gravity
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by Robert J. Lee Gravity: Push or Pull? I don t believe that gravity pulls us. I think push is a more accurate concept. A heavenly body such as the earth displaces the fabric of space-time, and the re sult is an effect of tension against the surface of the earth. Matter is pushed down in an elastic-like effect. The tautness of curved space-time holds us dow n. The fabric of space-time, which covers the earth, is curved because the mass ive presence of the planet earth distorts the fabric. The fabric of space-time is invisible matter, and although we cannot see the fabric of space-time we can observe its effects. Naturally, the gravity would be greater on a planet with greater radius and mass than the earth because the fabric surrounding the planet would be stretched to a greater degree of tension. Objects on these planets are "pushed down" with gr eater force. The planet Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system and h as the greatest surface gravity of the nine planets. The gas giant Saturn is th e second largest planet in our solar system. Due to the nature of its mass, the fabric can penetrate this planet more easily than it can penetrate Jupiter. As could be expected, Saturn has less than half the surface gravity of Jupiter. I f all nine planets were composed of the same matter as the earth, then you could rank their surface gravities according to their sizes. One could observe in many cases that the more massive an object, the greater its surface gravity will be. Of course, the planets in our solar system are not co mposed of extremely dense matter and can be well penetrated by the fabric of spa ce-time. There is much "empty space" in our planet; an atom is mostly space. C onsequently, I believe that the fabric of space-time penetrates the Earth to its very core. We know that even in our deepest mine shafts we have gravity. The entire earth is surrounded by the fabric (or substance) of space-time. I t ry to use analogies to describe this notion although my analogies are often less than perfect. Think of the earth as being a giant porous ball trapped inside a n enormous block of rubber-like substance. This invisible substance pushes its elf all the way to the center of our planet. It is what makes a bottle of wate r fall to the floor deep inside a mine shaft when a miner drops it. It is what holds a man down to the ground when he walks across a field. Gravity and the Atom I will have to postulate that the fabric of space-time cannot penetrate the nucl eus of an atom. This resistance would result collectively in tension which in t urn causes gravity. Earth s atomic matter is held down by this effect. I can und erstand why a physicist who is interested in particle physics would look for exp lanations of gravity at the subatomic level. My tension theory of gravity does not require a theoretical subatomic particle like a graviton. In light of my theory, mass is not a result of tiny vibrating superstrings; mass is a result of the resistance of protons and neutrons to tension in the fabric of space-time. I fully accept the idea that mass increases as matter moves at s peeds close to that of light. Why does mass increase? It is because resistance to the fabric of space-time increases drastically as matter pushes against it a t these advanced speeds. Consider the elements. Even as a child I knew that lead was heavy. You can see on the periodic table of the elements that lead has 82 protons and the atomic m ass is 207.2. Greater tension is produced when space-time matter comes into con tact with the nucleus of a lead atom because resistance is greater. Simply put,
tension is a result of resistance. This is the real basis of gravity. Electron Shell Distortion Theory If the fabric of space-time cannot penetrate the nucleus of an atom then it seem s likely to me that the nucleus would be surrounded by globular layers of spacetime matter. These layers are in fact what we refer to as electron shells. Tin y electrons spin on the surface of these layers billions of times a second. Sci entists know that high energy photons can knock the electrons off of their shell s but the question is how? I don t believe that a zero-mass luxon like the photon could knock an electron (even though it has a very tiny mass) off of it s shell l ike billiard balls as some have suggested, but in reality the photon distorts th e contour of the shell and the electron flies off into space. I call the above idea my Electron Shell Distortion Theory and hope that it will merit serious att ention from physicists. If this theory is proven then my ideas about gravity wi ll gain credibility. Gravity, Black Holes and Photons Compact objects in the universe are made up of extremely dense matter. Black ho les are one type of compact object. The following analogy illustrates why grav ity is so enormous on the surface of a black hole: Imagine a ball of hard rubber cut in half. Place a large steel ball bearing between the halves and press the halves together. The fabric of space-time is like the hard rubber. It is unfo rgiving and unyielding. It cannot penetrate a black hole because there is no em pty space inside a completely collapsed compact object. The fabric of space-tim e presses down very hard on the surface of a black hole and creates enormous sur face gravity. Light photons move freely through the fabric of space-time unless the fabric is extremely compacted. An example would be the compacted fabric which surrounds a black hole. I submit that light photons cannot pass through this super-compres sed layer of fabric. High energy photons can cause movements in the fabric of space-time - suggesting that there is resistance involved. Does this mean that photons might exceed th e speed of light in a true vacuum - without the fabric of space-time to impede velocity? Faster-than-light wavelets have been observed when two waves collide. Photons have a relationship with the fabric of space-time that may include som e unknown properties. Photons might behave quite unpredictably in a true vacuum . Models of Space-Time Curvature In my opinion, there is a need for better models to illustrate space-time curvat ure. Most models of space-time curvature generally depict something like a gian t marble resting on a rubber-like sheet or net. The fabric (or substance) of space-time covers every inch of the earth s surface. It would be more accurate to illustrate space-time curvature by depicting a glo be (earth) inside the center of something like a cube of rubber (substance of sp ace-time). In this model, the globe would distort the rubber. The rubber would exert pressure uniformly on the entire surface of the globe. Students could be nefit from a representation of this type. Properties of Space-Time Respectfully, I offer my own intuitive ideas about the properties of space-time; like ordinary atomic matter, space-time occupies space, resists change and has physical properties: such as density. I theorize that it can undergo physical c hange under certain conditions - one example might be when space-time comes into
contact with the nucleus of an atom. It may be that the strong nuclear force w hich exists between protons and neutrons causes space-time to change from a soli d into a fluid state; I strongly suspect that it does. In the fluid state, this mysterious substance may be super-slick stuff. Maybe this is why there is no a ppreciable drag to slow our planet down as it rotates. Perhaps we can someday r ealize what the fabric of space-time is by improving our understanding of its re lationship with the atoms that make up our planet Earth. Luminous bodies like the Earth were once masses of molten matter. I believe tha t they were molded into round objects by the fabric of space-time that enveloped them. I don t believe that they were shaped by so called "dark matter." As the planets cooled, the fabric of space-time pushed the heavier elements (like iron) to the center to form a core. If atomic matter and the fabric of space-time are competing for space, then this suggests to me that our universe is finite and has absolute boundaries. Is our universe enclosed in a "big bag?" Shall we call this idea the "Big Bag Theory ?" Gravity and the Moon There must be a way to prove the above theory of gravity. If the above theory i s true, then the curved distortion of the fabric of space-time around the Earth will meet the curved distortion of the fabric of space-time around the moon and jointly create a flat circular zone of compressed space-time. This compression causes the flattened fabric of space-time to press down into the ocean - causing a swelling of the waters (tidal bulge)! This is an effect that could, in fact, be measured and analyzed. When the moon is closest to the Earth, it is in Perigee. As could be expected, this is when the tides are most affected, because the circular zone of compresse d space-time is enlarged and will penetrate a larger area of water. Gravity is stronger on the Earth side of the moon. If the Earth and moon pull a t each other (as mainstream physicists believe) then the gravity should be weake r on the Earth side of the moon. The zone of flattened space-time compression p ushes against the face of the moon, therefore increasing gravity. (please see dr awing) On charts depicting the oceans tidal bulges, one will notice that the oceans bulg e out on opposite sides of the Earth in alignment with the moon. If the moon is pulling at the ocean, as most people believe, then how could the tides bulge aw ay from the moon, simultaneously, on the opposite side of the planet? My theory , if applied to that mystery, suggests that the moon and Earth have jointly crea ted a distortion of space-time which affects the tides on opposite sides of the planet by penetration and competition for space. Mainstream science puts forth the belief that the moon is held in orbit by the " gravitational" pull of the Earth. At the same time scientists admit that Earth gravity is the weakest of nature s four forces. Because I believe that natural t ension in the fabric of space-time holds you and me to the sidewalk when we stan d, walk or run, I am inclined to believe that magnetism is the force that holds the moon in our orbit. Our planet Earth is a giant magnet; the moon is not a m agnet but it does have an iron core. If the fabric of space-time pushes against the surfaces of the Earth and moon, a nd at the same time the Earth pulls at the moon like a giant magnet in the prese nce of a large iron ball, then it seems obvious that the zone of flattened space -time compression that lies between them is the cushion that keeps them from cra shing into each other. These two forces simultaneously work in a harmonious fas
hion to keep nature in balance. Summary Objects in space, like the Earth, displace the fabric of space-time. This displ acement results in the elastic-like tension in the fabric of space-time that cau ses gravity to exist on our planet. The challenge of quantizing space-time has not been met. Understanding how it i s structured and even inventing a way to "see" it is, in my opinion, the most im portant challenge facing physicists. Among other things, it will reveal the tru e nature of gravity. Copyright © 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 by Robert J. Lee. All rights in the above article are reserved. No portion may be reproduced in any form without the express permission of the author. About Me: Thanks alyst. ension e this for reading my article on gravity. I am a retired Information Systems An In the late 1990s, close to my retirement time, it occurred to me that t in the fabric of space-time is responsible for gravity. I wanted to shar concept with others so I decided to publish my article on the Internet.
In those 20 years of functioning as an analyst, I had to solve many vexing puzzl es. When facts were scarce, I relied on imagination to paint pictures in my min d. Imagination is a powerful tool. I want to give God all the credit for any t alents that I may have. I have received many encouraging emails from people all over the world. One of my favorite emails came from two fifth graders. They stated that they had read my article and understood my ideas. I have tried to simplify complex ideas. Often people write me and request new ideas. I am trying to improve the articl e as thoughts occur to me. For the present time, my gravity article will have to stand on its own merits. I have said all I know to say about gravity. I would like to add that the comparisons I use are admittedly less than perfect. They are only used to convey ideas and should not be taken literally. Descartes did not believe that space was an empty void; he believed that the ent ire universe is made up of matter. Albert Einstein taught us that energy and ma tter distort the fabric of space-time. We see further because we are standing o n the shoulders of giants as Sir Isaac Newton observed about himself. When I th ink about the accomplishments of men like James Clerk Maxwell, Hermann Minkowski , Albert Einstein, and Hendrik Lorentz, I feel very insignificant, indeed. I am truly grateful for the knowledge they discovered and shared with us. Sincerely, Robert J. Lee
tension is a result of resistance. This is the real basis of gravity. Electron Shell Distortion Theory If the fabric of space-time cannot penetrate the nucleus of an atom then it seem s likely to me that the nucleus would be surrounded by globular layers of spacetime matter. These layers are in fact what we refer to as electron shells. Tin y electrons spin on the surface of these layers billions of times a second. Sci entists know that high energy photons can knock the electrons off of their shell s but the question is how? I don t believe that a zero-mass luxon like the photon could knock an electron (even though it has a very tiny mass) off of it s shell l ike billiard balls as some have suggested, but in reality the photon distorts th e contour of the shell and the electron flies off into space. I call the above idea my Electron Shell Distortion Theory and hope that it will merit serious att ention from physicists. If this theory is proven then my ideas about gravity wi ll gain credibility. Gravity, Black Holes and Photons Compact objects in the universe are made up of extremely dense matter. Black ho les are one type of compact object. The following analogy illustrates why grav ity is so enormous on the surface of a black hole: Imagine a ball of hard rubber cut in half. Place a large steel ball bearing between the halves and press the halves together. The fabric of space-time is like the hard rubber. It is unfo rgiving and unyielding. It cannot penetrate a black hole because there is no em pty space inside a completely collapsed compact object. The fabric of space-tim e presses down very hard on the surface of a black hole and creates enormous sur face gravity. Light photons move freely through the fabric of space-time unless the fabric is extremely compacted. An example would be the compacted fabric which surrounds a black hole. I submit that light photons cannot pass through this super-compres sed layer of fabric. High energy photons can cause movements in the fabric of space-time - suggesting that there is resistance involved. Does this mean that photons might exceed th e speed of light in a true vacuum - without the fabric of space-time to impede velocity? Faster-than-light wavelets have been observed when two waves collide. Photons have a relationship with the fabric of space-time that may include som e unknown properties. Photons might behave quite unpredictably in a true vacuum . Models of Space-Time Curvature In my opinion, there is a need for better models to illustrate space-time curvat ure. Most models of space-time curvature generally depict something like a gian t marble resting on a rubber-like sheet or net. The fabric (or substance) of space-time covers every inch of the earth s surface. It would be more accurate to illustrate space-time curvature by depicting a glo be (earth) inside the center of something like a cube of rubber (substance of sp ace-time). In this model, the globe would distort the rubber. The rubber would exert pressure uniformly on the entire surface of the globe. Students could be nefit from a representation of this type. Properties of Space-Time Respectfully, I offer my own intuitive ideas about the properties of space-time; like ordinary atomic matter, space-time occupies space, resists change and has physical properties: such as density. I theorize that it can undergo physical c hange under certain conditions - one example might be when space-time comes into
contact with the nucleus of an atom. It may be that the strong nuclear force w hich exists between protons and neutrons causes space-time to change from a soli d into a fluid state; I strongly suspect that it does. In the fluid state, this mysterious substance may be super-slick stuff. Maybe this is why there is no a ppreciable drag to slow our planet down as it rotates. Perhaps we can someday r ealize what the fabric of space-time is by improving our understanding of its re lationship with the atoms that make up our planet Earth. Luminous bodies like the Earth were once masses of molten matter. I believe tha t they were molded into round objects by the fabric of space-time that enveloped them. I don t believe that they were shaped by so called "dark matter." As the planets cooled, the fabric of space-time pushed the heavier elements (like iron) to the center to form a core. If atomic matter and the fabric of space-time are competing for space, then this suggests to me that our universe is finite and has absolute boundaries. Is our universe enclosed in a "big bag?" Shall we call this idea the "Big Bag Theory ?" Gravity and the Moon There must be a way to prove the above theory of gravity. If the above theory i s true, then the curved distortion of the fabric of space-time around the Earth will meet the curved distortion of the fabric of space-time around the moon and jointly create a flat circular zone of compressed space-time. This compression causes the flattened fabric of space-time to press down into the ocean - causing a swelling of the waters (tidal bulge)! This is an effect that could, in fact, be measured and analyzed. When the moon is closest to the Earth, it is in Perigee. As could be expected, this is when the tides are most affected, because the circular zone of compresse d space-time is enlarged and will penetrate a larger area of water. Gravity is stronger on the Earth side of the moon. If the Earth and moon pull a t each other (as mainstream physicists believe) then the gravity should be weake r on the Earth side of the moon. The zone of flattened space-time compression p ushes against the face of the moon, therefore increasing gravity. (please see dr awing) On charts depicting the oceans tidal bulges, one will notice that the oceans bulg e out on opposite sides of the Earth in alignment with the moon. If the moon is pulling at the ocean, as most people believe, then how could the tides bulge aw ay from the moon, simultaneously, on the opposite side of the planet? My theory , if applied to that mystery, suggests that the moon and Earth have jointly crea ted a distortion of space-time which affects the tides on opposite sides of the planet by penetration and competition for space. Mainstream science puts forth the belief that the moon is held in orbit by the " gravitational" pull of the Earth. At the same time scientists admit that Earth gravity is the weakest of nature s four forces. Because I believe that natural t ension in the fabric of space-time holds you and me to the sidewalk when we stan d, walk or run, I am inclined to believe that magnetism is the force that holds the moon in our orbit. Our planet Earth is a giant magnet; the moon is not a m agnet but it does have an iron core. If the fabric of space-time pushes against the surfaces of the Earth and moon, a nd at the same time the Earth pulls at the moon like a giant magnet in the prese nce of a large iron ball, then it seems obvious that the zone of flattened space -time compression that lies between them is the cushion that keeps them from cra shing into each other. These two forces simultaneously work in a harmonious fas
hion to keep nature in balance. Summary Objects in space, like the Earth, displace the fabric of space-time. This displ acement results in the elastic-like tension in the fabric of space-time that cau ses gravity to exist on our planet. The challenge of quantizing space-time has not been met. Understanding how it i s structured and even inventing a way to "see" it is, in my opinion, the most im portant challenge facing physicists. Among other things, it will reveal the tru e nature of gravity. Copyright © 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 by Robert J. Lee. All rights in the above article are reserved. No portion may be reproduced in any form without the express permission of the author. About Me: Thanks alyst. ension e this for reading my article on gravity. I am a retired Information Systems An In the late 1990s, close to my retirement time, it occurred to me that t in the fabric of space-time is responsible for gravity. I wanted to shar concept with others so I decided to publish my article on the Internet.
In those 20 years of functioning as an analyst, I had to solve many vexing puzzl es. When facts were scarce, I relied on imagination to paint pictures in my min d. Imagination is a powerful tool. I want to give God all the credit for any t alents that I may have. I have received many encouraging emails from people all over the world. One of my favorite emails came from two fifth graders. They stated that they had read my article and understood my ideas. I have tried to simplify complex ideas. Often people write me and request new ideas. I am trying to improve the articl e as thoughts occur to me. For the present time, my gravity article will have to stand on its own merits. I have said all I know to say about gravity. I would like to add that the comparisons I use are admittedly less than perfect. They are only used to convey ideas and should not be taken literally. Descartes did not believe that space was an empty void; he believed that the ent ire universe is made up of matter. Albert Einstein taught us that energy and ma tter distort the fabric of space-time. We see further because we are standing o n the shoulders of giants as Sir Isaac Newton observed about himself. When I th ink about the accomplishments of men like James Clerk Maxwell, Hermann Minkowski , Albert Einstein, and Hendrik Lorentz, I feel very insignificant, indeed. I am truly grateful for the knowledge they discovered and shared with us. Sincerely, Robert J. Lee
