HR
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The command and control management style of the past is giving way to participative management and employee empowerment. A. TRUE B. FALSE Which of the following is a characteristic of a 21st–century manager? A. Vertical communication patterns. B. Resistance to change. C. Compensation based on time and effort. D. Sharing power and key information. Which of the following is an assumption of McGregor's Theory Y? A. The typical person cares only about security. B. The typical person prefers to be directed. C. The typical person avoids work if possible. D. The typical person is capable of self-direction and self-control. A __________ is an in-depth analysis of a single individual, group or organization and is characterized by realistic but not very generalizable results. A. case study B. meta-analysis C. sample survey D. field study According to McGregor's Theory X, the typical employee can learn to accept and seek responsibility. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to W. Edwards Deming, when things go wrong, there is roughly an 85% chance the system (e.g. management, machinery, or rules) is at fault and about a 15% chance the individual employee is at fault. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Difficulty in balancing career and family issues is one barrier to implementing successful diversity programs. A. TRUE B. FALSE
__________ is an example of a secondary (external) dimension of diversity. A. Religion
B. Race C. Gender D. Personality Job rotation and mentoring programs are examples of __________ practices. A. accountability B. advancement C. developmental D. equitable Which of the following is an example of a psychosocial function of mentoring? A. Sponsorship. B. Coaching. C. Protection. D. Providing exposure and visibility. E. Friendship. The __________ network is the strongest type of developmental network. A. receptive B. traditional C. entrepreneurial D. opportunistic A(n) __________ culture is one in which employees are encouraged to interact with others and to work on tasks and projects in ways that will assist them in satisfying their needs to grow and develop. A. constructive B. passive-defensive C. dependent D. oppositional E. aggressive-defensive People from __________ cultures rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with another person. A. high-context B. low-context C. universalist D. polychronic Stereotyping is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, and modes of behavior are superior to all others. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Employer effectiveness is the most important work-related value for A. Catholics. B. Protestants.
C. Buddhists. D. Muslims. __________ is a goal incongruent emotion. A. Pride B. Love C. Relief D. Anger Regarding the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on __________ is outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive. A. extraversion B. agreeableness C. conscientiousness D. emotional stability Workers with an internal locus of control tend to respond favorably to A. highly structured jobs. B. close supervision. C. jobs requiring high initiative. D. a compensation structure involving straight salary with no chance for commission. Among the Big Five personality dimensions, conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with job and training performance. A. TRUE B. FALSE
_________ is a goal congruent emotion. A. Pride B. Anger C. Sadness D. Disgust __________ occurs when organizational values or beliefs become part of one's self-identity. A. Organizational identity B. A congruent emotion C. Self-esteem D. Emotional intelligence Research on the correlates of job satisfaction discovered a __________ relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction in a __________ direction. A. strong; positive B. strong; negative C. weak; positive D. weak; negative
According to Jung's cognitive styles typology, intuition means interpreting situations by using one's __________. A. common sense B. physical senses C. past experiences D. feelings __________ represents the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects. A. Skill B. Ability C. Self-efficacy D. Self-esteem According to Kelley, people make causal attributions after gathering information about three dimensions of behavior: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to the social information processing model, the __________ stage involves depositing information in long-term memory. A. storage and retention B. retrieval and response C. selective attention and comprehension D. encoding and simplification According to Kelley's model of attribution, __________ means that an individual has performed the task in question in a significantly different manner than he or she has performed other tasks. A. low consistency B. low distinctiveness C. low consensus D. high distinctiveness The __________ reflects one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. A. fundamental attribution bias B. self-serving bias C. halo perceptual error D. leniency perceptual error The __________ perceptual error represents the tendency to form an overall impression about a person and then use that impression to bias ratings about the person. A. contrast effect B. recency effect C. central tendency D. leniency E. halo
In the four-phase process of social information processing, the encoding stage involves storing information in long-term memory. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to the model of intrinsic motivation proposed by Kenneth Thomas, __________ represents the opportunity you feel to pursue a worthy task purpose and that you are on a path that is worth your time and energy. A. sense of choice B. sense of competence C. sense of progress D. sense of opportunity E. sense of meaningfulness According to the job characteristics model, context satisfactions are an example of a(n) A. core job characteristic. B. critical psychological state. C. moderator. D. outcome. According to the job characteristics model, __________ represents the extent to which an employee receives direct and clear information about how effectively he or she is performing the job. A. feedback B. autonomy C. task significance D. skill variety In Maslow's need hierarchy, the __________ need is the most basic need, involving having enough food, air, and water to survive. A. esteem B. safety C. physiological D. self-actualization Designing jobs according to the principles of scientific management tends to increase efficiency and productivity, but also leads to simplified and repetitive jobs. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a motivator? A. Working conditions. B. Company policies. C. Supervisor relations. D. Recognition.
Horizontal loading consists of giving employees more responsibility by taking on tasks normally performed by their supervisors. A. TRUE B. FALSE
The first step in establishing a goal-setting program is to A. foster goal commitment. B. set goals. C. make sure the organization's strategy and the individual's goals are in alignment. D. recognize that goal setting is often constrained by external factors. According to equity theory, supportive supervision is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, having been previously successful at a task influences an employee's __________ perceptions. A. negative inequity B. valence C. instrumentality D. positive inequity E. expectancy According to expectancy theory, an instrumentality represents the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to equity theory, asking for a raise is an example of A. leaving the field. B. decreasing inputs. C. increasing outcomes. D. increasing inputs. According to equity theory, __________ is an outcome of the employee-employer exchange. A. pay B. effort C. skill D. organizational loyalty
A lottery that pays off after the purchase of a variable number of tickets is an example of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement. A. continuous B. fixed ratio C. variable ratio D. fixed interval You decide to get rid of your boyfriend or girlfriend by refusing to answer his/her phone calls. You are using a(n) __________ strategy to end the relationship. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. punishment D. extinction Money is an example of a(n) __________ reward. A. social B. intrinsic C. psychic D. extrinsic Distributing rewards based on how well an employee cooperates with other employees is an example of the __________ distribution criteria. A. performance/results B. performance/traits C. performance/actions and behaviors D. nonperformance considerations Rewarding an employee based on his or her tenure is an example of a reward based on nonperformance criteria. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Personal feelings of self-esteem are an example of a social reward. A. TRUE B. FALSE
People who have a __________ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. A. directive B. analytical C. conceptual D. behavioral
Within the creative process, the __________ stage involves unconsciously mulling over information and making remote associations, all the while engaging in normal daily activities. A. illumination B. concentration C. verification D. preparation E. incubation One disadvantage of group-aided decision making is that it can result in A. a greater pool of knowledge. B. increased acceptance. C. greater comprehension. D. logrolling. According to the rational model of decision making, managers are completely objective and possess complete information necessary to make a decision. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Having different individuals make the initial and subsequent decisions about a project is one way to reduce escalation of commitment. A. TRUE B. FALSE
One way to prevent groupthink is to A. use different groups with different leaders to examine the same policy questions. B. use the stepladder technique. C. encourage group cohesiveness. D. hold each member personally accountable for identifiable portions of the task. A group member serving in the harmonizer maintenance role A. mediates conflict using reconciliation or humor. B. serves as a passive audience. C. suggests new goals or ideas. D. encourages all group members to participate. Which of the following is an example of an organizational function of a formal group? A. Reduce anxieties and feelings of insecurity. B. Satisfy the individual's need for affiliation. C. Give people an opportunity to test and share their perceptions of social reality. D. Generate new or creative ideas and solutions. Self-censorship is a symptom of A. role ambiguity.
B. groupthink. C. role overload. D. role conflict. An organizational function of formal groups is to increase an individual's self-esteem and sense of identity. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Role conflict occurs when the expectations of the role senders exceed what the focal person is able to do. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Which of the following is a typical managerial mistake leading to team failure? A. A lack of trust among team members. B. The team tries to do too much too soon. C. Team members resist doing things differently. D. Inadequate team skills training. __________ teams tend to have a low degree of technical specialization and a high degree of coordination with other work units. A. Project B. Advice C. Production D. Functional The three components of effective teamwork are cooperation, trust, and cohesiveness. A. TRUE B. FALSE
When a situation is characterized by __________, managers should anticipate conflict. A. extreme time pressure B. ample resources C. clear job boundaries D. simple organizational structures The __________ style of handling dysfunctional conflict involves either passive withdrawal from the problem or active suppression of the issue. A. integrating B. obliging C. dominating
D. avoiding A major drawback of the __________ method of stimulating functional conflict is that “winning the debate” may become more important than arriving at the best solution. A. groupthink B. devil's advocacy C. stepladder technique D. dialectic method Ideally, an organization should experience no conflict. A. TRUE B. FALSE
The communication pattern most frequently found in the grapevine is the gossip pattern. A. TRUE B. FALSE
An employee for whom English is a second language has difficulty explaining why a delivery was late. This is an example of a(n) __________ process barrier. A. encoding B. sender C. receiver D. message Which medium has the least information richness? A. Telephone. B. Face-to-face. C. Financial statements. D. Personal memo
According to W. Edwards Deming, when things go wrong, there is roughly an 85% chance the system (e.g. management, machinery, or rules) is at fault and about a 15% chance the individual employee is at fault. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Difficulty in balancing career and family issues is one barrier to implementing successful diversity programs. A. TRUE B. FALSE
__________ is an example of a secondary (external) dimension of diversity. A. Religion
B. Race C. Gender D. Personality Job rotation and mentoring programs are examples of __________ practices. A. accountability B. advancement C. developmental D. equitable Which of the following is an example of a psychosocial function of mentoring? A. Sponsorship. B. Coaching. C. Protection. D. Providing exposure and visibility. E. Friendship. The __________ network is the strongest type of developmental network. A. receptive B. traditional C. entrepreneurial D. opportunistic A(n) __________ culture is one in which employees are encouraged to interact with others and to work on tasks and projects in ways that will assist them in satisfying their needs to grow and develop. A. constructive B. passive-defensive C. dependent D. oppositional E. aggressive-defensive People from __________ cultures rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with another person. A. high-context B. low-context C. universalist D. polychronic Stereotyping is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, and modes of behavior are superior to all others. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Employer effectiveness is the most important work-related value for A. Catholics. B. Protestants.
C. Buddhists. D. Muslims. __________ is a goal incongruent emotion. A. Pride B. Love C. Relief D. Anger Regarding the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on __________ is outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive. A. extraversion B. agreeableness C. conscientiousness D. emotional stability Workers with an internal locus of control tend to respond favorably to A. highly structured jobs. B. close supervision. C. jobs requiring high initiative. D. a compensation structure involving straight salary with no chance for commission. Among the Big Five personality dimensions, conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with job and training performance. A. TRUE B. FALSE
_________ is a goal congruent emotion. A. Pride B. Anger C. Sadness D. Disgust __________ occurs when organizational values or beliefs become part of one's self-identity. A. Organizational identity B. A congruent emotion C. Self-esteem D. Emotional intelligence Research on the correlates of job satisfaction discovered a __________ relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction in a __________ direction. A. strong; positive B. strong; negative C. weak; positive D. weak; negative
According to Jung's cognitive styles typology, intuition means interpreting situations by using one's __________. A. common sense B. physical senses C. past experiences D. feelings __________ represents the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects. A. Skill B. Ability C. Self-efficacy D. Self-esteem According to Kelley, people make causal attributions after gathering information about three dimensions of behavior: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to the social information processing model, the __________ stage involves depositing information in long-term memory. A. storage and retention B. retrieval and response C. selective attention and comprehension D. encoding and simplification According to Kelley's model of attribution, __________ means that an individual has performed the task in question in a significantly different manner than he or she has performed other tasks. A. low consistency B. low distinctiveness C. low consensus D. high distinctiveness The __________ reflects one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. A. fundamental attribution bias B. self-serving bias C. halo perceptual error D. leniency perceptual error The __________ perceptual error represents the tendency to form an overall impression about a person and then use that impression to bias ratings about the person. A. contrast effect B. recency effect C. central tendency D. leniency E. halo
In the four-phase process of social information processing, the encoding stage involves storing information in long-term memory. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to the model of intrinsic motivation proposed by Kenneth Thomas, __________ represents the opportunity you feel to pursue a worthy task purpose and that you are on a path that is worth your time and energy. A. sense of choice B. sense of competence C. sense of progress D. sense of opportunity E. sense of meaningfulness According to the job characteristics model, context satisfactions are an example of a(n) A. core job characteristic. B. critical psychological state. C. moderator. D. outcome. According to the job characteristics model, __________ represents the extent to which an employee receives direct and clear information about how effectively he or she is performing the job. A. feedback B. autonomy C. task significance D. skill variety In Maslow's need hierarchy, the __________ need is the most basic need, involving having enough food, air, and water to survive. A. esteem B. safety C. physiological D. self-actualization Designing jobs according to the principles of scientific management tends to increase efficiency and productivity, but also leads to simplified and repetitive jobs. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a motivator? A. Working conditions. B. Company policies. C. Supervisor relations. D. Recognition.
Horizontal loading consists of giving employees more responsibility by taking on tasks normally performed by their supervisors. A. TRUE B. FALSE
The first step in establishing a goal-setting program is to A. foster goal commitment. B. set goals. C. make sure the organization's strategy and the individual's goals are in alignment. D. recognize that goal setting is often constrained by external factors. According to equity theory, supportive supervision is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, having been previously successful at a task influences an employee's __________ perceptions. A. negative inequity B. valence C. instrumentality D. positive inequity E. expectancy According to expectancy theory, an instrumentality represents the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes. A. TRUE B. FALSE
According to equity theory, asking for a raise is an example of A. leaving the field. B. decreasing inputs. C. increasing outcomes. D. increasing inputs. According to equity theory, __________ is an outcome of the employee-employer exchange. A. pay B. effort C. skill D. organizational loyalty
A lottery that pays off after the purchase of a variable number of tickets is an example of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement. A. continuous B. fixed ratio C. variable ratio D. fixed interval You decide to get rid of your boyfriend or girlfriend by refusing to answer his/her phone calls. You are using a(n) __________ strategy to end the relationship. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. punishment D. extinction Money is an example of a(n) __________ reward. A. social B. intrinsic C. psychic D. extrinsic Distributing rewards based on how well an employee cooperates with other employees is an example of the __________ distribution criteria. A. performance/results B. performance/traits C. performance/actions and behaviors D. nonperformance considerations Rewarding an employee based on his or her tenure is an example of a reward based on nonperformance criteria. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Personal feelings of self-esteem are an example of a social reward. A. TRUE B. FALSE
People who have a __________ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. A. directive B. analytical C. conceptual D. behavioral
Within the creative process, the __________ stage involves unconsciously mulling over information and making remote associations, all the while engaging in normal daily activities. A. illumination B. concentration C. verification D. preparation E. incubation One disadvantage of group-aided decision making is that it can result in A. a greater pool of knowledge. B. increased acceptance. C. greater comprehension. D. logrolling. According to the rational model of decision making, managers are completely objective and possess complete information necessary to make a decision. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Having different individuals make the initial and subsequent decisions about a project is one way to reduce escalation of commitment. A. TRUE B. FALSE
One way to prevent groupthink is to A. use different groups with different leaders to examine the same policy questions. B. use the stepladder technique. C. encourage group cohesiveness. D. hold each member personally accountable for identifiable portions of the task. A group member serving in the harmonizer maintenance role A. mediates conflict using reconciliation or humor. B. serves as a passive audience. C. suggests new goals or ideas. D. encourages all group members to participate. Which of the following is an example of an organizational function of a formal group? A. Reduce anxieties and feelings of insecurity. B. Satisfy the individual's need for affiliation. C. Give people an opportunity to test and share their perceptions of social reality. D. Generate new or creative ideas and solutions. Self-censorship is a symptom of A. role ambiguity.
B. groupthink. C. role overload. D. role conflict. An organizational function of formal groups is to increase an individual's self-esteem and sense of identity. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Role conflict occurs when the expectations of the role senders exceed what the focal person is able to do. A. TRUE B. FALSE
Which of the following is a typical managerial mistake leading to team failure? A. A lack of trust among team members. B. The team tries to do too much too soon. C. Team members resist doing things differently. D. Inadequate team skills training. __________ teams tend to have a low degree of technical specialization and a high degree of coordination with other work units. A. Project B. Advice C. Production D. Functional The three components of effective teamwork are cooperation, trust, and cohesiveness. A. TRUE B. FALSE
When a situation is characterized by __________, managers should anticipate conflict. A. extreme time pressure B. ample resources C. clear job boundaries D. simple organizational structures The __________ style of handling dysfunctional conflict involves either passive withdrawal from the problem or active suppression of the issue. A. integrating B. obliging C. dominating
D. avoiding A major drawback of the __________ method of stimulating functional conflict is that “winning the debate” may become more important than arriving at the best solution. A. groupthink B. devil's advocacy C. stepladder technique D. dialectic method Ideally, an organization should experience no conflict. A. TRUE B. FALSE
The communication pattern most frequently found in the grapevine is the gossip pattern. A. TRUE B. FALSE
An employee for whom English is a second language has difficulty explaining why a delivery was late. This is an example of a(n) __________ process barrier. A. encoding B. sender C. receiver D. message Which medium has the least information richness? A. Telephone. B. Face-to-face. C. Financial statements. D. Personal memo
