Enmax CPRS is a new technique, using dissimilar metals, to prevention and removal of paraffin, scale and corrosion;
CPRS, Non-magnetic, non-electric, and no chemical required, environmental friendly, is the state of art method met hod to treat the crude oil and industrial water;
The Enmax CPRS is comprised of nine dissimilar dissimilar metals such as Cu, Zn, and Ni, etc., which forms a special catalyst when placed in contact with fluids
The metals act as a special catalyst to enable a change in the electro-static potential of the fluids, inhibiting the binding forces between particles in the fluids
Suspending solids and inhibiting the formation of scales, paraffin and corrosion. corrosion.
The metals are non-sacrificing during the reaction process
Scale
The deposit created as the thermodynamic changes of hard water (heating or change in the pressure) is called as scale.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium m agnesium carbo carbonate nate (MgCO3) (with binders)are most common scales occurred in the industriall water systems. industria
Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions are such that the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused to precipitate and form solid deposits. deposits. These can be mobile, m obile, like a fine silt, or can build up in layers on the m metal etal surfaces of the systems.
Scale is a problem because because it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens, which wastes energy.
Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes.
When fluids pass thru CPRS and are in contact with the dissimilar metals, the metals with different electro negativity negativity and the fluids 2+ containing Ca , Mg2+, CO32-, SO42-, HCO-, C1will become an electrochemical cell. The metal with higher electro negativity will become anode, and the lower one will become cathode, resulting resulting in many micro cells. Anode will lose electrons, and cathode w will ill acquire electrons, the ions in the fluid with positive charges will will move to cathode, the ions with negative charges will will move to anode, until a new dynamic balance reached.
When Water Water is in contact with Dissimilar Metals
-
H2O
H2O
+
Ion Ions s wt wth h+
Ions with -
Ca2+
e _
Ca0
When water pass thru CPRS, the electrochemical cells will create many micro electric field to polarize H2O to form ”water dipoles” dipoles”; As electro negativities of CPRS metals are lower than the ions inside the fluids, some electrons will lose into the water to become “free electrons” electrons”; These ”Water dipoles” dipoles” and “free electrons” electrons ” will replace some acquired 2ions, CO3 、HCO3-、SO42- ,Cl-,or captured by the lower electro negativity ion or colloid particles, Ca 2+ 、 Mg2+ 、SiO2、Al2O3, Fe2O3, which will break away the binding of Ca2+ 、 Mg2+ from CO32- 、SO42- and HCO3- , to
Ca
Ca
e
form Ca0 、Mg0 .
How Prevention & Removal of Scale Achieved? Achieved? The “water dipoles” and “free electrons” effect will:
Scal e
Inhibit the binding between between the positively positively and negatively charged ions (Ca2+, Mg2+ and CO32-, SO42-), as well as binding materials (SiO2, Al Al2O3) inside the fluids ;
Break down the Lattice between the binding or bound ions to stop the formation of scale;
Gradually breakdown breakdown the silica and alumna from existing scale lattices, and flush the deposits away with the fluids.
Mi Micr cros osco copi pic c Tes estt of Wat ater er Sa Samp mple le
Untreated Water
Treated Water
Corrosion
Corrosion is a process that takes place when essential properties within a given material begin to deteriorate, after exposure to elements that recur within the environment. Most often, this deterioration is noticed in metals and referred to as rust.
Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases, and could be very detrimentall to industrial equipment. detrimenta
How Rust and Corrosion are developed?
Loss of metal occurs in an anodic area (anode) of the surface. In the case of iron, iron (Fe 0) is lost to the water solution and becomes oxidized to Fe 2+ ion.
As a result of the formation of Fe2+, two electrons el ectrons are released from the Fe atom and flow through to a cathodic cathodic area (cathode).
Oxygen (O2) in the water solution moves to the cathode and completes the electric circui circuitt by using the two electrons that moved to the cathode to form hydroxyl ions (OH-) at the
2(OH-)
Fe2+
Fe(OH)2
1/2 O2
Fe2O3
cathodic area. Ru st
Carbo n Ste Steel el Carbon
1/2 O2 + H2O
Anodic Ano dic reaction: reaction: Fe0 → Fe2+ + 2e-
Cathodic reaction:1/2 O2 + H2O + 2e- → 2(OH-)
Or e- + H+ → HO
Fe2+ ,OH- combine to form ferrous hydroxide as follows: follow s:
micro”water electric field to polarize H2O to form dipoles”;
The positive end of the water dipoles will be captured by the outer electrons of the carbon steel surface;
A “water film” will be formed on the surface of carbon steel to prevent any further oxidation.
+ + +
碳钢
Outer Out er e- OF Fe
When water pass thru CPRS, the electrochemical electroche mical cells will create many
“Free Electrons” Electrons” Effect
O2 + H2O
O2 + H2O
O2 + H2O
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Carbon Steel
Fe2+ + 2e- → Fe0
Corrosion can be inhibited if the iron i ron is made more negative compared to its surroundings, forcing the anode areas to act as cathodes. By the attraction of some of the extra electrons in the water solution (supplied by CPRS) onto the anodic areas, thereby preventing the ionization of the Fe atoms. The additional “free electrons” also dissolve rust by breaking it into i nto fine colloidal particles.
Chloride and H2S Corrosion
If small amount amount of Chloride exists in the fluid, the electrochemical electrochemical cell of CPRS can prevent the chloride corrosion as follows: Zn + Cl2 → Zn2+ + 2Cl-
If small amount of H S exists, in a similar way, 2 the following will occur: Cu + H2S → CuS+ H2
If some other oxidizer, such as ozone, bromine, iodine, iodine, exist, after CPRS treatment, treatment,
the related corrosions will be inhibited or eliminated.
CO2 Corrosion
Carbon dioxide dioxide is soluble in water, in which it reversibly forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which is a weak acid since its ionization ionization in water is incomplete.
The formation of H2CO3 will reduce the fluid fl uid PH and produce CO2 corrosion as FeCO3: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3HCO3- → H+ + CO322H+ + 2e- → H2 (Cathode reaction) Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-(Anode reaction)
The fluid treated by CPRS will generate OH-,to neutralize H+ and move pH up, which w will ill be be able to control CO2 corrosion: 2
2
-
-
O + 2H O + 4e → 4OH
Paraffin and Asphaltene
As part of the composition of crude oil, paraffin and asphaltene can be found in the majority of the world’’s crude oil. world When the crude oil is in i n the formation and kept at formation temperatures, paraffin and asphaltene stay as liquid or particles particles and do not pose pose much problem. As the paraffin and asphaltene move up along the wellbore with crude oil, temperature drops, the paraffin and asphaltene starts to solidify or become larger particles. Once paraffin and asphaltene starts to harden or fall out of suspension, it must be treated or considerable production decreases and other
related problems problems will will result in the oil fieldsystems. production, transporta transportation tion and storage
Paraffin and Asphaltene issues
Formation
Tubing String
W ellhead
Transportation
Metering stations
Transfer stations
Refineries
蜡和沥青质在原油中的状态
Paraffin and asphaltene exist exist in the crude oil in micelles;
The essential feature is that the polar groups (such as S-“negative” S-“negative” and/or NN-“negative” and/or OO“negative” containing groups) are concentrated towards the center. center. This often is termed termed oil externalexternalwater internal or water-in-oil emulsion.
When crude oils flow into a wellbore, its pressure and temperature decreases. The “Center”(Paraffin/asphaltene/water/clay) then would be released from the water-in-oil emulsion, with the paraffin solidifying and asphaltene growing
WAX/ASPHAL TEN/WATER/ CLAY
at the reduced temperature condition.。 BEFORE CPRS
Paraffin/Asphaltene phaltene How CPRS Prevent the Paraffin/As Buildup?
WAX/ASPHAL TEN/WATER/C LAY
As stated above, crude oils are made up of factions, which contain paraffin, asphaltene and water. When crude oil flows into a wellbore, pressure and temperature are reduced. As the fluid cools, the paraffin changes changes to a solid form and asphaltene will grow, the deposits will obstruct the flow of crude problems.
CPRS can provides an electrochemical change, which stabilizes the water-in-oil emulsion structure and prevents paraffin and asphaltene being released from the micelle structure.
This allows the solution to move smoothly and cleanly through the pipe without causing deposit problems.
AFTER CPRS
®
®
Enmax CPRS During the fluid treating process, the composition of CPRS will generate generate electrochemical cells and provide electrons to the fluid in i n catalytic manner manner to reduce electron deficiencies in the fluid. This enables electrochemical electroch emical changes to occur that:
Prevent scale and corrosion formation
Dissolve existing scale and corrosion
Inhibition of undesirable oxidation reaction Prevent paraffin and asphaltene deposit deposit
Decrease gaseous content, and increase the specific gravity of the crude