GRE

Afnan Hajyahia

GRE Subject Tests: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
Content Specifications
I. BIOCHEMISTRY — 36%
A.

B.



Chemical and Physical Foundations



Structural Biology: Structure, Assembly, Organization and Dynamics



Thermodynamics and kinetics




https://www.khanacademy.org/testbioenergetics/v/thermodynamics-vs-kinetics

Redox states





http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Chapter%2014-CHEM1010-MSJ.pdf

chemical bond

Chemical reaction mechanisms


http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Rate_Laws
/Reaction_Mechanisms/Reaction_Mechanisms

Macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and


Nucleic acids



Polysaccharides



Proteins



Lipids

Supramolecular complexes (e.g., membranes, ribosomes and
multienzyme complexes)


C.

Supramolecular chemistry

Catalysis and Binding



Chemical interactions and bonding






Solubility equilibrium

Solute-solvent interactions




buffer solution

Solutions and equilibria




Redox

Water, pH, acid-base reactions and buffers


small molecule

complex lipids)

prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-



Small molecules

Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics




Enzyme kinetics

Ligand-protein interaction (e.g., hormone receptors, substrates and
effectors, transport proteins and antigen-antibody interactions)


Protein–protein interactions

D. Major Metabolic Pathways



F.

Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation

Regulation and Integration of Metabolism



Covalent modification of enzymes



Sulfur assimilation



Allosteric regulation



Nitrogen assimilation



Compartmentalization



Carbon assimilation



Hormones



Anabolism



Catabolism


http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/anabolism-and-


G.

Methods



catabolism-reactions-definitions-examples.html#lesson



http://quizlet.com/7590330/synthesis-of-macromolecules-dna-rnaand-proteins-flash-cards/alphabetical

E.





Energy transformations at the substrate level








electron transport chain (ETC)



Electron transport chains in mitochondria

Proton and chemical gradients
electrochemical gradient

Energy coupling (e.g., phosphorylation and transport)


http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Energy_coupling



http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect04.htm

Isotopes

Separation techniques (e.g., centrifugation, chromatography and
electrophoresis)

Substrate-level phosphorylation



Electron transport







Microscope (history/types)

Isotopes


Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)



Biophysical approaches (e.g., spectroscopy, x-ray, crystallography,
mass spectroscopy)

Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules


regulatory enzyme



separation process

Immunotechniques


Protein immunoblotting

Afnan Hajyahia

GRE Subject Tests: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
II. CELL BIOLOGY — 28%
Methods of importance to cellular biology, such as fluorescence probes (e.g., FRAP, FRET and GFP) and imaging, will be covered as appropriate within the context of the content
below.
A.

Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organization,
Dynamics and Functions



Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Cellular membrane systems (e.g., structure and transport across



role &importance

membrane)



molecular component



Nucleus (e.g., envelope and matrix)


Cell nucleus



Structures (Nuclear envelope and pores/ nuclear lamina/



Chromosomes/ Nucleolus)


Function (Cell compartmentalization/ Gene expression/



Dynamics and regulation (Assembly and disassembly)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts (e.g., biogenesis and evolution)


Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory

Cell adhesion and junctions


Cell adhesion



Process eukaryotes

Signal transduction





Signal transduction

Receptor function


Processing of pre-mRNA)



Extracellular matrix (including cell walls)


Membrance transport/transport types



Cell Surface and Communication

http://www.benjamintseng.com/documents/BiochemPrep2.pdf





B.

Signal transduction(receptor)

Excitable membrane systems


Membrane potential (also transmembrane
potential or membrane voltage)

C.

Cytoskeleton, Motility and Shape


Cytoskeleton



Eukaryotic cytoskeleton /comparison



E.

Cell Division, Differentiation and Development



Regulation of assembly and disassembly of filament systems




Microtubule / Regulation of microtubule dynamic

Motor function, regulation and diversity



Motor proteins / function



D. Protein, Processing, Targeting and Turnover



Translocation across membranes




Posttranslational modification




Posttranslational modification (PTM)

Intracellular trafficking




Membrane vesicle trafficking

Secretion and endocytosis




Protein targeting or protein sorting

http://medcell.med.yale.edu/lectures/files/secretion_endocytosis

Protein turnover (e.g., proteosomes, lysosomes, damaged protein
response)



Protein turnover



Cell cycle, mitosis and cytokinesis


Cell Cycle



Mitosis



Regulation of the cell cycle



Cell cycle checkpoints

Meiosis and gametogenesis


Gametogenesis



Meiosis

Fertilization and early embryonic development (including positional
information, homeotic genes, tissue-specific expression, nuclear and
cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and induction,
environment, stem cells and polarity)


Prenatal or antenatal development

III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS — 36%
A.

Genetic Foundations





Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance


Non-Mendelian inheritance (types)



Mendelian inheritance





Transformation



Transduction (Generalized transduction, Specialized



http://tinyurl.com/nj6dhcc



http://tinyurl.com/qjqqw4y

Mutational analysis
Mutation testing

Genetic mapping and linkage analysis


Genetic linkage (linkage map, Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis)

B.



Chromatin and Chromosomes


http://www.diffen.com/difference/Chromatin_vs_Chromosome



Karyotype (Observations on karyotypes)



Karyotypes



Translocations, inversions, deletions and duplications



Aneuploidy and polyploidy



Structure



Epigenetics

Genome structure





Bioinformatics

Proteomics




transposable element (Class I & Class II)

Bioinformatics




Disease gene identification

Transposable elements




Interspersed repetitive DNA

Gene identification




Genome mapping (Genetic Mapping VS Physical Mapping)

Repeated DNA and gene families




Structural genomics

Physical mapping


Recombination and complementation





Genomics

Transformation, transduction and conjugation

transduction, medical application)



C.

Proteomics (Complexity of the problem)

Molecular evolution


Molecular evolution(Forces in molecular evolution)

D. Genome Maintenance



F.



DNA replication




DNA damage and repair



DNA modification



Positive and negative control of the operon



DNA replication (DNA polymerases, Replication process,
Regulation)



Gene Regulation



Promoter recognition by RNA polymerases
RNA polymerase (Control of transcription,action)





Epigenetics

Attenuation and antitermination
Antitermination





DNA recombination and gene conversion




Gene conversion(Allelic gene conversion , ectopic gene



E.



Genetic recombination(Mechanism)





Gene expression(Mechanism, Regulation of gene





Gene expression profiling
Post-transcriptional modification (mRNA processing)

G.



non-coding RNA



Small interfering RNA



microRNA

Viruses



Translation


Gene duplication (Mechanisms of duplication)

Small non-coding RNA (e.g., siRNA, microRNA)

Genetic code

RNA processing






Transcription/transcriptional profiling






The genetic code

trans-acting

Gene rearrangements and amplifications

expression)



cis-Regulatory Elements ( examples)

Trans-acting regulatory factors

Gene Expression


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12213655

Cis-acting regulatory elements

conversion)


http://tinyurl.com/o9pyo2h

Translation (biology)

Genome replication and regulation


Viral replication



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969453



Virus assembly



Virus-host interactions


Virus (microbiology)

Afnan Hajyahia

GRE Subject Tests: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
H. Methods



Restriction maps and PCR






Nucleic acid blotting and hybridization


Southern blot



northern blot



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7567/

DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes




Protein–DNA interactions

Transgenic organisms




sequence analysis

Protein-nucleic acid interaction




http://www.eplantscience.com/index/genetics/genetic_engineering_and_biotechnology_recombinant_dna/cloning_in_bacteria_and_eukaryotes.php

Sequencing and analysis




http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Microarrays


microarray



http://www.aun.edu.eg/gembc/s/A.PDF

Afnan haj yahia

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