History of the Cell
Content
History of the Cell
Human cancer cells with nuclei (specifically the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost
cell are in interphase, so the entire nuclei are labeled. The cell on the left is going
through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are
the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual
improvements made to microscopesover time, magnification technology advanced enough to
discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began
the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about
cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration,
and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1838.
This is usually credited toMatthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other
scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. Cell theory has become the foundation of
biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.
The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below:
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells, by biogenesis.
Functions:
Cell Membrane: The thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell's contents from the
enviornment.
Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
Nuclear Envelope: The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
Nucleolus: The central structure in the nucleus responsible for making ribosomes.
Chromatin: Located in the nucleus. Tangled strands of DNA. Also contain hereditary information.
Nuclear Sap: The fluid that fills the nucleus.
Cytoplasm: A thick fluid material, mostly water based that suspends the organelles and structures in
the cell.
Mitochondrion: Mitochondrion generate energy from food.
Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi Apparatus packages and transports substances in the cell.
Centriole: Centrioles are cylindrical bundles of microtubules that give rise to the longer spindle
microtubules.
Vacuole: A membrane bound sac that takes in water and also may store proteins, ions, and other
waste products.
Lysosomes: A small organelle that contains digestive enzymes that help the cell break down large
molecules of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Microbody: Contains different enzymes not used in digestion.
Ribosomes: An organelle that assembles proteins from amino acids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): An network of membranes-bound organelles that produces material that
are needed for the cell. It also detoxifies the cell
Hyaloplasm: The remaining fluid of the cell.
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells i.e., the DNA in a plant cell is enclosed within the nucleus. The most important
distinctive structure of plant cell is the presence of the cell wall outside the cell membrane. It forms the outer lining
of the cell. The cell wall mostly constitutes of cellulose and its main function is providing support and rigidity. Plants
cells also contain many membrane bound cellular structures. These organelles carry out specific functions
necessary for survival and normal operation of the cells. There are a wide range of operations like producing
hormones, enzymes, and all metabolic activities of the cell.
Diagram of Plant Cell
Distinctive Features of Plant Cell
The features that are distinctive in plant cells are as follows:
Plant cells contain cell structures like cell wall, plastids, and large vacuoles.
Cell wall provide plant cells rigidity and structural support and cell to cell interaction.
Plastids help in storage of plant products.
Chloroplasts aid in carrying out the process of photosynthesis to produce food for the plants.
Vacuoles are water-filled, membrane bound organelles which stores useful materials.
Plants have specialized cells in order to perform certain functions for the survival of plants. Some
cells manufacture and store organic molecules, others transport nutrients throughout the plant.
Some specialized plant cells include: parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, water
conducting cells and food conducting cells.
Parts of Plant Cell
Plants cell constitute of membrane bound nucleus and many cellular structures. These organelles carry out
functions that are necessary for the proper functioning and survival of the cell. The cell organelles of the plant are
enclosed by a cell wall and cell membrane. The constituents of the cell are suspended in the cytoplasm or cytosol.
The parts of the plant cell are as follows:
Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell.
Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell wall.
Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other cell organelles.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the hereditary material of
the cell - the DNA
Chloroplast is a plastid with green pigment chlorophyll. It traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy by
the process of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration and provides energy to the cells.
Vacuoles are the temporary storage center of the cell.
Golgi body is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed.
Ribosomes are structures that assemble proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum are membrane covered organelles that transport materials.
Plant Cell Structure and Function
All parts of the plant play a significant role in the proper functioning of the cell. Unlike animals, plant cells are
surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
Cell wall: The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the plant cells. It is made up of cellulose. Cell wall is a
characteristic feature to cells of plants. Plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose. Plant cell wall consists of
three layers: the primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and the middle lamella. It is located outside the cell
membrane whose main function is to provide rigidity, strength, protection against mechanical stress and infection.
Cell wall is made up of cellulose, pectins,glycoproteins, hemicellulose and lignin.
Cell membrane: It is the outer boundary of the cell, it encloses the cytoplasm and the organelles of the cells. In
plants cells it is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semi permeable, allowing only specific substances to
pass through and blocking others.
Chloroplasts: It is an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. They have two membranes and
have structures that look like stack of coins. They are flattened structures which contain chemical chlorophyll. The
process of photosynthesis occurs in this region of the plant cell. The chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs
energy from sunlight to make food for the plants by converting light energy into chemical energy.
Cytoskeleton: It is a network of fibers made up of micro-tubule and micro-filament. They maintain the shape and
gives support to the cell.
Microtubules: They are hollow cylinder like structures found in the cytoplasm of the cells. Its function is transport
and structural support.
Microfilaments: Microfialments are solid rod like structures whose primary function is structural support.
Plasmodesmata: They are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and enables transport
and communication between them.
Vacuole: Vacuoles are known as cells storage center. Plant cells have large membrane bound chamber called
vacuole. Its main function is storage. Vacuoles are found in the cytoplasm of most plant cells. They are membrane
bound organelles, they perform functions of secretion, excretion and storage.
Tonoplast: A vacuole that is surrounded by a membrane is called tonoplast.
Plastids: Plastids are storage organelles. They store products like starch for synthesis of fatty acids and terpenes.
Leucoplast: They are a type of plastid which are non-pigmented.
Chromoplast: They are plastids responsible for pigment synthesis and storage. They are found in photosynthetic
eukaryotic species. They are found in colored organs of plants like fruits and flowers.
Golgi complex: The Golgi bodies look like the endoplasmic reticulum and are situated near the nucleus. They are
found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Their main function is to process and package macromolecules synthesized
from other parts of the cell. The Golgi apparatus is referred to as the cell's packaging center.
Ribosomes: Ribosomes are smallest and the most abundant cell organelle. It comprises of RNA and protein.
Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis. They are found in all cells because protein are necessary for the survival
of the cell. The ribososomes are known as the protein factories of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane bound compartment, which look like flattened sacs
lined side by side. It is a large network of interconnecting membrane tunnels. It is composed of both rough
endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
They are responsible for protein translation, and protein transport to be used in the cell membrane. They also aid in
sequestration of calcium, and production and storage of glycogen and other macromolecules.
Mitochondria: Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. They are described as the 'power plants' of the
cell as they convert glucose to energy molecules (ATP). They possess their own hereditary material which help in
self duplication and multiplication.
Lysosome: Lysosome contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles and
any foreign bodies.
Microbody: It is a single membrane bound organelle that comprises of degradative enzymes
Cytoplasm: It is a gel-like matrix inside enclosed by the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports cell organelles
and also prevents the cell from bursting or shrinking.
Nucleus: It is the control center of the cell. It is bound by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope. It is
a porous membrane, it allows passage of substances and is a distinctive characteristic of the eukaryotic cell. Most
of the genetic material is organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules. The nucleus directs all the activities of
the cell and also help in protein formation.
Plastids in Plant Cell
Plastids are cell organelles that store specific things found only in plant cell but absent in animal cells.In plant cell
they are found in the cytoplasm. Plastids are spherical or ovoid in shape. They are involved in manufacture and
storage of certain important chemical compounds.
The term plastids was coined by Schimper in 1885 and was derived from a Greek word 'plastikas' which
means formed or moulded.
Plastids
in
plants
include
chloroplasts,
chromoplasts,
leucoplasts,
amyloplast,
elaioplast
and
proteinoplast/aleuronoplast depending on the function they play.
Chloroplasts
The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek word chloros meaning green and plast meaning form
or entity. It is the most important plastid as they are involved in photosynthesis. The chloroplasts are
situated near the surface of the cell and in parts where there is sufficient reception of sunlight. The
shape of the cholorplast varies, it may be spheroid or ovoid or discoid.
For a given cell type the size of plastid is constant but it differs from species to species.It is about 4-5
microns in length and 1-3 microns in thickness. The number of chloroplast may be 20 to 40 per cell
may be upto 1000, the number varies from species to species but is constant for a plant.
Structure
Chloroplasts are disc-shaped and are enclosed by a double membrane.
Within the inner membrane is a protein-rich substance known as stroma, it is embedded in a
membrane system. This membrane system forms membrane bound vesicles called thylakoids.
The thylakoids lie in stacks called grana. This contains the photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll a
and b and carotenoids. Lamellae are tubular membranes which interconnect the grana.
Functions
Photosynthesis is carried out in the chloroplast.
The enzymes and co-enzymes necessary for photosynthesis is present.
Chromoplast
Chromo means color; plast means living. Chromoplasts are colored plastids and they contain various
pigments like yellow,orange and red.
They are found commonly in flowers and fruits. The color is due ot pigement, carotenes and xanthophylls.
Functions
In flowers the main function is attract agents for pollination.
In fruits it is to attract agents for dispersal.
Leucoplasts
These are colorless plastids and occur in parts of plants that are not exposed to light like roots and seeds.
The absence of color is due to the lack of pigments.
Functions
Starch grain formations are seen in leucoplast.
Oils and proteins are synthesized here.
Biotechnology
For other uses, see Biotechnology (disambiguation).
"Bioscience" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see BioScience. For life sciences generally,
see life science.
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any
technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity,
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields
of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, etc.
For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production,
and medicine.[2] The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by
Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has
expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques,
appliedimmunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for
modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals,
cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial
selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well
as cell and tissue culture technologies. The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as
the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning
about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as
pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.[3] As per European Federation of Biotechnology,
Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular
analogues for products and services.[4] Biotechnology also writes on the pure biological sciences
(animal cell culture,biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, and molecular
biology). In many instances, it is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere
of biology including:
bioinformatics, a new brand of computer science
bioprocess engineering
biorobotics
chemical engineering
Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are
intimately entwined and heavily dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and
what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry. Biotechnology is the research and
development in the laboratoryusing bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and
production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical
engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for
example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of
sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining
durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and
international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on
thepharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns
by using the products). of biomedical and/or chemical engineering such as tissue engineering,
biopharmaceutical engineering, and genetic engineering.
Zeferino Arroyo High School
San Agustin Iriga City
Project
In
SCIENCE
Submitted to:
Mrs. Jean V. Reginaldo
Submitted by:
Ma. Angelica B. Bosito
Human cancer cells with nuclei (specifically the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost
cell are in interphase, so the entire nuclei are labeled. The cell on the left is going
through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are
the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual
improvements made to microscopesover time, magnification technology advanced enough to
discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began
the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about
cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration,
and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1838.
This is usually credited toMatthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other
scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. Cell theory has become the foundation of
biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.
The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below:
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells, by biogenesis.
Functions:
Cell Membrane: The thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell's contents from the
enviornment.
Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
Nuclear Envelope: The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
Nucleolus: The central structure in the nucleus responsible for making ribosomes.
Chromatin: Located in the nucleus. Tangled strands of DNA. Also contain hereditary information.
Nuclear Sap: The fluid that fills the nucleus.
Cytoplasm: A thick fluid material, mostly water based that suspends the organelles and structures in
the cell.
Mitochondrion: Mitochondrion generate energy from food.
Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi Apparatus packages and transports substances in the cell.
Centriole: Centrioles are cylindrical bundles of microtubules that give rise to the longer spindle
microtubules.
Vacuole: A membrane bound sac that takes in water and also may store proteins, ions, and other
waste products.
Lysosomes: A small organelle that contains digestive enzymes that help the cell break down large
molecules of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Microbody: Contains different enzymes not used in digestion.
Ribosomes: An organelle that assembles proteins from amino acids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): An network of membranes-bound organelles that produces material that
are needed for the cell. It also detoxifies the cell
Hyaloplasm: The remaining fluid of the cell.
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells i.e., the DNA in a plant cell is enclosed within the nucleus. The most important
distinctive structure of plant cell is the presence of the cell wall outside the cell membrane. It forms the outer lining
of the cell. The cell wall mostly constitutes of cellulose and its main function is providing support and rigidity. Plants
cells also contain many membrane bound cellular structures. These organelles carry out specific functions
necessary for survival and normal operation of the cells. There are a wide range of operations like producing
hormones, enzymes, and all metabolic activities of the cell.
Diagram of Plant Cell
Distinctive Features of Plant Cell
The features that are distinctive in plant cells are as follows:
Plant cells contain cell structures like cell wall, plastids, and large vacuoles.
Cell wall provide plant cells rigidity and structural support and cell to cell interaction.
Plastids help in storage of plant products.
Chloroplasts aid in carrying out the process of photosynthesis to produce food for the plants.
Vacuoles are water-filled, membrane bound organelles which stores useful materials.
Plants have specialized cells in order to perform certain functions for the survival of plants. Some
cells manufacture and store organic molecules, others transport nutrients throughout the plant.
Some specialized plant cells include: parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, water
conducting cells and food conducting cells.
Parts of Plant Cell
Plants cell constitute of membrane bound nucleus and many cellular structures. These organelles carry out
functions that are necessary for the proper functioning and survival of the cell. The cell organelles of the plant are
enclosed by a cell wall and cell membrane. The constituents of the cell are suspended in the cytoplasm or cytosol.
The parts of the plant cell are as follows:
Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell.
Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell wall.
Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other cell organelles.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the hereditary material of
the cell - the DNA
Chloroplast is a plastid with green pigment chlorophyll. It traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy by
the process of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration and provides energy to the cells.
Vacuoles are the temporary storage center of the cell.
Golgi body is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed.
Ribosomes are structures that assemble proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum are membrane covered organelles that transport materials.
Plant Cell Structure and Function
All parts of the plant play a significant role in the proper functioning of the cell. Unlike animals, plant cells are
surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
Cell wall: The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the plant cells. It is made up of cellulose. Cell wall is a
characteristic feature to cells of plants. Plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose. Plant cell wall consists of
three layers: the primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and the middle lamella. It is located outside the cell
membrane whose main function is to provide rigidity, strength, protection against mechanical stress and infection.
Cell wall is made up of cellulose, pectins,glycoproteins, hemicellulose and lignin.
Cell membrane: It is the outer boundary of the cell, it encloses the cytoplasm and the organelles of the cells. In
plants cells it is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semi permeable, allowing only specific substances to
pass through and blocking others.
Chloroplasts: It is an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. They have two membranes and
have structures that look like stack of coins. They are flattened structures which contain chemical chlorophyll. The
process of photosynthesis occurs in this region of the plant cell. The chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs
energy from sunlight to make food for the plants by converting light energy into chemical energy.
Cytoskeleton: It is a network of fibers made up of micro-tubule and micro-filament. They maintain the shape and
gives support to the cell.
Microtubules: They are hollow cylinder like structures found in the cytoplasm of the cells. Its function is transport
and structural support.
Microfilaments: Microfialments are solid rod like structures whose primary function is structural support.
Plasmodesmata: They are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and enables transport
and communication between them.
Vacuole: Vacuoles are known as cells storage center. Plant cells have large membrane bound chamber called
vacuole. Its main function is storage. Vacuoles are found in the cytoplasm of most plant cells. They are membrane
bound organelles, they perform functions of secretion, excretion and storage.
Tonoplast: A vacuole that is surrounded by a membrane is called tonoplast.
Plastids: Plastids are storage organelles. They store products like starch for synthesis of fatty acids and terpenes.
Leucoplast: They are a type of plastid which are non-pigmented.
Chromoplast: They are plastids responsible for pigment synthesis and storage. They are found in photosynthetic
eukaryotic species. They are found in colored organs of plants like fruits and flowers.
Golgi complex: The Golgi bodies look like the endoplasmic reticulum and are situated near the nucleus. They are
found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Their main function is to process and package macromolecules synthesized
from other parts of the cell. The Golgi apparatus is referred to as the cell's packaging center.
Ribosomes: Ribosomes are smallest and the most abundant cell organelle. It comprises of RNA and protein.
Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis. They are found in all cells because protein are necessary for the survival
of the cell. The ribososomes are known as the protein factories of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane bound compartment, which look like flattened sacs
lined side by side. It is a large network of interconnecting membrane tunnels. It is composed of both rough
endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
They are responsible for protein translation, and protein transport to be used in the cell membrane. They also aid in
sequestration of calcium, and production and storage of glycogen and other macromolecules.
Mitochondria: Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. They are described as the 'power plants' of the
cell as they convert glucose to energy molecules (ATP). They possess their own hereditary material which help in
self duplication and multiplication.
Lysosome: Lysosome contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles and
any foreign bodies.
Microbody: It is a single membrane bound organelle that comprises of degradative enzymes
Cytoplasm: It is a gel-like matrix inside enclosed by the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports cell organelles
and also prevents the cell from bursting or shrinking.
Nucleus: It is the control center of the cell. It is bound by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope. It is
a porous membrane, it allows passage of substances and is a distinctive characteristic of the eukaryotic cell. Most
of the genetic material is organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules. The nucleus directs all the activities of
the cell and also help in protein formation.
Plastids in Plant Cell
Plastids are cell organelles that store specific things found only in plant cell but absent in animal cells.In plant cell
they are found in the cytoplasm. Plastids are spherical or ovoid in shape. They are involved in manufacture and
storage of certain important chemical compounds.
The term plastids was coined by Schimper in 1885 and was derived from a Greek word 'plastikas' which
means formed or moulded.
Plastids
in
plants
include
chloroplasts,
chromoplasts,
leucoplasts,
amyloplast,
elaioplast
and
proteinoplast/aleuronoplast depending on the function they play.
Chloroplasts
The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek word chloros meaning green and plast meaning form
or entity. It is the most important plastid as they are involved in photosynthesis. The chloroplasts are
situated near the surface of the cell and in parts where there is sufficient reception of sunlight. The
shape of the cholorplast varies, it may be spheroid or ovoid or discoid.
For a given cell type the size of plastid is constant but it differs from species to species.It is about 4-5
microns in length and 1-3 microns in thickness. The number of chloroplast may be 20 to 40 per cell
may be upto 1000, the number varies from species to species but is constant for a plant.
Structure
Chloroplasts are disc-shaped and are enclosed by a double membrane.
Within the inner membrane is a protein-rich substance known as stroma, it is embedded in a
membrane system. This membrane system forms membrane bound vesicles called thylakoids.
The thylakoids lie in stacks called grana. This contains the photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll a
and b and carotenoids. Lamellae are tubular membranes which interconnect the grana.
Functions
Photosynthesis is carried out in the chloroplast.
The enzymes and co-enzymes necessary for photosynthesis is present.
Chromoplast
Chromo means color; plast means living. Chromoplasts are colored plastids and they contain various
pigments like yellow,orange and red.
They are found commonly in flowers and fruits. The color is due ot pigement, carotenes and xanthophylls.
Functions
In flowers the main function is attract agents for pollination.
In fruits it is to attract agents for dispersal.
Leucoplasts
These are colorless plastids and occur in parts of plants that are not exposed to light like roots and seeds.
The absence of color is due to the lack of pigments.
Functions
Starch grain formations are seen in leucoplast.
Oils and proteins are synthesized here.
Biotechnology
For other uses, see Biotechnology (disambiguation).
"Bioscience" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see BioScience. For life sciences generally,
see life science.
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any
technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity,
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields
of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, etc.
For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production,
and medicine.[2] The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by
Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has
expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques,
appliedimmunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for
modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals,
cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial
selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well
as cell and tissue culture technologies. The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as
the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning
about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as
pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.[3] As per European Federation of Biotechnology,
Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular
analogues for products and services.[4] Biotechnology also writes on the pure biological sciences
(animal cell culture,biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, and molecular
biology). In many instances, it is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere
of biology including:
bioinformatics, a new brand of computer science
bioprocess engineering
biorobotics
chemical engineering
Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are
intimately entwined and heavily dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and
what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry. Biotechnology is the research and
development in the laboratoryusing bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and
production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical
engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for
example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of
sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining
durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and
international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on
thepharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns
by using the products). of biomedical and/or chemical engineering such as tissue engineering,
biopharmaceutical engineering, and genetic engineering.
Zeferino Arroyo High School
San Agustin Iriga City
Project
In
SCIENCE
Submitted to:
Mrs. Jean V. Reginaldo
Submitted by:
Ma. Angelica B. Bosito
