Hazardous Technologies Author(s): Waste ByungTreatment J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, John T. Bandy and Ching-San Huang Source: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 63, No. 4, 1991: Literature Review (Jun., 1991), pp. 501-509 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044031 . http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044031 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 16:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
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Wastes
Hazardous
technologies. At the 83rd Annual Meeting
waste
Hazardous
Management
technologies J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, Byung John T. Bandy, Ching-San Huang review
ogies
treatment
technol treatment
waste
BOOKS AND PROCEEDINGS Major and Fitcho1 identified emerging hazardous waste treat ment technologies and provided evaluation of feasibility and cost of selected technologies. Freeman and Sferra2 edited a three reference
waste
hazardous
innovative
summarizing
treatment technologies. It included thermal processes (vol. 1), processes (vol. 2), and biological processes physical/chemical Ma?anan3 (vol. 3). published a hazardous waste chemistry text book and included hazardous waste treatment technologies with to basic
reference
and
chemistry
many
toxicology.
et al.4 pre
Lynman
'90,24 Annual and
technologies,
and Winegardener5
and
monitoring,
re
on
information
presented
fol
storing aquifers contaminated by petroleum products, including and
groundwater Curtis6
presented
treatment
soil the
technologies.
Noonan
petroleum-contaminated
and
groundwater
treatment technologies including air stripping, granular activated and
carbon, and
discussed
and
biorestoration
solvent
hazardous
costs
data.
waste
ICF,
Inc.7 prioritized
management
techniques.
The highest priority was minimization, followed by recycling, chemical and incineration, biological treatment, landfill, and deep-well injection. Arozarena et al* provided general guidance on solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology, including back test methods,
ground,
costs,
equipment,
conferences
and
detailed
description
Low
DOE
Environmental
technol
from Department
discussed
of Energy treat
waste
hazardous
Level Waste
Conference,25
Management and
Restoration
Waste
Management
Refiners Association ardous
waste
industrial haz
Annual Meeting,29 many
treatment
technology
related
papers
were
presented.
GENERAL et al.30
Chambers treatment
and
soil,
European
vacuum
including
for
technologies
et al.31 studied
in
situ
Pheiffer
contaminated
soils, steam
in situ
washing,
current
reviewed
Sims32
in on
focusing
references.
to treat
technologies
farming.
waste,
extensive
provided
on
information
hazardous
extraction,
land
and
stripping,
state-of-the-art
compiled
issues,
ap
proaches, and soil remediation technologies to identify deficien cies waste
and
recommend
sites.
at uncontrolled
improvement et al.33
Young
nine
presented
case
hazardous
studies
in
with
novative technology process descriptions and performance and cost data at ongoing and completed Superfund sites. Technol ogies included incineration of explosives and contaminated soils, air stripping, soil vacuum extraction, and soil flushing. An EPA report34 to Congress summarized the progress in implementing the Superfund in the fiscal year 1988 and included an evaluation
of each S/S technology. Nunno9 identified international tech nologies that could be used for hazardous waste remediation and treatment. Tedder and Pohland10 edited an American
of newly
Chemical Society (ACS) symposium series book, which included chapters on biological and chemical treatment of soils and sludges
novative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program through 1989. James36 pointed out that the demonstration and evaluation of
and solid immobilization.
The U. S. Environmental
Protection
Agency (EPA)11 summarized in situ treatment technologies for hazardous waste contaminated soils. The United Nations En vironmental Program12 published guidelines for handling, treat and
ment,
Several
disposal
of hazardous from
proceedings
wastes.
major
conferences
on
hazardous
University
June
included
many
papers
on hazardous
waste
treatment
feasible
developed
technologies. Another the progress,
a hazardous with
the
and
achievable
EPA report35 to Congress and
accomplishments,
waste
treatment of
purpose
results
technology
characterizing
treatment
permanent
of
should
performance,
summarized
the Superfund
be
In
conducted
need
for pre
and postprocessing of thewaste the waste feed, identification of waste type and constituents applicable to the technology, system through put,
material and waste treatment were published during 1990. The Waste Conference13 at Purdue IndustrialWaste proceedings of the 44th Industrial
problems
and
limitations
of
the
technology,
and
costs.
An EPA directive37 summarized the effectiveness of treatment technologies for contaminated soil and debris and provided sup port for decisions by the regions to use treatability variances for
complying
with
the Resource
Conservation
and
Recovery
501
1991
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conferences
treatment
theWestern Regional Symposium on Mining Workshop.26 At theWestern and Mineral Processing Wastes,27 the American Electroplaters theNational Petroleum and Surface Finishers Conference,28 and theNational
situ
Testa
waste
hazardous
re
waste
hazardous
ment
contaminated
low-up.
papers
sponsored
(DOE)
a site assessment,
of
on
tional Symposium.21 Proceedings
to evaluate the effectiveness of cleanup sented a methodology at petroleum product contaminated sites, including technologies selection
on
presented
theMixed Waste Regulation Con technologies, including theMixed the Annual Waste ference,22 Management Symposium Working Towards a Clean Environment (16th),23 Incineration Conference
in this volume.
volume
tech
ogies: the Second Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies,18 the 15th and 16thAnnual 16thAnnual Hazardous Waste Research Symposiums,19'20 and the A&WMA Interna
relative to specific industries may be found else
technologies where
Separate
included
on hazardous
reviews
incineration
mediation and S/S technologies. Proceedings from the following EPA-sponsored
waste
hazardous
emphasizes
were
papers
many
ference,17
in general.
papers
nology were presented. At the Solid/Liquid Separation Confer Industrial Waste Conference,16 ence,15 the 22nd Mid-Atlantic and theGulf theGulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center Con
treatment
This
many
Association,14
of the Air and Waste andWaste on
Hazardous
Wastes_
Act (RCRA) land ban disposal restrictions. Loehr et al3%pre sented information on the quantitative evaluation of mobility and
persistence
of organic
had
accumulated
and
a long-term
over
treatment
closure
decisions.
that
constituents
in soil
period
information was useful
tems. The
waste
inorganic
treatment
sys
in the development
Schomaker
and
Zunt39
of soil
explained
that technical guidance documents provided best documented tomeet meet the needs of RCRA and available technology (BDAT) to the Comprehensive and
Act.
Liability
and
liner
ment,
areas
The waste
systems,
scale
aerobic
for treating
to cover
related
in situ
solidification, Ahlert
treat
and Kosson40
and
anaerobic
reverse
standards.
and
osmosis, and
Lyman
to meet
ion exchange
on
waste
site
Noonan41
the permit
a methodology
presented
to
effectively select contaminated soil at underground storage tank sites and evaluated five technologies: soil venting, biorestoration, soil flushing, hydraulic barrier, and excavation. Factors affecting of
implementation
each
des Rosiers42 described rinated
and and
dibenzo-/xlioxins
and
of degradation, de
of wastes
disposal
Fuhr
presented.
technical methods
detoxification,
struction,
were
technology
dibenzofurans
chlo
containing
incineration,
using
ultraviolet (UV) photolysis, and supercritical oxidation and pre sented actual field test data. Woodyard43 pointed out that recent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) treatment focused on mobile or in situ application resulting in unacceptable liability for the generators and evaluated soil remediation technologies including thermal,
and
chemical,
treatment
biological
and
sep
physical
aration. Maunsell44 pointed out that landfill capacity is a critical resource
in the
hazardous
agement
trends
include
and
more
enforcing
treatment. ation
stringent
included
oily
dewatering
BDAT
standards,
duction
systems,
Center for Mineral industry
more
performing
re
how
described
on-site
Canada
The
studied mineral
and Energy Technology46 technologies.
re
NOx
noncatalytic
technology.
catalyst-recycling
to meet
incineration
and
catalytic
concern
of
Treatment
alternatives
included sludge dewatering, effluent treatment by ion exchange with
subsequent
metal
recovery,
and
reprocessing
of
sludges
inmineral ther on-site by the use of solvent extraction or inmineral or
smelters that
treat
refineries.
gas
et al47
Talion wastes
industry
and
examined
remediation
the sites.
ei
industry
technologies
available puter
performance
database
published
document48;
a
were
compiled
on
19-volume
and
a
final
24-volume BDAT
19-volume
BDAT
background
a com
background treat
document,
to the final BDAT background final
response
to BDAT-related
comments
document.50 The background documents provided the U. S. EPA with technical support and rationale for the de
velopment ulated.
of
treatment
standards
for the constituents
to be
most
basin,
et al.52
two
compared
by
effluent
secondary
of
the
were
compounds
to
removed
activated
pilot-scale
plant
sludge
perfor
mances. One was operated with distributed RCRA compound loading and the other one with spiked loading. The selected did
cause
not
reg
were
solvents
phatic were
any
adverse
volatilized
and
et al.53
Dieneman
degraded.
on
effects
chemical
oxygen
aromatic
used
volatile
serial
benzenes
anaerobic/aerobic
in packed bed reactor to biodegrade organic contaminants a leachate from Superfund site, resulting in 80 to 90% priority were
subsystems
by aquifer
and
constituents
biotransformation.
benzene
results and
persisted and
Trattner
aerobic
contaminants which
indicated which
favored reviewed
Lawson55
hazard anaerobic
the biolog
for hazardous waste treatment including land
ical technologies
aerobic
composting,
and
the anaerobic biod?gradation
sulfonated The
microorganisms.
waste
the anaerobic
attempted.
nitrogen-substituted
ous
for
balances
and Suflita54 examined
Kuhn of
Mass
removal.
pollutant
and
treatment,
anaerobic
biod?gradation.
Hazardous wastes included PCB, trichloroethylene (TCE), poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
aniline,
Cheremisinoff56
chlorophenol. Efficient
included
systems
and
waste by
examined
Brunswig57
COD, biochemical from
of water and
leachate
site
disposal
anaerobic
removal
an
using
treatment.
efficiencies
of
and organics halogenated
oxygen demand,
a biological
and
aerobic
over
biological reactor.
fluidized bed and membrane Steegmans
an
presented
treatment and detoxification
view of biological wastewater.
adsorption
resin
et al5*
investigated
Brenner
fol
the feasibility of using the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as a of
component
key SBRs
ducing fully
of soil
and
and
and
leachates.
The
while
pro
constituents
Darnall
tests
laboratory
soil
leachate
bacteria.
cyanide-resisting conducted
contaminated
treating
most
removed
success
and Hosea59
on-site
demon
pilot-scale
technology for the removal and recovery
stration of AlgaSORB of mercury-contaminated
the U.
under
groundwater
S. EPA's
SITE program. The appendices to the report included the lab oratory results of AlgaSORB technology demonstration. bioremediation Zitrides60 discussed three general techniques: biostimulation for contaminated groundwater and soils, bioslurry for sludges and highly contaminated soils, and biofarming for vantages, to
soils.
contaminated
enriching
of
degradation and
and
Golueke
and
disadvantages, biostimulation
technologies toxic
wastes:
Diaz61 for
discussed two
mass
to encourage
ad
approaches
inoculation
these
of
microorgan
isms. Sims et al62 discussed an in situ and prepared bed system
using
natural
to treat contaminated
microorganisms steps
development
were
discussed:
soils.
System
characteriza
site/soil/waste
tion, treatability studies, and design and implementation of the bioremediation plan. Finlayson63 pointed out that the practicality of bioremediation of waste is based on its speed and cost effec tiveness. Bewley et al}4 argued that biological treatment of con taminated
soil
offers
502
a workable
Research
and
Journal
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and
process
below the detectable limit by secondary treatment. Bhattacharya
organisms
a
standards, an amendment
document49;
data
system.
EPA ment
cost
nitrification
in the aeration
lightly
Candidate
technologies were evaluated for their specific applications and and
and
gravity filtration. At a total concentration of 1.5mg/L of organics
lowed
inciner
included
Technologies
sludge,
treatment
sludge
creating
industries have been changing the
selective and
and
Corbett45
are managed.
wastes
hazardous
Man
discharge,
technologies
technologies.
fineries and petrochemical way
sewer
regulations,
treatment
new
other
in Australia.
industries more
allowing
Reviewed
and
waste
removal
compounds
and leachate. The resulting effluent could be polished by ultra filtration,
Safferman and Bhattacharya51 investigated the treatability and fate of 28 organic RCRA compounds in a combined organic
demand (COD) and suspended solid removals. Chlorinated ali
osmosis
hazardous
high-strength
eval systems,
reverse
and
ultrafiltration,
flocculation/precipitation, a laboratory
and
BDAT.
Compensation,
were
research
leaching
fixed-film
and
dispersed
Response,
of
and
combustion,
S/S
uated
Environmental
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
responsible
WPCF,
alternative
Volume
and
63, Number
4
Wastes
Hazardous
described a successful project in detail. April et al65 evaluated in situ soil bioremediation processes, including degradation and for wood-preserving,
detoxification,
in an acclimated soil. The soil solid phase,
at high concentrations water
fraction
soluble
wastes
petroleum-refining
of
column
and
soil,
were
leachates
eval
uated.
soil
of
and
to analyze
slurries
with
supplementation
type,
creosote,
trients,
soil
examined
and Hanson66
Topp fects
or
carbon
nu
inorganic on
mixtures
copper/chromate/arsenate
ef
the
sp. to
treat diesel oil contaminated soils. The contaminated soil ap proached the background level of uncontaminated soil after 12 weeks
and reactor configurations
wastes
hazardous
et al.6* explored
Lewandowski
of bioremediation.
nutrient media
rot
by white
various
results
Preliminary
fungus.
in
improves the biod?gradation rate substantially. Lamar and Dietrich69 studied the ability of white rot fungus to remove PCP from soil. A PCP removal efficiency of 88-91% was achieved in 6.5 weeks converting most of PCPs
dicated that immobilization
to nonextractable
soil-bound
products.
inves
Sharp-Hansen70
tigated organic air pollutant emission from bioremediation cesses
and
and
identified
bioremediation
air emission
evaluated
pro
for each
models
the
studied
various
of treatment;
glycol: volatile
materials,
and
carbon
and
matrix;
of water,
the presence
temperature;
of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) sorbed on activated car
Dechlorination bon
was
also
discussed.
reported
Barkley74
a pilot-scale
study
for the efficacy of PCB removal from concrete surface by using alkali metal/PEG mixture. He also tried a shotblasting technique in which
concrete
contaminated
waste
cut
away.
Jones75
of interference between par available
commercially
on
cement
Portland
and
chemistry.
pozzolan
He
also
addressed the effects of admixtures and the effect of typical
ganic
waste
on
components
al.76 observed
that
cementitious materials decreased
constituents,
treated
the
treatment
Suprenant
product.
or et
soil by mixing
of oil-contaminated
limited the solubility of the hazardous the
surface
area
to the environ
exposed
ment, and improved the handling characteristics. The pH in crease, in the range of 9-11, by the addition of cement and fly ash, immobilized most multivalent cations as insoluble hydrox ides.
The
evaluation
using
leaching
and
extraction
showed chemical bonding between the clay and the waste and retention
CHEMFIX
June
of
organic
compounds.
Barth78,79
reported
S/S process as a SITE demonstration
that
S/S,
was
a small
and
on
increase
volume
two
combining
compa on
for waste
demonstrated
order
the
of magnitude
5
of
was expected. Razzell86 reported a field experience of fix 10%was 10% ation
of pesticide,
or organic
paints
and waste
solvents,
oils
by
fly ash and cement kiln dust. Fixation was performed in cells dug in solid clay. Spence et al}7 undertook a study to answer the question of the fate of VOCs in the process of S/S, which an
cementitious
exothermic
reaction
on
and
Stagemann
that would
the
project. The
the
summarized
Cote88
vaporize
test methods
so
for
lidified waste evaluation. Seven physical tests, five leachate tests,
and
four
characterization
micromorphological
were
methods
to solidified products. Bostick et al%9 treated mixed,
applied
and
waste
hazardous
chemically
conventional
by
cement-based grout. The S/S was effective for hydrolyzable met cadmium,
and
uranium,
not
nickel?but
for retention
of radioactive Tc-99. The addition of ground blast furnace slag to the grout several
by
was
to reduce
shown
of magnitude.
orders
and
hydraulic
of technetium
leachability et al90,91
Kalb
reported
of mixed waste inmodified inmodified
parison of encapsulation ment
the
cement.
found
They
that
the
a com
sulfur ce cement
sulfur
achieved greater waste loading because of its thermoplastic property. Van Beek andWodrich92 reported the grout treatment facility for processing liquid radioactive and hazardous tank into a cement-based
solid designed by Westinghouse Hanford Co. to dispose of 227 000 m3 of grouted mixed waste. The report by DiLiberto93 dealt with defense liquid tank waste at Hanford Site nuclear fuel The waste would be reprocessing. fractions and low-level into
separated
transuranic,
high-level,
and then vitrified or immobilized in grout. Eckert et al.94 pre sented the chemical kinetics of supercritical water oxidation and the detailed design procedure of amobile unit. The design con sisted size
of
was
system Hall
tasks:
four costs
and
a flow
of major
shown
et al95
cost
range
an overview
of
balances,
energy
associated and
effective
for a wide
presented
and
and
equipment,
to be
conditions
material
sheet,
costs.
maintained
feed
The steady
concentrations.
of solvent
extraction
treat
technologies including those in the development stage as the CF sys well as field-applied systems. Those introduced were theCF
ment tem, cess),
New
York
BP Oil's
University's system,
Resource
LEEP
(low
Conservation
energy
extraction
Company's
pro BEST
(basic extractive sludge treatment), Envirite Field Services' Ac
503
1991
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by
were
additives
additive and the other for
(one for mixing equipment),
and
site cleanup. The conclusions were that immobilization of PCBs was likely, heavy metals could be immobilized, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) could be reduced to a lower concentration,
operation
Soundararajan et al77 conducted research on S/S employing modified organophilic clay binder to chemically stabilize organic contaminants.
of waste-con
types
reagent
mixing
reported
Sawyer83 85
nies' technologies
wastes
waste
systems through literature review and available infor
binding mation
and
components
was
surface
compiled the possible mechanisms ticular
used.
als?lead,
of reagent.
the quantity
Three
contaminants.
target
low. Proprietary
technetium,
dehaloge
hydroxide and polyethylene
nation by using KPEG-potassium duration
parameters
operating
the
was
leaching
the technology
of
were
in the S/S sample.
description of Glycolate dehalogenation as being a potentially effective technology in detoxifying specific types of aromatic or ganic contaminants, particularly dioxins and PCBs. Tiernan et al.72-73
lead,
containing
the VOC. They used lightly contaminated groundwater for the mass balance, and it indicated that more than 50% was retained thatmore 50%was
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENT A fact sheet from the U. S. EPA71 provided
site
taminated soil, waste filter cake material and oily sludge and sand were treated. Physical stability was high and contaminant
was
process.
waste
conditions. Grube80 82 described Soliditech technology, which was another stabilization process demonstrated through the SITE inNew Jersey. PCBs, lead, oil, and program at a Superfund site inNew
deep-soil-mixing
to effectively treat
a hazardous
on
applied
copper, and PCBs. Substantial reduction of leachable lead and copper was achieved as tested by TCLP protocol by the U. S. EPA. Physical testing results indicated durability in exposed
grease
vi
ability and PCP degradation by inoculant of flavobacterium Wang et al61 examined the effectiveness of biostimulation
was
process
Hazardous
curex
Wastes_
and
process,
Sanexen
International's
Extraksol
of metals and crucible melts test to evaluate the effect of various
process.
Valentinetti96 98 reported on the SITE demonstration project by CF system for organic extraction. The process used liquefied propane successfully to extract PCBs from contaminated sedi ments. Sudell99 conducted a test to determine the suitability of the BEST process for application as a spill and waste site cleanup.
The
process
water
separated and
fraction,
ing of excavated mented
or
or
their components: oil, 10? the clean reviewed
et al
extraction
water
agents:
surfactant
agent,
chelating
into
sludges
Raghavan
soil using a basic
with
acidic
oily
solids.
water
agent,
organic-solvent
or
air
and
washing,
an
with
Technical of the with na stripping. feasibility Hutzler technique et alm presented list siteswas mentioned. tional priority stream a
soil
a cost-effective
as
extraction
vapor
removal from contaminated
soil. They discussed the factors and
components of the system and claimed that the design and op eration of the system was flexible enough to allow for rapid in operation,
changes
et al102
Arri?la
will
which
treatment
in situ
studied
contaminant
optimize
contam
of arsenic
to
oxide
and
arsenic
stabilize
ferrous
adding
to
sulfate
ion
contaminated
product conventional
of
ponent
as
soils
asphalt
the
et al.104
Lewis
products.
com
aggregate
and
and Topudurti105 reported a SITE program employing the UV/oxidation technology. The efficiency of the process for VOC removal was greater than 90% by chemical oxidation, but
Welshans
for a fewVOCs few VOCs stripping, also contributed toward removal. Lewis et al106 also evaluated the UV/oxidation technology at a site of contaminated groundwater. Employing hydraulic retention time of 40 minutes, an ozone dose of 110mg/L, hydrogen peroxide and 24 U V lamps (intensity of the lamp was
dose of 13mg/L, not
a receiving
into
posal
met
the groundwater
given),
waterway.
of
under
soluble
heavy
the presence
the
program.
metal
The
for dis
evaluated
ul
after polyelectrolyte
result
the separation
showed
ions?cadmium,
and
lead,
and
concentration
of
separation
selected
chlorophenols
feed preozonation. The separation of dilute organics by composite polyamide membrane to be
shown
effective
with
improvement
by
preozonation.
et al.m presented the RO system employed to reduce chromium in the effluent from a plating facility. The full-scale
Walker
RO/evaporator
system
resulted
in a substantial
of
reduction
the
quantity of chromium exiting the facility. Cole and Fields1,0 reviewed in situ vitrification (ISV) system, including a basic de of
scription
system
components.
Campbell
and
simu
Buelt111
ingots and the concrete walls were dissolved into the resulting glass and crystalline block. Campbell et al112 performed ISV tests on soils spiked with heavy metal and organic compounds as radioactive
simulants.
Tests
showed
successful
binding
of hazardous and radioactive simulants in the vitrified product and
nearly
?/.113114
complete conducted
also
destruction a bench-scale
of
the organics. ISV
test
Farnsworth
to demonstrate
addressed.
contaminated
of organics
the
and
with
et the
potential of electrode feeding in soils with a high concentration
et al.116
Timmons levels
high
of mercury
on
ISV
tried
and
arsenic
and
low levels of aldrin and dieldrin. The destruction and volatil ization
were
of contaminants were
Inc.,117 ozonation,
alkaline
were
presented et al.11*
Eyal
treating
acid-containing
oxidation,
UV/ Con
of
the various
and metal-finishing
electroplating a new
technique,
industrial
waste
reported
from
precipitation.
the effectiveness
regarding
for selected
technologies
and
S/S,
the
by PEI Associate,
wet-air
chlorination, oxidation,
electrolytic
wastes.
for wastes
technologies
operations were discussed
including
and
monitored,
continuously
Treatment
discussed.
metal-finishing
called
SEPROS, re
It was
streams.
ported that the technology is especially valuable in the treatment of waste streams from titanium dioxide industry, pickling liquors, and
streams
bleed
a precipitation small
from
zinc
electrolytic
Leak119
plants.
designed
and clarification system that could be used by
radiator
the most
hot
used
commonly with
The
shops.
repair
contaminated
dissolved
was
system
caustic
solution
lead,
targeted
to reduce
to clean
a radiator
and
copper,
zinc,
in ad
tin
dition to dirt, rust, paint flakes, and other particles. Crim and
dation,
The
soils.
plosive-contaminated economic
treatment
chemical
conducted
Brown120
feasibility
shock
process
The
analysis.
process was
also
plasma,
in an
included
were
options
for ex
options caustic
hydro
microwave/hydrolysis/oxi nitric
microwave/sonic/hydrolysis/oxidation,
acid/heat,
and supercritical fluids. duced
et al.121
was
using
air oxidation
metallic
and
catalyst
at re
(WAO) and
pressure
to conventional
applied
hydrogen
wastewater
boiling
peroxide. toxic
containing
to verify the feasibility. Hu et al.122 studied modeled an affinity dialysis process for
organic compounds and mathematically wastewater
wet
introduced
conditions?atmospheric
operating
treatment
for
the
of useful
recovery
metals
and
the
removal of toxic metals. The technique involved a solution of macromolecular agent (polymer) that rapidly complexed metal and
ions. Operation cussed. the
Osteen
removal
and
the polymer Bibler123
of dissolved
ratory. A
Savannah
effective
River
for
Labo
thiol functional
with
reactor
dis
resin
ion-exchange
from
shown
a plasma
was
regeneration
an
reported
mercury was
GT-73,
discussed
Stanley124
solution
polystyrene/divinylbenzene
Duolite
groups,
lated ISV of an underground steel tank containing hazardous material by using a 30-cm diameter buried steel and concrete tank containing tank sludge. The steel tank was converted to
as well
waste
WAO
(RO) membranes
reverse-osmosis
and chloroethanes with and without was
were
systems
temperature?by
examined
the destruction
demonstrated
They
Piccinno in
mercury
exercise.
lysis/peroxidation,
toluene.
et al108
Williams for
of
SITE
standards
et al.107
Buckley
heavy metals
trafiltration for dissolved treatment
the discharge
and Peterson115 tested pilot-scale ISV for soil contaminated with fuel oils and heavy metals from fire-training Timmerman
for
reduce
the solubility of arsenic. Porras103presented the recycling of virgin petroleum
tests.
clusions
removal.
inated soil. They found the possibility of adding amorphous
char
other
acteristics. Five metals from the EP toxicity list of various VOCs including CC14, TCE, PCE, and asbestos were included in ISV
results
for VOC
technique
and
temperature
soil-melting
retention of inorganics in the vitrified product. Off-gas treatment
aug
washing
washing
on
additives
chemical
in mercury
in which
removal. are
gases
ionized
by passing through an electric field strong enough to strip elec trons
the molecules
from
tamination. also
The
included.
and
potential
Lovo
the gas
of
et al125
waste
for hazardous
advantages
of
the
reactor
a mathematical
presented
decon were
model
of
the deep well reactor for hazardous waste oxidation that described the behavior when it is operated in the subcritical region. Varma et al.126
microwave-assisted
reported
TCE, which
they found to be significantly more
conventional
oxidation.
oxidated
species
504
than
The products
Research
oxidation
products
of conventional
Journal
WPCF,
to treat
oxidation
fluid-bed
efficient than
were
also more
oxidation.
Volume
63, Number
This content downloaded from 196.200.142.112 196.200.142.112 on Sun, 3 Nov 2 2013 013 16:59:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
_^____^___Hazardous
Wastes
4
a
wastes:
of hazardous
et al127 reported solar detoxification
Alpert
low-temperature steam
by
that
process
thermal/chemical
temperature compounds
over
reforming
and
process
photocatalytic a metal
a high
destroys
organic
catalyst.
Skocypec
and Hogan128 described a direct catalytic absorption reactor that absorbs
solar
hazardous
for
energy
waste
nu
A
destruction.
for destruction of TCE was presented. Tseng and Huang129 presented photocatalytic oxidation, using titanium
merical model and UV
oxide
of phenol
light,
were
studied
oxygen, and
tocatalysts,
leach mining
temperature, York
phenol.
pH,
and
Parameters
solution.
of pho
concentrations introduced
Aamodt130
heap
conducted by Los Alamos National
technology was
which
Laboratory,
in aqueous
a process
that
treat
could
hazardous
thatwill will chemically, physically, chemical and radioactive wastes that or
react
biologically
Ehresmann131
with
selected
a fire
reported
that
Machin
reagents. created
and
et al.132 discussed
Loehr
agents.
and
bility ment
of residue
degradation
sites
at closure.
The
report
important
topic
at hazardous
waste
and
waste
inorganic
various
scenarios that could be useful in the development
ment
pertain
and persistence of
under
constituents
treat
land
information
presented
ing to the quantitative evaluation of mobility organic
the mo
of
closure
of soil treat
and tities
Tillman
kiln
rotary
gave
a hazardous
as
kiln
incineration wood
chlorophenol
waste
solid of
description
incinerator. wastes,
specific
preservative
sludge.
creosote,
and
penta
et al135
the U. S. EPA's Mobile Incineration demonstration activities of theU. System. It included trial burn of RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) wastes, accomplishments, problems en countered,
solutions
Council
Canadian
implemented.
of
formobile mobile of the Environment139 published guidelines for PCB destruction systems, including generic technologies of high temperature incineration (rotary kiln, liquid injection) and other thermal degradation techniques (pyrolysis, thermal radiation,
Ministers
and
plasma
as an
and Rasmussen140
arc). Corry
to dispose
alternative
of
incineration
examined biotreatment
refinery
pollutants
source
the
Treatment
nology.
on
sludge
was
the most
of
inorganic
from
operations
in which
hazardous
waste
metals.
is thermally
destroyed.
Kissel142 critiqued the proposed cofiring of municipal refuse and PCBs at Bloomington, Ind., contaminated by past industrial ac He
tivities. and
local
also control
the technological
discussed of cleanup
operations.
a treatise on the implications PIC
generation.
Secondary
that can contribute cussed.
They
showed
viability, Peters
of newly
to desired and undesired that
costs,
et al143
scope,
presented
for destruction of toxicants and
reactions
incinerator
design,
formed
volatiles
effects were dis operation,
and
performance monitoring will benefit from better quantitative understanding of devolatilization (pyrolysis) related phenomena.
June
et al149
Helsel
the contaminated
of
important
parameter.
that
and
intra-
studied
They
local
thermal
concentration
were
an
performed at manufac
soil
treatment tech
residence
et al151
Lighty
and
time,
interparticle
the most
temperatures
for 99%
performance
of
ardous
phenomena gas-phase
important
process
by
incinerability
decomposition
incinerator and
components
centrations.
of organic
using
by
developed
demand?for
oxygen
sug
contami variables.
the
evaluating compounds.
index to measure
principal and
temperature
varying
et al.154
Lemieux
unsaturated
from
and
and
Thurnau153 also devised an incinerability an
presented
a thermal stability based ranking of
compound
organic
also
of contaminants
environment
Taylor et al152 developed
organic
haz
oxygen
con
a simple
indicator?
the
performance
measuring
of thermal devices burning hazardous waste. They discussed the indicator moval
cussed
the
chemical
of
parts
mixed
a metal and
radioactive
a test
performed
waste
hazardous
re
thermal
for
residue furnace.
parts
simple and
destruction
munitions
warfare
using
used
currently
this
of
easy-to-measure,
et al155
Fournier
efficiency. the metal
and
with
compared
destruction on
as uniform
such
advantages,
remaining dis
Ragaini156
and
incineration
in conjunction with the the destruction of chemical munitions land disposal restrictions by U. S. EPA. He observed that the
sources,
disposing
chlorine.
soil type?and total PAH concentrations were examined. Lighty et al150 investigated the rate-limiting steps in the desorption of contaminants from MGP site soils and found that temperature
organic
Dellinger et al141 described research results regarding the minimization and control of hazardous combustion byproducts
the quan surface-cat
low-temperature,
conditions?temperature,
and Thurnau157
and
the
tured gas plants (MGP) by thermal desorption
land as the U. S. EPA had banned land treatment. Fluidized bed incinerators were found effective in eliminating hazardous constituents
of
remediation
experimental
and
Fournier et a/.136137 studied the fate of metals in a rotary kiln incinerator with pilot-scale tests. The effect of chlorine in the feed was also addressed. Stumbar et al13* reported the field
and
and
were
discussed
alyzed reactions relevant to the formation of PCDD and PCDF. Bruce et al148 proposed a scheme for controlling the formation of PCDD/PCDF during incineration by using sorbent materials
hazardous
described
Hall134
Waterland
these
of
Also
mechanisms.
heterogeneous
nant of a rotary
behavior
temporal
during pyrolytic decomposition by using fundamental chemical kinetics of OH radicals and H-atoms. he formation Altwicker147 proposed a global kinetic model of tthe of PCDD and PCDF in incinerators in terms of homogeneous
gested
THERMAL TREATMENT a comprehensive
the
described
Tsang146
of chloroaromatics
soils.
et al133
parameter.
operating
a research effort of thermal desorption
decisions.
closure
mathematical model of heat transfer in a directly fired rotary kiln. The moisture level of the feed was predicted to be a key
to remove
asbestos-containing
waste and its treatment with sulfate and alkalinity amendment an
tomodel the formation and Sethi and Biswas144made an effort tomodel a dynamics of metallic particles in flame incinerator. Silcox and Pershing145 studied incineration of hazardous waste by using a
treatment
of
choice
was
technology
tested
specifically
the K-wastes
testing
of
four
wastes
of wastes
in RCRA
showed
no
principle organic hazardous constituents or
blowdown.
scrubber
Dempsey
from specific
regulations,
using
standards of BDAT. The pilot
rotary kiln system to develop scale
one.
a regulatory
incineration
detectable
of
in either the kiln ash discussed
and Dangtran158
Tabery
amounts
a dis
posal of waste from the smelting of aluminum. Alternative to land disposal was incineration using fluidized bed combustion showing competitiveness for a 20 000 ton/yr plant. Uberoi and Shadman159 presented the chemical equilibrium of
lead
waste
in chlorine-containing
incineration
and
suggested
passing the lead-laden flue gas through a fixed bed of an appro 16? defined priate sorbent to remove lead compounds. Elliot et al the haust
conditions gas
and
of arsine
steps and
required phosphine
to completely from
the
incinerate
semiconductor
ex in
505
1991
This content downloaded from 196.200.142.112 196.200.142.112 on Sun, 3 Nov 2 2013 013 16:59:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Hazardous
a
Wastes
theWhetlerite dustry. Ross and Deitz161 introduced theWhetlerite
ads?rbate,
15.
Solid/Liquid
Separation:
Waste
Management
and Productivity
charcoals
impregnated with metals and used for retention of toxic airborne chemicals. They presented the thermal desorption
and
mass
tandem
scribed
combustion
oxygen
oped by Union Davis bed
slag was used
de
Chopey162
for organic
processes
introduced
to generate
usable
Texaco
wastes
or
the
waste.
power
17. Cawley,
W.
nisms Hazard. 18.
Second
reported on theMSP the MSP construction
glass-like
Rukavina165
as a recycling processor that produces a from
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Solar Energy Research Institute166167published a solar thermal program summary in which solar thermal technology for the destruction
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ardous Waste
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