Graphic Elements

 

 

Graphic Gra phic Element mentss Boo Booklklet

 

Types of Art Originals Original art reers to the primary photo or illustratio illustration n that is being prepared or   reproduction. Examples include photographs, drawings, slides and more. While there are many orms o original art, they are usually classified according to whether the copy is a line original or continuous tone original.

Continuous tone originals are images with even, sof tonal transitions that do not consist o obvious tonal steps. It is any image that contains gradient tones rom black to white. Examples include oil paintings or photographs: pieces o art that have a realistic color transition. Te sof transitio transitions ns are possible p ossible because they are constructed rom an unlimited number o colors.

Line originals are ofen reerred to as pen and ink drawing drawingss and are any image that consists o distinct straight and curved lines against a usually plain background without gradation in shade or hue. Examples include lines, diagrams, and pen and ink drawings. Line originals are caracterized by their high contrast and that they can be enlarged without affecting image quality, also known as resolution independent.

 

Tonal Rang Range   Te tonal range o a picture is the range o tones that can be created in a given color system or by a given de vice, suchtonal as a ranges printermake printer or scanner. Full ull use o highlights and shadows, meaning they range rom the darkest dark to the lightest light, and have strong contrast, while narrow tonal ranges lack contrast but can still be useul. High key images, or example, are comprised o mainly lighter shades while low key images are comprised o mostly darker shades. onal range is created by assigning pixels to varying amount o memory, known as bit depth, determining what color a pixel will show. An 8 bit image has 256 gray levels or every channel. In an RGB image with three channels each pixel can reproduce one o 16.7 (256 x 3) million dierent colors. Histograms are used to show the color assignment o an image. Tey display how many pixels have each particular amount o a color. Te darkest dark starts on the lef and then gradually merges to the whitest white.

 

Vector Art and TypeStyles   Vector art, or line art, consists o cur curves ves and lines that can be enlarged without affecting the image quality, sometimes reerred to as resolution independent. Tey use mathematical relationships between points the paths connecting them to describe anand image. Te paths can be edited using handlebars that create curves and closed figures. Color, Color, line thickness, and texture can all be manipulated. Line thickness, or stroke weight, is measured in points where 72 points are equal to 1 inch. ypical weights range rom .5 point to 2 points.  

.5 point .75 point 1 point 2 point

Line thickness is crucial

during the printing o a product. All lines must be lined up exactly, however this is hard when each color requires a different image carrier. o avoid this, a slight overlap o one color is put underneath another, known as image trapping. Tis prevents gaps or misregistration. Stroke weight is also an important actor or type, which reers to letters and their accompanying styles. ypeace is a name given to classiy a specific kind o type, or example imes New Roman. Font Font is used us ed regarding the typeace, style (bold, italic, etc.) and size. s ize. ype ype amily describes the typeace and all a ll the styles it is related to. Tere are six main categories categories o type: text, roman, sans seri, square type, scripts, and novelty. novelty. Each typeace typ eace encompasses encompasses its own personality; so selecting the right typeace can add to the impact o the printed message. message. ext ext type replicates that o medieval scribes and is used or ormal print. Roman is the most commonl commonlyy used because it is easy to ready. It is charactorized by it’ it’s stroke variation and seris (the small line finishing off a stroke on letters in certain typeaces). Sans Roman ype Roman ype seri has no seris, and is more casual. Sans Serif Type Sans Serif Type Square type is used specifically or signiying power. Scripts or cursives are used Square Type Square Type inormally or ormally depending on the selected look. Novelty type is anything not categorized.

 Text Type

 Text Type

Scripts 

Scripts 

 Novelty  N ovelty Type Type

 Novelty  N ovelty Type Type

 

Screen Tints Screen tints are created using different percentages o each color. Tis creates an effect o multiple colors. Tereore, sccreen tints are the amount o ink covering  

apaper substrate. A 70% screen tint would have Since 70% omore the o covered in ink and 30% uncovered. the paper is covered with ink, a higher screen tint creates a darker shade o the color. Tis effect is achieved by varying dot size. Tis is determined using a measurement called lpi, or lines per inch. Te higher the lpi, the smaller the dots and vice  versa. High lpi lpi require magnificatio magnification n to actually see the dots. In the example below, there are five screen tints o the same color with varying percentages. Tey are printed at 25 lpi making them visible without magnification. Ofen, two screen tints o the same percentage are printed on top o each other, changing the colors rom what they were intended to be. Tis is known as a moiré pattern. By printing the colors at different angles, we can avoid this mistake.

0% 10% 20%

30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

 

 Rasttor Art  Ras Art and Halftones   Sometimes called bitma bitmap p images, raster images use a grid o individual pixels where each pixel has an individual color. Tey are resolution dependent because their number o pixels per inch, or PPI defines them. Tis means it cannot be enlarged without without hurting the quality o the picture. Because all the pixels are the same size, it is the amount o pixels in an inch that determines the resolution. Tereore, pictures with a higher ppi will wil l have a better resolution and pictures with a lower ppi will have a lower quality resolution. Standard web images are usually 72 ppi and printed pictures are usually 150 or 300 ppi, but can be much higher. On the right is a 300 ppi image set in grayscale.

  Another way to view raster art is to make it halfones. Also known as dot pattern images, halfones are made by varying different sizes o dots o ink. Tey have the visual appearance o a continuous tone image with varying shades because o the limited resolving power o the human eye. Tey are similar to screen tints, except halfones are printed printed with varying dot sizes while screen tints have a uniorm dot size.

 

Process Color   Proccess color is any color within the CMYK gamut (the range o colors achievable using CMYK on white paper). CMYK is a “subtractive” color model based on reflected light. Te more color used, the darker the image becomes, making white the absence o color. onality is achieved by using a halfone screen create dots color. Larger to dots make oro a stronger color. As the screens overlap, they produce the illusion o ull color. 

 

Biography  is Julianne Howerton. My I amname a reshman graphic communications major at Clemson University. I am rom Greenville, SC and am the youngest o our girls. My hobbies include art, music, and sports.

Sources Botello, Chris, and Elizabeth Eisner. Reding. Te Design Collection Revealed: Adobe Indesign CS6, Photoshop CS6, Illustrator CS6. Clifon Park, NY: Delmar/   Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. Edlein, Rebecca. “GC 104 Lecture Series.” Clemson University, Clemson. Lecture. Romano, Frank, and Michael Riordan. Pocket Pal: A Graphic Arts Production Hand book. 20th ed. Memphis, N (6400 Poplar Ave. Memphis 38197): International Paper, 2007. Print.

Tis booklet was produced to meet the requirements o an educational assignment and may contain inormation that is inaccurate or misleading.