz;o.'^],

wet

through

gentemot

[je'ntemco^t],
in front of

gevdr,
rifle

5.

-et,

tive,



opposite,

{^jdv€tr\

to

mo-

II.

O

[^rwn'cZZf^'a],

found
-or [^rm'va'], mine
IV. [^ro'^a'], to cry, to
1. -n,

gruva,
grata,

weep
grdns,
tier,

gun,

-er [^ri^n/cZ],

reason

grundldgga,

[j'e'nom^o'^a], to
traverse, to go through, to cross

genomtdga,



3. -en,

3.

-en, -er

[^r^s],

fron-

boundary, limit

grdnsa,
(on) to

I.

[^r£^n"sa'],

to

be bounded by

border

172

Vocabulary.

grdnmqiitlad

[gro'nman^tlad],

covered with a green mantle
gronskande, adj. \^grdn'skan^dd],
green
gubbe, 2, -n, -ar [gub'9^], old

man
gud, 2. -en, -ar [gm!d], God
gudfruktig, adj. Igm'dfruk'tig],
1.

gudsfruktan,

,

-|~

[gut's-

fruk'tan], fear of God (of the
Lord)
gul, adj. [gm.'l], yellow

+

guld, 5. -et,
[gul-d], gold
guldvingade, adj. [gul'dviy^ad],
with golden wings
adj.
gullstdnkt
[^wZ*s^f?y'A:^],
,

yellow stained

gunga,
gynna,

I.

[^W7?*a'],

gynnsam,
vourable

^«,

adj.

swing
favour

[ji'^/n'saTw'],

fa-

— upp
— up to — ut [mtt],

[gof], to go;

III.



[upi] till,
out

;

2. -en,

gang,

to

[j'^/wa'], to

I.

-ar [goy^], passage,

3.

1
-en, -er [ffoy!],
[goy-], time

-ar [goUd], farm
gdta, 1. -w, -or [go'ta^], riddle
^az;a, 1. -ri, -or [go'va^], gift,
donation
[to be worth
gdlla, II. [jfZ'a'], to be in force,
gdngse, adj. YJeysd''], usual
2. -en,

adv. [j^'^na'l. willingly

gdrna,

^oA:, 2. -en, -ar [^joiTc], cuckoo
gomma, II. [jom'a'], to hide
II.

^ora,

[jce'ra'],

to

do to

make

H



{^haik\ notch
chin
^aZa, I. [Aa'Za'], to haul
halv, adj. [AaZ.'v], half
halvo, 2. -71, -ar* [hal'vo^], peninsula
hals, 2. -en, -ar [haHs], neck
hamn, 2. -en, -ar [Aam//i], port,

hak,

5. -e^,

^aA:a,

+

-en,

harmoni, 3.
harmony

-ctz,

1.

[Aa*A:a'],

harbour

hand, 3. -ew, (hdnder) [han'd],
hand
handling, 2. -ew, -ar [han'dliy^],
action, deed, act

dis-

[^ar.'w],

-er \har'mojni:\

2. -en, -\- \hastt\ hast
hasta, I. [^asta'], to hasten
hastig, adj. [/^as'^i^'j, sudden
^ay, 5. -et,
[ha'v], sea

hast,



2. -en, -ctr [Aa"?;si-z/i'<f],

sea-breeze
3.

hedersbetygelse,
ddrsbdty'gdlsd],

-r [^eof honour

-n,

marks

hedning, 2. -en, -ar [he'dniy'],
heathen
hejda, I. [hej'da^ to hold back
hel, adj. [^e.'Z], whole
helgedom., 2. -en, -ar[hel'gddcom%
sanctuary
helgeflundra, 1. -n, -or [hel'gdflun'dra], halibut
helgon, 5. -et,
\hd'gon% saint
helig, adj. [^e'%'J, saint, holy
hem, 5. -we^,
[hemf], home
hemfbra, II.[^ew/ce'ra], to bring




home
hemkomst,

3.

3.

hemlighet,

+

-e)i,

Ar^wsif], return

way
gang,
gdrd,

2.

pleasure

havsvind,



pious

harm,

[^e^'"

(home)

-en,

-er [hem'lig-

he't], secret

hemma,

adv. [Aem'a'],

hemvist,

5.

-e^,



home

[Aem'i'z.s-'^],

dwelling, domicile

herre,

-ar [A^r'a'], gentle-

2. -n,

man
2.

hei'regdrd,

-en,

-ar

[hssr'd-

go\id\ manor, mansion
hertig,

2. -en,

-ar [^^r'fz^'], duke

hertiginna, 1. -n, -or [hser'tigin'a'],
duchess
hes, adv. [^e/s], hoarse
het, adj. [Ae/^], hot
to be called
/ie^a, II. [Ae'^a'],

(named)
heita,

1.

-n, -|- [Ae^'a'],

heat

himmel, 2. (himmeln or himmlen, himlar) \him'dl^\ heaven
hindra,

I.

[^m'(?ra'], to prevent,

to hinder, to

impede
hinna, IV. [^m'a'l, to get
fram {^framt\
reach;



tain
hiss, 2. -en, -ar [7«V], lift
hissa, 1. [/its"a'], to lift

to, to

to at-

173

Swedish-English.

himlajiamma,

l.-n, -or[him'la-

flam''a], fire of

heaven

himlastege^ 2. -n, -ar [him'laste'gd], heavenly ladder
3. -ien, -ier [histoj!ria],

historia,

m —

in,

3.

hdndelse,



go and fetch, to
to take in
to

m],

[

bring

history

historisk, adj. [histoj.'risk], histo-

-r

-n,

[A^^i.cZaZsa],

occurence, event

ric(al)
hjord, 2. -en,

-ar [jcoUd], herd,

hdngiven,

adj.

de-

[Afn'jz'z;an],

voted (sunendered)

flock
2. -en, -\-

hjalp,

hjdlte, 2. -n, -ar

-n

4. -^,

hjdrta,

hjdrtlig, adj.
heartily

hero
heart

[y'fZ'^a'],

[j^j.'ta''],

[jasj.-tlig'],

hearty,

-72,

[hco'pa'], to

heap
[hop'], hope
Aopp, 5. -et,
hoppa, I. [^op'a*], to leap, to skip
hoppas, 1. [Aopas'], to hope
I.

3.

hdnsyn,

[jel'p], help

-or [i^sa'], crown
(of the head)
holme, 2. -?i, -ar [/ioZ'???a'], islet
1.

hjdssa,

/lopa,

AarcZ, adj. [hod'd], hard
hdftig, adj. [hsf'tig], violent
AaZ/f, 3. -en, -er [heW], half
hdmta, I. [y^fm'Za*], to fetch;



hota, I. [^oj'^a'], to threaten
hov, 2. -en, -ar [^&>/y], hoof
hov, 5. -ef,
[ho.'v], court

-f-

[A£?i*52/'n],

to

be asto-

nished

hdr, 2. -en, -ar [A^.'r], army
hdr, adv. [A^.'r], here
hdrlig,

adj.

magnifi-

[A^'rZz^'],

cent, splendid

hdrska,

I.

to rule, to

[Aars/ca'],

dominate
hdst,

2. -en, -ar [AesfZ], horse
2. -en, -ar [Afs*^5oV],

hdstbdr,
litter,

ho,



-en,

respect (in this)
hdpna, I. [hep'na^],

5.

barrow

-(^e)^,

Ao^, adj.

+

hay

[ho!],

[AoZ/gr],

high

3. -en, -er [^w?;"7iacZ'],
satisfaction, consolation

hogldnd, adj. [Ao'^Z^ti'cZ], highland
hogskola, 1. -n, -or [ho'gskoj'la],

-ar {hum'h-

highschool
hogtidlighet, 3. -e?i, -er [Ao'A;tidlighet], festivity
hdja, II. [Aot;"*a'], to raise
hdjd, 3. -en, -er [AojVcZ], height
Aora, II. \hoR'ra^\ to hear
horsel, 3. -n, -j- [Acer'saZ], hearing
Aos^, 2. -en, -ar [liosit], autumn
hostdag, 2. -en, -ar [hds'tda'g],

hugnad,

2. -en,

humlegdrd,
go'.id],

hund,

-en, -ar \]iuntd\

2.

hungrig,
Alts,

5.

hopgarden




dog
hungry
house
[hmtii],
[Am*sjm.V], do-

adj. [^w?;'ri^'],

-e^,

5.

husdjur,

mestic animal

husgerddssaker, pi. [hui'sjdro'dssa'kdr\ utensils
hushdll [hm'shoV], housekeeping
huvud, 5. -e^,
[hui'vu'd], head
huvudsaklig, adj. [huivudsa'k-



autumnal day
2.

hovding,

-en,

lig], chiefly
1. -n, -or

[%Z'a'], shelf
[%/•«'], to do homage,
to swear allegiance

%ZZa,
%ZZa,

hylsa,
A.?/sa,

[A0'a;(^i2?'],

I

I.

1.
II.

-n,

-or \hyl'sa''\ husk

\hy'sa'], to preserve, to

entertain

hdglos, adj. [/io'^/e's], lazy,
dolent
hdl, 5. -e^,
hdll, 5.



-et,

hdlla, IV.
5. -e^,

3.

iakttagelse,
observation
ihland, adv.
z^A:a;

hytt, 3. -e?z, -er \hyt^, cabin
/la^, 2. -en, -|- \hotg\ mind, spirit

hdr,

-ar

chieftain




[y^o.7],

hole

[hoU], side

[^c>Z"a'],

to

hold

[ho.'r], hair

in-

1.

n. r. [raA:to*^aZs9],

[zftZan/cZ],

[icZ'A^a'],

to

among

exercise,

to

carry on

igenkdnna,

II. [ijen'gen^a'],

cognize, to know again
ihdrdig, adv. [i'hmr'-dig],

to re-

per-

severing

inhillning [in'bWniy], fancy, imagination

inhjuda, lY. [in'bjm^da],

to invite

174

Vocabulary.

inhryta^ IV. [in'hryHa], to break
in

— [in'hyg^ard],

5. -n,

inbyggare^

3. -en, -er
meridicu'n], meridian

jordmeridian,

ground

indela, I, [mtZe'Za], to divide
infalla, IV. [m'^aZ'a], to invade
infinna, IV. [m'Jfn'na], to appear
infiytande, 4. -^, -j- [in'fly^tandd],
influence
-r [in'fly^tdlsd],

3. -r^,

infiytelse,

3. -en, -er [jco'jidmo^n],

jordmdn,

inhabitant, dweller

[jV^>'.i<Z-

influence

ingen, adj. [iy'dn^], nobody
ingenting^ pTon.liy'dntiy^ nothing
irihdmta, I. [in'hem'ta], to bring

just, adv. [^its/Z], just



jdgare, 5. -n,
[jtgard'], hunter, sportsman
jdmforelse, 3. -n, -r[J£m'fd'ralsd],
comparison
jdmn, adj. [jtm/n], even
jdmte, prep, [i^m-ifa'], with
jdrnvdg, 2. -en, -ar [y^'u-nt'c'^],
railway (railroad)
2. -n, (joklar)

[jo'kdr],

jo/iceZ,

in

glacier

innehava

[in'dha^va], to possess
innehdlla, IV. [m'^T^oZ^a], lo contain

IV.

innesluta,
[m'asZm'Za],
comprise, to include
inom, prep, [m'om'], within

to



1.

[iw^o'San],

-f"

,

/caA:a, 1. -n,

-or [ka'ka^], cake
[kal'k], quick-lime

+ -ar

/caZ/c, 2. -en,
kalk, 2. -en,

inre, adv. [m*ra'], interior
inrista, I. [mrzs'^a], to engrave

inrddan,

K

advice
insikt, 3. -ew, -er [in'sikH'], notion,

idea



5.
-et,
\kaVkgrun'd], calcareous soil
kalksten, 3. -en, -ar [kal'kste^n^^

kalkgrund,
lime-stone

kail, adj. {kalf], cold

insmyga, IV. [in'smy'ga],

to creep

in
II.

instdnga,

[m'sZ^^^'a],

(up), in
intryck, 5. -e^,

+

to lock

/caZZa, 1. \kaVa'\, to call
[upf], to call up

[in'tryk'], im-

[tw^rf'^Za], to

come

in

intrdffa, I. [m'Zr^/'^a], to meet
intdga, I. [m'Zo'^a], to march in
is, 2. -en, -ar [iVs], ice
ismassa, 1. -72, -or [i'smas'a],
mass of ice

islanding,

2. -en,

-ar

[rsZe/i'cZzT/],

Icelander
iver, 3. -n,

+

—upp

kallelse, 3. -n, -r [/caZ'aZsa'j,

vo-

-en, -er [A:anco»/n], can-

3.

kanon,
.

II.

;

cation, calling, appeal

pression

intrdda,

cup,

[^'aZ/A:],

chalice

non, gun

kanske, adv. [kan'fd% perhaps
1. -n, -or [kap'a^], mantle

kappa,

3. -en,

kapten,
I.

zeal

[A:a_pZe.^n],

[kas'ta^], to

kasta,
kastanj, 3.
chestnut

-er

-en,

3.

kavaljer,
[^Vi'^?'],

-er

cap-

tain

throw
[Ara^Zan.ji'],

-en, -er [A:ai;'a^e.V],

cavalier
A:ecZja,

1.

-n,

kejserlig,
perial

chain
im-

-or [ge'dja'],

adj.

[^fi's^rZigr'],

A:m(Z, 3. -en, -er [fiTj/dT], cheek
I. [kla'ga'], to complain

A:Za<7a,

jaga,
jcuct,

I.

[./a'^a'], to

3.

-en,

-er

hunt
[jakif],

A:Zan^, 2. -en, -j-

hunt,

hunting
jorcZ, 2. -en, -ar [jcoUd], earth

jordisk, adj. [jw.'^disA:], earthy
jordklot, 6. -e^,
[ja>*^dA:Za>'f],
globe



[ArZa^//],

sound

klar, adj. [A:Za.V], clear
klippa. 1. -n, -or [^•Z^pa'],
crag

klocka,
klockslag,

1 .-n,-or[A:ZQA:'a'],

5. -eZ,



stroke of the clock

cliff,

clock,bell

[A:Zo/c'sZa'^J,

175

Swedish-English.

klocklik,

[klok'lik%

adj.

shaped
5.

kloster,



(klostret),

bell-

[klos.^-

monastery

tdr],

kldcka, II. [klsk-a'], to blow forth
kldda, II. [ZcZf'cZa'i, to dress
kldder, 3. (pi.) [A:Zf/c?ar], clothes

kldmma,

m- [A:Zfm'a'],
to hem in

II.

to

squeeze in,
kldttra, I. [fcZf^'ra'], to climb
2. -en, -ar [klo'v], hoof
A:Zoi7,
(claw)
knapp, 2, -ew, -ar [knap.^], button
knapp, adj. [A:nap/], scarce

knappast

\knap'asH\

scarcely,

barely

koldragare,

5.



[ko'ldra^^araj, collier (coalheaver)
5.
kolforrdd,
-et,
\ko'lfcero''d\
stock of coal
-n,



kolmbrk,

adj. \ko'lm(e,Uk'\, pitch

dark
2.

kraftfull, adj. [kraf'tful% powerful

-en, -ar [A:ra7z.'s], crown,

krans, 2.
wreath

krets, 2. -en, -ar [kret's], circle
krig, 5. -e^,
[kri.'g], war
krigare, 5. -n,
[kri'gard^],
warrior



-en, -ar

[fc^Z.'^],

frock



nisitdr'],

-en, -ar [A:3m'2-

2.

curate

komministerhostdlle,

4.

-^,



-en,

J^2?'9], prisoner of

-ar [krig's-

war

krigshdr,2. -en, -ar[krig'shw'r],

army
5.

-e^,



[krik'sto^g],

military expedition

krigsvan,
customed

adj. [Zcn^'.sfa'rz],
to war

ac-

kring, prep. [jfcnV], around
kristen, adj. [A^Ws'^an'], christian
2. -en,

kristendom,

+

[A;ns'fari-

dcom^], Christianity
Kristus \kristus''\, Christ

krona, 1. -n, -or [A:rr^na'], crown
kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop'], body
krypa, IV. [A^r^-pa*], to creep
krypande, adj. [kry'pan^de], creeping, reptile

komma, IV. [A:am'a'], to come;
upp [up.'], to come up
komminister,

2.

krigsfdnge,

krigstdg,

knekt, 2. -e^i, -ar \knekit], soldier
kniv, 2. -en, -ar \knitv\, knife
knyta, IV. [/^n^/'^a'], to lie, to knot
knd, 4. -t, -n \knst\ knee
koja, 1. -n, -or [ZcaJ'a'], hut
kndppa, II. [/cn^p'a'], to button

fco?^,

3. -en, -j[ko'dtsynHJiet], shortsightedness
kraft, 2. -en, -er [kraf!t], power,
strength

kortsynthet,

-n

{kom'inis'tdrhaj'sUld], rectory
konst, 3. -en, -er [A;on.'s^], art
konstndr, 3. -en, -er[kon'stn%'r],
artist
2. -en, -ar [A:on*s^
sam'tiy], collection of works of

konstsamling,
art

krona, II. [/t'r0'na'], to crown
kubera, I. [kmbe'ra], to cube
Z^i/A:w (interj.) [A:w/cw'], cuckoo
-or \km'la'\ ball
-ar {kuVd^], hill

/mZa, 1. -n,
A:w/Ze, 2. -n,
kulregn, 5.

-ef,

+

[A;wZ*rf?;'n],

shower of balls
kung, 2. -en, -ar [A:w?;.'], king
kunglig, adj. [A:w7;*Zta'], royal

kunna, I.
kunskap,

O

[A;wn'a'J, to be able

3. -en,

-er [kun'ska^p],

knowledge

konung,

2.

-ar

-en,

[A:o'nw2;'],

kusin,

-en, -er [A:msiVn], con-

3.

sin

king

konung slig,

adj.

[ko'nuy^sUg],

kust,

3.

-en, -er [A^z^s/^], coast

kvadrera,

royal

korg,

2.

-en,

kom,

5.

-e^,

-ar



[Aror.^],

[kcoirn],

corn

korsfarare,

5.

-n,



basket
barley

I.

[ A:z;acZre.Va ]

,

to

square

kvarldmna,

I.

[kva'rUm^na], to

leave over
[A:3r',s-

/a'rara], crusader
Acor^, adj. [koUt], short
korthet, 3. -en, -|- [Acau^^e'^J,
shortness

kvinna,

1.

kvitto, 4.

-or [)fct;m'a'], wife
-n [A:v2^*^'], receipt

-n,
-^,

3. -en, -er [A:«;t6>.^^], quotient
ArvaZZ, 2. -en, -ar [A:?;fZ.'], evening

A:?;o^,

kylig, adj. [gylig], cool

176

Vocabulary.

kyrka, 1. -n, -or [goeska']^ church
kyrkoherde, 2. -n, -ar [gcBji'kcohe'jidd], vicar

kdmpa,

I.

2.

[gem'pa^],

to struggle,

to fight

kdnd, adj. [gsn^d], known
kdnna, II. [^^wa'], to know, to feel
kdnnbar, adj. [gen-ba^r], sensible

kdnnedom,

2. -en, -\-

[gen'ddojm'],

knowledge
kdnsel, 3. -?z, -1- \_Q€nis9l\^ feeling
kdnselverktyg, 5. -et,
{(gon'sdlvse'rktyg], organ of (feeling)
touch
kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla'], feeling
kdr, adj. [geir], dear



3. -e/i, -f- [grrle^k], love

kdrlek,
^'d7,

-en, -ar [co^l], keel

2.

+

A:o76Z, 3. -en,
[gol'd], cold
A'ora, II. [fo'ra'], to drive

korsbdr,

5.

2,



-e^,

ZeA;a,

open

-n [le'dn'dd], smile
-en, -ar [le'k], play-game
4.

leende,
ZeA:,

-knen, -ar [goeu,-kojsok^dn], parish
kdta, 1. -n, -or [ko'ta'], Lapponian tent
kdlla, 1. -n -or [gd'a*"}, source

kyrko socken,

ledig, adj. [Ze'dfi^'], vacant,

I.

-^,

to play

[Ze"A:a'],

leva, II. [Ze'va'], to live
lever, 2. -n, -ar [lek'dr], liver
3.

levnad,

-en, -^ [Ze'rnacZ'], life

levnadslopp,

5. -e^,

— [le'vnads-

lop^], course of life (career)



levnadssdtt, 5.
[Ze*?;na6Zss£Z'],
customs, ways and customs
lida, IV. \lida'''\, to suffer
4.
-?z
-^,
[ZrcZan'^Za],
suffering, suffrance
to
lie
IV.
ligga,
[Z2^*a'],

lidande,

5.

Ilk,



-eZ,

[ZiVA:],

dead body,

corpse
Zi/c,

adj.

like

\liik'\,

resemble
liknande, adj. [ZrA:nan'(Za], resembling
liksom, conj. [Z^•^•s^?n'], as, as if
likvdl, adv. [ZrA^vf'Z], however
ZmtZ, 1. -en, -ar [Zm'cZa'], lime-tree,
[Zi'A:na'], to

I.

likna,

linden-tree

[pcer's&^V],

linje, 3. -n, -r [Zm.^'9], line
liten, adj. [ZrZan'], small little
livsfarlig, adj. [Zrtvs/a'rZz^], dan-

cherry

gerous
livlig, adj.

lively, alive

[ZrvZi^'],

laga, I. [Za'^a'], to get ready, to
prepare

livndra, II. [Zrt-n^^'ra], to
to nourish

laga

Ijud, 5.

i

ordning

o'jid-

it

\la.ga''

nir)^\ to put in order
1. -n, -or \lam"pa^\ lamp
land, 5. -et {lander) \lanict\, land,
country

lampa,

— \lan'dska^p],

5. -e^

landskap,

landscape
landstiga, IV.
land

[lan'dsW'ga^,

to

[Za^i'cZ-

Lapland



I.

[Zas'^a'], to

load;

—[laWnsk],limb

5. -et,

leda, II.
lead

in

to conduct,

[jm*sr0'<Z],

light

Ijuv, adj. [jn^'v], charming, sweet
locka, I. [Z^^"a'J, to entice (away),
to seduce
lott,

3.
I.

-en, -er

[ZoZ.'],

[Zo'ra], to

lot,

fate

promise

lovande, adj. [Zovan'cZa], promiluft, 3. -en,

luftstreck,

+ —

[Zw/'Z], air

5. -eZ,

lufttom, adj.

[luft'strek''],

[Zi^jf^ZZwrn'],

lufttdt, adj. [Zw/'ZZf'Z],

lugn, adj.

[le!d],

[Ze'cZa'],

sound

vacuumair-tight,

hermetical

latin

latinsk, adj.
ZecZ,



[jm.'d],

[,/m/s], light

void

in

in],

adj.

sing

landstdlle, 4. -^, -ti [Za/i'cZs^fZ'a],
country-house
lapp, 2, -en, -ar [lapf], Lapp
lappuiark, 3. -en, -er [Zap 'mar' A;],

[

Ijusrod,
rosy

lova,

landstigning, 2. -en, -ar
sW-gniij], landing

Za.s^a,




-eZ,

^/ws, 5. -eZ,

feed,

to

[Zw^^-^n], rest, quietness
lukt, 3. -en, -er \luktt], smell
f-erj [ZwA:Zluktorgan, 5. -eZ,
(?r^a'n], smelling



177

Swedish-English.

lummig,

adj.

[lum'ig'],

thick,

tufted, bushy, thick-spreading

lund, 2. -en, -ar [lun^d\, grove
lunga, 1. -w, or [Zt^?/a'], lung

+ —
+

Zws^, 3. -en,

[Zi^s.'^],

5.

lustslott,

mind

[Zws'^sZo^'],

-e^,

I.

Idtta,

lok,

2.

Zoy, 5.

lycklig, adj. [lyklig'], lucky

Zoi;as,

II.

to

[Z2/'<^3'],

to light

-e?z,

-e^,

onion

watch-word
leaf

[Z0.'?;],

[Z0-vas'], to leaf, to cover

I.

2.

lovskog,

-eri,

-ar [Zo-vsfc<w'^],

wood

leafy

up

[Zt/'san'cZa],

[/0.'A:],

[lo'san],

,

comprehen-

with leaves

obey

— upp

[wp.*],

-ar

—+


loseii.

lyfta^ II. [lyf'ta% te raise
Zi/sa, II. [Z2/*6'a'], to light;

lysande, adj.

to facilitate

ly understood, easily
sible

pleasure castle
luck
Igcka, 1. -n,
[^^^'^'l?

lyda,

[Ist-a'],

latteligen, adv. [Ut'dUgdn], easily
Idtffattlig, adj. [Utfaflig], easi-



bright

Z«^, adj. [loig\ low
5.

Idgland,
Zaw^, adj.
1.

Idnga,
Za?2^s

(—dnder)

-e^,

[lo'g-

lowland

Zan'cZ],

Idngsam,

long

-or

-ti,

[Zqt^'s'],

cod-fish

adj. [Z£»7;'saw'],

to

let (to

have



sician
3. -en,

Idkarevetenskap,

-er

[Zf'-

kardve'tdnska^p], medicine



Idkemedel, 5. -e^,
[Z^'Arame'cZaZ],
medicament, remedy

[lemna^

to leave;

to leave

[kva'r],

Idmplig,

adj. [Um'plig'],

convenient

Idngdmdtt, 5. -e^,
long measure





behind
proper,

[ZfT^'^^mo^'],

—+

Idngtan, 1.
[leytan^ long,
longing
Zopp, 2. -en, -ar [Zrp.'], lip
Idra, 1. -n, -or [Ix'ra], doctrine,
,



apprenticeship
Idrare, 5. -n,
[Ise'rard^ teacher
lard, adj. [Z^u^/(i], learned
2.

-n,

-ar

[Z«"rjw7;'a],

pupil, scholar

Idrka,
Zasa,

1.

II.

Idsande,
ding

-n, -or

[Ise'rka'], lark

[Zrsa'J, to read
4. -^, -J- [Zf'san'da], rea-

ZaZf, adj. [Uti],

2. -ew,

ar [maZ.'m], suburb
(mannen, man) [man^],

3.

mark,

3.

-er

-ew,

\marik\

-er
marmorhild,
morhiVd'], marble statue
3.

2. -en,

marskalk,

-en.

soil,

[mav-

-ar [marfaUk],

marshal

mask,
mask,

2.

-en, -ar [mas.^k],

worm

3. -e72. -er [was.'^A:], mask
maskineri, 3. -e^, -er [ma/'manV],

machinery
maskinist, 3. -en, -er

[maf'inis.^t],

machinist

massa, 1. -n, -or [mas'a'], heaj),
man, block
mat, 3. -en, -1- [ma't], food
me<^,

2.

-ar [we/cZ], runner

-en,

(of a sledge)

Idnge, adv. [Z£?/'a'], long
Idngs, see: Zan^s [^^??'^J? along

Idrjunge,

malm,

-er [ma,k!t], power
-er [mal'm], ore

ground

with an infinitive)
Idgga, II.
[Ug'a'], to lay
Idkare, 5. -n,
[Zf/car^'], phy-

I.

malm.,

man

slow

[ZoT^'va'ri^], long-

lasting
Za^a, IV. [lo'ta'],

Idmna,
kvar

-or [ma'ita'], wife

-n,

3. -e?i,
3. -e/i,

wan,

along

Idngvarig, adj.

I.

makt,

[Zo2?.'j,

[loy's'],

maka,

meddela, I. [me'cZcZe'Za], to inform,
to communicate;
undervisning [un'ddrvi'sniy'], to teach
Medelhavet [me'ddlha'-vdt], the
Mediterranean Sea
medfora, 11. [me'cZ/o'ra], to bring



(take) with

medgiva, IV.

[me'cZji't*^], to agree,

to admit, to

acknowledge
medicin, 3. -en,
[me'cZzst/n],
medicine

+

-men, -7nar [me'cZZem^],
(of a society)

medlem,
member
medlidsam,
2.

adj.

[me'cZZzcZ'sam],

compassionate
easy

Elementary Swedish Grammar.

mellerst, adj. [m^'Z/arsZ], middle

12

178

Vocabulary.

men, conj. \metn\, but
mened, 3. -en, -er [me'ne^d],

multipUcera,
false

muUipUkand,

oath, perjury

metall,

'6.

-en, -er \metali\, metal



[me''4dr], metre
meter, -n,
midnatt, 3. -en, -\- [mi'dnaf],
midnight
midnattssol, 2. -en [-ar] [mi'dnatsco^l], midnightsun
mild, adj. \miV.d\ mild
3.

miljon,

-er

-en,

[mU'joj'n],

million

minnas, II. [wnVas'], to recall,
to remember
minne, 4. -^, -n \min'd'-'\, remembrance

minst, adj. [mm.^s^], (the) least
minst, adv. [mm/s^], at least
minuend, 3. -e^i, -er [mi'nmenid],
adj.

[mzs'Tzoj'cZ],

satisfied

misstag,
mistake

5.

\mis'ta''g],

middle,

\mitr\,

-j-

mother

modfdlld,

adj. [m(>j*4/"£Z'<^],

haps
maZ, 5.

adv. [mo'Jien''da\, per-





-ef,

man, 3.
mdnad,

[wo.^Z], aim, goal
-er [mo.'/i], measure
-er [mo'/iacZ'j,
-e/i,

,

3.

5.



-et,

1.

-n,

I.

[m<z»-^na'], to ripen



[mo/.^7i], cloud
moln, 5. -e^,
moralisk, adj. [m<z>r<2.7isA:], moral
morfader, 2. [w(wr'/a'c?ar], grand

measure
be

to

[mo^'a'j,

able (may)
I.

[??2eZc*fa'J,

to

be

able

(can)
adj. [mek'tig'"'], powerful
3. -en, -er [mey'd], quan-

mdngd,
tity

1.

-?2,

-or [mHi'i/a'],

man
adj.

man

mdrkvdrdig,

[m€n'sklig%

3id].

hu-

[mssrkvser^dig],

moster,2.-n,-ar\mojsttdr\2i\mi^

motgdng,

moda, 1. -7^, -or [wioc^a'], trouble
morda, I. [mceu^a'], to murder
mor/c, adj. [mcer/A:], dark

marker,

5.

-e^,

-f-

[mcer.'^-arj,

obscurity, darkness

father^
2. -en,

+

\m(x)'tgo7)''\

morkbld,

adj.

adj. [7wcer•^'6/o'],

dark

to

meet

blue

mbta(s),

adversity

motsvarande,

II.

[w0*^a'(s')],

[mw^sv«'-

ra?i6Z9], corresponding
motsdgelse, 3. -n, -r [mw tsf '^aZse],

contradiction
to

re-

ceive

mulen, adj. [mm'ldn%
gloomy
mullhdrstrdd, 5. -e^,

overcast,



[mwZ*-

6«rs^r£*], mulberry-tree

by the mother's

jr

nagel,

mottaga, IV. [mwf^a'^a],

^

\mott],

-f-

remarkable

tened

mogna,

tw^z^^,

mdnsklig,

heartened, discouraged

modig, adj. [mccCcZi^'], courageous
modlos, adj. [mw&'s]. dish ear-



tiny

mdhdnda,

mdnniska,
dis-

[muV-

tiplika'tDr% multiplier

mdktig,



mod, 5. -et,
[mco.'d], courage
moder, 2. -?2 (modrar) [mco'ddr^],

[muV-

munter, adj. [munitdr], gay
musik, 3. -en, -j- [muisi'k], music
myteri, 3. -ef, -er [m^'^arz.'], mu-

mdkta,

mitt, 3. -en,
centre

-en, -er

3.

stiplikafoj!n], multiplicsition;
tahell, 3. -en, -er [ta'hel% multiplication table
multiplikator, 3. -n, -er [mid'-

mdtta,



-e^,

dis-

[rtiuVtipliseira\

tiplikantd], multiplicand
multiplikation, 3. -en, -er

month
missnojd,

I.

to multiply

side.

naken,

2.

-n,

adj.

-ar



[7ia.'^9r|,

[n<2*/:b>n'],

nail

naked

name
namn, 5. -ef,
[namJn^,
namngiva, IV. [nawryi'i^a], to
name
namnkunnig, adj. [nam'wArwn'i^],
famous

179

Swedish-English.
-en, -er [nam'nkun^skap],
nation, 3. -en, -er [natf(o!n], na-

namnkunskap, 3.
tion

8.

nationalmuseum,

(—museet),

i-museer) [natfcona'lmmse^um],
national

museum

nattresa, 1. -n,
night journey

-or

[nat're^sa],

natur, 3. -en, -er [natm'r], nature
[natui'rnaturalster, 5. -et,
als'tdr], natural product
5.
-et,
[natm'rnaturforemdl,
fo'rdmol], being, body
4.
-t, -n [nanaturforhdllande,




tui'rfcerhorande], natural con-

adj.

2. -en,

nunnekloster, 5. -e^
khs''tdr\ nunnery



[nwn'a-

ny, adj. [n^/.'], new
nyhet, 3. -en, -er [nyihef], news
?i2/ss, adv. [n?/s/j, recently
nytta, 1. -n, -4- {nyt'a''], utility, use
nyttig, adj. [nyt'ig''], useful
na, interj. [no.'], well!
nd. III. [no/], to reach, to attain

ndd, 3.
nddig,

^

-en,

adj.

[^o/c?], grace,

[no'cZi^'J,

mercy

merciful,

clement

dition

naturlig, adj. [natuc'rlig], natural
naturliv, 5. -et, -\- [natwi'rli''v\,
natural

life

3. -en, -er [natm'rfo'-nhet], natural beauty
naturvetenskap, 3. -en, -er[na-

naturskonhet,

tWj'rveHdnskap, natural science

nedanfor, prep, [ne'dan^for], below, beyond
nedgdng, 2. -en, -ar [ne'dgoy^
descent
[down
nedhugga, IV. [ne'dhug^a], to fell
II.
O [ne'dleg''a], to
nedlagga,
put down
nedre, adj. [netdrd], under

nedsjunka, IV. [ne'dfuy^ka],
sink

[nor'a% north
-ar [nco.'s], nose, snout
nu, adv. i e^^ nw [nmf\, in a
twinkling
nunna. 1. -n, -or [ni^n'a], nun

norra,

nos,

ndmna,
nar«,

to

nedsld, iV. [we*c?sZo'], to cast down
nedstiga, IV. [ne'dsti'ga], to descend
[njug!],

adj.

name

to feed, to

nou-

rish

ndrheldgen,

adj.

neighbouring

ndrvaro,

3.

-n,

[n«r6aZ^^an'],

+

[nas'rva^rcj],

presence
-n, -or [ni'sa^], nose
ndsa,
ndstan, adv. [n^stan'J, nearly
na^, 5. -e^,
\nEtt], net
1.



[nit^, nice
nocZ, 3. -en, -\- [notd], need,

nodsaka,

nejc?, 3. -en, -er [nej.'d],

[n^m'na'], to

II.

II. [nse'ra''],

na^i^, adj.

down

njugg,

ndgorlunda, adv. [no'^orZwn'tZa],
somewhat
ndmligen, adv. [n£m'%an'J, namely

country

avaricious,

eager, niggardly
njuta, IV. [njui'ta% to enjoy
noggrann,2idj [ti W^raTi'], accurate

1.

[no'cZsa'A^a],

to

want
com-

pel, to necessitate

nodvdndig,

adj.

[no'cZvfn'cZi^].

necessary
nojd, adj. [nojVd], pleased, satisfied
noje, 4. -^, -n {noj'd''], pleasure
not, 3. -en (nbtter) [noit], nut

.

noggrannhet,
het],

3. -en, -j-

[nco'gran'-

accuracy

nomad,

3.

nomad

-eri,

-er

[ncoma'd],

+

[nojUd], north
nordbo, 2.- fejn, -(a)r[noj-j.dbco%
northerner

7iord, 2. -en,

oansenlig, adj. [wansen'Zz^], unimportant

oanvdndhar,

adj. [6(;*an?;£n'c?5ar].

inapplicable

oavbruten,

7iorcZisA:,adj .[n<z».Uc?zsA:], north[erly]

adj. [(Wai?6rm'^9n],
unintermitting
o6eA;an^,adj. [(^•6aA;an'^], unknown

]S/ordsjdn [na)'d,df0^n], the North

obesvdrad,

Sea

Nordstjdrneorden [noj'xdfmrndD^rddn], orden of the polar star

free,

adj.

[fccSast'^'racZ],

unconstrained

obetydlig, adj. [co'bdtyd^lig],
important
12^

un-

180

ocean,

Vocabulary.
-er [co'sda'n], ocean

3. -en,

oeksd, conj. [ok'so], also, likewise
odla, I. [w<^/3'], to till, to cultivate

odlingshar,

[M'dliifshar],

adj.

operahus,



5. -e^,

[oj'pdrahco^s],

opera house

[okfj, also

ock, conj.

ore?,

5.



-e^,

word

[^^/^tZ],

[oxdrn'tlig], orderly (properly)
ordna, I. [oVKi/ia'], to set in or-

ordentlig,

adj.

der

arable

oduglig,

[oj'dmg^lig],

adj.

unfit,

ordnande,

4.

-tz

-^,

[o"u,cZnan'cZ9],

useless, unsuitable
oemotstdndlig , adj.

arrangement, organisation
ordning, 2. -e?i, -ar [o'rdniy^

oersdttlig, adj. [w^rs^-^'/t^], irreparable, not to be replaced
ofantlig, adj. [oj'fan'tlig], enor-

ordsprdk,

[o^'emoj"^
ston^dlig], irresistible

mous, huge



[5>/'ar], sacrifice
offer, 5. -ef,
officerare [ofisetrard], officer
sacrifice
Oj^?^a, I. [of'ra^], to

o/i(a, adv.

[orgun^stig],

un-

[wiwsA:r£??7t'^],

otalig, adj. [<w'?^a7z^], innumerable
otdlighet, 3. -e?i, -f- [<^*to7f^i^e^],

adj.

oinskrdnkt, adj.
unlimited

okunnigliet, 3. -e?i,
het], ignorance

+ [co'kunHg-

adj. [^^'f^n'cZ],

unknown

olik(a), adj. [<z>'/z'/[;a], unlike
olikhet, 3. -ew, -er [tocZfMe^],
difi'erence

-w, -or

1.

olycka,

fortune

ombud,



0. -et,

[<^>-Z2/A:'a],

mis-

com-

to

prehend, to comprise
I.

omgivning,

omgiva, IV.

[om*ji't*a],

to

sur-

round, to encircle

omkring, adv. [om'Arn'T;'], around
omrdde, 4. -^, -ti [om'ro'da],
district, domain
omtala,

I.

[om'te'Za], to report

omojlig, adj.

[ct>'7no[/Zz^],

impos-

sible

onkel,
-n, -ar [oyikdl], uncle
onodigtvis, adv. [toi'Tie'di^^m],
2.

disorder

defatigable

ovan, adv. prep. [6f;*ra'w], above
ovanfor, prep, [coi.yan'/cer], above
oval

[(i;?;a/Z],

ovanlig, adj. [66»'i;«'nZz^], extra[der storm
ordinary
thun\(xJ'vi-''ddr'\,
evader, 5. -eZ,
odndlig, adj. [wfn'dZi^], infinite



2.

-e?i,

paljett, 3. -ew, -er [paZJeZ/], tinsel
paljetterad, adj. [ paljete'rad^],
tinselled
paZm, 3. -en, -er [paZ/m], palm

panna,

1.

-n,

head

papper,

5.

-e^,

-or [pa'na*], fore-



[per
[pa'par'], pa

_parA:, 3. -en, -er [pax'Ac],
passa, I. [pas'a'], to suit;
[po], to pay attention
6.

passagerare,

-n,





park

— pd
^

[^Jas'a-

fe'rard], passenger

unnecessarily

oordning,

continual
outtrottlig,Si,d]. [co'iatrofUg'], in-

[om'flyt^a], to remove
2. -en, -ar [om'ji'v-

environs

nij)},

impatience

oM^, adj. \o)'t£''t\, not tight
oupphorlig, adj. [<:j*Mj)Ace'r%],

oval, adj.

[om'6m'c?], de-

puty, messenger
omfatta, I. [am'/a^'a],

omflytta,

+

[cj'fcerjey'lig],

favourable

okdnd,

5.
-e^ [orga.'n],
organ
oriktig, adj. [wriZc'^], incorrect
oriktighet, 3. -e?z, -er [oj'rik^tighet], incorrectness

organ,

im-

perishable

ogunstig,

— [<i>V(Zspro'A:],

5. -ef,

proverb, saying

[oj'roj'], agitation
oro, 3. -91,
orolig, adj. [6;-r6;'Zi^], agitated,
unsettled
orsak, 3. -en, -er [6;*rsa'A:], cause
osa, I. [co'sa'], to smell

often

[of'ta'''],

oforgdnglig,

order, arrangement

-f- [oj-oj.dni'o^],

patronkok,

5.

-eZ,

ge^k], cartridge-box

[patroj'n-

181

Swedish-English.

penning sunima, 1. -tz, -or Yjpsn'iysum^a], sum (of money)
3.

person,

-er

-en,

person
personlighet,

3.

[psersoj^n^

-en,

-er

[pser-

sco'nlighe't], personality
piano, 4. -t, -n [piahico], piano-



5. -et,
3. -en,

plan,
plan,

[pla!7i'], plain, flat

-er

{plain'],

plan,

design
plats, 3. -en, -er {platts], place
plocka, I. [plok'a,'], to gather
[j9?cy'a'], to

II.

ploja,

plough
[pZofsZ/o'], sudden

plotslig, adj.

poetisk, adj.

polhojd,

[p6o>e.^^^s/c],

-en, -er

3.

poetic(al)

[porlhoj'd],

polsk, adj. [pqZ.^sZc], Polish
polska, 1. -7i, -or [?)DZ'sA:a'], polka
predika, I. [^^ra^zVAra], to preach
pressa, I. [pre^s'a'], to press;
samman [sam'an"'], to compress
prins, 2. -e/i, -ar [_prm/s], prince



3.

produkt,

-er [projdukit],

-erz,

produce, product

promenad,

S. -en,

-er {prco'md-

natd], walk, walking

promenadplafs,

3. -en, -er

[proj'

mdua'dplafs], walking place
protestantisk, adj. [prco'testan.'tisk], protestant

pryda, II. {pryta^], to adorn
prdstman, -nen, -man [pres't-

redan, adv. [re'dan'], already

redogora,
regel,, 2.

[pro'va^

I.

[re'g9l%

bolt,

re^eZ, 3. -n, -er [re'igr^Z'j, rule
regent, 3. -en, -er [reji'fn.'f], regent
religion, 3. -en, -er [re'Z2^i(^».'n],
religion

ren, 2. -en, -ar [re/n], reindeer
ren, adj. [re/n], pure, clear
rent av [reint aiv\, candidly
2.

renlav,

-ar

-en,

[re'?iZa'i?],

-71,

resa, 1. -n, -or [re'sa'], journey,
travel
II. [re"sa'], to travel, to raise
5. -n,
[re'san'cZa],

resa,



resande,

traveller
3.

rest,

to test

-or [jjm'A:^'], kettle-

-en -er [r^-s'Zo-

3.

ra/c'j.^n], restaurant
riddare, 5. -n,
[rid'ard']. knight
ridknekt, 2. -en, -ar [ri'dknek''t],



groom

(soldier)

7Hk, adj. [riik], rich
nA;e, 4. -t, n. [rrZ:a'], realm
2. -en, -ar [rr^'acZ^f^m'],
riches, wealth

rikedom,



-ar [rik'tniy'],

2. -en,

riktning,
direction

-er [pwT^/A:^], point
[po's^o'], to maintain, to assert

ring,

ringa. II.
ringakta,

-en, -ar [po'va'], pope
pals, 2. -en, -ar [p^Z.'s], fur
2.

pdronformig,

adj.

[p^'ron/br'-

mz^], pear shaped

pdrontrd,

rest re-

-er [resif],

-en,

maining
restauration,

3. -e?z,

pdrontrdd,

5.

-ef,

-ar

2. -en,

[W?;.'],

ring

to ring
[ri7;'a/c'Za], to disdain,

[n*?;-a'],
I.

to despise

rinna, IV.
risknippa,

[n'n'a'], to flow

-or [ri's/cjzip'a],

1. -n,

fagot

-n [pse'rontre^],

4. -eZ,

pear wood



[p^'ron-

pear tree

WsZa,

ros,

in

[ris'ta^], to

+

engrave

I.

[rcocpa'], to call

1. -en,

-or

[rojis], rose

rosenkind, 3.-en,-er [rco'Sdncin'd],
rosy- cheek

R
racZ, 3. -en, -er \ra^d], line,

I.

rest
ro, 2. -n,
[rco*.'],
roa, I. [rjwa'], to amuse
rock, 2. -en, -ar [rok!], dress-coat

ropa,

3.

[^^e'cZiyjce'ra],

[cross bar

-ar

-?i,

III.

raket,

©

II.

to report

pasta.

^rf'],

mad-

rastlos, adj. [ras'ZZo's], restless
rec?a, II. [re'da^], to prepare

punkt,

pave,

-J- [ra'sdrii],

-ei(,

[rik'sdagsriksdagshus, 5. -e^
hm's], Swedish parliament

man'], priest

puka, 1.
drum

3.

ness, fury

lichen

latitude

prova,

raseri,

rank

-en, -er [raA:e.^^], rocket

rosendoft, 3. -en, -er [rorsdndofH], perfume of roses

182

Vocabulary.

en (rotter)

[rojtt], root
lrul-a^\ to roll
5. -met,
[rwm/], room,

rot, 3.

I.

rulla,
rtira,

space
to pull, to tear

II.

\ryk'a%
rycka,
rygg, 2. -en, -ar [ryg!], back

-n \ryk'td''\ reputation,

4. -^,

rykte,

renown
rymdmdtt,

— [r^m'd^wo^'],

5. -e^,

cubic measure

rymma,

[ryma'], to

II.

fly

[rys'lan^d], Russia
rytteri, 3. -ef, -er [ryt'drit], cavalry
rdd, 5. -e^,
\rotd\, counsel advice

Eyssland



rddsherre,

2. -n,

-ar [rod'shse'rd],

+

rye

councillor

rag,

2. -en,

rdka,

[ro.^.^],

[ro'A^a'], to get, to prove,

I.

to turn out

\r£k'a^\ to
pass, to give

rdcka,

II.

rddda,

I.

\r£d'a%

to

reach,

to save, to de-

liver

-ar \rEd'ni7)^\
salvation, deliverance
rdkneord, 5. -et,
{rek'ndOjUd],

rdddning,

2. -en,



numeral
rdknesdtt,

— [rsk'ndsd'],

(adjective)
5. -et,

rule

rdtt, 3. -en [+], -er

[r^:^/],

right,

law
rdtt, adj.

[r^if'],

rdtta, std

till

right (righteous)

rdtta

sued at law
rdttfar dig,
adj.

[r^^'a'], to

be

1. -?2

+

up-

[vet'vi'sa], justice

rod, adj. [roid], red
rdja, II.
reveal

[roiy'a'],

to disclose,

to

-ar [re^k], smoke
experience
-en, -ar [ron!], roan-tree

2. -en,

rona,

II.

[reiia.'], to

row?!, 2.
T07^a, II. [rcB'ra'], to

move,

to con-

cern

rorande [rceran^dd], concerning
rorelse, 3. -n, -r

vement, motion

[?'oe'raZ.99'],

-or [sa'ga^], legend,

1. -n,

tale, fable

sak,

3. -en, -er \sa!k], thing,

sakna,

cause

miss, to

to

I.

[sa'kna^],
be in need of

sakta, adj. [sak'ta^], soft, slow
saZ, 2. -en, -ar [.9a.7], hall, room,
saloon
saltsjo [sal'tfo^^, saltsea
samhdlle, 4. -t, -n [sam'hel^d],
society

samhdllsordning,

2.

-en,-{-[sam'-

hdso'rdniy], social order
samhdllsskick, 5. -et, -\- [sam'-

h£lsfik% social condition
samla, I. [sawZa'], to collect,

to

assemble
2.

samling,

-ar [samdiij^,

-e/i,

collection

sammanhdngande,
her)''aiidd\,

adj.

[sam'an-

continuous, connected,

coherent
Ug'a], to place

sammansdtta,
sefa],

O

II.

sammanldgga,

(to put),

O

II.

to compose,

to construct

samsprdk,

5. -et,

to

[sam'antogether

[samancombine,

— [sam' spo^k],

conversation

samt, conj. [sam.'^], (with) and
samtala, I. [sam'^a'Za], to consamtid,
age

righteous, just

rdttvisa,

saga,

verse

\ret'fse^rdig\

rdttrddig, adj. {rEt'ro^dig},
right, honest

rok,

S



mo-

3. -en, -er [sam'ti^d],

we

live

in

(our

the

contem-

poraries)

samtida, adj. [sam'ti'da], contemporaneous
sandhed, 2. -en, -ar [san'dhe'd],
sandy heath
sandsten, 2. -en, -ar [san'dste'n],
sand stone
sandds, 2. -en, -ar [san'd'o's],
sand ridge
sann, adj. [san'], true
schweizare, 5. -n,
[fv€J'sa'rd%



Swiss
se. III

se ut

O
[se.'\,

[.se.^],

to see

to look

sedan, adv. [se'dan% since
sedermera, adv. [se'^armeVa],
since, afterwards

183

Swedish-English.
seger, 2. -n, -ar [setgdr\ victory
segla, I. \se'gla% to sail
sen, adj. \^sein\ late
serrera, 1. [sasrveira], to serve
sic?a, 1. -71, -or [srdd% side
si7Z,

2.

-ar

-en,
4.

sillfiske,

herring:

[silf],

-n

-t,

[sil'Jis^k9],

herring-fishery
silver, 5. -et, -|- [siltvdr], silver
silvervinge, 2. -ew, -ar [s^7'v^r?;%'a]. silver- wing

simma,

swim

[sm"a'], to

I.

[sm'9'], sense
sitta, IV. [sz^'a'], to sit
.9m?ze, 4.

-^,

-7z

2. -en,

sjukdom,

-ar [/m*A:6?&;m'],

disease

IV.

sjunka,



[/w?;*A:a'],

to

sink;

ned [neid\, to sink down
sjdl, 2, -672, -ar \fetT\, soul
s?o, 2. -n, -ar [fhf]. sea
skada, 1. -w, -or [.9A;a*6?a'], damage, injury
skada, I. [sZ^a'c?a'],

to

damage

skadlig, adj. [.sA:a-^%'], injurious,
prejudicial, pernicious
skaffa, I. [skaf'a!''], to procure
[sA:a'A:a'], to

skaka, I.
skapa, I.
skapare,

shake

[sZca'^a'], to create
5.

-?i,



[s^'a•par^'],

creator
.9A:a^f, 3.

impost

rate,

skat' 81% to tax
.9A^e, III. [j'ef\, to happen, to occur,
to take place
skepp, 5. -et,
[fepi], ship

skatta,

I.

]^



skeppare,

5.

-ti,



[fep'ard^],

shipper
[fep-sb(o-j,d\,

board

ship-



skick, 5, -ef,
[/lA:.'], condition
skicka, I. [/zVt^'a'], to send
skicklig, adj. [fik'lig'-],
clever,
convenient, suitable
adv.
skiftesvis,
[/^/'•^^,9v^'s], alternately, reciprocally
skilja, II. [ /z7:;a'], to separate
skillnad, 3. -en, -er [/z7??ac?'],
difference

skingra,

I.
I.

[/?m"ra'], to twinkle
[y^2?ra'], to disperse,

to scatter

skinn,

[/^a•^a'],

to

shoot;

hort [holW], to shoot away
sonder [sdntd9r\ to
off;



shoot to pieces



skjutvapen, 5. -et,
[fm'tva^pdn], fire arm
skodon, pi. [sA:6;"d^Qn'], shoes
sA;o^, 2.
forest

-ar

-e?!,

wood,

[skco.'g],

3. -eri, -er [skorgsmar^k], woodland
skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la'"'], school
skolgosse, 2. -??., -ar [sA^f^'Z^Qs'a],

skogsmark,

pupil, scholar



sA:o^^, 5. -ef,

shoot

[sA:£>^/],

[s/cra'pa'], to scrape

skrapa, I. (avj

skrift, 3. -en, -er [skrifH], handwriting
5. -n,

skrdddare,



[sA^r^c^'ara'],

tailor

skrdmma,

II.

[sA^'/'^m'a']

to

,

frighten, to startle
skrdmsel, 3. -n, -}- [skremtsdl],
fright

skugga, 1. -n, -or [sA:w^'a'], shade
skuggig, adj. [sZcw^'i^^'], shady
skiddra, 1. -n, -or [sA:itZ't?ra'],
shoulder

/or

sA:wZZ,
.

.

.

.

skull [skult],

.

.

sake
5.

refuge
skyldig,

adj.

obliged,

sky7nt,



-et,

for

shelter,

[/^/c?'],

[fyl'dig'l

guilty,

bound

2. -en,

-ar

[y^m."^^],

shimmer

skynda, I. [/2/^*c?a'] to hasten
skada, I. [sA:o'cZa'], to look at
skddespel,



5. -ef,

[s/tJo*c?aspa'Z],

sight, spectacle

skeppsbord

skimra,



skydd,
-en, -er [skat!], tax, duty,

IV.

juta,

5. -e^,



Skdne [sA^o'na'], Scania
skdgg, 5. -ef,
[A^-'], beard
skdrgdrd, 2. -en, -ar [fx'rgo''rd\



archipelago (near the sea side)

skon, adj. [fo'n], pretty
skonhet, 3. -en, -er [/o'n^e'f],
beauty
skote, 4. -f, -n [fo'td''], bosom
slag, 5. -et,
[sla'g], battle, spe-



cies

slaveri, 3.

get
[/m.'J, hide

-et,

-\- [sla^vdri!],

sla-

very
slippa, IV. [sZzp'a'], to escape, to

away

slott, 5. -et,



[slotr\,

castle

184

Vocabulary.

2. -en, -ar [slus^], sluice
slut, 5. -et,
[slm!t], end
sluta, I. [slm'ta^, to finish, to end

somliga, pron.

sluta, IV. [slm'ta^], to lock
slutlig, adj. [s/m'fZ(^'], final
slufligen, 3idY.[sluL'tkgdn% finally
slutta, I. \^sluta'\ to slope

summer
sommarhostad,

sluss,



-ar [sZw^'ni?;],

2. -e?^,

sluttning,
slope

O
— ut [udt],

[slo!], to beat, to

sZa, III.

throw;
to strike out, to beat

sldde, 2.-71, -ar. [sh'dd^], sledge,
sleigh
sldkt, 3. -en, -er [sUJdt], race, fa-

mily
sldkte, 4. -t,
generation

-n Yslek'td^l, race,

-ar

[^sUk'tiif)'''],

re-

2.

[som'arbco'stad],
sonson, 3. -en (.

a few,

.

-e??.

(bostdder)

summer house
soner) [so^n-

.

grandson

so'nj,

sorg, 3. -eri, -er [sar.^*], sorrow
sorglig, adj. [sor*J%'], sorrowful
so^i^, adj. [stoi'^i^'], sooty
sova, IV. [so'z;a'], to sleep

sovande,

adj. [so*7;a7i'cZa], sleeping
spegla, I. [spe'^Za'], to reflect
I.
spela,
[spe'Za^], to play
spets, 2. -n, -ar [spe/^s], point,

head

top,

2. -en,

sldkting,

[si?7n'Zz^a'],

some
souimar,2.-en (somrar) [som:ar%

-or [spi'ra^], sceptre

1. -n,

spira,

sZaY^, 3. -en, -er [sUtt], plain
sldttland, 5. -e^ f. . . lander)

sprida, IV. [^spri'da'''], to spread
springa, IV. [spr^'a'], to run
springhrunn, 2. -e?!, -ar [s^jW?;"-

\sl€t'la!'nd], plain
smak, 2. -e?i, -f- [sma/A;J, taste

sprdk,

lative

.

smaka,

[sma'fca'], to taste

I.

.9ma?, adj.

[s77ia.'Z],

narrow

smygain, IV. [sm^/'^a'], to smuggle,
to slink

adj. [smof\, small, little
smale. III,
[swo'Ze'], to smile

O

adj. [smo'vfA^'s^],

under-

sized





snille, 4.

-^,

-n

{snil'9''],

genius

snillrikhet, 3. -e?i -\-[snil'rik''het],
ingenuity
sno, 2. -n, -\- [snof], snow
5.

snoglopp,

-e^

-f

[s^0'^Zoi3'],

snowdrift

snogrdns,
limit of

2. -en, -er

[sno'^ren's],

snow



1.

-n, -f- [s7i0*2/'ra],

snow-

[spro'k],

5.

[sprey'a'],



-e^,

blow

to

[s^o.V],

trace,

way-road
spdrvagn, 2. -en, -ar [spo'rvay^n],
tramcar
track,

tender, gentle

adj. [spe'd],

spdnna, II. [spen'a\ to bend
spdnne, IV. [sp£?i*9'], buckle
spdnning, 2. -en, -ar [spr?i'%],

2. -en,

O

II.

sporja,

[s^^cer'ja']

-ar

[soAr/an], parish,

,

to

question
s^ac?,

-en

3.

(stdder)

town

[sta:d],



5.

stadsldkare,
-n,
[stad'sUkard'], town physician
s^am, 2. -men, -war [.9fam/],
5.

standar,

-e^,



[s^ancZa.V],

standard

stanna,
remain

I.
;

stay, to
to re-

to
— kvar \kva^r\
[s^an'a'],

main
stark, adj.

[^starik],

strong

stat, 3. -en, er [s^a/^], state

-nen (-mdn) [sta'tsstatsmann,
Tnan'], statesman

district

3.

-e?i,

solsken,
shine

II.

stem, race

snomassa, 1. -n, -or [sno'mas'a],
mass of snow
snomoln, 5. -e^,
[sn0moZ'n],
cloud of snow
snoyra,
storm
socken,



-e^,

tension

joiner

sol, 2.

sprdnga,
up

spdd,

smdlta, II. [smf/'^a'J, to melt;
hort [hortt], to melt away
snickare, 5. -w,
[sm/c*a?"a'],

5.

language, tongue

s^ar,

smd,

smdvdxt,

6rwn'], fountain

-ar [sojU], sun

5. -et,



[sco'lfe^n[,

sun-



{steig^\ steg
steg, 5. -e^,
s^e^e, 2. -n, -ar [s^e'^a'], ladder

Swedish -English.
steka, II. [ste'ka^'], to roast
steUf 2. -eiif -ar [ste-^n], stone
stenart, 3. -en, -er [ste'naUt],
species (kind) of stone

stenkol,

5. -et,

— [stenko^T],

coal,

pit-coal
4.
-n [ste'nri^kd],
-t,
mineral kingdom
sticka, IV. [^stik'af], to stick, to

stenrike,

sting, to prick
stig, 2. -en, -ar [stiig'], path
stiga, IV. \^sti'g^a\, to mounj^o

ascend, to put up (at hotrfsetc.)
stilla, adj. [sfrZa'J, quiet, peaceful

stjalk, 2. -e/i, -ar ifeltlc], stalk
stjdrt, 2. -ew, -ar [/^x^^], tail



stockholmare, 5. -??,
hol'mard], Stockholmer

[s^r^Zc"-

adj. [sZoj.V], great
adj.

[sZtocra'^tZacZJ,

grand, magnificent
storhet, 3. -e/i, -er [stco'rhe't],
grandeur, greatness
storlek, 2. -en, -ar [stco'rle*k],
size

I.

[sZra/'a'], to

punish

3. -en, strdnder [strantd],
shore, strand
strax, adv. [s^ra/t'.'s], presently
sZrzcZ, 2. -en, -er [stri'd], strife,

dispute
strida, II. [sZrrcZa'], to fight, to
quarrel, to dispute
stripig, adj. [strfpig'], shaggy
strdla, I. [stro'la^], to beam

strdcka, II. [sZrfZ:a'], to stretch
ut [mtf], to stretch out
strdnga, I. [sZr£:7;'a*], to string
student, 3. -en, -er [sZmcZfn/Z],



;

student
I.

studium, 3. studiet, studier [stm^dium], study
stund, 3. -en, -er [sZwn/cZ], moment
stundom, adv. [j^^wn'cZo^n'j, sometimes

[.9Zo.'], to stand
jtof],

[iM-t], to stand (out)
stdt, 2. -en, -f- \^stoit\

— ut

;
;

pomp

stdtlig, adj. [sZoZ'Zigf'], pompous
stddse, adv. [sZf "cZsa'], steadily, conifantly
II.

ftdlla,



to place;

[sZfZ'a'],

?/pp [wp^J, to set up, to erect
stdlle, 4. -t, -n [stel a'], place, spot
stdllning, 2. -en, -ar [s^fZ*?z%*],
-or [sZfm'a'], voice
[sZfm'pZa*], to stamp
stdnder, pi. [sZ£n.'Sar], states general
1. -n,

stdmpla,

I.

stdndig, adj. [s^an'cZz^^], constant
stora, II. [sZo'ra'], to trouble
stora, I. [sZo'ra'], to prop
stdta, II. [sZ0*^3'], to push, to
hurt, to thrust
3. -en, -er

subtrahend,

[sub'tra-

hen.'d],

[sub'trahe!ra], to

I.

subtrahera,

3. -en, -er
trakfco.'n^, subtraction

subtraktion,

[si<Z>'-

suck, 2. -en, -ar [sukf], sigh
sw^a, IV. [sm'ga% to suck

summa,

1. -n,

-or [si/m'a^],



sum

swn«i, adj. [sun^d], healthy

sund, 5.
suverdn,

-et,

[sun.'d], strait

-er [sm?;ar£/n],
sovereign
svag, adj. [sva.^^], feeble weak
svan, 2. -en, -ar [sva/n], swan
svart, adj. [sva.^.'^^], black
3.

-en,

svartaktig,

adj.

[s?;au-'ZaA:'Zz^],

blackish
st-eA^,

5.

-ef,

-|- [s?;e/A:],

svenska, 1. -n,
Swedish lady

Sverige

[sZmcZe.Va], to study
studie, 3. -n, -r [stmtdid], study

studera,

stiff

[s^2/'^])

O

subtract

storm, 2. -e?z, -ar [sfor.'m], storm
stormakt, 3. -e?2, -er [sZ^'rmaA:^],
great power
straffa,
strand,

sZ^/v, adj.
std, III.

position

+

.92^or,

I. [sZm'pa'], to fall
styrelse, 3. -n, -r [s^^/'^^Zsa'j, administration, government

stupa,

stdmma,

stoft, 5. -e^,
[stofH], dust
s^oZ, 2. -en, -ar [stojU], chair
.9^0 Z^, adj. [stol't], proud

storartad,

185

-or

{sv$Rrt{i)jd\,

deceit

[si'fn'sA:^*],

Sweden

svika, IV. [svi'ka'], to deceive
svdr, adj. [svo.V], difficult, heavy
svdrighet, 3. -en, -er [sz;o*W^^e'Z],
difficulty

svdrd,
svdva,



5.

-eZ,

I.

[st'f.-ya'J,

[svse^id'],

sword

to hover

sydlig, adj. [s^'<:Z%'], southern
S2/n, 3. -en, -er \^sytn\ view, sight

186

Vocabulary.

synas, II. {sy'nas% to seem, to
appear
synharligen, adv. [synbarligdn^],

synnerhet

i

synnerhet,

\_syn'9r-

synnerlig, adj. [^syn'drlig*\ especial

syskon, pi.
and sisters
sysselsdtta,

brothers

\^sys'kon^'\,

II.

O

\^sys'dls£t'a], to

be occupied

syster,

2. -n,

-ar

[^sya'tdr^],

sister

Yso'lunda^], so

sdngldrare, 5. -n,
singing master

— [soy'Wrard],

sdra, I. [so'ra^], to wound
sdde, 4. -^, -n Ise'dd'], seed
sdker, adj. [s£~/A:ar], certain, sure
5a^a, II. [sE'ga,% to say
sdllan, adv. [sfZ'ari'], seldom
5.

sdllskap,

company
sdndebud,

-ef,

5. -e^,




[sfZ'sfca'p],

[sf?2*(^a&m'6?],

messenger
sdnda, II. [s^n'^a*], to send
smi^, 2. -671, -ar [se??.'], bed
sdnka, II. [s£?;"A;a*], to sink
sdrskild, adj.

sdtt, 5.



[s£-f.'],

way

diffe-



ut

-n, -\- [so.'ddr], south
ut, adv. [soiddr ui't],

3.

II.

\talri^k\ numerous
tand, 3. -en, tdnder [tantd], tooth
tanke, 2. -en, -ar [tay'kd*], thought
tankfull, adj [taykful^ thought.

ful

tapper, adj. [tapidr], brave
tapperhet, 3. -en, -\- [tap'drhe't],
bravery
tecken,

5.

teckna,

I.

[s0A:a'], to seek



;

[fe/u^n], sign

[ZeA^'na'], to sign



^e^eZ, 5. -e^,

Zerm,



-eZ,

tile

[te.'g9l],

term

-en, -er [txrtm],

3.

Zid, 3. -en, -er [ZzVcZ], time
ZzcZz^,

adj. \ti'dig^, early
2.

tidrdkning,
nf?;],
till och

-en,

ar

[Zi'cZr^'A;-

era

med

okt me'd], even
back,

\tili

adv.

[ZzZ"6a^A:a],

O

soder
southward
sodra, adj. [so'cZra'], southern
soka,

sive

{tiVhriifa'], to
tillhringa, II.
bring; to spend, to pass (of
time)
tillfdlle,

[5«'r/VZ'^],

sdtta, II. [sf:^"3'], to set;
[m!t], to set out, to expose

soder,

\tatT\,

ago

various,

[,9^'r/VZ'cZ],

adv.

-eif,






take in

\taik\ roof
speech
tala, I. \ta'la'\ to speak, to talk
talande, adj. [ta'lan^dd], exprestak,

tillhaka,

different

sdrskilt,
rently

to seize;

catch,

taZriA:, adj.

syssling, 2. -n, -ar [sys'liif], son
of cousin-german

sdlunda



;

\ini], to
5. -et,

tal, 5. -et,

he't], especially, principally





\_fati\

in

visibly



IV. \ta'ga% to take;
hort \hodit\
away
fatt

taga,

— upp
u

out
[up;]f
sot, adj. [soH], sweet

4. -t,

-n [til'fsVd],

oc-

cassion, opportunity
tiUfdllighet, 3. -en, -er [tiVfeVighet], casuality

tillgodo,

hdlla

med ndgot

till-

be content
with, to be put up with

godo

[til'goj'doj], to

tillgdnglig, adj. [til'j€y'lig'\, accessible, susceptible
[tiVjeVp'],
tillhjdlp, 2. -en,
help, cooperation

+

tillhora, II. [til'ho'ra'], to belong
tillika \til'li*ka'\, at once, conjointly

tack, 2. -en,

tacka,

I.

+

[tak^], thank(s)
to thank

[ZaA:'3*],

tacksam, adj. [^aAr'sam'], thankful
tacksamhet, 3. -en, -|- [tak'saTnh&t], thankfulness

tacksdgeUe,

3.

Sd], thank(s)

-n, -r [tak'se^gdl-

tillrdda, II. [Zi7'ro*(Za], to advise,
to counsel
I.

tillskynda,

[Zz'Zy^n'cZa]

,

to

cause, to occasion

tillstyrkan, 1.
kan], advice
tillstddes
[(to

— +

[til'ste'dds]

be) inj

[til'styu*-

,

,

present

187

Swedish-English.

3.

tillvaro,

-n,

-f-

{til'va^rcJ],

presence
tillvdga, adv.
(to bring)
tillagg, 5. -et,
tillagga, II.

about

\til'VE^gd\,

— {tiVUg^ addition
add

-n, -ar [tim'a,^ hour
-en, -ar [tit!dl], title

timma,
titel,

[tiVleg^a], to

2.

2.

tjock, adj. [gok!], thick
[fitfsa'], to

I.

;^y?/sa,

-e?2,

-er

charm

service

[c£n.''s^],

tjdnste ande, 2. -?i^ -ar [gen'stdan'dd], ministering spirit
tolka, 1. [tol'ka'], to explain, to
interpret

tona,
topp,

to sound, to tone

I. [^Co>"7i3'],

2.

-en,

toppmossa,

-ar

1. -n,

-or [fj)p"m0s'a],
to dry

I.

[^D.fyfca'],

-en, -ar [tojJsk], cod

^raA^f, 3. -e?i, -er [fraL'^],

country
trapp, 2. -ew, -ar [^rap.'^J, trap
trappa, 1. -n, -or [^rap'a'], stair-

trappsteg,

5.



-e^,

[trap'ste'g],

trevnad,

+

-en,

\tre'vnad%

comfort, wellbeing

trevdningshus,

5.

-et,



\tre'-

to trip, to trot

tro, 3. -n, -|- [^rw;], faith
tro, III. [frw.^], to believe

trogen, adj.

[^roj'^9?i'], faithful

luggage-waggon, convay
tryck,
sion

3.
5.

-en, -er \trupt]. troop
-e^,



to press, to

-n,

\tryki],

[treyisdl],

-\-

[ZroZ"a'], to tire, to ex-

I.

trotta,

haust

tu [tia!], two
tunga, 1. -ti, -or [ifw?;'a*], tongue
tunna, 1. -ri, -or [tun' a'], tun
tunnel, 2. -n, tunnlar [tundli],
tunnel

Turkey

[tur'ki'df],

tvinga, IV.



to

[^t;z?;"a*],

tvdng, -et, -fcompulsion

compel
doubt

[tvitvaT],

[^vo??.'],

constraint,

^-yar, adj. [tvseir], blunt,

hasty

tvdrtom. adv. [^v^^TZom*], on the
contrary
as

[%A:'a'], to like
to think;

— sig

— om

to like, to
II.

tyda,

for,

[Z2//],

II.

tycka,

;

[omi],

be fond of

[ty'da'].

tysk, adj.

to

point,

to

[Z^/s.Vt:],

impres-

trycka, II. [iryka% to punt, to
press
trygg, adj. [tryg!], sure, secure
tryggJiet, 3. -eri, -f- [tryg'he't],
surety, security
2. -en, -ar [tro'd], thread
^r<|d^,

German

Trjskland [tys'klan^d], Germany
tyst, adj. [tys.'t], still
tystldten, adj. [tys'tlo^tdn],

turn

trolig, adj. [^r&;*Z{^'], probable
trolos, adj. [^rc^^'Zo's], faithless
ifroTi, 3. -en, -er \trojin\, throne
trossvagn, 2. -en, -ar [tros'vay'n],

trupp,

[^r^-'s/cct^'Za],

signify

i:oni7)shm's], house three stories
I. [trip'a*],

-or

[Zr£7;'a'],

3.

trdng set,
crowd

[si'g],

trasig, adj. [^ra'si^'j, shabby

high
trippa,

II.

trdng a,

ty, conj.

stair
3.

1. -?2,

tree-nursery
trdffa, I. [^r£/*a*], to meet

tvivel, 5. -ef,

2.

case

garden
trddskola,

Turkiet

top

[topi],

pecked (night)-cap
torka,
torsk,



throng

ijdna, I. [^^'na'], to serve
-ijdnare, 5. -n,
IgCnard*], servant
tjdnst, 3.

trdng, adj. [troT)!:], narrow
trdd, 5. -et,
[tr€!:\ tree
trddgdrd, 2. -eri, -ar [^r^'^o'u-c?],

taci-



[Zo.^^], train
^%, 5. -eZ,
Z%a, I. [to'ga^], to march,

to go

-or

[to'ga'], fibre
ifaZa, II. [ZoZa'], to stand, to bear,
1.

tdga,

-71,

to support
tdlig, adv. [to'lig% patient
tar, 2. -en, -ar [to.'r], tear
tdcka, II. [ffA;"a'j, to cover

tdcke, 4.
^aZZ,

5.

tdnka,

-^,

-eZ,

II.

ZaZ, .adj.

-?2



[teU],

tic(al)

tdthet, 3.

ness

[t€k'd% cover

[tsUt], tent
[Zf??"^^*]; to think

-e>i,

+

close,
[ZfZ/ie^Z],

hermeclose-

188

Vocabulary.

I.

tdvla,

to emulate,

\t£v'ln*\

to

contend

-men, -mar

2.

torriy

O

II.

tora,

rein

\tdint],

may,

[^ce'ra'J,

(shall)

universitet, 3. -eri, -er [rn'mvaersit9't], university

universitetsldrare

5.

,



-??,

[m'niv8ersitd'tsWrard\ university teacher, professor

unge,

U
[um'go^s], to freto have intercourse with

quent,

II.

to hide

vel,



5. -et,

underbar,

uppenbara,

manifest, to reveal
uppfart, 3. -en, -er
ascension, ascent

2. -en,

-ar [un'-

[unddrba^i^], won-

adj.

derful
3. -en,

undergivenhet,

-\-

[un'-

li-

underhandla,

I.

\un'd9rhan'dla].

to negotiate
2. -e?2,

-ar

[wrz'-

adj.

[?/?i'c?arjf6;'u--

subterranean

disic],

underlig, adj.

[^f7^•c?9rZ^^'],

won-

drous, strange

underordna,

rfif'aZsa],



-e^,

3. -en, -er [up'jif't], task
II.
[up'jce'ra], to ar-

O

upphora,

[Kip*^03Va[, to cease

II.

[wp*Z?/"sa'J, to light

upplysa, II.
upplysning,

2. -en, -ar [up'lys'information, explanation

+

upprepa,
uppvesa,

[upre^pa], to repeat

I.

[ttjp're'saj, to erect
4. -^, -j- [itp'^e'^Jicfe],

II.

II.

[un'ddrso^ka], to

uppskatta,

I.

[wwcZarvz'sa]

to

uppskjuta,

stir; sensation;
I.

supervision

[w^*sA:a^'a], to value,

to appreciate
,

teach

undervisning,

2. -ew,

+

postpone
[w7i'c?ar-

uppstd,

III.

IV.

O

up, to arise

vis'nii)], tuition

IV. [wn'cZArom'a], to

escape

undra, I. [wwdfra'], to wonder
undsdtta, II. O [wn*^.9£^'a],
2. -en,

-ar [wwcZsfi'-

relieving

?/n^, adj. [uv'l young
ungdom, 2. -ew,
[w2;*t?<^m'],

+

uppstdlla,

II.

[wp*/m'^aj,

[lip-s^o'j, to

O

to

stand

[up'stel'a],

to

draw up, to range
[up'sy^n], look,
uppsgn, 3. -en,
mien
upptaga, IV. [wp'^a'^a], to take
up
upvteckna, I. [wp'^eA^'na], to write
down, to record
upptrddande, 4. -t, -f- [w^j'frf^-

+

to

relieve (a garrison)

undsdttning,

up

tiveness
[i^n'cZar-

support

undkomma,

uppgora,

uppseende,

II.

lill

to establish

[unddrsto^dja],

understodja,

examine
undervisa,

[w^'/ora], to erect,

mag'rksamhet], attention, atten-

sto^d], support

undersoka,

[up'fgl'a], to

-r [t^n*c?9r-

news
5.

II.

II.

uppmana, I. [wp'ma'na], to exhort
[wp uppmdrksamhet, 2. -en,

3. -n,

underrdttelse,

[up'fa\(f],

[un'ddro^rdna],

to subordinate

under stud,

uppfylla,

niij],

I.

to

range

ddrhan^dliij], negociation

underjordisk,

[up'dnba^ra],

I.
\up'fms^trH\, to
bring np, to educate
uppfriska, I. [up'fris^ka], to refresh, to revive

uppfftfi^

underhandling,

I.

uppfostra,

uppfora,

ddrji'vdnhet], resignation

youth

[up'dia^g],

uppehdlle,4. -t,-\-]up9-h£rc)],

[un'ddr], mar-

ddra'vdelnii)], subdivision

712*2;],



[un'danjom'a],

wonder

under avdelning,

te

-et,

mission, task
velihood, living

midangomma,
under,

-ar [uy'd^l, young one
[up! ot ne:d\, up

and down
uppdrag, 5.

O

III,

umgds,

2. -n,

upp och ned

dandd], appearance

189

Jwedish-English.

3.

upptackt,

-en;

-er [up'tsk't],

discovery

uppvakta, I. [up'vak'ta], to wait
uppvaktning, 2. -en, -ar [up'vak^tnirj], attendance, waiting

ursprungligen, adv. [ucrspruifligan], originally
3. -en, -er [ui'rsek'-t], excuse, apology

ursdkt,

4.

utarhetande,
-t, -\- [ui'tar'betandd], working out
II.
uthreda,
[m'thre''da\, to spread
utbrista, IV. [m'tbris'ta], to break
out

utforska,

[ut'tfor^ska], to search

I.

utfoT, adv. prep. [iu,':tfcer], down
utfora, II. [m'j^/ceVa], to execute,

utsikt, 3,

-e/i,

O

i^^sZa, III.
to bloom, to

open

[urtsen^da], to send

II.

utsdnda,

-er [m'tsik^t], view
[m'tslo% to blow,

out

utsdfta, II. [m'fsf^'a], to expose
uttrdtta, II. [m'^ro^'a], to tire out

utvald,
chosen
utveckla,

mtva'ld],

adj.

select,

[m'^veAr'Za], to

I.

develop
utveckling, 2. -en, -ar [m'ifveA:'Z%], development
utvidga, I. [m'ifufcZ'^aJ, to expand,
to enlarge, to extend
utvisa, I. [m'^fz'sa], to turn out,
to expel; to show, to decide

to carry out
m'J^jce'ra], to

11.

utgora,

make

up, to amount, to constitute

utgoras, av
sist

[uL'tjoe,'ras\

vacker, adj.

to con-

of

-en

3.

utkomst,

-\- [m'tkom''st\
income, (getting out)
5.
-et
utlopp,
{m'tlop''], mouth,
estuary
I.
utlova,
[m'tlo''va], to promise
utldnning, 2. -n, -ar [la'tlenHy],



foreigner

utldndsk, adj. [m'tUn'dsk], foreign
utmatta, I. [vi'tTnafa], to weary,
to wear out, to exhaust

utmdrka,

\uftmser^ka\, to dis-

II.

tinguish
-r [la'tmasr^-

3. -n,

utmdrkelse,

kdlsd]. distinction

utndmna,

point, to nominate

adv.

utomlands,

[uiHomlands],

abroad

utomordentlig

,

[m'tomor-

adj.

dsnHlig], extraordinary
utreda, 11. [mtre^da], to
to clear

utsaga,

[if^'^rf^'aj,

1.

-?^,

claration,

deposition
utse, III.

O

appear
utseende,

to

[ut'tse^],

[va'd'ma''T\,

2.

vaksam,

adj. [?;<2'/csam*],

vakteld,

2.

-en,

-ar

awake

[?;aA:'^eZ'cZ],

watch-fire
val, 5. -eif,
[va/ZJ, choice, election
vail, 2. -en, -ar [val% wall



vallfdrda, I. [i;aZ*/«^£^<^a], to make
a pilgrimage
valsprdk, 5. -ef,
[i^a'Zspro'A;],



device

valthorn, 5. -e^,
French-horn

vandra,

[i;ain],
1.



[val'thcjUn],

accustomed

[van'dra% wander

vanlig, adj. [va'nlig'], usual
vanligen, adv. [^>a•nZ^^^n'], usually
vanligtvis, adv. [ya'nZz^^vi's],
usually



out;

perform

t;ara, I. [va'ra"], to last
f A y vardagsgdst [vardagsjes^t],

fit

-or [ui'tsa^ga], destatement,

assertion,

to look, to

every day's guest
(h^)varest, adv. [?;a'rfs'^], where
f^V^-an^enom,adv.[z;a.Vije'nom],

whereby
(h^)vass, adj. [vas/], sharp

4.

-^,

-/i

[m'tse'dndd],

appearance, look
^)

vagga,
i;a^?z,

-{-

-n, -or {vaga^^ cradle
-en, -ar [z;a?;.'n], carriage

1.

[?;a.'p9n], weapon
vapen, 5. -e^,
rara, 1. -n, -or [t;a"ra*], goods

up

I.

utrdtta,

-en,
coarse stuff

van, adj.

[ui'tnem'na], to ap-

II.

[vak.'dr], pretty

vadmal,

old orthography

varna, I. [fa't/na'], to warn
vatten [vaitdn\ water

190

Vocabulary.

vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a^], week
vederldggning, 2. -en, -ar {veddvUg^nirj], refutation

I.

Yframf\, show, to exhibit



verk, 5. -et,
[vsertk], work
verka, I. \vserka^]y to work
verklig, adj. \vserklig^\ real, virtual

vishet, 3. -en,

3.

-en,

[vser'k-

-|-

samhe't], activity
verkstdllighet, 3. -en, -j- [^?cer•A:steVighet], effect
ve^a, I.
[?;eta'], to know
vetenskap, 3. -ew, -er [ve'tdnska'p],
science

vetenskapsman

,

3.

[ve'tdnskapsman*],

-nen,

-man

man

of sci-

ence, scholar

extend

[i;rc?^a*], to

I.

vidiyftig, adj. [z;r^/?;/'%], extensive

vidskeplig, adj. [vrdjep'lig], superstitious
fi^, 2. -en, -ar [i^zVA:], bay
z;zA;f, 3. -en, -er lvik.'t], weight

viktmdtt, 5. -et,
weight measure
viktig,

adj.



\viktmot%
weigthy,

[vik'tig^'],

important
(h^)vila, I. \vi'la^\ to rest
3.
vildhet,
-en,
-f[vil'dheH],

wildness

vildmark,

viss, adj. [vzs.^], certain, sure

3. -en, -e?' [z;27'c:?war'A:],

adv.

[i?zs*9rZi'^an],

to sojourn



[-yzs'^as*],

vitsord, 5. -ef,
testimony
vittnesbord, 5. -e^,
bce'rd], witness
vrida, IV. [vri'da'],
wrest
vrd,

[viY'sC'>»W],



[vit'nds-

to

twist,

to

corner

2. -n, -r [uro/],

vdga,
vdr,

adj. [t*itZj'sa?i'], grown (up)
I.
[vo'^a'J, to dare

2.

vdrda,

-ar [vo.VJ, spring

-en,
I.

to nurse,

[uo'^c^a'],

to

take care of
vdris, 2. -en, -ar [vo'ris],
nal ice

vdrvisa, 1. -n, -or
legend of Spring

ver-

[yo'rvisa],

awake
vdcka,
{vek'a%
vdg, 2. -en, -ar [c£tg\ way
to

II.

va^a; II. [r£^"^a'], to weigh
vdgg, 2. -en, -ar \veg:], wall
vdgra, I. [t;r^ra'], to refuse
vdlgorande, adj. [r^Z'^ceVancZa],
beneficial
5. -n,

vdlgorare,



[ffZ'Jce'rara],

-n,

(h^)vina, IV. [vi'na'\ to whistle
t'lnd', 2. -en, -ar [i;m/dl], wind
iringe, 2. -en, -ar [z/Zj?'^'], wing
vinna, IV. [vm'a^]. win
4. -^,

-f-

[?;m'an'^9],

adj.

[y£Z'A;o?>?/c>nJ,

-er

3.

-en,
vdllukt,
[^;^/•/M^*^],
pleasing odour
vdlsignelse, 3. -n, -r [vfZsiV^/sa],
blessing
vdltra, I. [-ufZ'^ra^], to roll (out)
vdn, 3. -nen, -ner [vent], friend

vdnda,

II.

to turn, to

[vrn't^a*],

apply

vinst, 3. -en, -er [vinist], profit

vinterbostad, 3. -en, -stdder \vin'tdrbco'stad], winter-house
vinterkold, 3. -en,
coVd], wintercold

vintermdnad,

vdlkommen,
welcome

or \vil'a% cottage

villig, adj. \vil'ig^\ willing

vinnande,
winning

surely
vistas, I.

benefactor

wild country
1.

wis-

vuxen,

vetgirig, adj. [ve'tji'rig], desirous
of learning
vida, adv. [vida'], wide

vidga,

-|- [vrs^e'if],

dom
visserligen,

verksamhet,

viYZa,

whirl
— /ra?n

I.
[z;ir'r/a*], to
[visa''], to show;

(h^)virvla,
t'lsa,

+

[tm'^ar-

3. -en, -er [vin'tdr-

mo'nad], winter-month
vippa, J. [vip'a'], to wag
old orthography

vdndpunkt,

3.

-en,

-er

[vm'c^-

punk^t], turning point

Vdnern

[ve'ndd'n], the

Vaner

vdnlig, adj. [i;£n"%'], friendly

vdnskap,

2.

-en, -|- [ven's/ta'p],

friendship

vdnta,

J.

[v£?i"^a'J,

expect, to wait for

to await,

to

191

Swedish-English.

vapna,

I.

[v€]p'na'']y

to

arm

1.

dngpanna,

vdrd, adj. [vas'dd], worth
vdrde, 4, -t, -n {^cse'ddd^ value
vcirdig, adj. [vx'j^dig'], worthy

dngskorsten,

i;arr, 5. -et,

dngslup,



[v%r'v], mission,

task

vdrld, 2. -eTz, -ar [vw!rd], world
vdrldshistoria, '6.-ien,-ier\vse\idshistcoWia], history of the world
vdrldslig, adj. [vce'j.dslig'], ternporal
vdrldsliv, 5. -ef,
["y^'-t^sZz'y],

+

temporal

life

vdster, 3. -n, -|- [v£s/^ar], west
Vdttern [vsHdrn], the Vatter
-yacca, II. [vek'sa \, to grow
t/aaj^, 3. -en, -er [vektst], plant
vdxtlighet, 3. -e?i, -|- [vek'stlig^het], vegetation

vdxtvdrld, 2.-en, -ar [vsk'stvae'^td],
world of plants
[vce'd,da], to venerate
3. -ew -j- [voe'j.dnad%

I.

vorda,

vordnad,

veneration

Y
-ar

[^/wZi?;*],

youth

adj. [2/p'ar%'], excellent

?/pper%,

ypperst, adj. [^p/^rs^J, extreme
yppig, adj. [2/i>^^'], luxuriant
2/s^er, adj.

yta,

ytmdtt,

-n,
5. -e^,

wild
surface

fierce,

[g/s.'^ar],

-or

1.

— [y'tmof],
[y'ta'"'],

2.

I.

yttra,

[^/if.'ars^],



[o.'r],

yttre, adj.

[^/^.'ra],

year

drhundrade [o'rhun^dradd],

cen-

tury
drligen, adv. [otZi^^ti'], yearly
drsdag, 2. -e?z, -ar [o'rsda'^],
anniversary
dsikt, 3. -e?2, -er [o'sikH'\, opinion
dterfinna, IV. [o*^9r/i7i'a], to find

again
dterkalla,

[otarZcaZ'aJ, to recall

I.

dterkomma, IV.
return, to

O

111.

dterse,

fo'^arX'^^m'a],

to

come back
[o'tdrse'],

see

to

again
dterstod, 3. -en, -er [o'tdrstco^d],
remaining, rest
dterstd, III.
[o"i(ars^o'], to remain, to be left
dtertaga, IV. [o'tdTta''ga\ to retake

O

return, to

II.

dtgdrd,

[o'tdTven''da'\,

to

come back

3.

-e?i,

-er

[o'tj%'jid\y

measure, step
adv.

dtminstone,

[o'ifmm'sfowa],

at least

dtnjuta, IV. [o'tnjm'ta], to enjoy

square

A

utmost

noble
[£'ga% to possess, to
5. -ei^,
[eg^], egg
o^Tia, I. [syna'], to devote

to utter

[2/^*ra'],

-ar [oy'slm^p],

-en,

steam-sloop
ar, 5. -et,

measure
ytterst, adj.

-ar [oyskor'-

2. -en,

sten], flue

dtertvdnda,
2. -ew,

yngling,

-or [oypan^ajf

-n,

steam-boiler

ddel, adj.

exterior

a^a,
dgg,

2

II.

[^/dJaZJ,



own

genuine
dlska, I. [£^Z'5A;a'], to love
— [fZ's/cara'], lover
dlskare, 5. -rz,
aA;te, adj. [ek'ta],

d, 2.

-ar

-71,

dhorare,

5.

[of],
-?2,

small river



[o'^o'rara],

auditor, listener

dka,

II.

dlksvdrd,

[o'A:a'], to drive

5. -ef,

dkerbruk,
husbandry
dlderdom, 2.

+ [o'kdrbrm'k],

2. -n,

[oZcZ'ard^wm'],

-ar

[o?;*6o'^],

steam-

boat

dngbdtstur,

I.

dmne,

4.

adj. [fZ'sArv^'rcZ], lovely
[fw'na'J, to intend
-?i [em'nd'] ,
stuif,
-^,

material
-e/i, -[-

age

dnghdt,

dmna,

dnda, 2. -w, -ar [m'c?a'], end
dnda, adv. [fri'cZa*], to, up to,

dndamdl,

5.

-ef,



till

[£7^'cZamo'Z],

object
3.

-eri,

-er [oy'bot-

stm^r], short voyage on a steam
boat

dndligen, adv. [£?^•(ZZ^^'9?^], at last
ari^, 2. -en, -ar [eij'], meadow
dngel, 2. -n, -ar [ey'dl], angel

192

Vocabulary.
5.

dppeltrdd,

-et,



[£p'9ltre%

omsom,

adv.

alter-

[om'som'],

nately

apple-tree

honour

dta, IV. [s'W], to eat

oppen, adj. [op'an'], open
oppna, I. [op'Tza'], to open
oppning, 2. -en, -ar [op'wi?;'],
opening
[ce'rZo^sorlogsfartyg, 5. -e^,
fa^rtyg], man-of-war

dtt, 3. -en, -er

or^, 3. -en, -er

ara,

1.

-n, -t [^'ra'],

-ar [^'rdtit'dl],

dretitel, 2. -n,
title of honour
1.

aria,

drva,

-or

-n,

II.

[%rla%

[^r'va%

wagtail

to inherit

race, family

[et!],



os^er, 3. -n,

o, 2.

-ar

-92,

[0.'],

island

isle,

ode, 4. -t, -n [0'dd^], lot, destiny
ode, adj. [e'c^^'j, desert, waste, desolate

[o'dmjm'k], humble
-eri,
[o'dmjm'het], humbleness
oga, 4. -t (ogon) \o'ga'], eye
ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar [0*^D7is^e'?i],

odmjuk,

adj.

3.

odm-jukhet,

+

eye-ball, apple of the eye
ogrupp, 3. -en, -er [o'grup''],

om,

herb, plant
eastern

[os-'^^rj,

overallt,

adv.

[o'vdrart],

where
5. -e^,

overbefdl,

every-

— [o'vdrbdfe^T],

supreme command
overenskommelse, 3.

-?i,

-r [0'ver-

dnskom''9ls9], accord
2.

overgdng,

-en, -ar [0*'y9r^o?;'],

transition

I. [o'ka^], to increase
adj. [o7?2/], tender

omsesidig,

[oRjitt],

Osifersjon[o6'tar/0'n],theBalticSea
ova, I. [0''ya'], to exercise
ovad, adj. [0''yac?'], exercised
overavdelning, 2. -en, -ar [o'vdra'vdehiiy], over subdivision

archipelage

oka,

+

adj. [omsdsi^dig],

overmanna,

I.

to

[o'Vdrman^a],

overcome

mu-

tual, reciprocal

overtaga, IV. [0*var^a'^a], to overtake, to take possession.

English-Swedish.
apple-tree, dppeltrdd,

5.



-et,

[ep'eltrs*]

abroad, uioralands [m'tomlan^ds],
-ar
2.
-en,

action,
handling,
[han'dliy*]
to admire,

beundra, I. [ftawn/cZra]
eftermiddag, 2. -en,
-ar Uftdrmida'g]
^

to apply, anvdnda, II. {an'vimida]
April, april [aprilt]
arm, arm, 2. -en, -ar [ar/m]
arm-chair, Idnstol, 2. -en, -ar

afternoon,

alder, 2. -n (dldrar) {oV.ddr]
[om*agent, omhud, 5. -e^,

age,



air,

Zw/i(,

take

+
hdmta

3. -en,

air,

[hxmta* frisik
alive,

frisk

to

luft



artillery, artilleri, 3. -et, -er [ar'-

ibland [iblan!d]



animal, djur, 5. -et,
apartment, rum, 5. -met,

as, conj., sd,

to

ascertain,

pa

Iv/f.'t]

Alp, alp, 3. -en, -er [aZ/p]
always, adv., alltid, stddse [al'ti^d]
prep.,

arm, vdpna, I. [vfpna*]
[va^^pdn]
arm, vapen, 5. -e^,
army, Aar, 2. -en, -ar [has^r]
tildrH]

[Zw/'Y];

levande, vid liv [le'van' dd\

among,

to

— [rum.']
[JKi^ir]

likasd [so/]
utrona, taga reda

[ui'tro'na]

_
asparagus,
5P'
sparris,

2.

-en,

-ar

[spar'is^]

assets,
ass,

aktiva [aktiiva]

dsna,

she-ass,

nm'a']

1.

-n,



-or [^'sna'j:
1. -n, -or [os-

dsninna,

193

English-Swedish.

attachment,

3.

tillgivenhet,

-en,

-\- [tiljiv9nhe't\
II.

to attend, folja,
attic,

[fol'ja^]
2. -n,

-rar

vindskammare,

masugn,

2. -en,

[ma-sup'n]
blind, adj. blind [bUn.^d]
bloom, hlomma, 1. -n, -or

-ar

{hloj-

m'a']

[vin'dskam'ard]

augusti

August,

blast-furnace,

or

[acogustti\

hlomma,

blossom,

1. -n,

-or [hlco-

m"a*] (hlomster b.)

[ogusiti\

body, kropp, 2. -en, -ar [krop!]
book, SoA:, 3. -en, booker [boj.'k]
boot, stovel, 2. -n, -ar [ste/u^Z]

U
back, rvgg, 2. -e?i, -ar [r:?/^.']
bacon, Jtdsk, 5. -et,
[fles'k]
to bake, baka, I. [ba'ka"]

bound,



1. -ti,

— kula,
[km'la']

ball,

adj.

fbrpliktad

[fcer-

plikttad]
braces, hdngslen, pi. [^£7;/sZ97i[

-or, klot, 5. -e^,

.

the Baltic Sea Ostersjon [os'tdr-

brandy, konjak, brdnnvin,
[kon'jak, brm'vi'n]
brass,



-et,

massing, 2. -en, -f- [mf.9*z??']
frukost, 2. -en, -ar

breakfast,

/0'n]
2.

basing skdl,

-ar [sko'l],

-en,

3. -en,

bassdng,

-er

[5as£2/.'J

bathing-place, badstdlle, 4.

-t,

-n

[fta'Ss^f^'d]
2.

bay, havsvik,

-en,

-ar

[Tia'vs-

^J^'^']

bean, bona, 1. -n, -or [JonaH
to bear, fordraga,
IV. [/cer-

draiga]



beard, skdgg, 5. -eZ,
[/^^-'J
beautiful, skon, fager [fetn]
2.
-ar
bed, sang,
-en,
[sf?;.']



bed-room, sovrum, 5. -Tne^,
[so'vrum']
beef, oxkott, 5. -e^,
[oA:'fdY']
to begin, borja, I. [6cer'ja*j



[frukos*t]

breast, &rosZ, 5. -et,
[hrosit]
to breathe, andas, I. [an'cZas'J

British, adj. britisk [britHsk]
to brush, borsta, I. [6or*s^a']
to build, bygga, II. [&2/^'a']
3.

byggnad,

building,

-er

-en,

[62/^nacZ'J
bull, ^jwr, 2. -en, -ar [^m.V]
but, conj. men {menf\



butter, smor, 5. -et,
[smotr']
to button, kndppa, II. [fcn^p'a'J
to buy, kopa, 11. [go'pa']



bakom, bakpd

behind, prep.,

komt]

bast

exchange), vdxel,

2.

-n -ar

[veJdsdl]
2. -n, -ar
[/o/^aZ] ;
~
of passage, jiy\ttfdgel, 2.
•n,
n, -ar [flyt'fo^gdl]
\jlytfo'gdl\
bit, bit, 2. -en, -ar [biW]
]



bird,

fdgel,

'_

bitch,

hynda,

1.

-n -or {Jiyn'da^^

black-board, svart tavla,
-or [srar/Z Za't^Za]

blamable,

adj.

tadelvdrd

vee'rd]
to blame, tadla,

cake, A:aA;a, 1.
calf, A:aZi;,

to call,

1.

-n,

cape,
-et,

2. -en,

[ta'dla']

Elementary Swedish Grammar.

-or [ka'ka^]
-ar [kaHv]
for
\kal'a%



komma

11.,
[bdseika],
att trdffa [tref'a*]

udde,



2.

kap,

-ar,

-en,

5.

[ud'd', ka.'p]

captain, kapten, 3. -en, -er [kapZe/n]
care, omsorg, 3. -en, er [om'sar^j]

sorglbs [sor'^lo's]
,
carpet,
,
matta, 1. -n, -or [mat'a*'\
.
carriage, vagn, 2. -en, -ar [t;a?;/nj
[varjt
carrot morot, 3. -n, -rotter [mo)'careless, adj.,

,

,

rw'Z]

genomfora,

II.

[je'nom-

fb'ra]



cartridge-box,
I.

I.

kalla,

to carry,

[ta'ddl-

-en, -}" [^o/Z]

-?z,

besoka,

for

[bss.'t]

between, prep., emellan [omd'an^]
beyond, prep, utover [mte'vdr]
bill (of

2,

cabbage, kdl,

being, varelse, 3. -n, -r [va'ralsd*]
to belong, tillhora, II. [^I'Z'Ao'raJ
beloved, dlskad, omtyckt [el'skad^, om'tyk't]
best, adv.,

C

[ba-

patronkok,

[patrco'ng0*k]

I3

5.

-eZ,

194

Vocabulary.
3.

kassabok,

cash-book,

-en,

-backer [kas'abco'k]
cashier, kassor, 3. -en, -er [kasd!r]
5.

gjutjdrn,

cast-iron,

+

-et,

[jm'tjas^rn]
cat, katt, 3. -en, -er [kat]
to csitch, fatta,

coal, kol, 5. -e^,

[la'gbo/k]
collar,



\bla)m'ko^l]
cavalry, rrjtteri,

to



tdrif\
ceiling, tak, 5. -et,

(i ett

[ry-

rum)

[tatk]

chain, kedja, 1. -n, -or [ge'dja'],
of mountains, bdrgskedja,


1.

-n, -or [bserjsge'dja]
stol, 2. -en, -ar

chair,

Idrostol,

2. -en,

[stco.'l],

-ar[l3R'rcostoyi\

kammare,

chamber,

[jm'skroj'na]
I.

prata,

korsbdrstrdd, 5. -et,



[gcerbertrs']

hovding,

2.

-ar

-en,

[ho'odiy']
chin, haka, 1. -ri, -or [ha'ka*]
to chirp, kvittra, I. [&i;iY'ra']

choklad,

chocolate,

5. -e^,



[/0.'q

[un'ddrhia's(dt)]
competitor, medtdvlare, 5. -n,
[me'dtevla'rd]

to choose, va(/a, II.

borgare,

5.

jara']
class-room,

3.

O

-en,

-|-

;

we.'d]

ftyk'a]

comply, samtycka, II. [sam'to comprise, innefatta, I. [ma/a^'a]

compulsory, tvingande,
[tviij' ande', tvoys-^
conduct,

tvdngsI.

forvalta,

5.



[^Qr*-

-me^,



to clear,

klarna, I. [A:?a'rna']
clerk, kontorist, 3. -en, -e>" [A:an'-

cloth, tyg, 5. -et'

the
ka',



,

duka,

5. -e^,


I.,



O

to consist, bestd. III.

[bdsto:]
constitution, statsforfattning, 2.
-en, -ar [statsfoRrfat'niij]

continent, fastland, 5. -et, -lander
[fas'tlan'd], kontinent, 3. -en,
-er [A:on'^m£n.'q
continually, oupphorligt [oj'upto

hoe'rlig]
contribute,

bidraga, IV. [6r-

[A:Zz-

\kUdtsdT\

-booker

-f- [^•32.
-e?i,



[skri'vboj'k']

corner, horn, 5. -e^,
[hoRUn]
cornet, kornett, 3. -en, -er [/cornf^.']

corporal,

korpral,

3.

-en,

-er

correspondence,

brevvdxling,

2.

-en, -j" [bre'v-vek'sliy]
[ty^g]

;

to lay

bordet [dm'-

b(oUd9t]

+

fp'ar^]

koppar, 2. -en,
copy-book,
skrivbok,

[A:.^rpra.7]

clothes, kldder, pi. [kUfddr]
clothing, kldder, pi. klddsel,
-n,

[/cer-

-yaZ/^aj

copper,

[vd'ja^]

-n,

klassrum,
[klasrum']

climate, klimat,




compliance, samtycke, 5. -^,
[sam'tyk'd] in compliance with,
i enlighet med
[i'
e'nlighe't

dra'ga\
citizen,

\kd-

command, befalla, II. [fta/a/'a]
to commence, borja, I. [6cer*Ja*J
House of Commons, Underhus(et)

to

[pra'ta*]

cheap, adj. adv., billig(t) [biVikH]
cheek, kind, 3. -en, -er [gintd]
cheese, ost, 2. -en, -ar [(x)stt\

chieftain,

fhl,

-er

3. -en,

to

chamber-maid, kammarjungfru,
2. -n, -r [kam'arjuy'frm\
chandelier, Ijuskrona, 1. -n, -or

cherry-tree,

koloni,

V'Dnit'\

-mrar

2. -en,

[kam'ard']

to chatter,

std']

colt,

-er

3. -et,

-f,
[A:a/-a']
2. -n, -ar [A;ra"^9'J
overste, 2. -n, -ar [o'vdr-

krage,

colonel,

colony,

;

[koil\



coffee, A^a^e, 5.

cold,
[fat a']
forkyla, IL, sig [fcergyUa]
cauliflower, blomkdl, 2. -en, -|I.



cock, ^wp^, 2. -en, -ar \tupi]
code,
lagbok, 3. -en, -booker

3.

councillor,

rddsherre,

2. -?i,

-ar

[rod'sha2r'd]
to count, rdkna, II. [rf'A-na^
5.
lander
/an^i,
country,
-et,
[lanJdl ; in the country, pa lan-

det [poi laniddt]

195

English-Swedish.
3.

kusin,

cousin,

-er

-en,

\kui-

sitn]

cow, ko,

-n, -r [kco!]

3.

cow-slip, gullviva,

dinner,

1. -n,

or[gul'-

vi'va]
creditor,

3.

borgendr,

-er

-en,

middag,

discipline,

-er \ky-

3. -en,

cup, kopjp, 2. -en, -ar [kopf]
customer, kund, 3. -en, -er [kunid]

avvdpna,

I.

-er

[a'v-vfp'na]
3. -e?z, -er

disciplin,

[cZzs'zpZzVn]

discouragement, modloshet,
-f-

kyrass,

-en, -ar [wz-

2.

[dirsktce^r]
to disarm,

rasi]

-en, -ar

to dip, doppa, I. [dfap'a'J
director, direktor, 3. -e7i,

to cross,

fetf]
cuirass,

2.

d.^a^]

[bovjdnas^r]
crop, skord, 2. -en, -ar [fodtdd]

korsa, I., -dver\kor'Sct']
cuckoo, gok, 2. -en, -ar [je'k]
cuff, manschett, 3. -en, -er [man-

mat sal,

dining-room,
[?na'fsa7]

3. -en,

[mofdlosheH]



[/«-'^]
dish, /a^, 5. -eif,
to divide, dela, I. [d^e'Za*]
to do, gora, II.
[ia?-ra*]

O

dog, hund, 2. -en, -ar [hun!d]
anidomestic, adj.^ws- [hm's];
[hm'smal, husdjur, 5. -et,





jm'r]
damage, skada, 1. -n, -or [ska'da^
damp, adj. fuktig [fuk'tig*]
dark, adj. mork [mcej.'k']
danger, fara, 1. -n, -or [fa'ra']
day, dag, 2. -en, -ar [da.^g]
deaf, adj. cZov [<^0/v]
dear, adj., dyr, dyrhar [dy.'r,

ha^r]
debitor,

dyr-

3.

gdldendr,

-er

-en,

3.

-er

-en,

[kar'afitn]

December, december [ddsem'bdr]
declaration, forklaring, 2. -en, -ar
[fcerkla.'riy]

deep, adj.
defend,
va!ra]

[jui'p]
I.

forsvara,

to deliver, befria,

I.

[foers-

overldmna,

I.

[&a/nVa]
desk, pulpet, 3. -en, -er [pulpe't]
despair, fortvivla, 1. -ti, -f- [/cerif-

to destroy,
II.

11.

avsdnda,

despatch,

forstora,

O

II.

[a'l;-

tillintet-

[/ce.xsfce'ra]

devotion, hdngivenhet, 3.

-e?i,

[c^a^'tZr^p'a]
to die, do, III.

riksdag,

2.

-w, -<2r

dubbel

[dub.'dl]

3. -en,

dragoon, dragon,

-er [dra-

drawing-master, ritldrare,



5.

[sahyf]
to dress,

kldda, II. sig [kle'da']
driva, 1. -n, -or [dri'va^]
to drink, dricka, IV. [c?r/A:'a']

-en,

drinkable, adj., drickbar [drik'ba'r]
ductile, adv. [uttdnjelig, tdnjbar
[mt-teij'jdlig\ ten'jba'r]
dusty, adj. dammig [dam'ig']
duty, plikt, 8. -en, -er [pZiA;.'^]
to dwell, vistas, I. &o, III. [vis'tas']

dwelling-place, hemvist, 5.
[he'mvis't]

-«r [rik's-

-et,

II.

[^r^'ua*]



E
each, varje [var'jd']
ear, ora, 4. -t oron [o'ra^]
early, adj. adv., tidig(t) [ti'dig^t]

jor^,

Easter,

2.

pdsk,

-en,
2.

-ar [jojUd]

-en, -ar [pos.7»:]

to eat, dta, IV. [6*^a']

grdva,

-n,



[ri'tU^rard]

drawing-room, formak, 5. -et,
[fo'rma^k]] salong, 3. -en, -er

earth,

[^Ze.'J

2.

da'g]
to dig,


;



[so'vrum*^^
double, adj.,

+

[AfTi'iz-yariAe'^]

dewdrop, daggdroppe,

diet,

[(^cer.^

drift,

djup

to

gora,

-ar

2. -en,

knock at the door, knacka
pa dorren [knak'a' poi do&rtdn]
dormitory, sovrum, 5. -met
to

gojin]

[jel'ddnseW]
decanter, karaffin,

to

door, dorr,

eatable, adj.,

dtbar

[e'tba'r]

13*

196

Vocabulary.
2.

education, underinsning ,
-\- [un'ddrvis^niij]
egg, cigg, 5.



-et,

-en,

[egt]

elektrisk [elEkHrisk]
empire, rike, 4. -t, -n [rrkd^]
to
employ, sysselsdtta; II.

O

[sys'dlsefa]

uppmuntra,

I.

[up'-

mun'tra]

uppmuntran,

1.

[up' mun^ trail]

~\~

I



intrdda,

envelope, omslag,

II.

— [om'+ [ekva'-

[in'tre'da\

5. -et,

sla'g] (kuvert b.)
equator, ekvator, 3. -n,
tor']
to equip,

2.

fjdder,

-n, -or [hco'na*]

1.

female, hona,

frukthar, h ordig [fruk'f-

ba^r]
fictitious,

finger ad

adj.,

trohet, 3. -en, -\- [trcoihet]
field-marshal , fdltmarskalk , 2.
fidelity,

-en, -ar

[fel'tmarfaVk]
dkerrdtta, 1. -n -or
[o'kdrrofa]

field-mouse,

to fight, kdmpa, I. [gem'pa^]
figure, bild, 3. -en, -er \hil.d]
fire-side,

grbnskande

hard,

by the

[gron'skan'dd]
allting,

allt

[al'tiy',

[fi'yjet-

rad]

finger, finger, 2. -n,

-grar [fiy'dr]

2. -en,

fire-side,

-ar [ha3!d,d] :
vid brasan,

vid den husliga harden [vi!d

brasan*]

al't]

utforande [la'tfo'ranlagligt utfdrdande [lu't-

execution,

I.,

utova,

I.

[e'va',

vi'to'va]
to export,

fleet,

flock,

flotta,

hjord,

1.

2.

-n -or [flot'a*]
-en, -ar [juUd^

flood, fiod, 3. -en, -er [flcoid]

fse'rdandd]
to exercise, ova,

I.

-drar

-7i,

-en, -ar [fiV-

2.

felthat, filthatt,

evergreen, adj., alltid

dd],

[fruk'-

feeling, kdnsel, 3. -n, -t [genisdl]:
kdnsla, 1. -n, -or [gen'sla*]

utrusta, I. [t^^trws'^a]
European, adj., europeisk [mt'rojpeHsk]

everything,

-\-

,

[fje'ddr]
February,
3bruary, februari [fe'bruia^ri]

fertile,

English, adj., engelsk [e7)tdlsk'\\
the
(language),
engelska
(sprdket) [eyidlska]
to enjoy, njuta, IV. [njm-ta*]
to enter,



1.

that']

encouragement,



fruktan,

tan^]
feather,

electric, adj.,

to encourage,

fear,



golv, 5. -et,
[gol^v]
flower-garden, --blomstertradgdrd,
floor,

.

utfora,

en, -ar [blcom'stertregoUd]

exporter a,

II.,

[lutfo'ra, ek'sporteira\

eye, oga, 4. 4, ogon [o'ga', egon']
eye-ball, ogonsten, 2. -en, -ar

[0gonste'n\
3. -en,

ogontand,
der [o'gontan'd]

eye-tooth,

-tdn-

to fly,
.
fiyga,
.
ga, IV. ifilyga']
[fllyga^]
to fold, Idgga tillhopa
[leg' a*]
illhopa \l

food, foda, 1. -n, -\- [fo'da^
footsoldier, fotsoldat, 3. -en, -er
[foj'tsolda't]

pall,

footstool,

forehead,

2. -en,

panna,

1.

-n,

-ar [pal']
-or [pa-

n'a']

skolbdnk,

form,
face, anlete, 4. -t,

faculty,

formdga,

mo!ga]

(pi.

-n [an'le'td]
1. -n, -{- ^fcer-

formogenheter)

2.

-en,

-ar

[skoj Iberfk]
to freeze,

French,

frysa, IV. [fry'sa^

adj.,

fransk

[fran,'sk]

to fall, falla, IV. [fala']
far, by far, aZZra (before a superlative) [al'ra']

fresh, adj., jfrisk [frisisk]

fashionable, adj., nymodig \ny'moj'dig], modern
fatherland, fddemesland, 5. -et,

friend, van, 3. -en, -ner [vehi]
ramfor [fram'front, in
of,

-\-

[fE'denidslan^d]

favourable,

sam']

adj.,

gynnsam

Friday, fredag,
da'g]



-ar [fre-

f

fo'r]
fruit,

[jyn'-

2. -en,

frukt, 3. -en, -er [frukit]
frukttrdd, 5. -et,

fruit-tree,

[fimk-ttre*]



197

English-Swedish,

fur,

H

-en, -ar [pelts]

2.

pals,

fusible, adj.,

smdltbar [smeltba'r]
hair,

hdr,

5. -et,



[hotr]

ham, skinka, 1. -n, -or [fiyka''
hand, hand, 1. -en hdnder[han^d'

5.

game, vildt, vUlebrdd,

et,



viltt]

2.

trddgdrd,

garden,

-en,

-ar

[tre'go'dd]

gardener, trddgdrdsmdstare, b.-n,
[trs'goxdsmes'tard]
garrison, garnison, 3. -en, -er



[gar'niscotn]
gay, adj., munter [munitdr]
German, adj., tysk, tyska \tysik,
tys'ka^]
glad, adj.,
to gladden,

glory, dra,

glove,

1.



[glats]
[glrda']
2.

-n,

-ar

[Iian'dskd']
to go, gd. III.
[got]
gold, guld, 5. -et, -{- [gultd]

O

goldfinch, steglitsa, 1. -n,
[ste'glifsa]
goldfish, guldfisk, 2. -en,

good-bye,

interj.,

-or

-ar

farvdl [farveil]
I.

[sty'ra^

rajetra]

government, sty r else, regering [styrdlsd', rdje'riy']

grammar-school, Idrdomsskola, 1.
-n, -or [Ise'rdcomsskoj^la]
grand-daughter, dotterdotter [do-

morfar

grand-father, far-far ,
[fcirfar^, mojr'far']

grand-mother,

farmor

mormor

,

sonson,

head

the

;

spetsen for

i

of,

[spettsdn]

headmaster, forestdndare,
[fo'rdston'dard]



5.

-n,

heart, hjdrta, 4. [j^r'ta^]
heavy, ^i^np, st?ar [fw??/, svotr]
height, hojd, 3. -ew, -er [hojtd]
helmet, hjdlm, 2. -en, -ar [jeltm]

[hal'vkWt]
hen, hona, 1.

5.

-w,

-et,



-or [7i0"na*]

hereditary, adj., arv- [artv-]
hill, kulle, 2. -n, -ar \kul'd*]
hoarse, adj., lies \hets]
hoe, hacka, 1. -n, -or [hak'a']



holiday, ferier, pi. [fetridr]
hope, hopp, 5. -e^,
[^op/J
to hope,

hoppas,

I.

[y^^p'as'J

horse, hdst, 2. -cti, -ar [hestt]
horse-radish, pepparrot, 3. -e?2,
-rotter [pep'arrco't]
horse-soldier, ryttare, 5. -n,
[ryhot, Ae^ [hett]
ft'ard']



hound, hund,

-ar [huntd]

2. -en,

hour, timme, 2. -n, -ar [tim'9']
huge, adj., ofantUg [cjfanHUg]

huntsman, ja^are, 5.-7z,

[far.'mcor, mcortrriMr]

grand-son,



at

hemisphere, halvklot,

[guldjis'k]
to govern, styra, regera^

haversack, mat-tornister, 2. -n,
-rar [mat-tornis'tdr]
head, huvud, 5. -et,
\hm'vm*d]

sdl]

-n, -\-[ce'ra]

handske,

harvest, skord, 2. -en, -ar [foetjid]
to harvest, skorda, I. [foR'dda^]
hat, halt, 2. -en, -ar [hatt]

healthy, adj., frisk [fristk]
to hear, hora, II. [hora*]
hearing, horsel, 3. -n, -f- [hort-

glad [glatd]
glddja [ghd'ja']

glass, glas, 5. -et,
to glide, glida, IV.

to hang, tapets'^a,d. [tap'etsetra'
hard, adj. [hdrd [hotjid]

— [je'gard^]

sondotter

[so'nso'n, so'ndot'dr]
to greet, hdlsa, I. [helsa']
to grieve, smdrta, I., sorja,

[smer'ta']
ground-floor,

I
II.

to illustrate,

jordvdning



[joj'dd-

on the
,
pd nedre
hotten [pot netdrd hottdn]
gun, gevdr, 5. -et,
[jevsetr]
vo'nir)]',



upplysa,

11.

[up'ly'-

sa]

imperishable,

adj.,

oforgdnglig

[ojfoerjsiflig]
to import,
I.

infora,

[m/oVa]

II.,

importera,

198

to

Vocabulary.

I.

improve, fovhdttraj

[/osr-

learned, Idrd [IseUd]
Idmna, I. [lem'na*]
ledger, huvudhok, 3. -en, -backer
to leave,

osmdlt [M'smeVt]

indigested, adj.
indulgent, adj.,

skonsam

[skco'n-

sam']
industrious, adj. flitig [Jii'tig*]
infantry, infanteri, fotfolk \in'fantdri.', foj'tfol'k]
infinite, odndlig [M'en^dlig']
infirmary, sjukhus, 5. -et,

{fwi'khia^s]
inkstand, bldckhom,

[bhk

-et,




2. -en,

-ar

5.

hoj'jin]

invention,

uppfinning,

[upfiniy']
iron,

5. -et,

jdrn,



[jseUn]
2.

jdrnpldt,

iron-plate,

-en,

0,



2.

-n,

-ar

makt [— maktt^
letter,

brev,

-en, -er [liif.d]

3.

lenght, Idngd,
5.



-et,

\bretv]

skulder, pi. [skul.'ddr]
lieutenant, lojtnant [Idj'tnan't]
liability,

to lighten, blixtra,
to lighten, Idtta, 1,,

1.

[blik'stra']
I attar e

gora

[ht'a', jo'ra* let'ara'']

-ar

Ijxdjiplo't]
island, o, 2. -n, -ar
isle,

[jiufviadbolc]
ben, 5. -et,
\bein^
legislative, adj., lagstiftande [la'gstiftandd]
legislative
power , lagstiftande
leg,

like, adj., lik, lika [li.% li'ka']
limb, lem, 2. -men, -mar [lem']

[0.']

[gt]

liver, lever, 2.

long, adj.,

&^

-??,

January, januari [jan'uiatri\

lord, herre, 2. -n,

joy, glddje, 3. -n,

loss,

-{ [gUdjd']

3.

forlust,

levrar [le'var]

[lov-]

-ar [^^r-'a*]
-er

-ew,

[/cer-

July, juli [jmili]
loud, adj., Ijudlig [jm'dlig]

June, juni [juiini]

to love, dlska,

holla, IV. \hol'a% underhdlla, IV. [un'ddrhol'a]

to keep,

kind, slag, 5.
-er [sla!g]

kingdom,

-et,

1.

[£Z"5A:a*]

love kdrlek, 2. -e?2, -|" [^^'^'^e'^*]
love-apple, kdrleksdpple, 4. -^, -ti

K



sort, 3. -en,

,

kungarike,

4.

-t,

[kuy'ari'kd]
kitchen-garden, kokstrddgdrd,

-n

{cdB'rleksep^ld] (tomat,

lowland,

Idgland,

2>.)

-lander

-et,

\lo'glan*cl]

luncheon, andra frukost,
-ar [an'dra' fruk'osH']

2. -en,

M

2.

-ar [gok'stregoUd]
knife, kniv, 2. -en, -ar [kni'v]
to knock, knacka [knak'a*]

3.

-en,

main land, fastland, 3. -et, -lander [fastlan^d]
man, mdnniska, 1. -n, -or [men'ifa']

man-of-war,
lake, sjd, 2. -w, -ar [/of]
lance, Za?is, 2. -en, -ar [lan!s]





landscape, landskap, 5. -et,
\lan'dska^p'\
language, sprdk, 5. -et,
[spro^k]



lark,

Idrka,

latest, adj.,

lead, ftZy,
leaf,

1. -n, -or [Iser'ka']
senast [se'nas't]

5.

-ef,

Zov, 5. -e^,

—+

[W-]

— [skot'-

[lo^v]

leap-year, skottdr, 5. -et,
o'r]

5. -et,

orlogsfartyg,

[oi-rlogsfa'rtgg]
3.

manager, disponent,

-er?,

-er

map, karta, 1. -n, -or [fcavfa']
March, mars, [mar's]
mare,

sifo,

4.

-e^,

master, mdstare,

-ti

5.



[sff(>/]

-w,

[?7?fS'-

tard*]

May, ma; [wi^y-l
meadow, dng, 2.
meal, mdltid,

-en,

3. -en,

-ar

[ey.']

-er [mo'lti'd]

199

English-Swedish.



5. -et,

meat, Wtt,

napkin, servett, 3. -en, -er

[Qoti]

-men, -mar

2.

member, medlem,
[me'dhm^]

mercantile fleet, handelsfiotta, 1.
-n, -or [han'ddlsflot'a]
merchandise, handelsvaror , pi.
[han'ddlsva'rojr]
merchant, Tcdpman,^d. -nen, -man

[gop'man*]
mercury, Tcvicksilver,

5.

+

-et,

3.

metal, metall,
[taV

[me

-er

-en,



of,
middle, mitt [miti] in the
mitt i [miti it]
mild, adj., mild [milid]
military, militdr-, Tcrigs- [mifi;

t€'r-f Tcrik's-]

milk, mjolk, 2. -en, -\- [mjoltk]
mind, tanke, 2. -n, -ar, lust, 3.
-en, -jto

[tayW]

have a mind

to

-an, -or Yflot'a^'\

1.

necktie, slips, 3. -en, -er [sliyts]
nest, ndste, 4.

hava

lust att

-en,

er [mi-

{n£S'td*'\

[neif]

night, natt, 3. -en, natter \natt^
nightingale, ndktergal, 2. -en, -ar

[nek'tdrga^l]
no, nej (icke) \nejt^
noise, Ijud, 5. -et,
-et,



larm,

,

5.

Ijmtd, lartm]

-f-

northern, adj., nordlig [noj'rdlig^^
nose, ndsa, 1. -n, -or [ns'sa^]
nourishing, adj. ndrande \nBe'-

November, november [ncovsmtbdr]
and then,
now, adv. nu [nmt]
da och da [dot okt dot]
nowadays, nu for tiden [nmt



;

3.

minute,

—-n

-t,

randd']

to,

[ha'va^ lus.'t att]

minute,

faUt]
navy, fiotta,

net, ndt, 5. -et,

[kviTc'sU'vdr]

[sser-

vett]

native country, fosterland, 5. -et,
-\- [fcos'tdrlan'd]
nature, natur, 3. -en, -\- [natmtr]
navigation, sjofart, 3. -en, -\- [fo'-

nmtt]
miss (thre train), Icomma, IV.,
for sent till [kom'a' foe.'r senit

foetr titddn]

tilf]

hlandning,

mixture,

2.

-en,

-ar

[blan'dnip']

modern,

nymodig [nymo/-

adj.,

dig]

Monday, mdndag, 2. -en, -ar
[montdag]
monkey, apa, 1. -n, -or [a'pa']
month,

mdnad,

3.

-en, -er [mo'-

;



[moj'ddr']

mountain, berg,

mouth,
[munt]

mun,

move, flytta,

muddy,

tvdngs- [ob'ligatcjtrisk\ tvoys-]
[vse'jidsocean, vdrldshav, 5. -et,
ha^v], ocean, 3. -en, -er [oj'sdatn]
October, oktober [oktojtbdr]
oil, olja, 1. -n, -or [ol'ja^]



gammal

old, adj.

oldfashioned,

adj.

[gam'aV^

gammalmodig

[gam'almco'digl

nad^]

morning, 7norgon, 2. -en, morgnar
[mor'on] this morning, i morse
[moMSd']
morning-gown, morgonrock, 2.
-en, -ar [mor'onrok']
mother, moder, 2. -n, -modrar

to

obligatorisk,

adj.

obligatory,

adj.,

opening,
oppning, 2. -en, -ar
[dp niy^]
orchard, frukttrddgdrd, 2. -en,

-ar [fruk'tregoUd]
ordning, 2. -en,

order,

niy^],

5. -et,
[basdtj]
2.
-nen, -nar
I.

onion, lok, 2. -en, -ar [lotk]

[flyt'a']

smutsig [smut'sig']

dra^g],

+—

[o'jud5. -et,
[up'bestdllning, 2. -en, -ar

uppdrag,

[bdstsl'niT)']

orderbook,
orderbok,
-boker [o'rddrbco^k']
ore,

3.

-en,

3. -en, -er
organ, 5. -et,

malm,

organ,
verktyg, 5.

-et,



— [mdtalt]
[orgatn],
[v^rkty'g]

overcast, adj. betdckt [bdtektt]
nail,

nagel,

name,

2.

namii,

-n, -lar [natgdl]
5.

-et,



[namtn]

overcoat,

overrock,

[0V9rro¥]

2.

-en,

-ar

200

Vocabulary.

owl, uggla, 1. -n, -or \ug-U^]
ox, oxe, 2. -n, -ar [cotsd^]

to plough, ploja, II.
[pZo/'s']
plumage, fjddrar, pi. [fj£-drar^

to

p

pl)^,

1.

Tcryssa,

polite, adj.

[krys'a']

hovlig [he'vlig-]

poor, adj. fattig [fat'ig']

M. (latin: post meridiem), eftermiddag [eftd^wiida'g']
pain, smdrta, 1. -w, -or [sm^.fP.

fa^]

painter,



^

mdlare,

5.

-w,

paper, papper, 5. -ef,
parents, fordldrar,

[fcerel^-

pi.

drar]
park, park, 3. -e/i, -er [_par/fc]
parsley, persilja, 1. -w,
[p^^-

+

sif.^'a]

partridge,

1.

rapphona,

-or

-?2,

[rap'/iO^Tia]

patriotism,

2. -ew,

-ar

[7ia??L-n]

-er [pos.'t]
post-card, hrevkort, 5. -ef r6re*v-e??,

5. -n,

postman, brevbdrare,
[bre'vb^^rard]
post-office, postkontor,

5. -ef,




[pos'tkontco'r]
post-paid, frankerad [frayke^rad]
post-paper, postpapper, 5. -ef, -j[po5"fj3ap'ar]
postage, porto, 4. -f, -ti [por'fw*]
postage-stamp, frimdrke, 4. -f, -ti
[fri'mseju^kd]

3.

fosterlandskdrlek,

-en, -\- [fces'tdrlandsgse'rlek]
to pay, betala, I. [bdta'la']

peace-establishment,

3.

fredsfot,



-en, -f- [fre'dsfco't]
pear, ydron, 5. -ef,
[p^Tori']
peasant,
bonde, 3. -w, bonder

[bco'ndd']
pen-knife, pennkniv,

2.

[pm'fcm'v]
pencil, blyertspenna,
[bly'dMspm'a]

to prevail, rdda. III. [ro'cZa']
to print, trycka, II. [fr^fca']

w,

-or

professor,
professor,
[projfes'or^]

1.

3. -en,

-er

[fa-

piano-forte, piano, 4. -f, -n [_p^Vnco]
picture,
mdlning, 2. -en, -ar

[mol'niy']
piece, sty eke, 4.

-f,

3. -ew,

plate, tallrik, 2. -e?i,

platina, platinum,

power, makt, 3. -e?i, -er [wafc.4];
the great Powers, stormakterna \stoj-rma¥t\
powerful, adj. mdktig \m£ktig^
precious, adj. dyrbar [dy'rba'r]
to prepare, bereda II. [Z>9?'e.'(^a]

-ar

par']
pheasant, fasan,
sa!n]

postal, post- [postt]
to pour, osa (ned) {osa' ne.'d]

-ew,

peninsula, halvo, 2. -n, -ar [haVro'J
people, folk, 5. -et, -man \foltk'\
pepper, peppar, 2. en, -\~ [pe-

pistol, pistol,

/lamn,

post, posf, 3.
Tco/jit]

[mo'-

— [_29apar']

lard']

port,

-n [styk'9']

profit

and

loss,

3.

-/i,

-er

vinst och forlust

[vintst oki fcerlusU]

framstdende
adj.
prominent,
[fram'sto'dndd]
properly, adv. vederborligen {ve'ddrboe'rligdn]
prosperity,

vdlgdng

to protect,

skydda,

[ve'lgoy']
1.

[/yd

a']

proud, adj. stolt [stol't]
to punish, straffa, I. [straf'a:]
pupil, Idrjunge, 2. -n, -ar [Ix'rjuy'e]

-er [pistcoU]
-ar [faZnfc']

platina,

[pla'tina']
to play, Zefca II., speZa

I.

-n,

Q

-|-

I.

[le'ka\

speZa^]
pleasant, adj. behaglig [hdhaiglig]
to please, behaga I. [fta/io-'^a]
pleased, adj. beldten, nojd \bdloitdn]
pleasure, noje, 4. -f, -w [noj'd']

quail, vaktel, 2. -n,

-ar

[vafc'faf']

quarter, fjdrdedel, 2. -e7z, -ar
[fjx'rddde'l]
to quench, sldcka, II. [sZffc'a'J
quick-silver, kvicksilver, 5. -ef,



[kvik'sil'vdr]
quiet, adj. sfi7/a [sfi'/a^j

201

English-Swedish.

R

rosy, adj., rosig, [rco'sig*]

-or

1. -n,

radish, rddisa,

\re'di''-

to rage,

I.

rasa,

[ra'sa,^]
jdrnvdg, 2. -en,

rail-way,

-ar

rund

round, adj.,
Russia,

sa\

Ryssland

[run'd]
[rys'lan^d]

rust, rost, 3. -en, -J- [rostt'\
rusty, adj.,
[r»s*%']

ros%

[j£e'j,nv£^g'\

rain-drop, regndroppe, 2. -n, -ar

\rey ndrop^d]
rake, rdfsa, 1. -n, or [ref-sa^]
rancid, adj. hdrsken \J^8eJ:sk^n'^']
reading-book, ldseboTc,2.-n, -bocker

[Itsdho/lcl
reasonable, fornuftig [fcernuf.tig^
receipt, Tcvitto, 4. -t, -n \hvit'a)^)^
to receive, (ejmottaga, IV. [mco't-

ffriskna']

ta^ga]
to recover,

I.

recruit,

-er

[rd-

-en,

-ar

-n

[re'-

tillfriskna,
rekryt, 3. -en,

krytt]
reform, forhdttring,

2.

[foerbd^riy]
regiment, regemente,

4. -t,

[til'-

register,

rekommendera,

[re'komendeira']
to regret, beklaga,
regular, adj.

I.

I.

[bdklatga]

regelmdssig

[re'gdl-

mssHg]
to reign,

r eg era,

hdrska,

I.,

I.

[rdjetra, hse'dska^]

reign, regering, 2. -en,

-ar

[rdje.'-

under the reign of, under ...s regering [un'ddr' ... —]

riy];

to represent, forestdlla, II. [fo'rd-

stsVa],

framstdlla,

II.

[fram'-

steVa]
to require,

II.,

rich

adj.,

ripe, adj.,

fordra,

I.



[se'^Zara']

-nen,

-man

[sa:tlisk]

saZ^, 3. -et, -er [saltt]

sandwich, dubbdlsmorgds, 2. -en,
-ar [smor'go's]
Saturday, lordag, 2. -en, -ar
scarcely, adv., knappt [knap't]
school, skola, 1. -n, -or [skoj'la']

schoolmaster, skolmdstare, 5. -n,
[skoj'lmes'tard]
school-room, skolrum, 5. -met,
[skoj'lrum^]
to scold, grata, I. [^rrZa']
to scrape, skrapa, I. [sA^ra'jpa']
[Ao/y] ; on the
sea, Aav, 5. -e^,







sea,

vid havet [vi'd

ha.'vdt]

season, drstid, 3. -en, -er [o^•s^^'c?]
to seat, sdtta, II.
s«^ [sf^'a'];
take a seat! sitt nedf [sit! netd]
second, sekund, 3. -en, -er [se-

O

ansvarig

kvickna,
W/c [nVA;]

I.

mogen

[an's-

[A:!;{A:*wa']

[morgdn^']

a, 2. -w, -ar, ^ocZ, 3. -en,
-er [jiojtd]
roast-beef, oxstek, 2. -en, -ar
[cok'ste^k]
robin, rotgel, 2. -w, -^Zar [rot'gdr]
rocky, adj., klippig [klip'ig^']

room, rwm,
root, rof, 3.
to root out,
1.

5.

seed, fro, 4. -e^, -n [/r0/]

synas,

II.,

tyckas,

II.

[hogak'ta]

river,

rose, ros,

salt,

to seem,

I.

hogakta,

responsible, adj.,
va^rig]
to revive,

[/0"man']
salic, adj., salisk

-en [sor'j-

3.

3.

sjoman,

-ar

-en,

A:wn.'c?]

begdra,

[69J«.V3, foj'rdra^]
to respect,

sailor,

2.

uppoffring,

[up'ofriy']
sadness, sorgsenhet,
Sdnhe^t]
sailer, seglare, 4. -n,

[lce.'rdag]

jdmenitd]
to

sacrifice,



-we^,
[rumt]
-en, -rotter [rojtt]

utrota, I. [la'trco^ta]
-en, -or [r(i>/s]

to sell, 5a^;a, II. [sel'ja']
to send, sdnda, II. [srn'cZa']
out,

utsdnda,

II.

;



[m*^s£?i'<^a]

sense, sinne, 4. -t, -n [sin'd']
sentiment,
kdnsla, 1. -n, -or
[^fn*s?a']

September,
bdr]
sergeant,

September [septemi-

sergeant,

3.

-en,

-er

[s^er/an.^^]

service, tjdnst, 3. -en, -er [g£n.'st]
to set, saY^a, II.
[set'a'j

O

several, Jlere [fle'rd']
severe, adj., strdng, hard [strey!

hoUd\
13**

202

Vocabularj^

shady, adj. skuggig \skug'ig^]
sharp, adj. vass [vast]
sheep, far, 5. -et,
\foir\
to shine, skina, IV. [fi'na'^
shirt, skjorta, 1. -n, -or [fco'dta^]



shoe, sko,

3.

-n, -r [skojt]



shoemaker, skomakare, 5. -n,
[skoj'ma'kard]
to shoot, skjuta, IV. [fui'ta,^]

sovereign, suverdn, 3. -en, -er
[smv'drstn']
to sow, sd, III. [so.' J
spacious, adj. rymlig [rym'lig^]
spade, spader, 1. -n,
[spatddr]
to speak, tala, I. [ta'la^]
,
speech, tal, 5. -et,
talformd-





ga,
ga];

kort [kD!d,tli
the
sjuk [fmfk]',
de sjuka [det fm'ka']



short, adj.
sick, adj.
sick,

sight, syn, 3. -en, -er [sy!n]



sign, tecken, 5. -et,

silk, silke, 1. -f, -n [sil'kd^]
silver, silver, 5. -et, -{- [sil'vdr]

similar, adj. dylik [dylik']
since, conj. sedan [se'dan']
since, allt sedan [altt



;

ever

-n, -\- [tail, ta'lfczrmo^-

from

speech
5.

trontal,



-et,

the

throne,

[troj'nta^l];

to deliver a speech,

hdlla

(ett)

tal [hoVa^]
to

[tektdn]

1.

spend (time), tillhringa,

O

II.

[tiVhrirj^a]

spina ge, spenat, 3. -en, -\- [spdnaii]
spoon, sked, 2. -en, -ar \fetd'\
square, adj. fyrkantig [fyr'kan^-



tig]

]

sjunga, IV. [fur)' a']
singing-bird, sdngfdget, 2. -en,-ar
to sing,

[ytmot^']

stamp, frimdrke, 4.

[sov'fo'gdl]

5. -eZ,

square measure, ytmdtt,

-n [fri'-

-t,

singing-master, sdngldrare, 5. -n,



[so'0'l9e''rard\

siskin,

1.

gronsiska,

[gre'nsis'ka]
syster,

sister,

-or

-n,

to stand, std. III. [stot]
state, stat, 3. -en, -er [sZa/Z]

-n,

-ar

[sys'-

ko/]
skilful, skicklig, adj. [fik'lig']
sky, himmel, 2. -n, -ar [him'dV]

to smell, lukta, I. [Z^6^'•^a*]
smell, ZwA:^, 3. -en, -f- [Zwfc/^]
to smelt, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'^a']
to smile,

smdle,
snipe, beckasin,

III.

O

[smo'Ze/]
3. -en, -er [&f-

-en,

-ar

[&a'n^o'.7.cZJ

to stay,

tdr']

to sit, stYifa, IV. [sit'a^]
skate, skridsko, 1. -w, -r [skrid's-

2.

hangdrd,

station,
2,

stanna,

I.



[sZan'a'J
-n,
[^?;'a-

1.

steamer, dngare,

steel, .sZaZ, 5. -eZ, -j- [sZo/Z]
still, adj. sZt'ZZa [sZz'Z'a'J



stock, forrdd, 5. -eZ,
[/cero.'cZ] ;
to take stock, inventera, I. [m'i;fnZe.Va]
3.

lagerbok,
-hooker [la'gdrho/k^

stockbook,
stocking,

1.

strumpa,

-n,

-e?i,

-or

[strum'pa^]
snout, nos, 2. -en, -ar [nco>/s]
snow, sno, 2. -n,
[sn0/]
sock, halvstrumpa, 1. -n, -or

+

[hal'vstru7n^pa]
sofa,
soft,

so#a, 1. -n, -or [sofa^]
adj. miw/c [mjiaik]

to solder, ZocZa, II. [lo'da']
sorrel,

syra,

1.

-n,

-or [syra'^

sorgsen [sor\jsdn^];
sorry, tZeZ gor mig ant
[det: joe!r miig ojntt]

sorry,
I

adj.

am

soul, sjdl, 2. -en, -ar [felt]
sour, adj. sur [svitr]

southern, adj. sydlig [sy'dlig^]

stomach, mage, 2. -n, ar [ma'g'd'stork, stork, 2. -en, -ar [sZox'/c^
storm, storm, 2. -en, -ar [sZor.W
stormy, adj. stormig [sZor'Tnza'J
story, herdttelse, 3. -n, -r [Z>9rettdlsd]
strait, ,9wncZ,

5.

-cZ,



straw-hat, halmhatt,
[y^aZ'wAaZ']

stream,
street,

./ZocZ,

gata,

strict, adj.

3.
1.

[suntd]
-en, -ar

2.

-en, -er
-n,

strdng

-or

[.^co».'cZ]

[aa'Zri'j

[strey.]

siuderkammare, 2.
-kamrar [stut'ddrkarn'ard]

study,

-n,

203

Swedish-English.

under sate,

subject,

2.

-ar

-n,

5. -et,

sugar, socker,
to

passa,

suit,

[sok!9r}

-{-

III.

anstd,

I.,

an'sto']

[pas'a,',

summer, sommar,

o.

fe?27i,

[som'rar^]

summit, topp, 2. -en, -ar [top.^]
Sunday, sondag, 2. -en, -ar [son'-

dag]
2.

soluppgdng,

-en,

-\-

sprdk,



5. -et,

ji'va]

swallow, svala, 1. -n, or [sva'la^]
Swede, svensk, 2. -en, -ar[sven.^sk]
Swedish, adj. svensk [svm^sk]
to swim, simma, I. [sim'a,^]
5.



-et,

[svaUd]

redskap,

ka^p]
tooth, tand,


— [red's-

5.

-et,

3. -en,

table,

5. -et,

bord,

-tdnder[tan!d]

tract, strdckq, 1. -n, -or
tradesman, liandlande,

[bojUd]
-en, -ar

[b(o\iddui'k]

skrdddare,

tailor,

5. -n,

— [skre-

d'avd^]
to take, taga, IV. [fa'^a']
taste,
tea,

sma^,

te,

3.

2.

+

-en,

-er

-ef,

[^an'6?/an'c?9]
train, ^a^, 5. -e^ [^o/^]

transatlantisk

adj.

[s??^«.^A:]



I.,

traveller,

saga,

II. [&9-

resande,

san^dd]
tree, ^ra5,

I.

[/cer-

5.

-e^,

3.

-e/i,





[tre!]

adj. (river),

bekymmer,

5.

-et,



[bdgymidr]
trunk, 6dZ, 2. -en, -ar [6o.7]
to try, forsoka, II. [/cers6VZ:a]
tulip, tulpan, 3. -e?i, -er [^wi'_pa/n]

Tuesday, tisdag,
temperature, vdrmegrad,

-or [re'sa'j
5. -n,
[re'-

biflod, 3.
-en, -er [bi'flco'd]
troop, trupp, 3. -en, -er [^rt/p.'j
trouble,

Idra, II. [Z^'ra^]
teacher, Idrare, b.-n,
[Ise'rarQ^I
2. -en, -er
telegraph, telegraf,
[te'ldgraif]
to tell, berdtta,

travel, resa, 1. -n,

tributary,

[fe.']

to teach,



[s!(reA:*a^]
5. -n,

^2/^.^a]

2.

bordduk,

\l€s'-

-et,

[tran'satlanttisk]
to transplant, forflytta,

table-cloth,



torpedo-boat, minbdt, 2. -en, -ar
[mi'nbo^f]
tough, adj., se^ [se.'^]
town, stad, 3. -en, -stdder [staid]

transatlantic,



-ef,

[sprotk]

5.

tdta'l]
tool,

[soj'lup^gorj]

supper, kvdllsvard, 3. -e7i, -er
[kvEl'sva'dd]
surface, yta, 1. -n, -or [y'ta']
to surround, omgiva, IV. [om'-

sword, svcird,

5.

tit-mouse, mes, 2. -en, -ar [we/s ]
to-day, I dag [i! datg]
tongue, tunga, 1. -n, -or [two'a^

tonnage, Idstetal,

sunrise,

[^en/]

-|-

-et,

jdrnbleck,

[j«*./-ri6Zeit']

-somrar

2. -en,

[^ro??']
3. -e?i, -er [ti'd-

puy^kt]
tin,

tin-plate,

kvav [kva'v]

sultry, adj.

fran^

tight, adj.

time, tidpunkt,

\un'ddrsoHd\

2. -en,

-ar

[^zV.s--

dag]

-er [v^-rmdgra^d]
to thank, tocA^a, I. [tak'a^]
to thaw, smdlta, II. [sm^Z'ifa']

therefore,

U

ddrfor [dmrfdir]

thirst, ^ors^,

2.

-e?i,

+

[^cex^s^]

thirsty, adj. torstig [toex'stig^'\
to threaten, hota, I. [^<y'^a']

thrush, trast, 2. -eTz, -ar [^i^as/^]
to thunder, dska, I. [os"A:a']

Thursday,
[toMi

torsdag,

2.

-en,

-ar

ugly, adj. ful [fm'l]
uncle, onkel, 2. -n, -ar \pykdV],

farbror, morbror [far'bro/r]
forena, I. [fcere.'na]
United Kingdom, Storbritannien
och Irland

to unite,

universal, adj.

allmdn

[^al'ms^n]

204

Vocabulary.



universe, vdrldsallt, 5. -et,
[va^'ddsaVt]
unsettled, adj. orolig [o)'roj''lig\
to use, bruka, I. [brui'ka^]

5.

water, vatten,
water-lily,

-et,

ndckros,



[i-at:dn\

1.

-en,

-or

[nek'rco^s]

watch-dog, gdrdvard, 2. -en, -ar
[go'rdva^xd]
to wear, bdra, IV. [&«•?'«'];
out, slita, IV. w^ [sU'ta^ m!t]



value, vdrde, 4. -t, -n [v^'ddd^]
vase, vas, 3. -en, -er [^vcu's]
veal, kalvkott, 5. -et,
[kal'v-



got']

vegetables,

gronsaker,

[gro'n-

pi.

sa'kdr]
vessel,

fartyg,

victory, seger,

—[fa'rty'g]

b.-et,
2.

-n,

-ar [setgdv]

5. -et,

vineyard, vinberg,



[vi'n-

ba^rtj]
1.

vinegar, dttika,

-n, -\- [etika'^]

violblomma,

violet,

1.

-or

-n,

[vi'ojlblojm'a], viol, 3. -en, -er

besok, 5. -et,
to visit, besoka, II.
visit,



[bsso^kl

[&as0.^A;a]

volcano, vulkan, 3. -ew, -er [vwZ-

wall,

vdgg,

walnut,

2.

weed, ogrds, 5. -e^, -|- [^j'^rs's]
week, vecka, 1. -n, -or [vek'a']
wet weather, vdtvdder, ruskvd-



[?;o'^t'f^c:?arJ
der, 5. -ef,
wide, adj. vid [vi!d]
window, fonster, 5. -et,
[fon:-



stdr]
wine, vin, 3. -e^, -er [vi!n]
wine-bottle, vinbutelj, 3. -en, -er

[vi'nbm'telj]
wire,

telegram,

3.

-en,

-me^,

+




[skri'vU^rard']

[ta'ga'

-notter

[va'lno't]

Printed by

J.



[^e'-

woollen, ylle-, ull- [yl'd-, ul'-]
[coUd]
word, ord. 5. -e^,
writing-master, skrivldrare, 5.-n,

-en, -ar [vegf]

valnot,

5.

Z^^raw.']
wise, adj. vis [viis]
to wish, onska, I. [on'sfca']
[w??.'c?9r]
wonder, under, 5. -ef,
to wonder, undra, 1. [wn'c?ra']
2.
wool, ull,
-671,
[uU]

waist-coat, vast, 2. -en, -ar [v€sH]
walk, promenad. 3. -en, -er
[prco'mdnaJd]; to take a walk,

promenad

5. -et, -}- [vi'ddr]
2. -en, -ar

Wednesday, onsdag,



ka!n]
volunteer, friviUig [fri'vilHg]

taga sig en

weather, vdder,

year, dr, 5. -et,
yesterday, i gar

HOrning,

Heidelberg.


[tV

[o!r]

gotr]

Educational Works and Class-Books

^^s

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer
FOR THE STUDY OP MODERN LANGUAGES.
PUBLISHED BY JuLIUS GrOOS, HeIDELBERG.

«With each newly-learnt language one wins a new soul.* Charles V.
«At the end of the 19'^ century the world is ruled by the interest for
trade and traffic; it breaks through the barriers which separate
the peoples and ties up new relations between the nations.*
William II.
yytTulius &roos, Publisher, has for the last fifty years been devotmg his
special attention to educational ivories on modern languages, and has published
a large munbe?- of class-booJcs for the study of tJwse modern languages most
generally spoken. In this particular department he is in our opinion unsur-

passed by any other German publisher. The series consists of 290 volumes
of different sizes which are all arranged on the same system, as is easily
seen by a glance at the grammars which so closely resemble one another,
that an acquaintance with one greatly facilitates the study of the others.
This is no small advantage in these exacting times when the knowledge of
one language alone is hardly deemed sufficient.
The textbooks of the Gaspey - Otto - Sauer method have, within the
last ten years, acquired an universal reputation, increasing in proportion as a knowledge of living languages has become a necessity of modern
The chief advantages, by which they coinpare favorably with thousands
life.
of similar books, are loumess of price and good appearance, the happy union
of theory and practice, the clear scientific basis of the grammar proper combined with practical conversational exercises , and the system, here
conceived for the first time and consistently carried out, by which the pupil is
really taught to speak and write the foreign language.
The grammars are all divided into tivo parts., commencing ivith a
systematic explanation of the rules for pronmiciation, and are again subdivided into a number of Lessons, Each Part treats of the Parts of Speech
in succession, the first giving a rapid sketch of the fundamental rules, which
are explained more fully in the second.
The rules appear to us to be clearly givefi, they are explained by examples,
and the exercises are quite sufficient.
To this method is entirely due the enormous success with which the
Gaspey -Otto -Salter textbooks have met; most other grammars either
content themselves with giving the theoretical exposition of the grammatical
forms and trouble the pupil with a confused mass of the most far-fetched
irregularities and exceptions ivithout ever applying them, or go
to the other extreme, and sifuply teach him to repeat in a parrotlike manner a few colloquial phrases without letting him grasp the

real genius of the foreign language.
The system referred to is easily discoverable : 1. in the arrangement of
the grammar; 2. in the endeavour to enable the pupil to understand a
regular text as soon as possible, and above all to teach him to speak the
foreign language; this latter point was considered by the authors so particu-



to distinguish
them
them from other wvrks of a similar kind
Conversational Grammars,
The first series comprises manuuls for the use of Englishmen and
consists of 54 volumes.

larly characteristic of their ivorks, that they have styled



Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer
for the study of

modern languages.

Our admiration for this rich collection of loorUs, for the method displayed and tlve fertile genius of certain of the authors, is increased whe}i ive
examine the other series, ivhich are intended for the use of foreigners.
In these iwrJcs the chief difficulty under ivhich several of the authors
have laboured, has been the necessity of teaching a language in a foreign
idiom; not to mentio7i the peculiar difficulties ivhich the German idiom offers
in ivriting school-booJcs for the study of that language.
We must confess that for those persons who, from a prdctical point
of view, wish to learn a foreign language sufficiently well to enable them to
ivrite and speak it with ease, the authors have set down the grammatical
rules in such a way, that it is equally easy to understand and to leai'n them.
Moreover, we cannot but commend the elegance and neatness of the type
and binding of the booJcs. It is doubtless on this account too that these
volumes have been received with so much favour and that several have reached

such a large circulation.

We

willingly testify that the whole collection gives proof of much care
to the aims it has in view and the way. i7i
which these have bee^i carried out, and, moreover, reflects great credit on the
editor, this collection being in reality quite an exceptional thing of its Jcind."

and industry, both unth regard

.

.

.

,

t.

(Eoctract frotn the Literary Meview.)

All books bound.
s.

Elementary

Enjrlish EclitloriLH.
Modern Armenian Grrammar by

Arabic Grammar

by Thatcher

.

.

.

.

Gulian

.

:

Key to the Arabic Grammar "by Thatcher
Arabic Chrestomathy by Harder

I>anisli Conversation -Grammar by Thomas

Danish Couversations- Grammar by Thomas
Conversation-Grammar by Valette. 2. Ed.
Key to the Dutch Convers. -Grammar by Valette
Dutch Reader by Valette. 2. Ed
net
French Conversation-Grammar by Otto-Onions. 13. Ed.
Key to the French Convers.-Grammar by Otto-Onions. 8. Ed
Ed
French
Grammar
4.
Elementary
by Wright.
French Reader by Onions
Materials for French Prose Composition by Otto-Onions. 5. Ed.
French Dialogues by Otto-Corkran
Conversation-Grammar by Otto. 28. Ed
Key to the German Convers.-Grammar by Otto. 20. Ed
Elementary German Grammar by Otto. 9. Ed

Key

to the

Dntcli

.

.

.

.

.

.

Oerman

German Book by Otto. 9. Ed
German Reader. I. 8. Ed.; II. 5. Ed.; III. 2. Ed. by Otto
Materials for translating English into German by Otto-Wright.
First

.

Key

to the Mater,

f.

tr.

Engl,

i.

Geim. by Otto.

3.

.

each
Ed.

7.

Ed

German Dialogues by Otto. 5. Ed
Accidence of the German language by Otto-Wright. 2. Ed.
Handbook of English and German Idioms by Lange
German Verbs with their appropriate prepositions etc. by Tebbitt
.

.

.

.

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer
modern languages.

for the study of

Enerlisli FCditions.
The

SEansa

language (DieHaussaspraclie; la langue liaoussa) bySeidel

Hindustani
Key

Conversation -Grammar by Clair -Tisdall
Hindustani Convers.- Grammar by Clair - Tisdall

to the

Italian Conversation-Grammar by Sauer-de Arteaga. 9.
Key to the Italian Convers.-Grammar by Sauer-de Arteaga. 8. Ed
Elementary Italian Grammar by Motti. 3. Ed
Italian Reader by Cattaneo.
Italian Dialogues by Motti
to the

Japanese Oonv. -Grammar by Plant

Modern
Key

Ed

Conversation-Grammar by Plaut

Japaneste
Key

2.

Ed. net

to the

Perisian Conversation-Grammar by

Mod. Persian Convers.-Grammar by

St. Clair-Tisdali

.

St. Clair-Tlsdall

Conversation-Grammar by Kordgien and Kunow
Convers.-Grammar by Kordgien and Kunow
Knissian Conversation-Grammar by Motti. 3. Ed
Key to the Russian Convers.-Grammar by Motti. 3. Ed
Elementary Russian Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed
Key to the Elementary Russian Grammar by Motti. 2, Ed
Russian Reader by Werkhaupt and Roller
(Spanish Conversation-Grammar by Sauer-de Arteaga. 7. Ed. net
Key to the Spanish Convers.-Grammar by Sauer-de Arteaga. 5. Ed.
2. Ed
Elementary Spanish Grammar by Pavia.
Spanish Reader by Arteaga
Spanish Dialogues by Sauer-Corkran

Portag^nese
Key

to the Portuguese

.

.

.

Swedish Grammar by Fort. 2. Ed
Turliisli Conversation -Grammar by Hagopian
Elementary
Key

to the

Turkish Convers.-Grammar by Hagopian

-A^rabic EdLltion.
Kleine

deutselie

Sprachlehre fur Araber von Hartmann

.

.

.

A-rnienian Edition.
Elementary XSnglisll Grammar

for

Armenians by Gulian

....

Bnlgraylan EditioTis.
Kleine

deatsche

Kleine

englische Sprachlehre fiir
franzosische Sprachlehre

Kleine

Sprachlehre fur Bulgaren von Gawriysky.

2. Aufl.

Bulgaren von Gawriysky
fiir Bulgaren von
Gawriysky
.

.

.

GreTTna-n Editions.
Arabische

Konversations-Grammatik

Schiussel dazu v. Harder.

2.

Arabische Chrestomathie

v.

v.

2. Aufl.

v.

Gawriysky

v.

Seidel

Gawriysky

Chinesiisclie Konversations-Grammatik
dazu v. Seidel
Kleine chinesische Sprachlehre v. Seidel
Schlttssel dazu v. Seidel
Schliissel

IDIiniscIie Konversations-Grammatik
Schliissel

LDnala

dazu

v.

Wied.

2.

.

.

.

Harder

JBalgarisclie Konversations-Grammatik

Schiussel dazu v.

Harder.

Aufl

v.

Wied.

Aufl

Sprachlehre und Worterbuch

v.

Seidel

2.

Aufl

....

Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauer
for the study of

Kleine

dentsehe

modern languages.

Sprachlelire fur Tiirken von Wely
fiir Tiirken von Wely Bey-Bolland

Deutsches Lesebuch

Conversation-Books by Connor
in
2.

English-German.
English- French.
English-Italian.

2.

2.

two languages:

Ed.
Ed.
Ed.

English-Russian
English-Spanish
English-Swedish
Deutsch-Danisch
Deutsch-Franzosisch.

2

.

.

.

.

2.

Ed.

Deutsch-Italienisch

Deutsch-Niederlandisch
Deutsch-Portugiesisch

.

in three languages:

English-German-French.

14.

Ed

in four

English- German-French-Italian.

languages:
2.

Ed.

.

.

Bey-Bolland

I

14 DAY USE
RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

LOAN

DEPT.

RENEWALS ONLY—TEL. NO. 642-3405
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.

Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

-JMIZMOj^^
LD

^0N9
^fC. CIR. JUN

J
ftElo-7n-lPfff
/

J975
4 15

.^EB28]g]r6

'^W^?
^^Cl^

n^

Wja7g

LD21A-60to-6,'69
(J90968l0)476-A-32

General Library
University of California
Berkeley

230rtWM__jiifiL22:eL:3PM

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