Long term support Access Personalised service Victim blaming Medicalisation of social problem
thinking through concepts
understanding Interest/motivation
knowledge Credible Positive Interest of GP Negative
Cognitive
Learning outcomes/ Bloom's taxonomy
Attitudes Time constraints Position of doctors for health promotion 5% more smokers quit if suggested to cut down
Lectures
Feelings
Support groups
e.g. Motivation
Affective
Emotions Anticipatory care Pieterse et al 2001 Opportunistic health promotion Body image Fitting in (friends/family/role models Media Rustick et al 1999 15% more drinkers cut down to safer intake if suggested Factors affecting smoking Personal environment Beliefs Parents Attitudes
practical/physical skills
Skills (psychomotor)
e.g. showing new cookery skills
Wider environment Social class SMOKING Increase price 364000 hospital admissions Ban on smoking indoors (done 2006) Scottish targets + potential action 7 million prescriptions 8 million GP consultations 115000 people per year die (2006) place product Health promotion Tobacco industry promotion price Peer pressure
Education
Prevention
TANNAHILL MODEL 1985
Healthy Public Policy
Cessation support groups
NHS spent £1.5 billion 2006 Cost worldwide 4.8 million died (half in developing countries) predicted rise to 10 million in 2020 ( cigarettes kill half lifetime users Taste Children Parents School DIET diet information for expecting mothers reduce unsaturated fat intake support for breastfeeding Scottish target reduce fat intake from 40 to 35% total intake Increase taxation, combat smuggling Research + evaluation programmes Big 3 associated with poor diet Promote + strengthen public awareness CVD mental health problems cancer increase fruit and vegetable consumption FCTC Ban advertising Friends Regulate packaging + content 1/2 of these before 70 (21 years lost) Mackay 2006, Davies 2007)
Stop uptake by education + risks etc
Years to life
Life to years
AIMS OF HEALTH PROMOTION
social engineering
Reduce young people smoking (13-15) to 11% by 2010 Reduce access to vending machines (bars not restaurants/hotels)
Health to life
Prevent disease; promote health
individual prevention
Cost/resources
Body image
Teens
individual empowerment
Skills/time
Crack down on underage sales
Peers
Access
Income
Factors affecting diet
Skills
Adults
Time constraints
Protect people from smoke in workplace, public indoor areas Promote cessation + treatment
Access
Mobility
Government support
Older people
Social support
Social class (LOWER)
more high energy food as cheaper
lower income means possibly no car therefore less access
more full-fat milk, cereal, potatoes, meat, fats, sugar