Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies

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Hazardous Technologies Author(s): Waste ByungTreatment J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, John T. Bandy and Ching-San Huang Source: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 63, No. 4, 1991: Literature Review (Jun., 1991), pp. 501-509 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044031 . http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044031 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 16:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at  . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

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Wastes

Hazardous

technologies. At the 83rd Annual Meeting

waste

Hazardous

Management

technologies J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, Byung John T. Bandy, Ching-San Huang review

ogies

treatment

technol treatment

waste

BOOKS AND PROCEEDINGS Major and Fitcho1 identified emerging hazardous waste treat ment technologies and provided evaluation of feasibility and cost of selected technologies. Freeman and Sferra2 edited a three reference

waste

hazardous

innovative

summarizing

treatment technologies. It included thermal processes (vol. 1), processes (vol. 2), and biological processes physical/chemical Ma?anan3 (vol. 3). published a hazardous waste chemistry text book and included hazardous waste treatment technologies with to basic

reference

and

chemistry

many

toxicology.

et al.4 pre

Lynman

'90,24 Annual and

technologies,

and Winegardener5

and

monitoring,

re

on

information

presented

fol

storing aquifers contaminated by petroleum products, including and

groundwater Curtis6

presented

treatment

soil the

technologies.

Noonan

petroleum-contaminated

and

groundwater

treatment technologies including air stripping, granular activated and

carbon, and

discussed

and

biorestoration

solvent

hazardous

costs

data.

waste

ICF,

Inc.7 prioritized

management

techniques.

The highest priority was minimization, followed by recycling, chemical and incineration, biological treatment, landfill, and deep-well injection. Arozarena et al* provided general guidance on solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology, including back test methods,

ground,

costs,

equipment,

conferences

and

detailed

description

Low

DOE

Environmental

technol

from Department

discussed

of Energy treat

waste

hazardous

Level Waste

Conference,25

Management and

Restoration

Waste

Management

Refiners Association ardous

waste

industrial haz

Annual Meeting,29 many

treatment

technology

related

papers

were

presented.

GENERAL et al.30

Chambers treatment

and

soil,

European

vacuum

including

for

technologies

et al.31 studied

in

situ

Pheiffer

contaminated

soils, steam

in situ

washing,

current

reviewed

Sims32

in on

focusing

references.

to treat

technologies

farming.

waste,

extensive

provided

on

information

hazardous

extraction,

land

and

stripping,

state-of-the-art

compiled

issues,

ap

proaches, and soil remediation technologies to identify deficien cies waste

and

recommend

sites.

at uncontrolled

improvement et al.33

Young

nine

presented

case

hazardous

studies

in

with

novative technology process descriptions and performance and cost data at ongoing and completed Superfund sites. Technol ogies included incineration of explosives and contaminated soils, air stripping, soil vacuum extraction, and soil flushing. An EPA report34 to Congress summarized the progress in implementing the Superfund in the fiscal year 1988 and included an evaluation

of each S/S technology. Nunno9 identified international tech nologies that could be used for hazardous waste remediation and treatment. Tedder and Pohland10 edited an American

of newly

Chemical Society (ACS) symposium series book, which included chapters on biological and chemical treatment of soils and sludges

novative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program through 1989. James36 pointed out that the demonstration and evaluation of

and solid immobilization.

The U. S. Environmental

Protection

Agency (EPA)11 summarized in situ treatment technologies for hazardous waste contaminated soils. The United Nations En vironmental Program12 published guidelines for handling, treat and

ment,

Several

disposal

of hazardous from

proceedings

wastes.

major

conferences

on

hazardous

University

June

included

many

papers

on hazardous

waste

treatment

feasible

developed

technologies. Another the progress,

a hazardous with

the

and

achievable

EPA report35 to Congress and

accomplishments,

waste

treatment of

purpose

results

technology

characterizing

treatment

permanent

of

should

performance,

summarized

the Superfund

be

In

conducted

need

for pre

and postprocessing of thewaste the waste feed, identification of waste type and constituents applicable to the technology, system through put,

material and waste treatment were published during 1990. The Waste Conference13 at Purdue IndustrialWaste proceedings of the 44th Industrial

problems

and

limitations

of

the

technology,

and

costs.

An EPA directive37 summarized the effectiveness of treatment technologies for contaminated soil and debris and provided sup port for decisions by the regions to use treatability variances for

complying

with

the Resource

Conservation

and

Recovery

501

1991

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conferences

treatment

theWestern Regional Symposium on Mining Workshop.26 At theWestern and Mineral Processing Wastes,27 the American Electroplaters theNational Petroleum and Surface Finishers Conference,28 and theNational

situ

Testa

waste

hazardous

re

waste

hazardous

ment

contaminated

low-up.

papers

sponsored

(DOE)

a site assessment,

of

on

tional Symposium.21 Proceedings

to evaluate the effectiveness of cleanup sented a methodology at petroleum product contaminated sites, including technologies selection

on

presented

theMixed Waste Regulation Con technologies, including theMixed the Annual Waste ference,22 Management Symposium Working Towards a Clean Environment (16th),23 Incineration Conference

in this volume.

volume

tech

ogies: the Second Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies,18 the 15th and 16thAnnual 16thAnnual Hazardous Waste Research Symposiums,19'20 and the A&WMA Interna

relative to specific industries may be found else

technologies where

Separate

included

on hazardous

reviews

incineration

mediation and S/S technologies. Proceedings from the following EPA-sponsored

waste

hazardous

emphasizes

were

papers

many

ference,17

in general.

papers

nology were presented. At the Solid/Liquid Separation Confer Industrial Waste Conference,16 ence,15 the 22nd Mid-Atlantic and theGulf theGulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center Con

treatment

This

many

Association,14

of the Air and Waste andWaste on

Hazardous

Wastes_

Act (RCRA) land ban disposal restrictions. Loehr et al3%pre sented information on the quantitative evaluation of mobility and

persistence

of organic

had

accumulated

and

a long-term

over

treatment

closure

decisions.

that

constituents

in soil

period

information was useful

tems. The

waste

inorganic

treatment

sys

in the development

Schomaker

and

Zunt39

of soil

explained

that technical guidance documents provided best documented tomeet meet the needs of RCRA and available technology (BDAT) to the Comprehensive and

Act.

Liability

and

liner

ment,

areas

The waste

systems,

scale

aerobic

for treating

to cover

related

in situ

solidification, Ahlert

treat

and Kosson40

and

anaerobic

reverse

standards.

and

osmosis, and

Lyman

to meet

ion exchange

on

waste

site

Noonan41

the permit

a methodology

presented

to

effectively select contaminated soil at underground storage tank sites and evaluated five technologies: soil venting, biorestoration, soil flushing, hydraulic barrier, and excavation. Factors affecting of

implementation

each

des Rosiers42 described rinated

and and

dibenzo-/xlioxins

and

of degradation, de

of wastes

disposal

Fuhr

presented.

technical methods

detoxification,

struction,

were

technology

dibenzofurans

chlo

containing

incineration,

using

ultraviolet (UV) photolysis, and supercritical oxidation and pre sented actual field test data. Woodyard43 pointed out that recent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) treatment focused on mobile or in situ application resulting in unacceptable liability for the generators and evaluated soil remediation technologies including thermal,

and

chemical,

treatment

biological

and

sep

physical

aration. Maunsell44 pointed out that landfill capacity is a critical resource

in the

hazardous

agement

trends

include

and

more

enforcing

treatment. ation

stringent

included

oily

dewatering

BDAT

standards,

duction

systems,

Center for Mineral industry

more

performing

re

how

described

on-site

Canada

The

studied mineral

and Energy Technology46 technologies.

re

NOx

noncatalytic

technology.

catalyst-recycling

to meet

incineration

and

catalytic

concern

of

Treatment

alternatives

included sludge dewatering, effluent treatment by ion exchange with

subsequent

metal

recovery,

and

reprocessing

of

sludges

inmineral ther on-site by the use of solvent extraction or inmineral or

smelters that

treat

refineries.

gas

et al47

Talion wastes

industry

and

examined

remediation

the sites.

ei

industry

technologies

available puter

performance

database

published

document48;

a

were

compiled

on

19-volume

and

a

final

24-volume BDAT

19-volume

BDAT

background

a com

background treat

document,

to the final BDAT background final

response

to BDAT-related

comments

document.50 The background documents provided the U. S. EPA with technical support and rationale for the de

velopment ulated.

of

treatment

standards

for the constituents

to be

most

basin,

et al.52

two

compared

by

effluent

secondary

of

the

were

compounds

to

removed

activated

pilot-scale

plant

sludge

perfor

mances. One was operated with distributed RCRA compound loading and the other one with spiked loading. The selected did

cause

not

reg

were

solvents

phatic were

any

adverse

volatilized

and

et al.53

Dieneman

degraded.

on

effects

chemical

oxygen

aromatic

used

volatile

serial

benzenes

anaerobic/aerobic

in packed bed reactor to biodegrade organic contaminants a leachate from Superfund site, resulting in 80 to 90% priority were

subsystems

by aquifer

and

constituents

biotransformation.

benzene

results and

persisted and

Trattner

aerobic

contaminants which

indicated which

favored reviewed

Lawson55

hazard anaerobic

the biolog

for hazardous waste treatment including land

ical technologies

aerobic

composting,

and

the anaerobic biod?gradation

sulfonated The

microorganisms.

waste

the anaerobic

attempted.

nitrogen-substituted

ous

for

balances

and Suflita54 examined

Kuhn of

Mass

removal.

pollutant

and

treatment,

anaerobic

biod?gradation.

Hazardous wastes included PCB, trichloroethylene (TCE), poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and

aniline,

Cheremisinoff56

chlorophenol. Efficient

included

systems

and

waste by

examined

Brunswig57

COD, biochemical from

of water and

leachate

site

disposal

anaerobic

removal

an

using

treatment.

efficiencies

of

and organics halogenated

oxygen demand,

a biological

and

aerobic

over

biological reactor.

fluidized bed and membrane Steegmans

an

presented

treatment and detoxification

view of biological wastewater.

adsorption

resin

et al5*

investigated

Brenner

fol

the feasibility of using the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as a of

component

key SBRs

ducing fully

of soil

and

and

and

leachates.

The

while

pro

constituents

Darnall

tests

laboratory

soil

leachate

bacteria.

cyanide-resisting conducted

contaminated

treating

most

removed

success

and Hosea59

on-site

demon

pilot-scale

technology for the removal and recovery

stration of AlgaSORB of mercury-contaminated

the U.

under

groundwater

S. EPA's

SITE program. The appendices to the report included the lab oratory results of AlgaSORB technology demonstration. bioremediation Zitrides60 discussed three general techniques: biostimulation for contaminated groundwater and soils, bioslurry for sludges and highly contaminated soils, and biofarming for vantages, to

soils.

contaminated

enriching

of

degradation and

and

Golueke

and

disadvantages, biostimulation

technologies toxic

wastes:

Diaz61 for

discussed two

mass

to encourage

ad

approaches

inoculation

these

of

microorgan

isms. Sims et al62 discussed an in situ and prepared bed system

using

natural

to treat contaminated

microorganisms steps

development

were

discussed:

soils.

System

characteriza

site/soil/waste

tion, treatability studies, and design and implementation of the bioremediation plan. Finlayson63 pointed out that the practicality of bioremediation of waste is based on its speed and cost effec tiveness. Bewley et al}4 argued that biological treatment of con taminated

soil

offers

502

a workable

Research

and

Journal

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and

process

below the detectable limit by secondary treatment. Bhattacharya

organisms

a

standards, an amendment

document49;

data

system.

EPA ment

cost

nitrification

in the aeration

lightly

Candidate

technologies were evaluated for their specific applications and and

and

gravity filtration. At a total concentration of 1.5mg/L of organics

lowed

inciner

included

Technologies

sludge,

treatment

sludge

creating

industries have been changing the

selective and

and

Corbett45

are managed.

wastes

hazardous

Man

discharge,

technologies

technologies.

fineries and petrochemical way

sewer

regulations,

treatment

new

other

in Australia.

industries more

allowing

Reviewed

and

waste

removal

compounds

and leachate. The resulting effluent could be polished by ultra filtration,

Safferman and Bhattacharya51 investigated the treatability and fate of 28 organic RCRA compounds in a combined organic

demand (COD) and suspended solid removals. Chlorinated ali

osmosis

hazardous

high-strength

eval systems,

reverse

and

ultrafiltration,

flocculation/precipitation, a laboratory

and

BDAT.

Compensation,

were

research

leaching

fixed-film

and

dispersed

Response,

of

and

combustion,

S/S

uated

Environmental

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

responsible

WPCF,

alternative

Volume

and

63, Number

4

Wastes

Hazardous

described a successful project in detail. April et al65 evaluated in situ soil bioremediation processes, including degradation and for wood-preserving,

detoxification,

in an acclimated soil. The soil solid phase,

at high concentrations water

fraction

soluble

wastes

petroleum-refining

of

column

and

soil,

were

leachates

eval

uated.

soil

of

and

to analyze

slurries

with

supplementation

type,

creosote,

trients,

soil

examined

and Hanson66

Topp fects

or

carbon

nu

inorganic on

mixtures

copper/chromate/arsenate

ef

the

sp. to

treat diesel oil contaminated soils. The contaminated soil ap proached the background level of uncontaminated soil after 12 weeks

and reactor configurations

wastes

hazardous

et al.6* explored

Lewandowski

of bioremediation.

nutrient media

rot

by white

various

results

Preliminary

fungus.

in

improves the biod?gradation rate substantially. Lamar and Dietrich69 studied the ability of white rot fungus to remove PCP from soil. A PCP removal efficiency of 88-91% was achieved in 6.5 weeks converting most of PCPs

dicated that immobilization

to nonextractable

soil-bound

products.

inves

Sharp-Hansen70

tigated organic air pollutant emission from bioremediation cesses

and

and

identified

bioremediation

air emission

evaluated

pro

for each

models

the

studied

various

of treatment;

glycol: volatile

materials,

and

carbon

and

matrix;

of water,

the presence

temperature;

of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) sorbed on activated car

Dechlorination bon

was

also

discussed.

reported

Barkley74

a pilot-scale

study

for the efficacy of PCB removal from concrete surface by using alkali metal/PEG mixture. He also tried a shotblasting technique in which

concrete

contaminated

waste

cut

away.

Jones75

of interference between par available

commercially

on

cement

Portland

and

chemistry.

pozzolan

He

also

addressed the effects of admixtures and the effect of typical

ganic

waste

on

components

al.76 observed

that

cementitious materials decreased

constituents,

treated

the

treatment

Suprenant

product.

or et

soil by mixing

of oil-contaminated

limited the solubility of the hazardous the

surface

area

to the environ

exposed

ment, and improved the handling characteristics. The pH in crease, in the range of 9-11, by the addition of cement and fly ash, immobilized most multivalent cations as insoluble hydrox ides.

The

evaluation

using

leaching

and

extraction

showed chemical bonding between the clay and the waste and retention

CHEMFIX

June

of

organic

compounds.

Barth78,79

reported

S/S process as a SITE demonstration

that

S/S,

was

a small

and

on

increase

volume

two

combining

compa on

for waste

demonstrated

order

the

of magnitude

5

of

was expected. Razzell86 reported a field experience of fix 10%was 10% ation

of pesticide,

or organic

paints

and waste

solvents,

oils

by

fly ash and cement kiln dust. Fixation was performed in cells dug in solid clay. Spence et al}7 undertook a study to answer the question of the fate of VOCs in the process of S/S, which an

cementitious

exothermic

reaction

on

and

Stagemann

that would

the

project. The

the

summarized

Cote88

vaporize

test methods

so

for

lidified waste evaluation. Seven physical tests, five leachate tests,

and

four

characterization

micromorphological

were

methods

to solidified products. Bostick et al%9 treated mixed,

applied

and

waste

hazardous

chemically

conventional

by

cement-based grout. The S/S was effective for hydrolyzable met cadmium,

and

uranium,

not

nickel?but

for retention

of radioactive Tc-99. The addition of ground blast furnace slag to the grout several

by

was

to reduce

shown

of magnitude.

orders

and

hydraulic

of technetium

leachability et al90,91

Kalb

reported

of mixed waste inmodified inmodified

parison of encapsulation ment

the

cement.

found

They

that

the

a com

sulfur ce cement

sulfur

achieved greater waste loading because of its thermoplastic property. Van Beek andWodrich92 reported the grout treatment facility for processing liquid radioactive and hazardous tank into a cement-based

solid designed by Westinghouse Hanford Co. to dispose of 227 000 m3 of grouted mixed waste. The report by DiLiberto93 dealt with defense liquid tank waste at Hanford Site nuclear fuel The waste would be reprocessing. fractions and low-level into

separated

transuranic,

high-level,

and then vitrified or immobilized in grout. Eckert et al.94 pre sented the chemical kinetics of supercritical water oxidation and the detailed design procedure of amobile unit. The design con sisted size

of

was

system Hall

tasks:

four costs

and

a flow

of major

shown

et al95

cost

range

an overview

of

balances,

energy

associated and

effective

for a wide

presented

and

and

equipment,

to be

conditions

material

sheet,

costs.

maintained

feed

The steady

concentrations.

of solvent

extraction

treat

technologies including those in the development stage as the CF sys well as field-applied systems. Those introduced were theCF

ment tem, cess),

New

York

BP Oil's

University's system,

Resource

LEEP

(low

Conservation

energy

extraction

Company's

pro BEST

(basic extractive sludge treatment), Envirite Field Services' Ac

503

1991

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by

were

additives

additive and the other for

(one for mixing equipment),

and

site cleanup. The conclusions were that immobilization of PCBs was likely, heavy metals could be immobilized, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) could be reduced to a lower concentration,

operation

Soundararajan et al77 conducted research on S/S employing modified organophilic clay binder to chemically stabilize organic contaminants.

of waste-con

types

reagent

mixing

reported

Sawyer83 85

nies' technologies

wastes

waste

systems through literature review and available infor

binding mation

and

components

was

surface

compiled the possible mechanisms ticular

used.

als?lead,

of reagent.

the quantity

Three

contaminants.

target

low. Proprietary

technetium,

dehaloge

hydroxide and polyethylene

nation by using KPEG-potassium duration

parameters

operating

the

was

leaching

the technology

of

were

in the S/S sample.

description of Glycolate dehalogenation as being a potentially effective technology in detoxifying specific types of aromatic or ganic contaminants, particularly dioxins and PCBs. Tiernan et al.72-73

lead,

containing

the VOC. They used lightly contaminated groundwater for the mass balance, and it indicated that more than 50% was retained thatmore 50%was

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENT A fact sheet from the U. S. EPA71 provided

site

taminated soil, waste filter cake material and oily sludge and sand were treated. Physical stability was high and contaminant

was

process.

waste

conditions. Grube80 82 described Soliditech technology, which was another stabilization process demonstrated through the SITE inNew Jersey. PCBs, lead, oil, and program at a Superfund site inNew

deep-soil-mixing

to effectively treat

a hazardous

on

applied

copper, and PCBs. Substantial reduction of leachable lead and copper was achieved as tested by TCLP protocol by the U. S. EPA. Physical testing results indicated durability in exposed

grease

vi

ability and PCP degradation by inoculant of flavobacterium Wang et al61 examined the effectiveness of biostimulation

was

process

Hazardous

curex

Wastes_

and

process,

Sanexen

International's

Extraksol

of metals and crucible melts test to evaluate the effect of various

process.

Valentinetti96 98 reported on the SITE demonstration project by CF system for organic extraction. The process used liquefied propane successfully to extract PCBs from contaminated sedi ments. Sudell99 conducted a test to determine the suitability of the BEST process for application as a spill and waste site cleanup.

The

process

water

separated and

fraction,

ing of excavated mented

or

or

their components: oil, 10? the clean reviewed

et al

extraction

water

agents:

surfactant

agent,

chelating

into

sludges

Raghavan

soil using a basic

with

acidic

oily

solids.

water

agent,

organic-solvent

or

air

and

washing,

an

with

Technical of the with na stripping. feasibility Hutzler technique et alm presented list siteswas mentioned. tional priority stream a

soil

a cost-effective

as

extraction

vapor

removal from contaminated

soil. They discussed the factors and

components of the system and claimed that the design and op eration of the system was flexible enough to allow for rapid in operation,

changes

et al102

Arri?la

will

which

treatment

in situ

studied

contaminant

optimize

contam

of arsenic

to

oxide

and

arsenic

stabilize

ferrous

adding

to

sulfate

ion

contaminated

product conventional

of

ponent

as

soils

asphalt

the

et al.104

Lewis

products.

com

aggregate

and

and Topudurti105 reported a SITE program employing the UV/oxidation technology. The efficiency of the process for VOC removal was greater than 90% by chemical oxidation, but

Welshans

for a fewVOCs few VOCs stripping, also contributed toward removal. Lewis et al106 also evaluated the UV/oxidation technology at a site of contaminated groundwater. Employing hydraulic retention time of 40 minutes, an ozone dose of 110mg/L, hydrogen peroxide and 24 U V lamps (intensity of the lamp was

dose of 13mg/L, not

a receiving

into

posal

met

the groundwater

given),

waterway.

of

under

soluble

heavy

the presence

the

program.

metal

The

for dis

evaluated

ul

after polyelectrolyte

result

the separation

showed

ions?cadmium,

and

lead,

and

concentration

of

separation

selected

chlorophenols

feed preozonation. The separation of dilute organics by composite polyamide membrane to be

shown

effective

with

improvement

by

preozonation.

et al.m presented the RO system employed to reduce chromium in the effluent from a plating facility. The full-scale

Walker

RO/evaporator

system

resulted

in a substantial

of

reduction

the

quantity of chromium exiting the facility. Cole and Fields1,0 reviewed in situ vitrification (ISV) system, including a basic de of

scription

system

components.

Campbell

and

simu

Buelt111

ingots and the concrete walls were dissolved into the resulting glass and crystalline block. Campbell et al112 performed ISV tests on soils spiked with heavy metal and organic compounds as radioactive

simulants.

Tests

showed

successful

binding

of hazardous and radioactive simulants in the vitrified product and

nearly

?/.113114

complete conducted

also

destruction a bench-scale

of

the organics. ISV

test

Farnsworth

to demonstrate

addressed.

contaminated

of organics

the

and

with

et the

potential of electrode feeding in soils with a high concentration

et al.116

Timmons levels

high

of mercury

on

ISV

tried

and

arsenic

and

low levels of aldrin and dieldrin. The destruction and volatil ization

were

of contaminants were

Inc.,117 ozonation,

alkaline

were

presented et al.11*

Eyal

treating

acid-containing

oxidation,

UV/ Con

of

the various

and metal-finishing

electroplating a new

technique,

industrial

waste

reported

from

precipitation.

the effectiveness

regarding

for selected

technologies

and

S/S,

the

by PEI Associate,

wet-air

chlorination, oxidation,

electrolytic

wastes.

for wastes

technologies

operations were discussed

including

and

monitored,

continuously

Treatment

discussed.

metal-finishing

called

SEPROS, re

It was

streams.

ported that the technology is especially valuable in the treatment of waste streams from titanium dioxide industry, pickling liquors, and

streams

bleed

a precipitation small

from

zinc

electrolytic

Leak119

plants.

designed

and clarification system that could be used by

radiator

the most

hot

used

commonly with

The

shops.

repair

contaminated

dissolved

was

system

caustic

solution

lead,

targeted

to reduce

to clean

a radiator

and

copper,

zinc,

in ad

tin

dition to dirt, rust, paint flakes, and other particles. Crim and

dation,

The

soils.

plosive-contaminated economic

treatment

chemical

conducted

Brown120

feasibility

shock

process

The

analysis.

process was

also

plasma,

in an

included

were

options

for ex

options caustic

hydro

microwave/hydrolysis/oxi nitric

microwave/sonic/hydrolysis/oxidation,

acid/heat,

and supercritical fluids. duced

et al.121

was

using

air oxidation

metallic

and

catalyst

at re

(WAO) and

pressure

to conventional

applied

hydrogen

wastewater

boiling

peroxide. toxic

containing

to verify the feasibility. Hu et al.122 studied modeled an affinity dialysis process for

organic compounds and mathematically wastewater

wet

introduced

conditions?atmospheric

operating

treatment

for

the

of useful

recovery

metals

and

the

removal of toxic metals. The technique involved a solution of macromolecular agent (polymer) that rapidly complexed metal and

ions. Operation cussed. the

Osteen

removal

and

the polymer Bibler123

of dissolved

ratory. A

Savannah

effective

River

for

Labo

thiol functional

with

reactor

dis

resin

ion-exchange

from

shown

a plasma

was

regeneration

an

reported

mercury was

GT-73,

discussed

Stanley124

solution

polystyrene/divinylbenzene

Duolite

groups,

lated ISV of an underground steel tank containing hazardous material by using a 30-cm diameter buried steel and concrete tank containing tank sludge. The steel tank was converted to

as well

waste

WAO

(RO) membranes

reverse-osmosis

and chloroethanes with and without was

were

systems

temperature?by

examined

the destruction

demonstrated

They

Piccinno in

mercury

exercise.

lysis/peroxidation,

toluene.

et al108

Williams for

of

SITE

standards

et al.107

Buckley

heavy metals

trafiltration for dissolved treatment

the discharge

and Peterson115 tested pilot-scale ISV for soil contaminated with fuel oils and heavy metals from fire-training Timmerman

for

reduce

the solubility of arsenic. Porras103presented the recycling of virgin petroleum

tests.

clusions

removal.

inated soil. They found the possibility of adding amorphous

char

other

acteristics. Five metals from the EP toxicity list of various VOCs including CC14, TCE, PCE, and asbestos were included in ISV

results

for VOC

technique

and

temperature

soil-melting

retention of inorganics in the vitrified product. Off-gas treatment

aug

washing

washing

on

additives

chemical

in mercury

in which

removal. are

gases

ionized

by passing through an electric field strong enough to strip elec trons

the molecules

from

tamination. also

The

included.

and

potential

Lovo

the gas

of

et al125

waste

for hazardous

advantages

of

the

reactor

a mathematical

presented

decon were

model

of

the deep well reactor for hazardous waste oxidation that described the behavior when it is operated in the subcritical region. Varma et al.126

microwave-assisted

reported

TCE, which

they found to be significantly more

conventional

oxidation.

oxidated

species

504

than

The products

Research

oxidation

products

of conventional

Journal

WPCF,

to treat

oxidation

fluid-bed

efficient than

were

also more

oxidation.

Volume

63, Number

This content downloaded from 196.200.142.112 196.200.142.112 on Sun, 3 Nov 2 2013 013 16:59:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions  

_^____^___Hazardous

Wastes

4

a

wastes:

of hazardous

et al127 reported solar detoxification

Alpert

low-temperature steam

by

that

process

thermal/chemical

temperature compounds

over

reforming

and

process

photocatalytic a metal

a high

destroys

organic

catalyst.

Skocypec

and Hogan128 described a direct catalytic absorption reactor that absorbs

solar

hazardous

for

energy

waste

nu

A

destruction.

for destruction of TCE was presented. Tseng and Huang129 presented photocatalytic oxidation, using titanium

merical model and UV

oxide

of phenol

light,

were

studied

oxygen, and

tocatalysts,

leach mining

temperature, York

phenol.

pH,

and

Parameters

solution.

of pho

concentrations introduced

Aamodt130

heap

conducted by Los Alamos National

technology was

which

Laboratory,

in aqueous

a process

that

treat

could

hazardous

thatwill will chemically, physically, chemical and radioactive wastes that or

react

biologically

Ehresmann131

with

selected

a fire

reported

that

Machin

reagents. created

and

et al.132 discussed

Loehr

agents.

and

bility ment

of residue

degradation

sites

at closure.

The

report

important

topic

at hazardous

waste

and

waste

inorganic

various

scenarios that could be useful in the development

ment

pertain

and persistence of

under

constituents

treat

land

information

presented

ing to the quantitative evaluation of mobility organic

the mo

of

closure

of soil treat

and tities

Tillman

kiln

rotary

gave

a hazardous

as

kiln

incineration wood

chlorophenol

waste

solid of

description

incinerator. wastes,

specific

preservative

sludge.

creosote,

and

penta

et al135

the U. S. EPA's Mobile Incineration demonstration activities of theU. System. It included trial burn of RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) wastes, accomplishments, problems en countered,

solutions

Council

Canadian

implemented.

of

formobile mobile of the Environment139 published guidelines for PCB destruction systems, including generic technologies of high temperature incineration (rotary kiln, liquid injection) and other thermal degradation techniques (pyrolysis, thermal radiation,

Ministers

and

plasma

as an

and Rasmussen140

arc). Corry

to dispose

alternative

of

incineration

examined biotreatment

refinery

pollutants

source

the

Treatment

nology.

on

sludge

was

the most

of

inorganic

from

operations

in which

hazardous

waste

metals.

is thermally

destroyed.

Kissel142 critiqued the proposed cofiring of municipal refuse and PCBs at Bloomington, Ind., contaminated by past industrial ac He

tivities. and

local

also control

the technological

discussed of cleanup

operations.

a treatise on the implications PIC

generation.

Secondary

that can contribute cussed.

They

showed

viability, Peters

of newly

to desired and undesired that

costs,

et al143

scope,

presented

for destruction of toxicants and

reactions

incinerator

design,

formed

volatiles

effects were dis operation,

and

performance monitoring will benefit from better quantitative understanding of devolatilization (pyrolysis) related phenomena.

June

et al149

Helsel

the contaminated

of

important

parameter.

that

and

intra-

studied

They

local

thermal

concentration

were

an

performed at manufac

soil

treatment tech

residence

et al151

Lighty

and

time,

interparticle

the most

temperatures

for 99%

performance

of

ardous

phenomena gas-phase

important

process

by

incinerability

decomposition

incinerator and

components

centrations.

of organic

using

by

developed

demand?for

oxygen

sug

contami variables.

the

evaluating compounds.

index to measure

principal and

temperature

varying

et al.154

Lemieux

unsaturated

from

and

and

Thurnau153 also devised an incinerability an

presented

a thermal stability based ranking of

compound

organic

also

of contaminants

environment

Taylor et al152 developed

organic

haz

oxygen

con

a simple

indicator?

the

performance

measuring

of thermal devices burning hazardous waste. They discussed the indicator moval

cussed

the

chemical

of

parts

mixed

a metal and

radioactive

a test

performed

waste

hazardous

re

thermal

for

residue furnace.

parts

simple and

destruction

munitions

warfare

using

used

currently

this

of

easy-to-measure,

et al155

Fournier

efficiency. the metal

and

with

compared

destruction on

as uniform

such

advantages,

remaining dis

Ragaini156

and

incineration

in conjunction with the the destruction of chemical munitions land disposal restrictions by U. S. EPA. He observed that the

sources,

disposing

chlorine.

soil type?and total PAH concentrations were examined. Lighty et al150 investigated the rate-limiting steps in the desorption of contaminants from MGP site soils and found that temperature

organic

Dellinger et al141 described research results regarding the minimization and control of hazardous combustion byproducts

the quan surface-cat

low-temperature,

conditions?temperature,

and Thurnau157

and

the

tured gas plants (MGP) by thermal desorption

land as the U. S. EPA had banned land treatment. Fluidized bed incinerators were found effective in eliminating hazardous constituents

of

remediation

experimental

and

Fournier et a/.136137 studied the fate of metals in a rotary kiln incinerator with pilot-scale tests. The effect of chlorine in the feed was also addressed. Stumbar et al13* reported the field

and

and

were

discussed

alyzed reactions relevant to the formation of PCDD and PCDF. Bruce et al148 proposed a scheme for controlling the formation of PCDD/PCDF during incineration by using sorbent materials

hazardous

described

Hall134

Waterland

these

of

Also

mechanisms.

heterogeneous

nant of a rotary

behavior

temporal

during pyrolytic decomposition by using fundamental chemical kinetics of OH radicals and H-atoms. he formation Altwicker147 proposed a global kinetic model of tthe of PCDD and PCDF in incinerators in terms of homogeneous

gested

THERMAL TREATMENT a comprehensive

the

described

Tsang146

of chloroaromatics

soils.

et al133

parameter.

operating

a research effort of thermal desorption

decisions.

closure

mathematical model of heat transfer in a directly fired rotary kiln. The moisture level of the feed was predicted to be a key

to remove

asbestos-containing

waste and its treatment with sulfate and alkalinity amendment an

tomodel the formation and Sethi and Biswas144made an effort tomodel a dynamics of metallic particles in flame incinerator. Silcox and Pershing145 studied incineration of hazardous waste by using a

treatment

of

choice

was

technology

tested

specifically

the K-wastes

testing

of

four

wastes

of wastes

in RCRA

showed

no

principle organic hazardous constituents or

blowdown.

scrubber

Dempsey

from specific

regulations,

using

standards of BDAT. The pilot

rotary kiln system to develop scale

one.

a regulatory

incineration

detectable

of

in either the kiln ash discussed

and Dangtran158

Tabery

amounts

a dis

posal of waste from the smelting of aluminum. Alternative to land disposal was incineration using fluidized bed combustion showing competitiveness for a 20 000 ton/yr plant. Uberoi and Shadman159 presented the chemical equilibrium of

lead

waste

in chlorine-containing

incineration

and

suggested

passing the lead-laden flue gas through a fixed bed of an appro 16? defined priate sorbent to remove lead compounds. Elliot et al the haust

conditions gas

and

of arsine

steps and

required phosphine

to completely from

the

incinerate

semiconductor

ex in

505

1991

This content downloaded from 196.200.142.112 196.200.142.112 on Sun, 3 Nov 2 2013 013 16:59:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions  

Hazardous

a

Wastes

theWhetlerite dustry. Ross and Deitz161 introduced theWhetlerite

ads?rbate,

15.

Solid/Liquid

Separation:

Waste

Management

and Productivity

charcoals

impregnated with metals and used for retention of toxic airborne chemicals. They presented the thermal desorption

and

mass

tandem

scribed

combustion

oxygen

oped by Union Davis bed

slag was used

de

Chopey162

for organic

processes

introduced

to generate

usable

Texaco

wastes

or

the

waste.

power

17. Cawley,

W.

nisms Hazard. 18.

Second

reported on theMSP the MSP construction

glass-like

Rukavina165

as a recycling processor that produces a from

aggregate

waste

Solar Energy Research Institute166167published a solar thermal program summary in which solar thermal technology for the destruction

was

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of hazardous

Construction

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2.

D. W.,

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ardous Waste

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H. M.

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Lewis

Pa.

Inc., Lancaster, Chemistry:

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5. Testa,

N.J.

S. M.,

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Lewis

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