History of Forensic Science

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High School Level Science Specific to NYS Forensics History of Forensic Science

Class Notes 2013-2014

Forensic Science
  Application of science to the criminal and civil laws Earliest record of applying forensics to solve criminal cases comes from 3rd century China

American Academy of Forensic Science
          Criminalistics Engineering Science General Jurisprudence Odontology Pathology/Biology Physical Anthropology Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Questioned Documents Toxicology

Applying Scientific Principles to Crime
Alphonse Bertillon  Developed the first system of personal identification – Bertillon’s System aka anthropometry o A series of body measurements to distinguish one individual from another

More Developments
  In the early 1900s, fingerprints replaced Bertillon’s system Best known figure in 19th century forensics o Sherlock Holmes  Applied the newly developing principles of serology, fingerprinting, firearns identification, and questioned-documents examination

Influence
     Francis Galton (1892) – developed a method for classifying fingerprints Hans Gross (1893) – first described application of science to crime (book) Leone Lattes (1915) – developed blood group testing for dried samples Albert Osborn – applied principles of document examination Edmond Locard – started the first police lab

By: Sara Zobel

High School Level Science Specific to NYS Forensics    

Class Notes 2013-2014

Calvin Goddard – bullet comparisons Mathieu Orfila (1814) – father of forensic toxicology Alec Jefferys (1984) – developed 1st OWA profiling test Locard’s Exchange Principle – When two objects come into contact there’s a cross transfer of materials.

Crime Laboratories
  Oldest forensic lab in the US – Los Angeles, created in 1923 FBI has the largest crime lab in the world

Four Major Federal Crime Labs
    DEA – Drug Enforcement Administration ATF – Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation USPS – United States Postal Service

Demand for Forensics
 Major growth since 1960s: o Increased crime rate o Requirement to inform suspects of rights which led to a decrease in confessions o All seized drugs must be documented and analyzed at the lab before trial o The technology is available (example: DNA Profiling)

Crime Lab Services
 Basic Services o Physical Science Unit o Biology Unit o Firearms Unit o Document Examination Unit o Photography Unit Optional Services o Toxicology Unity o Latent Fingerprint Unit o Polygraph Unit o Voiceprint Analysis Unit o Crime scene Investigation Unite



By: Sara Zobel

High School Level Science Specific to NYS Forensics

Class Notes 2013-2014

Functions of a Forensic Scientist
   Lab work (analyze evidence) Courtroom testimony (present un court) Training other people (teach others)

Providing Expert Testimony
 Expert Witness o You know more than the average person o Knowledge may be acquired through experience, training, education, or a combination o Important: demeanor and ability to explain data and conclusions clearly, concisely, and logically

By: Sara Zobel

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