HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY 1
Content
HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES ******************************** ************
ASSIGNMENT ON TRANSLATION THEORY SUBJECT IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE APPLICATION
Hanoi-March, 2011
CONTENTS
I. INTRUCTION 1.1. Rationale 1.2. Aims and scope of the study II. DEVELOPMENT 2.1. Definition of subject 2.2. Overview of Subject 2.2.1. Realization of subject 2.2.2. Position of subject 2.2.3. Function of subject 2.3. Some notes on English and Vietnamese application 2.3.1. Impersonal pronouns as subjects 2.3.1.1. It 2.3.1.2. There 2.3.1.3. One 2.3.1.4. You 2.3.2. Some notes on positions of sentence subject 2.3.3. Skewing in English-Vietnamese translation III. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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I. INTRUCTION
1.1. Rationale When Immanuel Kant said in 1785 that “a person is a subject whose actions can be imputed to him/her” he meant a subject in the sense of the do-er of a verb, an active entity which was the source of its own actions and was morally responsible for those actions. The sense of “subject” I take to mean the type of answer to the subject-question: “who does?” The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase) by means of the verb to any other elements present in the sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials. 1.2. Aims and scope of the study The primary aim of the study is to give students of English, who would be translators, an overview of frequently seen applications of English and Vietnamese subject. The study also aims at giving some notes of thosewhich can deal with confusing of using proper vocabulary in translation. The targeted subjects of this study are mainly students; nevertheless, all people who are interested in translation work can consider it a useful data helping improve their translation skill. In addition, the study touches upon a field of study that is sill rather insufficient in Vietnam for further discussion by other researchers. Because of space and time limitation, the study can not cover the whole aspects of subject sentence in English as well as in Vietnamese equivalents. Thus, we only focus on researching some aspects mentions in the Contents. The study was carried out by collecting data from books, e-book and information from previous researcher and from internet.
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II. DEVELOPMENT
2.1. Definition of subject The subject of a sentence is part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates what it is about, or who or what performs the action (that is, the agent). "The traditional definition of subject as referring to the “doer” of an action (or agent), though it is adequate for central or typical cases, will not work for all cases”. 2.2. Overview of Subject 2.2.1. Realization of subject Although nouns and noun phrases most frequently function as the subject of sentences, other grammatical forms can perform the grammatical function of subject in the English language such as: verb phrases, preposition phrases, adjectives, clauses, idioms, quotations, etc.,
Noun phrases as subjects: Noun phrases are the most frequent
grammatical forms that function as the subject. Lan, my daughter, is in grade 6. She was waving an American flag. My son is waiting for me over there The police interviewed all the witnesses. This is my husband Who asked the question? Mine is durable Two are absent today Some of the students are here. Con bé Lan nhà tôi đang học lớp 6. Cô ta đang vẫy cờ Mỹ đấy. Con tôi đang đợi ở kia rồi Cảnh sát đang thẩm vấn các nhân chứng. Đây là chồng tôi. Ai hỏi câu đấy thế? Túi này của tôi còn bền chán. Hôm nay, có 2 học sinh không đi học Một số học sinh ở đây
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Neither John nor I trust him. Verb phrases as subjects To read is easier than to write. Walking makes me feel better. Questioned a lot makes her confused Whom to hire is a difficult question. My drinking milk pleases my mother.
Preposition phrases as subjects
Cả tôi và John đều không tin anh ta Đọc thì dễ hơn viết Tản bộ làm tôi thấy thoải mái Bị hỏi quá nhiều làm cô ta thấy bối rối
Sometimes a prepositional phrase appears to be either the subject itself or part of the subject. Read the example that follows: After nine is a good time to ring.
In March is good to marry.
Gần sáng là lúc mọi người ngủ say Sang tháng 3 là bước vào mùa cưới Trong hang rất tối. Đằng sau gara toàn sình lầy Dưới gậm giường rất bẩn Từ Hà Nội tới Hải Phòng là 105km
In the cave is dark Behind the garage is a muddy mess Under the bed needs cleaning Above the freezer needs dusted
Between seven and nine is when Khoảng từ 7-9h là lúc công nhân employees must arrive. phải có mặt
Adjectives as subjects
In English, alone adjective can not be the subject in sentence. However, in Vietnamese, the subject can be an adjective: Cần cù, chịu khó là đức tính tốt đẹp của nhân dân việt nam. Lười biếng là một tính xấu
Clauses as subjects: In these cases, clauses can also perform almost all
the other functions as noun phrases. Cách mạng tháng 8 / thành công
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đem lại độc lập, tự do cho dân tộc. What he said is valuable Những gì ông nói đều rất có giá trị The man I met last night was Cái gã tớ gặp tối qua cực kỳ thú vị interesting All books you need are in the Những sách em cần đều có trong thư library viện cả. Idioms, quotations, slogans, mottos… as subjects Today, “Do you... Yahoo!?” becomes Slogan “Hãy nói theo cách của bạn” dần trở nên phổ biến với người sử popular to younger generations dụng mạng điện thoại di động ở VN. I love you is often heard these days. “Biết rồi, khổ lắm, nói mãi” đã trở thành câu nói bất hủ của cụ cố Hồng In that situation, to have a good head on Chỉ tay năm ngón chẳng bao giờ one’s shoulders became her weak side. được việc cả. “No smoking” is seen in everywhere Biển báo “Cấm dẫm lên cỏ” dường như vô hình với đại đa số người dân khu vực quanh đây.
2.2.2. Position of subject Most statements begin with the subject. However, many questions begin with a word that is part of the complete predicate. The subject of a sentence may be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. The predicate also precedes the subject in statements beginning with There is, There are, Here is, or Here are. In commands the subject is usually not stated. It is understood. Position of the subject: at the beginning Sentence The children were complaining about the amount of homework.
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in the middle at the end not stated
Although learning is valued, the children complained about the amount of homework. There are the children. Do your homework. (You)
When you are identifying the subject in an interrogative sentence (a question) it may help to put the question in the form of a statement: Do the children understand the homework? The children understand the homework. You may also simplify the task of identifying subjects by identifying any prepositional phrases. 2.2.3. Function of subject The most familiar grammatical function is the subject. In notional terms, we can think of the Subject as the element which performs the "action" denoted by the verb. The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase) by means of the verb to any other elements present in the sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials.
2.3. Some notes on English and Vietnamese application 2.3.1. Impersonal pronouns as subjects Impersonal pronouns, such as: it, there, you, one do not refer to particular things or replacement of previous one
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With the role of impersonal subject in the sentence, they have no exactly equivalent meanings in Vietnamese. Thus, they will be translated into Vietnamese differently in each case. 2.3.1.1. It Time, date weather It’s nearly one o’clock. It’s my birthday. It’s raining. It was getting cold. It’s nice to meet you. Bây giờ là gần 1 giờ Hôm nay là sinh nhất tớ Trời đang mưa Thời tiết đang lạnh dần Rất vui được gặp anh
Give Nonpeople opinion
To -inf -ing +adj
People
It was interesting to meet your Rât vui là cuối cùng thì brother at last. cũng gặp được anh trai bạn It’s great living in Spain Sống ở TBN thích lắm It can be hard work looking Trông trẻ con vất vả lắm after young children đấy It’s wonderful! Thật tuyệt! Tuyệt quá/ Tuyệt thật It’s noisy! Thật ồn ào! Ồn quá/ Ồn thật đấy Hello! It’s George. Xin chào! Là Georger đây. (Mary knocks on door) It’s me. Là tôi đây. Mary đây It’s Mary
2.3.1.2. There: After “there” you use a form of “be” and a noun group. Generally, “there” is translated “có” into Vietnamese. The subject in English sentence may be subject in Vietnamese translation version or not. There are two people Có hai người biết rõ who might know what chuyện gì đã xảy ra. happened There is plenty of Có/còn nhiều bánh mỳ
The existence or presence of someone or
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something: Something that happens
bread. lắm There's a meeting every Hàng tuần, có một buổi week gặp họp There are forty of us, I think There is a great deal of anger about his decision. Tôi cho là chúng tôi có 40 người Có rất nhiều người tức giận vì quyết định của anh ta.
A number or amount 2.3.1.3. One
As a determiner, the word one is sometimes used before a proper noun to designate. But we also use one as a pronoun, and this is where one becomes surprisingly complex. As a pronoun, one can also function in an impersonal, objective manner, standing for the writer or for all people who are like the writer or for the average person or for all people who belong to a class. In the United States, one sometimes has a literary or highfalutin feel to it; the more it is used, the more pretentious it feels. In British English, the use of the impersonal or generic one is more commonplace and has no such stigma. In the U.S., one is often replaced by you. In this paper, we deal with “one” as subject. In each case or context, “one” can be translated into Vietnamese in different ways. Followings are examples of “one” replaced by “you”: One would think the airlines would have to close down. • One would [You'd] think the inner dome of heaven had fallen. • The young comedian was awful; one felt embarrassed for him. • If one fails, then one must try harder next time.
•
When the pronoun one is used in the numerical sense, a different pronoun can be used in a subsequent reference.
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We watched as one [of the ospreys] dried its feathers in the sun. • One [driver] pulled her car over to the side.
•
However, it is generally regarded as a bad idea to mix the impersonal or generic pronoun one with another pronoun, especially in the same sentence, as in "If one fails, then he/you must simply try harder." 2.3.1.4. You “You” is often used in general statements when we are talking about anyone, at any time. “You” is directed to the listener. It does not include the speaker. “You” as an impersonal pronoun is informal.
•
In ancient times, you believed in dog-spirits.
(Use people. This is in a time before the speaker or listener.)
•
Insteading for a number of people:
(In the class, teacher tells to her students) You should try your best if you want to gain the scholarship
2.3.2. Some notes on positions of sentence subjects Generally, but always, the subject comes before the verb, as in the entire examples above. There are, however, exceptions, like these in following cases: 2.3.2.1. In questions Questions are typically formed by inversion– putting an auxiliary verb or modal verb at the front for yes/no questions, or an interrogative word followed by an auxiliary or modal verb.
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"Have you eaten breakfast yet?" Are you ready?" “What is the difference between a king penguin and an emperor penguin?” 2.3.2.2. In expletive constructions: involve a couple of the stylistic errors outlined in this article .They are wordy and employ weak verbs. Many sentences that begin with "it is," "it was," "there is" or "there are" have expletive constructions. There were four basic cause of the Civil War Here is the book. It was the final goal of the game that determined the state championship It is Saturday when I get to spend time at the animal shelter 2.3.2.3. In attributing speech Striking students who miss exams will be given fail marks” said the vice-chancellor Ms Anna 2.3.2.4. To give prominence or focus to a particular word or phrase by putting the predicate in the initial position: Even more important is the chapter dealing with ordnance 2.3.2.5. When a sentence begins with an adverb or an adverbial phrase or clause Seldom has so much been owed by so many to so few. Only then did I understand the problem Only after understanding the situation does the teacher make a comment.
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2.3.2.6. In negative constructions: Everybody knows "not". Other negative constructions are possible. Because English does not allow double or triple negatives, it is important to avoid using "not" with other negative constructions. When "not" is included, use the affirmative forms of other adverbs: I don't believe a word she says, nor does my brother. Come to think of it, neither does her father . 2.3.2.8. After “so” “I believe her; so does my brother” “I like oranges; so does my sister” 2.3.2.9. Version with conditional sentences. “Had I remembered Tomomi's birthday, she wouldn’t be mad at me now.” “Had I remembered = If I had remembered” “Should you need a hand, I will be more than happy to help you.” “Should you need a hand = If you should need a hand” 2.3.3. Skewing in translating subject from English into Vietnamese or vice versa:
In English, alone adjective can not be the subject in sentence. However,
in Vietnamese, the subject can be an adjective. An adjective must be and may be converted to a noun phrase in Vietnamese – English translation and vice versa: Laziness is one of bad characteristics N Lười biếng là một tính xâu Adj
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Single form may be converted to plural one or vice versa:
His advice is always helpful Sl.
Những lời khuyên của anh luôn rất bổ ích Pl
A noun Phrase can be converted to a clause: The success of the August Revolution brings back independence and NP freedom to our nation. Cách mạng tháng Tám thành công đem lại độc lập tự do cho dân tộc. S V Pronoun is converted to adverb phrase in order to express the distance: It is 105km form Hanoi to Hai Phong Từ Hà Nội đến Hải Phòng là 105km
III. CONCLUSION
All in all, this study is carried out so as to give the learners an overview about subject in English and Vietnamese application, help them find the way of translation it effectively. By dealing mainly the overview of subject and some notes on English and Vietnamese application, we want to show that to translate is not difficult if we master its realization, position function of
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subject. Hopefully, our work will be helpful for the learners in studying academic translation.
REFERENCES
1. Dao Minh Thu. Dao Thi Minh Ngoc, Nguyen Mai Van, Le Kim Ngan, Le Thanh Huong, Nguyen Phuong Tai, Do Ba Lam (2010) “Tap quy tac cu phap Tieng Viet”, SP8.5 –Đề tài KC.01.01.05/06-10 2. Wlodarczyk André & Hélène (2006) “Subject in the Meta-informative Centering Theory” in Études cognitives / Studia kognitywne 7, SOW, PAN, Warsaw
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3. http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subject.htm 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar) 5. http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agr_pronouns.html 6. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/one.htm 7. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/function/position.htm 8. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=193816 9. http://home.mira.net/~andy/works/subject.htm 10. http://www.english4dummies.com/grammar/typesofsubject.html 11.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search? hl=vi&q=cache:sshlwtBuMzwJ:http://www.english-forstudents.com/Subject-VerbInversion.html+subject+verb+inversion+In+questions+(routinely)&ct=clnk
Members of Group
1. Nguyễn Thị Lệ (K14C) 2. Nguyễn Thị Lợi 3. Hoàng Thị Mai (K14C) 4. Nguyễn Thị Thu (K14C)
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5. Trần Thị Thu (K14C) Class: K14C
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ASSIGNMENT ON TRANSLATION THEORY SUBJECT IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE APPLICATION
Hanoi-March, 2011
CONTENTS
I. INTRUCTION 1.1. Rationale 1.2. Aims and scope of the study II. DEVELOPMENT 2.1. Definition of subject 2.2. Overview of Subject 2.2.1. Realization of subject 2.2.2. Position of subject 2.2.3. Function of subject 2.3. Some notes on English and Vietnamese application 2.3.1. Impersonal pronouns as subjects 2.3.1.1. It 2.3.1.2. There 2.3.1.3. One 2.3.1.4. You 2.3.2. Some notes on positions of sentence subject 2.3.3. Skewing in English-Vietnamese translation III. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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I. INTRUCTION
1.1. Rationale When Immanuel Kant said in 1785 that “a person is a subject whose actions can be imputed to him/her” he meant a subject in the sense of the do-er of a verb, an active entity which was the source of its own actions and was morally responsible for those actions. The sense of “subject” I take to mean the type of answer to the subject-question: “who does?” The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase) by means of the verb to any other elements present in the sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials. 1.2. Aims and scope of the study The primary aim of the study is to give students of English, who would be translators, an overview of frequently seen applications of English and Vietnamese subject. The study also aims at giving some notes of thosewhich can deal with confusing of using proper vocabulary in translation. The targeted subjects of this study are mainly students; nevertheless, all people who are interested in translation work can consider it a useful data helping improve their translation skill. In addition, the study touches upon a field of study that is sill rather insufficient in Vietnam for further discussion by other researchers. Because of space and time limitation, the study can not cover the whole aspects of subject sentence in English as well as in Vietnamese equivalents. Thus, we only focus on researching some aspects mentions in the Contents. The study was carried out by collecting data from books, e-book and information from previous researcher and from internet.
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II. DEVELOPMENT
2.1. Definition of subject The subject of a sentence is part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates what it is about, or who or what performs the action (that is, the agent). "The traditional definition of subject as referring to the “doer” of an action (or agent), though it is adequate for central or typical cases, will not work for all cases”. 2.2. Overview of Subject 2.2.1. Realization of subject Although nouns and noun phrases most frequently function as the subject of sentences, other grammatical forms can perform the grammatical function of subject in the English language such as: verb phrases, preposition phrases, adjectives, clauses, idioms, quotations, etc.,
Noun phrases as subjects: Noun phrases are the most frequent
grammatical forms that function as the subject. Lan, my daughter, is in grade 6. She was waving an American flag. My son is waiting for me over there The police interviewed all the witnesses. This is my husband Who asked the question? Mine is durable Two are absent today Some of the students are here. Con bé Lan nhà tôi đang học lớp 6. Cô ta đang vẫy cờ Mỹ đấy. Con tôi đang đợi ở kia rồi Cảnh sát đang thẩm vấn các nhân chứng. Đây là chồng tôi. Ai hỏi câu đấy thế? Túi này của tôi còn bền chán. Hôm nay, có 2 học sinh không đi học Một số học sinh ở đây
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Neither John nor I trust him. Verb phrases as subjects To read is easier than to write. Walking makes me feel better. Questioned a lot makes her confused Whom to hire is a difficult question. My drinking milk pleases my mother.
Preposition phrases as subjects
Cả tôi và John đều không tin anh ta Đọc thì dễ hơn viết Tản bộ làm tôi thấy thoải mái Bị hỏi quá nhiều làm cô ta thấy bối rối
Sometimes a prepositional phrase appears to be either the subject itself or part of the subject. Read the example that follows: After nine is a good time to ring.
In March is good to marry.
Gần sáng là lúc mọi người ngủ say Sang tháng 3 là bước vào mùa cưới Trong hang rất tối. Đằng sau gara toàn sình lầy Dưới gậm giường rất bẩn Từ Hà Nội tới Hải Phòng là 105km
In the cave is dark Behind the garage is a muddy mess Under the bed needs cleaning Above the freezer needs dusted
Between seven and nine is when Khoảng từ 7-9h là lúc công nhân employees must arrive. phải có mặt
Adjectives as subjects
In English, alone adjective can not be the subject in sentence. However, in Vietnamese, the subject can be an adjective: Cần cù, chịu khó là đức tính tốt đẹp của nhân dân việt nam. Lười biếng là một tính xấu
Clauses as subjects: In these cases, clauses can also perform almost all
the other functions as noun phrases. Cách mạng tháng 8 / thành công
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đem lại độc lập, tự do cho dân tộc. What he said is valuable Những gì ông nói đều rất có giá trị The man I met last night was Cái gã tớ gặp tối qua cực kỳ thú vị interesting All books you need are in the Những sách em cần đều có trong thư library viện cả. Idioms, quotations, slogans, mottos… as subjects Today, “Do you... Yahoo!?” becomes Slogan “Hãy nói theo cách của bạn” dần trở nên phổ biến với người sử popular to younger generations dụng mạng điện thoại di động ở VN. I love you is often heard these days. “Biết rồi, khổ lắm, nói mãi” đã trở thành câu nói bất hủ của cụ cố Hồng In that situation, to have a good head on Chỉ tay năm ngón chẳng bao giờ one’s shoulders became her weak side. được việc cả. “No smoking” is seen in everywhere Biển báo “Cấm dẫm lên cỏ” dường như vô hình với đại đa số người dân khu vực quanh đây.
2.2.2. Position of subject Most statements begin with the subject. However, many questions begin with a word that is part of the complete predicate. The subject of a sentence may be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. The predicate also precedes the subject in statements beginning with There is, There are, Here is, or Here are. In commands the subject is usually not stated. It is understood. Position of the subject: at the beginning Sentence The children were complaining about the amount of homework.
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in the middle at the end not stated
Although learning is valued, the children complained about the amount of homework. There are the children. Do your homework. (You)
When you are identifying the subject in an interrogative sentence (a question) it may help to put the question in the form of a statement: Do the children understand the homework? The children understand the homework. You may also simplify the task of identifying subjects by identifying any prepositional phrases. 2.2.3. Function of subject The most familiar grammatical function is the subject. In notional terms, we can think of the Subject as the element which performs the "action" denoted by the verb. The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase) by means of the verb to any other elements present in the sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials.
2.3. Some notes on English and Vietnamese application 2.3.1. Impersonal pronouns as subjects Impersonal pronouns, such as: it, there, you, one do not refer to particular things or replacement of previous one
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With the role of impersonal subject in the sentence, they have no exactly equivalent meanings in Vietnamese. Thus, they will be translated into Vietnamese differently in each case. 2.3.1.1. It Time, date weather It’s nearly one o’clock. It’s my birthday. It’s raining. It was getting cold. It’s nice to meet you. Bây giờ là gần 1 giờ Hôm nay là sinh nhất tớ Trời đang mưa Thời tiết đang lạnh dần Rất vui được gặp anh
Give Nonpeople opinion
To -inf -ing +adj
People
It was interesting to meet your Rât vui là cuối cùng thì brother at last. cũng gặp được anh trai bạn It’s great living in Spain Sống ở TBN thích lắm It can be hard work looking Trông trẻ con vất vả lắm after young children đấy It’s wonderful! Thật tuyệt! Tuyệt quá/ Tuyệt thật It’s noisy! Thật ồn ào! Ồn quá/ Ồn thật đấy Hello! It’s George. Xin chào! Là Georger đây. (Mary knocks on door) It’s me. Là tôi đây. Mary đây It’s Mary
2.3.1.2. There: After “there” you use a form of “be” and a noun group. Generally, “there” is translated “có” into Vietnamese. The subject in English sentence may be subject in Vietnamese translation version or not. There are two people Có hai người biết rõ who might know what chuyện gì đã xảy ra. happened There is plenty of Có/còn nhiều bánh mỳ
The existence or presence of someone or
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something: Something that happens
bread. lắm There's a meeting every Hàng tuần, có một buổi week gặp họp There are forty of us, I think There is a great deal of anger about his decision. Tôi cho là chúng tôi có 40 người Có rất nhiều người tức giận vì quyết định của anh ta.
A number or amount 2.3.1.3. One
As a determiner, the word one is sometimes used before a proper noun to designate. But we also use one as a pronoun, and this is where one becomes surprisingly complex. As a pronoun, one can also function in an impersonal, objective manner, standing for the writer or for all people who are like the writer or for the average person or for all people who belong to a class. In the United States, one sometimes has a literary or highfalutin feel to it; the more it is used, the more pretentious it feels. In British English, the use of the impersonal or generic one is more commonplace and has no such stigma. In the U.S., one is often replaced by you. In this paper, we deal with “one” as subject. In each case or context, “one” can be translated into Vietnamese in different ways. Followings are examples of “one” replaced by “you”: One would think the airlines would have to close down. • One would [You'd] think the inner dome of heaven had fallen. • The young comedian was awful; one felt embarrassed for him. • If one fails, then one must try harder next time.
•
When the pronoun one is used in the numerical sense, a different pronoun can be used in a subsequent reference.
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We watched as one [of the ospreys] dried its feathers in the sun. • One [driver] pulled her car over to the side.
•
However, it is generally regarded as a bad idea to mix the impersonal or generic pronoun one with another pronoun, especially in the same sentence, as in "If one fails, then he/you must simply try harder." 2.3.1.4. You “You” is often used in general statements when we are talking about anyone, at any time. “You” is directed to the listener. It does not include the speaker. “You” as an impersonal pronoun is informal.
•
In ancient times, you believed in dog-spirits.
(Use people. This is in a time before the speaker or listener.)
•
Insteading for a number of people:
(In the class, teacher tells to her students) You should try your best if you want to gain the scholarship
2.3.2. Some notes on positions of sentence subjects Generally, but always, the subject comes before the verb, as in the entire examples above. There are, however, exceptions, like these in following cases: 2.3.2.1. In questions Questions are typically formed by inversion– putting an auxiliary verb or modal verb at the front for yes/no questions, or an interrogative word followed by an auxiliary or modal verb.
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"Have you eaten breakfast yet?" Are you ready?" “What is the difference between a king penguin and an emperor penguin?” 2.3.2.2. In expletive constructions: involve a couple of the stylistic errors outlined in this article .They are wordy and employ weak verbs. Many sentences that begin with "it is," "it was," "there is" or "there are" have expletive constructions. There were four basic cause of the Civil War Here is the book. It was the final goal of the game that determined the state championship It is Saturday when I get to spend time at the animal shelter 2.3.2.3. In attributing speech Striking students who miss exams will be given fail marks” said the vice-chancellor Ms Anna 2.3.2.4. To give prominence or focus to a particular word or phrase by putting the predicate in the initial position: Even more important is the chapter dealing with ordnance 2.3.2.5. When a sentence begins with an adverb or an adverbial phrase or clause Seldom has so much been owed by so many to so few. Only then did I understand the problem Only after understanding the situation does the teacher make a comment.
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2.3.2.6. In negative constructions: Everybody knows "not". Other negative constructions are possible. Because English does not allow double or triple negatives, it is important to avoid using "not" with other negative constructions. When "not" is included, use the affirmative forms of other adverbs: I don't believe a word she says, nor does my brother. Come to think of it, neither does her father . 2.3.2.8. After “so” “I believe her; so does my brother” “I like oranges; so does my sister” 2.3.2.9. Version with conditional sentences. “Had I remembered Tomomi's birthday, she wouldn’t be mad at me now.” “Had I remembered = If I had remembered” “Should you need a hand, I will be more than happy to help you.” “Should you need a hand = If you should need a hand” 2.3.3. Skewing in translating subject from English into Vietnamese or vice versa:
In English, alone adjective can not be the subject in sentence. However,
in Vietnamese, the subject can be an adjective. An adjective must be and may be converted to a noun phrase in Vietnamese – English translation and vice versa: Laziness is one of bad characteristics N Lười biếng là một tính xâu Adj
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Single form may be converted to plural one or vice versa:
His advice is always helpful Sl.
Những lời khuyên của anh luôn rất bổ ích Pl
A noun Phrase can be converted to a clause: The success of the August Revolution brings back independence and NP freedom to our nation. Cách mạng tháng Tám thành công đem lại độc lập tự do cho dân tộc. S V Pronoun is converted to adverb phrase in order to express the distance: It is 105km form Hanoi to Hai Phong Từ Hà Nội đến Hải Phòng là 105km
III. CONCLUSION
All in all, this study is carried out so as to give the learners an overview about subject in English and Vietnamese application, help them find the way of translation it effectively. By dealing mainly the overview of subject and some notes on English and Vietnamese application, we want to show that to translate is not difficult if we master its realization, position function of
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subject. Hopefully, our work will be helpful for the learners in studying academic translation.
REFERENCES
1. Dao Minh Thu. Dao Thi Minh Ngoc, Nguyen Mai Van, Le Kim Ngan, Le Thanh Huong, Nguyen Phuong Tai, Do Ba Lam (2010) “Tap quy tac cu phap Tieng Viet”, SP8.5 –Đề tài KC.01.01.05/06-10 2. Wlodarczyk André & Hélène (2006) “Subject in the Meta-informative Centering Theory” in Études cognitives / Studia kognitywne 7, SOW, PAN, Warsaw
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3. http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subject.htm 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar) 5. http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agr_pronouns.html 6. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/one.htm 7. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/function/position.htm 8. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=193816 9. http://home.mira.net/~andy/works/subject.htm 10. http://www.english4dummies.com/grammar/typesofsubject.html 11.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search? hl=vi&q=cache:sshlwtBuMzwJ:http://www.english-forstudents.com/Subject-VerbInversion.html+subject+verb+inversion+In+questions+(routinely)&ct=clnk
Members of Group
1. Nguyễn Thị Lệ (K14C) 2. Nguyễn Thị Lợi 3. Hoàng Thị Mai (K14C) 4. Nguyễn Thị Thu (K14C)
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5. Trần Thị Thu (K14C) Class: K14C
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