History AE ITB

History of The Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics ITB

1. The first ten years 1962 - 1972 : The birth of the Aeronautics Education Higher education on aeronautical engineering in this country was started more than fourty years ago in 1962, when two young staff members of the Division of Mechanical Engineering at ITB namely, Oetarjo Diran and Liem Keng Kie introduced some aeronautical engineering courses in the Mechanical Engineering curriculum. Since then, aeronautical engineering education was formally established as one of the three elective sub-study program of the mechanical engineering study program along with the two others:the mechanical construction engineering and the mechanical industrial engineering. The formal name of the aeronautical engineering sub-study program is 'Teknik Penerbangan' meaning Aviation Engineering. This name was intentionally chosen because it was a very popular term at that time, in order to attract many young aviation enthusiast. The establishment of aeronautical education at ITB was mainly inspired by the vision of our first President, Soekarno and also by the heroic pioneering of our aeronautical engineering founding father such as, Adi Sutjipto, Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo, and Wiweko Soepono.

(a) Kunang-kunang

(b) Super Kunang

(c) RI-X

Aircrafts design & built by Wiweko & Nurtanio, 1945` 1

At the fifth anniversary of the Indonesian Air Force in April 9, 1951, President Soekarno as the Supreme Air Marshal of the Air Force delivered a speech entitled "Meng-Garudalah di Angkasa". In this speech, he stated that, due to the very special geographical location of Indonesia and the fact that our nation is in the form of archipelago, The Aviation becomes very important strategic matters for this country not only in term of military but also in terms of both of economical and political. He stressed that particularly for our young generations, the importance of aviation should be deeply realized. His speech were followed by formal government action of sending many young students to Europe and The United States to study aerospace and maritime technology starting in 1955 up to 1958. Many of these students will become future national leaders on Aerospace technology such as O. Diran, Soegito, Erawan Lambri, Yuwono, Soekendro Wardoyo, and B.J. Habibie. Another government actions were the expansion of the Air Force Depot of Aircraft construction and testing to become the Air Force Aircraft Preparatory Industry (Lembaga Persiapan Industri Penerbangan - LAPIP) in 1960 and establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Institute (LAPAN) and also the Aerospace policy maker, the Indonesian Council on Aeronautics and Space (Dewan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Republik Indonesia - DEPANRI), both in 1962. Aviation enthusiast The courses offered at the Aviation Engineering sub-study program, originally consists of only aerodynamics, aircraft structures, and flight performance, stability & control which were given, started at the third years of the Mechanical Engineering study program. In the initial years of the development of Aviation Engineering education, the staff members consists of few lecturers from both ITB such as O. Diran and Liem Keng Kie and from LAPIP, such as RGW Senduk, Erawan Lambri, Soegito, Soekendro Wardoyo, Yuwono, and many others. Not too many students were interested to enroll at aeronautical education by that time, as no clear national policy on aerospace technology, was set-up by the Government. Most of the student attended the aviation engineering simply because they love aviation. They may also be triggered by the International situation at that time with the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union to reach the Moon and probably also domestically, by the rivalry in rocketry between ITB and the Gajah Mada University, UGM in the early sixtieth. More-over there were only view aviation job available in the field of engineering, except at LAPIP which, being a military establishment was not attractive for young graduates. Most of the graduates of aviation engineering went to non-aviation jobs, but few were stick to the aviation related job such as joined the airlines as operation manager, air traffic controller and even some joint ITB to be a staff member at the aviation engineering substudy program of the Deparment of Mechanical Engineering. The Rocketry Since its establishment in 1962, the Aviation Engineering sub-study program administratively received its status as Sub-Division of Aviation Engineering (AvEITB) of the Division of Mechanical Engineering. The Division of Mechanical Engineering is it self part of the Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering. This Sub Division was first chaired by the founder of the aeronautical education, O. Diran, from 1962 until 1968. 2

From the beginning of its development, the Sub Division of Aviation Engineering always connected all of its activities with the government's aerospace agenda. In the early sixtieth around 1962, where ITB and UGM developed solid propelant rocketry, students of this Sub Division actively involved in the aerodynamic design and operational aspects of the rocket trajectory under the leadership of O. Diran while students from The Mechanical Engineering Division under the leadership of Wiranto Arismunandar involved in the propulsion and propellant development. The launching of the ITB's solid propellant rockets Ganesha X-1A and X-1B in 1962, were the answers to the UGM's rockets Gama III and IV, which were launched four month earlier.

The Experimental Rocket of LAPAN

KARTIKA Rocket of ITB/TNI-AD/LAPAN

Following its establishment, LAPAN developed and modified a sounding rocket KAPPA built by Japan for atmospheric research. This project were followed by project PRIMA (Proyek Roket Ilmiah Militer Awal), in which an experimental rocket KARTIKA was developed in a cooperation with the Indonesian Army and ITB, which was carried out by the staffs and students of the Mechanical and the Aviation Engineerings. Design and Engineering In 1966, in respone to the new program at LAPIP, who built an underlicensed agricultural aircraft PZL-Wilga 02 "Gelatik", O. Diran introduced a new aircraft design course at the curricullum of the Aviation Engineering. This one semester course which consists of class instruction and special design studio assignment become a mandatory course for every aeronautical student since then. O. Diran and his student actively involved on the Gelatik development at LAPIP, including its flight test development. He and his students Sulaeman Kamil and others carried out reverse-engineering process to calculate the design engineering of Gelatik aircraft in 1967. 3

In 1968, the Sub-Division of Aviation engineering innaugurated its first graduate, Sulaeman Kamil. He subsequently joined the staff member of the AvE-ITB, and developed courses and research on aircraft structures and materials.

The PZL-Nurtanio Wilga 02/Gelatik, agriculture aircraft

The design course promoted by O. Diran proof to be invaluable, this was shown during the LT-200 accident in 1973. The LT-200 was a new small trainer aircraft, built underlicense and modified by LIPNUR (Nurtanio Air Force Aircraft Industryformerly LAPIP). There were some problems during development of this aircraft particularly with regard to the center of gravity location due to the shifting of the fuel tank position. This problems almost brought the aircraft into fatal accident when during the take-off maneuver on its maiden flight the aircraft suddenly hit the ground immidiately after lift-off. The Sub-Division of AvE-ITB was consulted to help to solve this problem. O.Diran, his assistant and his students applied a systematic design approach to overcome this problem successfully. Experimental Laboratory In 1970 Harijono Djojodihardjo, then chairman of the AvE-ITB expanded the curricullum by introducing several new courses such as air transportation systems, aircraft propulsion systems, numerical analysis and some elective courses such as aero elasticity and special problems on aeronautics given as seminar assignment. Harijono Djojodihardjo also established, the first Aero-hydro dynamics Laboratory. This laboratory possesses a low speed wind tunell, with 1x1.5 meters test section, and a water table to simulate compressible flow phenomena. The wind tunnel was originally developed by LAPAN under the leadership of Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo, the founder of LAPIP and LAPAN. But after Nurtanio's fatal flight test accident on his newly designed aircraft in 1966, the unfinished wind tunnel was transfered to ITB, and was reassembled by O. Diran and Liem Keng Kie. Finally in 1971 this wind tunnel was improved and made operable by H. Djojodihardjo and his students under the funding 4

from LAPAN and the Department of Defense and partly also from research project of PELITA. This was the first time that the aviation engineering student enjoyed experimental works on aeronautics, many of them graduated with final thesis involving this laboratory.

The first Laboratory : Aero-Hidrodynamics

Another significant cooperation pionereed by H. Djojodihardjo was the joint development of four seater Experimental Hovercraft, XHV-01 with the Air Force Research and Development Division headed by R.G.W. Senduk during the period of 1969-1973. Disciplinary Groups In1971, in order to expand the AvE-ITB into more specific fields, Harijono Djojodihardjo, proposed five disciplinary group for the sub-study program. These disciplinary group were, (1) the Aero-hydro and gas dynamics, (2) the Structures, Material science and Aeroelasticity, (3) the Aviation propulsion systems, (4) Stability and Control and (5) Aircraft Design and Air Transportation Systems. These disciplinary groups should be developed step by step in accordance with the readiness and availability of the staff members and the stages of the laboratory development. Computational on Aeronautics With the introduction of digital computers at ITB in 1972, O. Diran, upon returning from his sabatical leave and reassuming the chairmanship of the AvE-ITB, initiated elective course and seminar on the Computational Aerodynamics using several numerical methods. One of his student Said. D. Jenie graduated in 1973, on the finite element application of 2 dimensional flows. With the IBM 1401, the capability to conduct computational fluid dynamics and computational structures were very limited. The computational research on aerodynamics and aeroelasticity were further promoted and 5

developed by O. Diran and H. Djojodihardjo. Under the special arrangement, the student of AvE-ITB may used the computer facilities, ICL-1000 of the National Statistic Institute (BSN) which has much greater capability than that of ITB's. Early Full Time Lecturers At the end of the first decade, the number of the staff member of AvE-ITB increased into five full time lecturers : Oetarjo Diran and four new staff members, Harijono Djojodihardjo, Sulaeman Kamil, Sugiarto Wahyu Hidayat, and Said D. Jenie. These four new staff members except H. Djojodihardjo were all the graduates from this sub department. There were also part time lecturers from LIPNUR, such as Ernis Burhan, Suhendra Santoso, and from the Air Force Research and Development Division, R.G.W. Senduk. With these eight staff members, the aeronautical educational program were developed step by step by extending more academic cooperations with government aerospace institutions such as LIPNUR, the Air Force's Research and Development Division, LAPAN, Directorate General of Air Communication and some domestic airlines. 2. The second ten years 1972-1982 : Indonesian Aerospace in transition At the end of 1972 under the new organization of ITB, the department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering was separated into two Departments, namely the Department of Mechanical Engineering and The Department of Electrical Engineering. These two Departments were part of the newly formed Faculty of Industrial Technology (FTI). The Sub Division of Aviation Engineering become sub department of the Department of Mechanical Engineering which was called the Sub Department of Aviation Engineering (AvE-ITB). Beginning 1973, the aerospace activities in this country were shifted from military weapon / aircraft oriented to civilian applications oriented. The aerospace application were shought not only developing utility civil aircraft, but also to cover broader aspects such as wind energy, building aerodynamics and aeronomy research such as pollution control and atmospheric modifications. Wind Energy In almost a decade H. Djojodihardjo utilized the Aero-hydrodynamics laboratory to develop wind-mill technology as a means of generating electricity. Several wind mill configurations were tested such as, conventional type, dariouse types and others. Generating electricity from the wind energy proof to be very delicate problems. The relatively slow wind speed in this country, a very good airfoil profile for the wind-mill blade, and this, resulting in a very special material characteristics requirement to carryout the task. A combination to fulfill the above aerodynamics and material structures produced aeroelastics problems. The existing Aero-hydrodynamics laboratory seems insufficient to provide test simulations. Also the lack of computational software at that time, prevented the wind energy research to be carried out effectively. An ad-hoc in situ design test and improvement were occasionally under taken resulting in not very efficient design. A close cooperation with LAPAN in developing wind energy continued until 1990. 6

Wind-mills development at AvE-ITB

Light Weight Structures The disciplinary group on Light Weight Structures, was founded by Sulaeman Kamil in 1978. This group is responsible for developing courses and research on the flight structures disciplines. In order to do this, S. Kamil slowly but systematically expanded further the curriculum by introducing the following courses such as strength of materials, aircraft materials, aircraft loads, aircraft components, finite element method, and fatigue and fractures mechanics. Since 1978, the Sub Department of Aviation Engineering posseses two groups namely, aerodynamics disciplinary group, which includes flight mechanics and aircraft design and light weight structures disciplinary group. Emerging of the National Aerospace Technologies Development Policy In 1976, the government of Indonesia under the leadership of President Soeharto and Bacharudin Jusuf Habibie, then, the State Minister of Research and Technology, who is also Honorary Professor at ITB established a formal national policy on Technology development in general, and Aerospace Technology in particular by establishing three institutions necessary to carry out this task. These three institutions are the Nurtanio Aircraft Industries (later to become Nusantara Aircraft Industries, IPTN), the Center for Science & Technology Development (Puspiptek) and the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT). 7

As an aircraft industry, IPTN will become the spear head of the Aerospace Technology transformation program, while the Puspiptek will facilitate all the necessary experimental laboratory for aerospace development such as Laboratory Aero-Gasdynamics & Vibrations (LAGG) with its Low Speed Wind Tunnel, Laboratory for Structural Testing (LUK) and Laboratory for Thermodynamics, Engine and Propulsion (LTMP). The BPPT will be the agency to define and direct the policy for nasional technology development programs, covering almost all field of technology such as, Aerospace, Maritime, Automotive, Electronics and Communication, Production & Manufacturing and Bio Technologies. Through these three institutions B.J. Habibie proposed four phases of technology transformations program. Each phase is characterized by one leading program centrally carried out at the industry. These four phases of transformation, particulary for aerospace technology are, phase (1) Technology Introduction with leading program underlicensed the twin turboprob low subsonic aircraft, C212 "Aviocar" from CASA of Spain, phase (2) Technology Integration with leading program joint design and integration of a new airplane, the twin turboprop medium subsonic, wide body CN235 also with CASA, phase (3) Technology Development with leading program indigenous design of the twin turboprop high subsonic transport aircraft, N250, and phase (4) Industrial Research with leading program of establishment of advanced industrial research, design and engineering facilities, by developing indegeneous design of the twin jet transonic transport, N2130. The transformation of Aerospace Technology involve not only building facilities or aircraft, but most importantly, building the man power quality and expertise into an internationally standard to bring the nation at the same level with technologically developed countries. Many first generation of the Aviation Engineering graduates joint IPTN such as Hari Laksono and Edi Susilo where they will become future leaders of this industry. The other joint The Directorate General of Air Communication such as Wahyono, Budhi Muliawan Suyitno, and others. The first phase of this transformation were carried out successfully between 1976 to 1980 followed by several underlicensed program for other aircrafts as well as helicopters. The second phase was started in 1979 with the leading project, a joint design and development of medium, wide body, twin turboprob transporter, the CN235, with CASA of Spain. It is at this second phase that IPTN, Puspiptek, and BPPT need lots of aerospace engineers, scientist, and technicians, ranging into several expertises from design, computations, test, simulation, and production engineers. In order to fullfill these man power requirement, not only for this phase but also for the following phase 3 and 4, B.J. Habibie turned to the Institut Teknologi Bandung, in this case to the Sub Department of Aviation Engineering. Comprehensive up grading plan. Habibie proposed a comprehensive up grading plan for aeronautical engineering education at ITB with the ultimate goal to achieve internationally recognizable standard for aerospace higher education. In 1980, B.J. Habibie, O. Diran, and S. Kamil drafted several international cooperations with some European University of Technologies, with the main goal to push aeronautical education at ITB in achieving capability to support National Aerospace Technology development. 8

Hence, at the end of its twenty years of relatively slow development, the Sub Department of Aviation Engineering of ITB reached its turning point to accelerate its development leading to a strong, accredited and internationally standard aeronautical engineering higher education body in this country. 3. The Third Ten Years, 1982-1992 : Accelerated development As the National Policy on Aerospace Technology development clearly defined, more and more students entered the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering to pursue their dreams on aeronautics and astronautics. The average number of student enrolled annually in this sub department was significantly increased almost ten fold, from only three students at the sixtieth to arround thirty five students in the eightieth. International Cooperation In the early 1980, the first International cooperation between the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering ITB ( AvE-ITB) and the Department of Aerospace Engineering of the Delft University of Technology (AE-TUD) ,the Netherlands were started. This cooperation was a part of the greater umbrella agreement established by BPPT, IPTN and ITB on the Indonesian side, and by NLR (The Netherlands Aerospace Research Institute) and TUD (the University of Technology Delft ) on the Netherlands side. This cooperation was named TTA-79 (Technology Transfer Agreement-79) sponsored, in the Indonesian side ,by the Government through BPPT and IPTN. The TTA-79 was a five year cooperation covering activities that systematically and comprehensively up graded the Aviation Engineering education at ITB into internationally recognizable standard, capable to support the national aerospace technology transformation programs. These activities were (1) An extensive basic aeronautics courses from visiting professors of AE-TUD to the students of AvE-ITB,(2) Opportunity for students of AvE-ITB at their final academic year to do their thesis at AE-TUD under joint supervision from the instructor/professor from both sides, (3) Design, development and construction of basic aeronautical laboratories for regular academics exercise and thesis research, (4) Opportunity for the staff members of AvEITB to visit AE-TUD to do some academic research or familiarization with a specific instruments to be installed at ITB. Parallel to the above activities, a cooperation between NLR and BPPT were also set up as a part of TTA-79, to design and construct the aero-gas dynamics laboratories at Puspiptek in Serpong, the LAGG. Another agreement was also established between the Rector of ITB, Prof. Dodi Tisna Amidjaja and President Director of IPTN, B.J. Habibie in 1978 to offer opportunity for the AvE-ITB staff members, technicians as well as students to work at IPTN as a full or part timer employee to gain hands-on experience in the aircraft design, development, engineering and production program. The success of this International cooperation was largely accredited to the following pioneers in international aerospace cooperation O. Diran and S. Kamil of AvE-ITB, J.L. Van Ingen, O. Gerlach of AE-TUD and H. Poesponegoro of IPTN and Harsono Wiryosoemarto of BPPT and R. Jager and Jan vd Bliek of NLR. Mean while, the interest of many young bright graduates to joint the Sub-department of 9

Aviation Engineering was also significantly increased. In the early eightieth three more graduates joined the staff member. They were Cosmas Pandit Pagwiwoko and Bambang Basuno, followed a few years later by three new breed of graduates who just completed their final research thesis at TU Delft, Djoko Sardjadi, Ichsan Setya Putra and Hari Muhammad. At almost the same period a graduate from the Department of Civil Engineering, I Wayan Tjatra also joined the staff member. As was their seniors these new staff members were not just giving lectures to the students, but they were also carried out pioneering activities in the aerospace engineering education development particularly, in establishing laboratories or test facility, experimental as well as computationals. They spent almost half of their time with their seniors , managing the development cooperation with TU Delft. Flight Mechanics In1982, Said D. Jenie, pull the flight mechanics courses out from the aerodynamics disciplinary group to become a new separate Flight Mechanics disciplinary group. He immediately expanded the flight mechanics courses into four courses, flight performance, flight dynamics, flight control and flight measurements. Initially these four courses were given in the form of classroom instructions and no laboratory exercise were given as no flying laboratory were available at that time. This disciplinary group offers atmospheric as well as space flight mechanics, so that students can keep up with general progress on basic space technology (Astronautics) which was ,by that time, beginning to shift from a space exploration era into a space commercialization era. In this case, two elective space flight courses were introduced namely, Rocket Flight Mechanics and Astrodynamics (Orbital Mechanics). The above two courses were needed by engineer who want to pursue their carreer in LAPAN or in the Defense Division of IPTN. Visiting Professors : TU Delft, Aachen, Braunschweig, Muenchen, and Berlin. The development program under the TTA-79 proceeded very smoothly through out the years of 1980 until 1986. During this period, the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering ITB received some basic aeronautical lectures from several visiting professors of TU Delft and also some laboratories, test facilities and workshops, therefore strengthening the academic capability in conducting the education programs. The visiting professors that gave lectures at AvE-ITB according to their expertise were as follows. For aerodynamics, theoretical as well as computational, J.L. van Ingen and J.W. Sloof; for light weight structures, computational as well as design, Schijve, de Jonge, Rothwell and Verduijn; for flight mechanics, performance as well as stability and control, G.J.J. Ruijgrok, O.H.Gerlach, J.A.Mulder, M. Baarspul and Van der Vaart; for flight systems, F.J.Abbink and Schoonhoven; for aircraft design, E.Torenbeek and C. Bill; for aeroelasticity , R.J.Zwaan and for aircraft maintenance, Smith. At almost the same period, under the sponsored of BPPT, the AvE-ITB received foreign lectures on aerospace engineering from professors of the Aachen, Muenchen, Berlin, and Braunschweig University of Technologies, of Germany. Under the Transfer Lectures Agreement between BPPT and DAAD of Germany, the professors that gave lectures to AvE-ITB were, for aerodynamics : D. Hummel, U. Ganzer, for light weight structures : Huba Ory, Meyer-Jens, Kossira, for flight guidance and control : R. Brockhaus and G. Schänzer and for Helicopter : Reijchert. 10

During the lectures each professor was accompanied by one young staff member of AvE-ITB to assist the professor in preparing the lectures notes and to obtain some lecturing experiences. Aeronautical Research Laboratories The first subsonic wind tunnels capable of simulating two and three dimensional test model commenced in 1984. The development of these wind tunnels were largely accredited to Djoko Sardjadi , who is specializing his expertise on experimental aerodynamics. He design and constructed these wind tunnels under the supervisor of prof. J.L. van Ingen of AE-TUD and prof. O.Diran of AvE-ITB, during his thesis research at TU Delft. These wind-tunnels, being much better in its flow quality ,replaced the original wind tunnel of the Aero-hydrodynamics laboratories developed some years before. Since then, these laboratories are used in a regular academic exercise for aerodynamics related courses as well as for doing research and development program on aerodynamics.

(a) The Low Speed Wind Tunnel Laboratory In 1985, the first aircraft structural laboratories of AvE-ITB was inaugurated. These laboratories consists of a compression testing machines and a static test rig for aircraft structures. These labs were largely developed by Ichsan S. Putra, who is specializing his expertise on the experimental fractures mechanics. He design and constructed these test facilities under the supervision of prof. Schijve of AE-TUD and S. Kamil of AvE-ITB. Since then, the aircraft structures experiment was incorporated into a regular aircraft structural courses, where every students of aviation engineering should take as a mandatory basic requirements.

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(b) Static Test Rig

(c). Compression Testing Mechine

The First Aeronautical Research Laboratories

Aeroelastomechanics In 1986, a new disciplinary group of Aeroelastomechanics was established, under the leadership of H. Djojodihardjo. This group further expanded the curicullum by introducing several new elective courses such as, Unsteady Aerodynamics, Structural Dynamics, Aeroelasticity and Elastomechanics. Most of the courses were given in the form of classroom instructions Aero-Gasdynamics Aircraft Design & Air Transportation System At the same year, the disciplinary group of aerodynamics were further broken up into two separate disciplinary groups the Aero-gas dynamics group and the Aircraft Design and Air-transportation systems group. These two groups were developed under the leadership of prof. O. Diran. The courses related to the last group were further expanded into aircraft design and synthesis, aircraft structural design concept, Air transportation systems management and operations. Therefore, in 1986, the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering ITB consists of five disciplinary groups, The Aero-gasdynamics, The Light Weight Structures, The Flight Mechanics, The Aeroelastomechanics and The Aircraft Design & Air Transportation Systems disciplinary groups. 12

CN 235, a work horse to get experiences In the eightieth, IPTN carried out its second phase of the Technology Transformation program with the leading program, joint design of the CN235, with CASA of Spain. IPTN invited all the staff member of AvE-ITB and its students to participate in this program, to gain knowledge and hands-on experiences in the real industrial rated aircraft development. During this particular CN235 program some of ITB’s staff members became lead engineers of IPTN, such as prof. O.Diran as a Chief Designer, S.Kamil as a Chief of Structural Fatigue Test program who conducted the full scale fatigue test of the CN235 at LUK, Serpong. H. Djojodihardjo as a Chief of Dynamics group who carried out the ground Vibrations Test on the Prototype and Said. D. Jenie as a Chief of Flight Test Development and Certification program. At that time, many students of AvE-ITB joint the CN235 program either as assistant engineers or designers, and utilized their working subject as research topics for their final academic thesis. Many students graduated out from the research topics on CN235 and some of them would became future leaders of IPTN such as Agung Nugroho, Jusman SD, Edwin Soedarmo, Eddy B. Setiawan, Najib Muhaimin, Supra Dekanto, Hindawan Hario Wibowo, Agung Sampurno, Made Wirata, Mochayan, and many others.

The twin turboprob medium transporter IPTN/CASA, CN-235

The cooperative program TTA-79 finished in 1986, and subsequently continued with similar cooperation program the ISARD (Intermediate Support on Aeronautical Research and Development). In this new cooperative program Fokker Aerospace joined the club in the Netherlands side. The activities of ISARD were, (1) to continue and finish-up all carry over programs of TTA-79 that had not been accomplished, (2) Upgrading the academic degree of the young staff member of AvE-ITB into Doctorate level in TU Delft, (3) Further developed facilities such as offices and classroom buildings, Library and its necessary aerospace journals, catalog and magazines and a basic Flying laboratory. 13

Flying Laboratory In early 1987, The Flying laboratory was developed by modifying the small agricultures aircraft the Nurtanio-Wilga2 “Gelatik” which already owned by ITB and formerly operated by the ITB Aerokreasi , an aeroclub of ITB. The flying laboratories were developed by Hari Muhammad of ITB and Bagus Eko of the Flight Test Center (FTC), IPTN and Kees van Woerkom of TU Delft under the supervision of prof. O. Gerlach and prof. J.A. Mulder of AE -TUD and Said D. Jenie of AvE-ITB. This flying laboratory was officially named “ Laboratorium Ilmu-ilmu Fisika Terbang – LIFT” or Laboratory for Flight Physics Sciences. The flying laboratory LIFT made its maiden flight in mid 1987, test piloted by IPTN test pilot Erwin Danuwinata, flight test engineer Bagus Eko and flight test instrumentation engineer Djatmiko. In October 18, 1988 the first flight performance exercise commenced carrying two students.

The Flying Laboratory LIFT "Gelatik"

Since then, the flight exercise using LIFT was incorporated into flight measurement, flight performance and flight dynamics courses as a mandatory laboratory requirement. Having a flying laboratory, the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering ITB automatically become a member of a few elite of Aerospace Engineering Education in the world that posses a flying laboratory. With the flying laboratory became fully operational in 1989, a special flight courses such as flight test engineering, flight test data analysis methods and parameter identification were introduced as an electives courses in the group of flight mechanics by Said D. Jenie and Hari Muhammad. The TNI-AU F-16 "Fighting Falcon", new philosophy of a flying machine In 1986 the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) was about to select its new generation of fighters. Between two candidates of modern fighter, the General Dynamics F-16 "Fighting Falcon" and the Marcel-Dassault "Mirage-2000", the government chosen the former to be the future fighter of the TNI-AU. In 1987 the chief of the Division of Research and Development of TNI-AU (RD-AU), Air Vice Marshal Soedjarwo, 14

asked the help of the AvE-ITB to give comprehensive short courses on the modern fighter technology. Prof. O. Diran formed a joint task force team consisting of personells from both, the AvE-ITB lecturers and RD-AU, researchers to carry out this task.

F-16 Fighting Falcon of TNI-AU

This joint team comprising Prof. O. Diran and Said D. Jenie from the AvE-ITB and Sridiharto and Ig. Sutedjo from the RD-AU. Headed by Air Marshal Soedjarwo, during the period of 1987 to 1989 this team presented short courses on the unstable aircraft philosophy, Fly-by Wire Flight Control System, Integrated Control and Fire Power System and Modern Air to Air Missiles Technology to some key airforce bases such as Iswahyudi, Halim Perdana Kusumah, Abdulrachman Saleh, and Hasanudin. The courses were further given to the AF Education and Training Command in Surabaya, the AF High Staff-Command School (SESKO-AU) in Lembang, Bandung, and the Air Force Aero Space Medical Institute (LAKESPRA) in Jakarta. The joint team was further asked by then, the Air Force Chief of Staff, Air Marshal Siboen to prepare the Seminar on the Second Long Term Development Planning of the Indonesian Air Force, in 1997. Through this Seminar the new TNI-AU Doctrine related to second long term national development was finally established. The building The Silver Anniversary of The Sub-department of Aviation Engineering in 1987, was commemorated by the inauguration of a new building with its furnitures, computer systems, and library collections donated by IPTN. This two story building, which was located at the western part of the Labtek II complex at ITB campus, was large enough to house one classroom, a mezanine for administrative offices, a medium size library and a computers room. The ground floor of this building which was used to house aerodynamics and structural laboratories and also electronics and mechanical workshop. During the period of 1986 to 1992, more newly graduates of the AvE-ITB joint the staff member. Unlike their predecessors, these new staff member entered directly into the disciplinary group. There were Hisar Manongam Pasaribu ,Wahyu Kuntjoro and Rais Zain joined the Aircraft Design & Air Transportation system group; Leonardo Gunawan 15

and Bima Prananta joined the Aeroelastomechanics group; Zainal Abidin, Go Tiauw Hiong and Setyamartana Parman joined the Flight Mechanics group; Bambang Kismono Hadi, Giri Suada and Edi Suwondo joined the Light Weight Structures group, and Bambang Irawan joined the Aero-gasdynamics group. This number of new staff member kept increasing in the years that follows. Computational Laboratories and Design Studio In the mid of 1993, several computational laboratories were set up by some energetic young staff members. These laboratories were, the Computational Aerodynamics Laboratories developed by B. Basuno, The Computational Aeroelasticity Laboratories developed by I. Wayan Tjatra and the Computational Structures Laboratory developed by Wahyu Kuntjoro.

The ITB Experimental Unmanned Aerial Vehicle With the above computational facilities available, several advanced elective courses were immediately offered such as computational aerodynamics, computational structures and computational aeroelastomechanics. Another facility for aircraft design, that is Aircraft Design Studio was developed by H.M. Pasaribu. This center were equiped with all the necessary drafting machines and CadCam facilities. H. M. Pasaribu developed a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), for the students to practice their design skills and correlates their flight performance predictions with real test results. This UAV was then further developed by Djoko Sardjadi and his design team, to be commercialized to potential markets such as, to military, police and, agricultures departments, and others.

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Aviation Engineering Study Program Finally at the end of 1992, after ten years since the accelerated development began, the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering emerged as one of the most complete educational infrastructures at ITB. This sub-department, with its five Disciplinary Groups, possessed almost thirty staff members with two professors, and five PhD’s; five laboratory technicians, two experimental laboratories, one flying laboratory, three computational laboratories, one design center, one modern library and a building for offices, workshops and a class room. At this advanced stage, in 1993, under the decree of the Rector of ITB, Prof. Wiranto Arismunandar the status of the Aviation Engineering sub-study program in that year was up-rated into a full Study Program independent from the Mechanical Engineering study program. Being responsible for a Study Program, the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering are allowed to modify its curriculum and issue a diploma with different format than that of the Mechanical Engineering, although the administrative affairs are still managed within the Mechanical Engineering Department. 4. The fourth ten years 1992-2002 : The Expansion Organisation In 1993 the Chairman and the Secretary of the Aviation Engineering Study Program were elected and were sworn. The first Chairman of the Aviation Engineering Study Program is Said D. Jenie and the Secretary is Hisar M. Pasaribu. A year latter a Secretary for the student affair, Cosmas P. Pagwiwoko was also sworn. For the first time after receiving academic status as Study Program, The Sub-department of Aviation Engineering set up its organization. The organization of the Aviation Engineering Study Program consist of two parts, the structural part and the functional part. The Structural part consists of the Chairman and the Secretary of the study program, Manager for Finance, who manages the financial affair, Manager for Cooperation, who manages the international as well as domestic university and industrial cooperations, Manager for Facilities, who manages the constructions of the buildings and other infrastructures and Manager for the Library . The Functional part consist of, five Heads of the Disciplinary groups, seven Heads of Laboratory and Head of the Design Center. Sub Study Program of Aerospace System Engineering In the early ninetieth, IPTN entering its third phase of the aerospace technology by developing the high subsonic twin turboprop medium range aircraft, the N250-100. This newly indigenous design possesses some advanced technology inventories, such as, three axes Fly by Wire Flight Control Systems, Full Authority Digital Engine Control systems, Engine Indications and Crews Allerting Systems, Six bladed advanced propellers, Nose wheel steering by wire, and advanced wing design. By that time, the N250 was the most advanced aircraft design of its class. To accomplish this program IPTN need lots of aeronautics engineers specialist in many areas of aircraft systems. The engineers that so far supplied by ITB, were only on the field of basic aeronautics necessary to design airframe configuration such as aerodynamics, structures, flight mechanics, aeroelasticity 17

and aircraft design. IPTN felt that recruiting systems engineers directly from electrical or mechanical engineering graduates were not efficient as they had to be trained to get acquinted with the intricate interconnection between systems dynamics and aeronautics. What IPTN needs was to obtain engineers on aircraft systems with enough background on aeronautics. In response to this need, in mid of 1993,The Aviation Engineering Study Program expanded its curriculum by introducing some courses related to aircraft systems. Combining the models from the Avionic Engineering joint program of TU Delft, Aeronautronics Program of MIT (Massachussetts Institute of Technology) and Aircraft Mechanical System education program of TU Hamburg, Said D. Jenie proposed a package of aircraft system engineering courses. These courses were, System Dynamics, to provide students with background on dynamics characteristic of many different physical domain, Aircraft Basic Systems, Engines & Propulsion related systems, Aeronautronics, which consists of electronics systems, avionics and instrumentations, Inertial system engineering, to provide basic knowledge of inertial sensors technology widely used on the aircraft, Flight Navigation & Guidance systems, Aircraft Mechanism, Human Factors in Aviation and Aviation Safety. The students interested in this aeronautical system courses should take some basics courses as Electronics, Electrical, Electromagnetic and Software Engineering courses from the Departments of Electrical Engineering, Informatics Engineering or Engineering Physics. This package of aircraft systems courses formed a new branch on the Aviation Engineering study program, and was officially termed Aerospace System Engineering sub-study program. From then on, the Aviation Engineering students may freely choose one of the two available branches, the Aerospace Engineering or the Aerospace System Engineering program. The branching starts from the third academic years. Some new graduates joined the sub-department for this aerospace engineering sub study program. They were Nusa Wardhana, who graduated from Electrical Engineering, Irvan Madani and Rianto Adi Sasongko System Simulators To facilitate aerospace system engineering students with aircraft system demonstrator, IPTN offered assistance to AvE-ITB to refurbish the MiG-21 aircraft which was donated by the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) to ITB almost three decades ago. This MiG-21 aircraft which, had only 10 flight hours, was brought to ITB in 1973 as a result of a tireless effort put by H. Djojodihardjo in l973. However due to lack of funding, no useful application can be made out of this aircraft . IPTN refurbished this MiG-21 aircraft in 1994, under the direction of Said D. Jenie, to make all but the propulsions and weapon systems back alive again as in the originals. This aircraft became the Iron-Bird for aircraft basic system demonstrator for the students. In the future this MiG-21 Iron Bird will be developed into three basic systems laboratories, Aircraft basic systems laboratories, Aircraft fixed based simulator and Ground Vibration Test Article. In 1995, Cosmas P. Pagwiwoko and his assistants Rianto Adi Sasongko and Sinar Yuliana developed an Aeroelastics Wind Tunnel and Structural Dynamics and Control Laboratory. These laboratories were the first one to built wholly by AvE-ITB. 18

The MiG-21 "Iron bird" aircraft system simulator

A Unified system dynamics approach were employed on the test set-up and data analysis methods, using Simulink soft ware program. Some advanced research topics were under-taken on these laboratories such as distributed control strategy for a flexible structures such a wing of an aircraft, long bridges and tall building. He also developed an experimental active accelerometers using system dynamics approach as a research topics for the students of Aerospace System Engineering.

Aero elastics and System dynamics Laboratory

The N250-100, the contributions In August 10, 1995 the first IPTN indigenous aircraft N250 Prototype 1 "Gatot Koco" made its maiden flight, a year latter December 19, 1996 the second prototype N250-100 19

P2 "Krincing Wesi" joined the development Flight Test Program. The success of these two N250 prototypes development can not be separated from the active roles of AvE-ITB staff members who gave significant contributions on the design and test development of this N250 program.

The N250-100 Prototype 2 "Krincing Wesi"

Sulaeman Kamil lead the N250 structural design team in the earlier stage of the development. He convinced and approved that the “T” tail configuration ,proposed by the stability and control group, were within the design capability of his structural group. His structural design team, including his colleagues Ichsan S. Putra and Wahyu Kuntjoro helped to propose the static test of the junction between vertical and horizontal tails of this configuration. Harijono Djojodihardjo, who lead the dynamics and aeroelastics analysis during the detail design phase, proposed a subscale elastic model on the unsteady-flow wind tunnel test. With his colleagues such as, I. Wayan Tjatra and Cosmas P.Pagwiwoko, who provide the test proposal with numerical computational data, the unsteady wind tunnel test on the subscale elastic model were carried out at the LAGG wind-tunnel in 1996. It was proofed that the results were very invaluable in correlating the N250 flutter characteristics predictions and flight test results. Said D. Jenie who lead the preliminary stability and control analysis group, proposed a stretch of the fuselage and “T” tail configuration to improve the longitudinal stability margin due to the prop-wash induced deficiency during cruising flight. More over, to design a compatible artificial-feel system on the fly by wire flight control systems, Said D. Jenie who also lead the N250 Test Integration Group, proposed a handling quality flight test of the N250 long before the airplane been produced. This very special test were carried out The results of these tests were then used to freeze the gain values of the artificial feel systems and also of the auto-pilot and stability augmentation systems such as the dutch roll damper, the turn coodinator and the speed and altitude hold systems. It was proofed that these gain values improved the flight handling characteristics of the N250-100. To support the development of the N250-100, under the leadership of Said D. Jenie IPTN build and developed an Integrated Aircraft Test Facility (IATF). This facility consisted of, Iron Bird, Engineering-Flight Simulator (EFS), Ergonomics Laboratory, 20

Avionics System Simulators, Electrical Power Generation System Simulator, Fuel System Simulation Laboratory, Electro Magnetic Anechoic Chamber. These facilities were developed during the period of 1992 up to 1994, with the help of Department of Electrical and Sub-department of Aviation Engineering of ITB. B.J.Habibie, as President of IPTN, offered to the AvE-ITB students and staff members to use this facilities for academic training, thesis subject and research facilities. Since 1996 the AvE-ITB students majoring in Aerospace Systems Engineering Sub-study Program, utilized these facilities for various research and thesis topics. The operational cost in using these facilities were subsidized by IPTN. Sub Study Program of Light Weight Structures and Aircraft Materials The ninetieth, was characterized by the blooming of domestic private airliners. Most of these newly born airliners operates used or relatively old jet aircraft such as, Boeing 737 or Fokker F-28. The most needed effort to maintain the existence of these airlines were the ability to operate the aircrafts within a reasonable period of time. Certainly, this requires a mastering of maintenance, repair and operation technology of an aircraft. In response to this need of airliners, Ichsan S. Putra, introduced the special course on Maintenance and Repair Engineering, corrosion of aircraft structures for aircraft components and a Non Destructive Inspections. These courses were offered to the students interested in Aerospace Engineering majoring in Aircraft Structures and Materials. He also initiated cooperations , in the form of short courses and practical trainings for many Technical department of some airlines. The Inter University Research Center (PPAU) In 1994, Ichsan S. Putra developed a laboratory for light weight structures and aircraft materials within the ITB's Inter-University Research Center (Pusat Penelitian Antar Universitas - PPAU). This laboratory is an extention of the existing one developed earlier. A special Fatigue Testing Machine were purchased to conduct research on aircraft structures. This laboratory since then, was used to conducts research on light weight fracture and fatigue mechanics, structural repair and testing.

Laboratory for light weight structures and material at the PPAU 21

At the end of 1995 parts of the former CN235 Fatigue Test Article were donated by IPTN to ITB. This test articles were used for further research on fractures and fatigue mechanics as well as maintenance engineering, by Ichsan S. Putra and his assistants. Sub-study Program of Air Transportation systems and Operations At the same year the disciplinary group of Aircraft Design & Air Transportation Systems was also responding to the blooming of domestic airliners. Hisar M. Pasaribu and Mahardi Sadono, developed several applied courses such as, Aircraft Airworthiness, Airport Operations, Airport Equipment and Air-transport Route Analysis. These courses were also being offered to the technical and operation department of many domestic airliners. into space…… Sub Study Program of Astronautics Indonesia entered a space age in 1975, when the first Communication Satellite Palapa A-1, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. This satellite was part of the Domestic Communication Satellite System that were selected by the Government of Indonesia as a necessary technology for telecommunication systems for a vast archipelago type country like ours. Prof. Iskandar Alisyahbana from the Department of Electrical Engineering ITB, promoted and tiredlessly convinced the government of the importance of the domestic satellite communication system as the best system for our maritime continent type country. In the early years of the Domestic Satellite application there was no relation at all between the satellite-telecommunication business and the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering ITB. This situation changed when PT Telkom (The Government owned Telecommunication company) lost its satellite, the PALAPA B-2, during orbital insertion maneuver from the space Shuttle Discovery in 1985. At that time the Head of PT Telkom, summoned prof. O.Diran in his headquarter, to be consulted weather or not PT Telkom should accept the offer from NASA, to rescue the stranded PALAPA B-2 from the unintentionally orbit by the astronaut from the space shuttle. Out from this very special situations prof. O.Diran suggested that the already two elective courses on astronautics should be further expanded to include satellite design, operation and engineering, so that many more of our graduates can be prepared to cope with this kind of 'Lost in Space' problems. In 1987, the Government deregulated the satellite telecommunication business. As a consequent of this, many private satellite business emerged such as Pasific Satellite Nusantara, Satelindo, Indo Vision and others. In 1992 IPTN established a new Division of Astronautics with its main goal is to design and develop our own future Communication satellite PALAPA-D series. IPTN sent many of its aerospace engineers to the Hughes Space System in United States to get some training on Satellite Technology.

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Launching from STS-40

(b) Recovery by STS-51A

The Domestic Communication Satellite PALAPA B-2

This situation motivated the AvE-ITB study program to expand its curriculum into a more systematic space engineering or Astronautics academic program. Said D. Jenie expanded the astronautics courses by introducing more astronautics courses such as, Space Environment, Space Systems Engineering, Spacecraft Dynamics and Control, Orbit Determinations and Re-entry flight mechanics. In 1998 these Astronautics package becomes a sub-study program of the Aviation Engineering Study Program. Several young staff member who just completed their doctoral degree from Europe, The United States, and Japan joint to become lecturers at this sub study program such as, Go Tiauw Hiong, Satya Martana Parman, Toto Indrianto, and Ridanto Ekoputro. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics At the end of 1995, The Aviation Engineering Study Program reached its most complete infrastructures. It has 43 staff members out of which two professors, fifteen hold doctoral degrees and the rest hold master degrees. These staff member were very experience engineer in their respective field as they all participated directly in IPTN aircraft product development, for more than ten years. Moreover, there were many engineers from IPTN, gave regular or part time lectures at AvE-ITB, particularly on a special systems engineering courses. These outside lecturers were, Imam Birowo, Wage Supardjaya, Haris Perdana, Elka Sunarkito, Dodo Suharso, Ilham A. Habibie, Iwan Hidayat, Hindawan Hario Wibowo, and many others. In 1996, The Aviation Engineering Study Program received new offices which were formerly the offices of the Department of Electrical Engineering. These offices, which were located at the third and fourth floor of the LABTEK-II building, were renovated by 23

the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering under the funding from IPTN. These two story offices were used to house the offices of the Chairman, the Vice-chairman, the Secretariate staff, the Library, Two meeting rooms , one computing room, one class-room and some staff member’s offices. The old building was used solely to house laboratories, workshops, design center and a class room. Hence at the end of 1996, this study program consists of five disciplinary groups, which matrices with five sub-study programs. More over ,this study program possess eleven laboratories, experimental as well as computational, two general workshops, one design center, one library and two buildings for offices, meeting rooms and administrative staff. In June 27, 1997, thirty five years since its establishment, under the decree of the Rector of ITB, Prof. Liliek Hendradjaja the sub-departmental status of the Aviation Engineering Study Program was up rated into departmental level, hence having the same level as the department of Mechanical Engineering. It was really a very long duration flight into the departmental level by ITB’s standard. None other departments at ITB was created through this very long process like the Department Aeronautics and Astronautics. As a department, the name of the study program was changed from Aviation Engineering into Aeronautics and Astronautics, but the Indonesian name was retain to preserve historical records. The Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics (AA-ITB) become the seventh department within the Faculty of Industrial Technology or the twenty sixth department of ITB.

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics ITB 24

Being a department, The Aeronautics & Astronautics Study Program are allowed manage its own administrative affairs and also is allowed to offer graduate programs (the master as well as doctoral degrees program), and also to become supervisors for other aeronautics higher education institutions. With this complete infrastructures, The AA-ITB become the most advanced aerospace higher education in South East Asia. It also become one of the strongest department at ITB. Council of the Department Following the academic rules of ITB, The first Council of The Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics was formed shortly after the inauguration of the Chairman and the Secretary of the department. The first chairman of the AA-ITB was Said D. Jenie and the first secretary of the department was H.M. Pasaribu, for academic and administration affairs and C.P.Pagwiwoko, for students affair. The sixteen member of the council consist of two professors of the department namely professors O.Diran and Harijono Djojodihardjo, two professors from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, professors Sularso and Djoko Suharto, a professor from the Department of Electrical Engineering, R.J. Widodo, a professor from the Department of Astronomy, Bambang Hidayat, six senior lecturer of the department, Sulaeman Kamil, Rochim Suratman, I.Wayan Tjatra, Djoko Sardjadi, Ichsan S. Putra, Hari Muhammad, three ex-officio members, The Chairman and the two Secretaries of the department and the honorary member B.J. Habibie. This council was the first at ITB with the member consists of persons which was not originally from its own department. Aerospace Student Association. As a Department, the Aeronautics and Astronautics study program may posses its own student association. In 1997 the Aerospace Student Association was formally established with the normal name, Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Penerbangan ITB ( Aviation Engineering Student Association) and was officially named “Otto Lilienthal” .The students preferred to choose the father of aeronautics from Germany rather than choosing their fellow country’s pioneers on aeronautics like Adi Sutjipto or Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo.

Logo of TheStudent Association

Otto Lilienthal in his flying machine (1895) 25

Historically, this was not the first aerospace student association. In 1970, Sri Bintang Pamungkas, then, a student of Aviation Engineering Sub-study program of ITB, created the Aviation Engineering Student Unity as part of the Mechanical Engineering Student Unity (HMM). However, as the rule of ITB allows only one student association for every Department, the student unity he created was not responded by his contemporaries. The President of the Otto Lilienthal Aerospace Student Association was elected in 1997. The first President of this association was Eko Arief Wicaksono and the secretary was Agapitus D.H. Ossyk. Supervisionary duty The Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics ITB supervises many curriculum development of many university level aeronautical educations such as, The Indonesian Air Force Academy (Akademi TNI-Angkatan Udara – AAU) in Jogyakarta which had begun in 1986, a decade before the department AA was established, The Indonesian Higher Education on Aviation (Sekolah Tinggi Penerbangan Indonesia – STPI) in Curug since 1997, Department of Aeronautical Engineering of the Nurtanio University (Teknik Aeronotika, Universitas Nurtanio) in Bandung since 1993 and Study Program on Aeronautics of the Bandung Poly Technique in Bandung since 1995.

Flight research of ITB/AAU on the IPTN Soko G-2 "Galeb" test aircraft

Especially with the AAU, the cooperation with the AA-ITB covering not only on the curriculum development but also an integrated curriculum and training for lecturers in all disciplinary group of both institutions so that a graduated cadet of the AAU can directly continue his education at AA-ITB to get their engineering degree. Around 20 cadet has been graduated as an aerospace engineer, out of this scheme of cooperation, since 1995. `The cooperation between AA-ITB and AAU was set up in a manner similar to the TTA-79 scheme. O. Diran, Djoko Sardjadi, and Hari Muhammad were largely accredited to the success of this cooperative program.

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Graduate programs The ISARD project finished in early 1990, and subquently continued by a new project APERT (Aerospace Program on Education, Research and Technology). This new cooperative project started in 1990 until 1996. Due to the bancrupty of Fokker, this industry pull out from the cooperation. The main activities of APERT were (1) Opportunity five staff member of AA-ITB to pursue Ph.D degree level at AE-TUD, (2) Joint Aerospace Research between two countries Aerospace Institutions, and (3) Preparation courses for joint Master degree program of AvE-ITB and AE-TUD. In 1996, the Thomson University in partnership with ITB offered a special S2 level program, the Real Time Software Engineering (RTSE) to IPTN's personnel majoring in aircraft flight software systems. This joint program were caried out under the agreement between the Rector of ITB and President of Thomson University. The Department of Informatics ITB acted as leading partner to the Thomson University in this joint program. As the application is in the aerospace field, the Department of Informatics subcontracted the basic aeronautical courses and research topics to the AA-ITB. This RTSE was the first time the AA-ITB actualy involved in the Master degree program. Some of the staff members of the AA-ITB such as Hari Muhammad, I Wayan Tjatra, and Leonardo Gunawan actively involved in the Aerospace related real time engineering courses, including giving the students some S2 research topics. In 1997, the AA-ITB, formally open the graduates education for Aeronautics & Astronautics. This was a research based master degree program, offered in four semesters. Graduates from Aeronautics & Astronautics, Mechanical, Electrical and Physical Engineering and also from Mathematics and Physics may enroll into this graduate program. The graduate student entering this program are mostly came from IPTN, LAGG, LAPAN and some private university lectures. B. Kismono Hadi was the first secretary to the chairman for Aerospace graduate student program. Super Sonic Wind Tunnel As part of the APERT project, in 1998, the NLR of the Netherlands offered a used medium size Supersonic Wind-tunnel, the AA-ITB, to be utilized for academic research. In anticipation of the development of a new jet transport program of IPTN, the twinjet N2130, the AA-ITB accepted this interesting offer. The cost for dismantling and shipping of this wind tunnel will be bear by the NLR, ITB should bear the cost of installation at ITB premises. The N2130 project manager Ilham A. Habibie, who was at that time giving regular lectures on high speed aerodynamics, promised to support the installation cost under the cooperation project between ITB and IPTN. Djoko Sardjadi and his counterpart at NLR, B.M. Spee arranged this Super Sonic Wind tunnel project. However, some problems immediately arise over where at ITB this tunnel should be erected and also who should provide the high electrical power required to operate it. After some negotiations, including a possibility to erect this tunnel at Puspiptek in Serpong, both the AA-ITB and the NLR realized that at that moment there was impossible to install this super sonic wind tunnel at ITB. Had this Super Sonic Wind-tunnel been installed, ITB will have the capability to carry out many high speed aerodynamics research such as, ballistics missiles, high speed bullet design, supersonic airfoil design, supersonic flow characteristics and many others. 27

Masterplan for a Faculty of Aerospace Engineering ITB In 1996, in anticipation of IPTN expansion, BJ Habibie proposed his idea to expand the Sub-department of Aviation Engineering ITB into a Faculty level. He proposed, that this faculty should consist of several departments. Six critical Aerospace technology such as, Aeronautics, Astronautics, Aerospace Materials Science, Aerospace Systems Engineering, Aerospace Production Technology and Aerospace Propulsion Engineering were planned to be established as departments within the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering. BJ Habibie asked AvE-ITB, to draft a sound step by step proposal to establish this faculty in five year development plan. Said D. Jenie and the team consisting of C.P.Pagwiwoko, H.M.Pasaribu, Hari Muhammad, Ichsan S.Putra, Djoko Sardjadi and B.Kismono Hadi, drafted the proposal in early 1997. The proposal was called “Proposal for the development of the Center of Higher Education in Aerospace Technology at ITB”. This proposal was presented three times in front of The Minister of Research and Technology, The Minister of Education & Cultures, the Director- General of Higher Education, the Rector of ITB and the Dean of the Faculty of Industrial Technology of ITB and their high ranking staffs. Many of the audience were very skeptical about the proposal on the ground that the proposed faculty was too big to be built in a very short time frame and more over, the sustainability of the faculty was questioned as depending its market solely on a single industry, in this case IPTN, was considered to be unreliable. In the mid of 1997, in his meeting with the President of TU Delft, Nico de Vogt and the Rector of TU Delft, K.F.Wakker, BJ Habibie asked The AE-TUD, to complete the proposal jointly with the AA-ITB,to include the required steps and financial requirement in establishing the faculty of Aerospace Engineering at ITB. A joint AE-TUD and AAITB team was formed consisting of Bernard A. Reith, Gert J. v Helden, Max Baarspul and Joris A. Melkert from AE-TUD and Djoko Sardjadi, Ichsan S. Putra, Hari Muhammad and Rowin H. Mangkusubroto from AA-ITB. In 1998 after a year of extensive feasibility study, a new comprehensive plan was finally ready. The proposal was called “ Master Plan for the Foundation of a Strong Faculty of Aerospace Engineering at Institut Teknologi Bandung”. This proposal was presented by the joint team headed by the chairmen of both the AE-TUD, prof T.d. Jong and the AA-ITB, Said D. Jenie, infront of the Vice Rector of ITB for academic affairs. They reluctantly accepted the proposal, nevertheless they asked this proposal to be included in the strategic master plan of ITB. The remaining question about the proposal were, where at the already crowded area, the Faculty’s building and its labs should be erected and who should provide the necessary financial support ? Using ITB's annual budget, this was certainly impossible. Multidimensional crisis and the impact on Aerospace community At the end of 1997 Indonesia plunged into a very deep financial crisis. This crisis very quickly snow balling into economics and the political crisis nation wide. The resulting turmoil brought the down fall of the Soeharto’s government six month later. BJ Habibie became the President of the Republic, but the ever growing multi dimensional crisis gave him no chance at all to carry out his plan to establish a faculty of Aerospace Engineering at ITB. Under the agreement with IMF to recover the economy, Indonesia should banned all the unnecessary development programs, including high technology development. This was then followed by cancellation of all subsidies from the government to all of her aerospace 28

Institutions such as, IPTN, BPPT and others. This situation certainly produced domino effects on the IPTN's new aircraft development project N250-100 and also to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics ITB, as no more funding from IPTN can be expected. The national crisis hit almost every business activities in the country. Particularly in the airlines business, lack of aircraft spareparts due to the soaring of dollars, forced almost all private airlines to close down or reduce their activities. Not only the airliners, the Air Force were also suffered from this crisis and forced to ground their aircraft due to the same problems. Sabatical Leave Abroad During this crisis period some of the staff members of the AA-ITB, went abroad to work on some foreign aerospace institutions such as, giving aerospace lectures in some of the University of Technology in Malaysia or become research fellow at the NLR, the Netherlands or at MIT in the United States. The Department of AA-ITB considered these activities as a brain preservation, instead of brain drainning. Having some of the staff members abroad a continuing relationship between AA-ITB and some foreign counter parts can be maintained, hence, avoiding an unexpected isolation during this crisis. The AA-ITB hopes that some day when the aerospace activities in this country rise-up again, they will come back and joined the Department. The survival and the sustainability The crisis situations forced the AA-ITB to reorient its strategy to maintain its existent and to be a self reliance department. This strategy was, (1) Reorient the curriculum to a more general subjects, (2) Student intake reduction to suit with the available market, (3) Develop Aerospace Technology Services, (4) Establish strategic partners particularly for expensive laboratories operations and (5) Getting an international accreditation as soon as possible. (6) Maintain cooperative relationship with aerospace community such as industry, research institution government body or private. This strategy was carried step by step beginning in 2000 by AA-ITB's new administration lead by Ichsan S. Putra, Hari Muhammad, Bambang Kismonohadi, and Leonardo Gunawan on the academic side, and Hisar M. Pasaribu and Djoko Sardjadi on the marketing side. (1)

(2)

In 2000 the curriculum of the AA-ITB was slightly revised it into more general subjects. In this revised curriculum, all the students take almost the same courses from the first up to the sixth semester. The branching into sub-study program that was formerly began in the third semester were shifted to the seventh semester. This new strategy was chosen in order to provide the aerospace-graduates with broader general knowledge in aeronautics and astronautics so to make them easier finding jobs on the aerospace fields, which were also becomes less specific in this country during the crisis period. The student intake for the engineer program (under-graduates- S1) in the academics year of 2001, was reduced from previously seventy to fifty students, as the available market was also significantly reduced. During the crisis most of aerospace business were go bancrupt or adopt zero growth policy. This department believe that as soon as the crisis over, the aerospace human resource market will significantly rise-up again. 29

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

With the termination of IPTN’s financial support, the AA-ITB has to be able to finance operational cost on its own, independent of government resources. In the beginning of the new millennium, the AA-ITB begun to offer some technology services such as, short courses, practical industrial and academic trainings and other technology services to general high-tech institutions domestically as well as regionally, to keep the financial balance of the department stable. Some training courses for the airliners maintenance center or air-traffic operators were offered in a regular basis since last year by the disciplinary groups of light weight structures and Aircraft design & Air Transportation Systems. An other commercial services was established by the special commercial groups of Djoko Sardjadi, which offer several aerospace design product such as Operational Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for many applications and Wind Tunnel for academics purposes. Some of the Wind Tunnels had been delivered to foreign institution such to the Malaysian University. The Aeronautics and Astronautics department is very expensive in term of operational and maintenance cost of its laboratories. To ease the operational cost of the flying laboratory Gelatik, a joint commercial operation with the Aeroclub of the Indonesian Aerospace (IAe formerly IPTN) was set up in 2001. This joint operation allows the Aeroclub of IAe to commercialize the aircraft to get some profit , so that it can finance its own operational cost, while maintaining the student regular flight exercise proceeding smoothly as plan. The other joint activities were to offer the laboratory equipment for receiving industrial aerospace related order such as doing components static and fatigue test, material inspection and non-destructive test and others. In order to be able to receive foreign students and also to compete with the ever growing aerospace educations in the regions, The AA-ITB is in the process of getting an International Accreditation from the Accreditation Board in Engineering Technology (ABET) an independent organization based on the United States of America. Several preparation was started a year ago, including preparation to offer courses in english, joint distant learning course with AE-TUD, joint master degree program and others. Cooperative relationships with other aerospace establishment were maintained in a win-win bases. The cooperation were set-up in the form of joint Research and Development program on aernautical engineering with the BPPT and also joint Development, Engineering and Testing with the Indonesian aerospace for their follow-on program.

It has almost fourty years, since the establishment of Aviation Engineering sub study program in 1962, that the development of higher education in aeronautics and astronautics finally reach its formal status as a department within the Faculty of Industrial Technology at ITB. Looking back into the past, it is seen that the up and the down of the development rates were strongly depent on the government agenda on aerospace activities. In the first twenty years of aerospace educations development, when the government had no formal agenda on aerospace, the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) took the lead and became the promotor of the aerospace education development. In the second twenty years, with the clear government agenda on aerospace activities, the development of the aerospace higher education received its momentum to accelerate and to expand very rapidly. With the Reformation era, in which many execution of aerospace activities are suposedly to be transfered into private sectors, the fate of aerospace engineering will be exposed to the market in a more competitive basis. In the future the 30

AA-ITB will grow up according to the market need not only domesticaly but also on the global and regional or markets.

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