HSE

LECTURE NOTES

IN THE WORKSHOP

“TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” AT REGIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE ,SIVASAGAR,ONGC 23RD DEC 2009

BY

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

FACULTY: AMIT SRIVASTAVA Amit Srivastava, has more than two decades of Upstream Oil Industry experience. He started his career in Bombay High Offshore operations, then deputed in Directorate General Of Hydrocarbons (DGH) and now he is serving the NE . Having acquired an international recognition on various aspects of E&P of oil and gas, specially HSE issues, he trained GNPOC executives, in which ONGC is a partner company, in Feb 2008 , covering full four courses of 5 working days each. The entire course module was designed and delivered by him and he was rated as the best ever trainer in the last eight years of the history of training centre of the GNPOC company. Acquiring twin Post Graduation degrees – one in Mechanical Engineering from ITBHU in 1986 and other in Energy and Environment Management from IIT Delhi in 2005 he has about 30 technical papers, to his credit, including the one in International Solid Waste Conference at Philadelphia USA in 2005. He has been listened to by a wide range of audience within his own organization in last 15 years, through various training programs being imparted by IPSHEM, Goa and RTIs. He has also been invited for delivering public lectures at fora like ASSOCHAM (Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi), Institution Of Engineers etc. He developed HSE related reference manuals for implementation of international HSE practices in ONGC. While deputed in Directorate General Of Hydrocarbons he had direct interaction with Ministry Of Environment and Forests of India for diverse E&P issues like Host Country Approval of CDM projects, Environmental Clearance of E&P blocks and fields and its monitoring, conservation of Olive Ridley Turtles in the East Coast of India for deepwater development, and also the emerging issues like Land subsidence on shallow gas extraction in Gujrat coastal area. He was associated with endeavors in unconventional energy sources like Gas Hydrates, CBM and Helium. He has research interests in emerging areas like Carbon geosequestration, bio fuels and the Deepwater Developments.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

INDEX

UNIT -1 : INTRODUCTION

3 – 13

UNIT -2 : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN DRILLING OPERATIONS

14- 22

UNIT -3 : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN PRODUCTION OPERATIONS

23 - 35

UNIT- 4 : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES

36 - 42

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

UNIT-1 : INTRODUCTION

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Efficiency Growth

Economic

Intergenerational equity Basic need and

Stability

Valuation and internalization Incidence of impacts

livelihood Empowerment Consultation Governance

Social

Sustainable Development Intergenerational equity Values and culture Sustainable Development.:

Biodiversity Natural resources Pollution Environmental

Sustainable development is the Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs The concept of sustainable development allows us, as a society, to conduct a debate and take decisions in recognition of what future generations may require and expect. This debate, often based on value based judgements, allows us to weigh social, environmental and economic benefits of any given course of action against the detriments. Good stewardship of our country’s natural resources is an essential national goal. The whole oil and gas industry and government have a responsibility to make sure that the nation achieves the maximum benefit from its oil and gas reserves.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

PROVISIONS IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION FOR SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION: Modern society is dependent on oil and natural gas, and will remain so for decades to come. Finding and producing oil and gas is an industrial process that, inevitably, has an impact on the environment. The oil and gas industry takes its responsibility towards the environment very seriously and is working with Government and stakeholders to ensure that the environmental footprint we leave is as small as possible. The constitution of India contains specific provisions on Occupational Safety and Health of workers. The Directorate General Of Mines Safety (DGMS) and the Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) strive to achieve the principles enshrined in the Constitution of India in area of occupational safety and Health in mines, factories and ports.

Oil and gas exploration and production including processing is a risky business. It is therefore, imperative that like any other business function, HSE also need to be managed efficiently and effectively.

As safety is a top-driven activity, management commitment is a pre-requisite for success in achieving goal of zero accident and ensuring that all its business activities are carried out within the sphere of tolerable risk- As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP).

HSE codes of practices, better known as ‘Recommended Code of Practices (RCP)’ in line with the API-RP-75 and other industry standards such as OISD-GDN-206 with a arrangement system conforming to and certified for ISO management systems is the current organisational practice worldwide.

India is one of the foremost countries to make environmental protection as the constitutional commitment of the nation and protection of wild life and quality of water bodies as the duty of every Indian Citizen. However the developments in science and

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

changes in technology throw up new challenges in environment management by way of newer regulations by the governments. In addition to this, India’s commitments in international forum on environment do add to our responsibility in managing the environmental

impacts of our

operations. A list of applicable statutory norms is being given in Annexure ( Table 1, 2 and 3) for quick reference. Upstream petroleum industry includes multifarious activities like exploration, drilling, exploitation, partial processing, limited storage and finally transportation of crude oil, natural gas and hence responsible for any type of release of oil/ gas as its products or waste water treated or untreated which yield ecological imbalance. The release of unwarranted fluids/gas/or gaseous mixtures call for immediate response to nullify the impact both under anti pollution act and as moral duty towards the society. Environmental damages are anticipated/ created by spillage of oil from leak in pipeline, manual/ operational failure of machine/equipments, accidental release of oil, blowouts, wreckage or natural calamity. The release of oil can be only few barrels or quite substantial running into thousands tonnes or can be continuous in case of blow out etc. before remedial action is implemented. These activities anticipate all types of pollution which causes air, water, soil and noise pollution due to one or other activity affecting human/mankind or working personnel and flora & fauna of the local area. In order to regulate the environmental pollution due to oil and gas industry the Government has been developing regulations as per the internationally leading regulations. The following are some of the main regulatory clearances / Permits or authorization to be obtained from the Government Of India for starting E&P activities.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

1. Environmental Clearance (EC) from Ministry of environment and forest (MOEF) for all oil and gas exploration, development & production projects (under category “A” of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 as per the notification dated 14th September, 2006) except Exploration surveys(not involving drilling) which are exempted provided the concession areas have got previous clearance for physical survey. 2. Consent (NOC)* from State pollution control boards (SPCB) a) Consent to Establish (Provisional No Objection Certificate) b) No Objection Certificate, for release of power connection c) Consent to Operate (Final No Objection Certificate) •

Water Consent vide section 25 of the Water (prevention and control of pollution) act -1974,

•

Air Consent under section 21 of the Air (prevention and control of pollution)-1981,

•

and Hazardous Waste Authorization under Hazardous waste Authorization Waste management and handling rules 3(C) and 5(5) of the Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules 1989 and as amended up to year 2008 from respective state pollution control board.

3. National Board of Wildlife under MOEF for activity area falling under reserve forest.

Oil field operations are waste intensive with a lot of environmental, safety and human health impact implications. For ensuring this the following strategic objectives for Health, Safety and Environment is pursued worldwide by oil companies:

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES Health & Safety: No harm to people, whether they may be employees, contractors or third parties.

Gas Flaring: Strive towards ultimate elimination of hydrocarbon flaring. Gas Venting: Eliminate continuous venting hydrocarbon disposal. Halons: Zero losses of halons by gradual elimination/ replacement. Resources: Optimise use of resources – land, energy and raw materials. Discharge of waste/ produced water: Dispose the produce water and effluents compatible with the environment in line with national regulatory standards and international standards as well. Drilling muds and cuttings: Not to use oil based muds except in emergency requirement and dispose off drilling muds and contaminated cuttings in such a way as not to release contaminants to the environment. Solid Wastes: Control and minimize all other solid wastes and treat and dispose as per international standards. Oil and Chemical spills: Prevent oil and chemical spills and, if they occur, clean them up in timely and environment friendly manner.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

MAJOR ACTIVITIES OF UPSTREAM PETROLEUM SECTOR: The following are the three major activities of upstream petroleum sector: 1. Exploration activities include: • • • • •

Geophysical survey (including shot hole drilling) and geophysical operations. Logging operations including storage & handling of explosives, radio active material. Use of explosives for perforation. Reservoir studies. Laboratories for chemical and physico chemical analysis.

2. Drilling Activities ( Land drilling operations) comprise of: • • • • •

Drill site and allied constructions Rig Movement and Rig Building Drilling Decommissioning Drill site Restoration

3. Production Activities cover the following areas of operations. The on-shore hydrocarbon production operations are carried out in diverse topographical conditions like forestland, barren deserts and tea estates etc. Activities in the course of these operations comprise mainly of • • • • • • • •

Well commissioning and testing. Handling facilities (flow pipelines, OCG & GGS): construction and operation Well servicing & stimulation. Work-over Operations. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) systems including water injection, polymer flooding, in-situ combustion etc. Storage and dispatch of crude oil to refineries and other end users. Compression of Natural Gas (for different utility service & supply to consumers). Crude oil transportation • Road • Pipeline.

Here, in the next three sections we will touch upon the salient Safety and environmental issues in the above mentioned major operational areas of activities.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

Keys to safety are;

1. Safe and healthy working conditions. 2. Safe and proper equipment. 3. Safe storage & transportation of explosives / detonators to the work-site. 4. Safe operating procedures. 5. Proper training. 6. Compliance with safety regulations. 7. Company-wise commitment to safety. 8. Periodic safety audits.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

ANNEXURE TABLE-1 SAFETY LEGISLATIONS: 1

The Mines Act,1952

Mines Safety

2

The Mines Rules,1955

3

The Oil Mines Regulations,1984

Oil Mines safety

4

Mines Vocational Training Rules,1966

MVT

5

The Indian Electricity Rules,1956

6

The Central Electricity Authority Rules,1977

7

The Central Electricity Authority Regulations,1979

8

OISD Standards (*)

9

Explosive Act 1884 along with the explosive rules 1983

10

AERB statutory regulations, the atomic energy act,1962. Atomic Energy (Safe disposal of radio active wastes)Rules,1987 & Radiation Protection rules,1971.

Safety in E&P

TABLE-2 Reports and Returns ( Under OMR / OISD ) : 1.

FORM B (Rules 48(3),51and77)

Register for list of employees.

2.

FORM J (Rule 76(1) )

Return of reportable accidents.

3.

FORM K (Rule 76(2) )

Return of minor accidents.

4.

FORM M (Rule 29-D (1) ) examination.

Notice of initial/periodical medical

5.

FORM O (Rule 29-F (2)& Rule 29-L )

Report of medical examination.

6.

FORM U (Rule 29-R & Rule 29-S )

Inspection by Workmen’s inspector

7.

FORM I (Regulations3 & 6) name.

Notice of opening,closing or change of

8.

FORM II / FORM III (Regulations 4 and 5 )

Quaterly Return / Annual Return

10.

FORM IV A, B &C (Regulation – 7) & OISD 107 person

Notice of accident / occurance/ Injured

14.

FORM VI (Regulation – 51) GGS

Notice of construction of or alteration in a

15.

FORM VIII (Regulation – 61) making any

Permission for laying a new pipe line or .significant alteration in existing pipe line

16.

Form For Hot Work Permit (Regulation – 69)

17.

Cold, hot work/vessel entry/vessel box-up/excavation, Electrical lock out permits (OISD - 105)

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

TABLE -3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION: 01.

The water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974

Water Consent

02.

The water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977.

Water Cess

03.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981.

Air consent

04.

Environment Protection Act 1986

Air/Water Consent & EIA study

05.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment

06.

Environment Protection Rules 1989.

All Above

07.

Manufacture storage and import of hazardous chemicals Rules 1989.

Hazardous Waste Consent

Act 1988.

rd

Consent to establish & operate.

08.

Environment Protection 3 Amendment Rules 1989

Amb. Air, Noise standards.

09.

Environment Protection 2nd Amendment Rules 1993.

Standards of discharges emissions and noise.

10.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Amendment

11.

Environment Protection Rules Notification Dtd. 27.1.94.

Environmental Clearance of projects.

12.

Environment Protection Amendment Rules 1993.

Environment Statement.

13.

Environment Protection Rules Notification

National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

14.

Manufacture, Storage and Import of hazardous chemical Amendment

Safety Audit, On-site / Off-site emergency plan details and report on mock drill of on-site plan.

15.

Environment Protection Amendment Rule, 1996.

BOD change, Specifications for MS & HSD.

16.

Coastal Regulation Zone

CRZ

17.

Emission regulations DG Sets; Stack height.

Stack height

18.

Ambient noise standards.

Noise control and monitoring

19.

The noise pollution (Regulation and Control ) rules 2000

20.

Vehicular exhaust emission standards.

exhaust emission standards

21.

Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989.

Hazardous waste movement

22.

Bio-medical waste (M & H) Rules, 1989

Disposal

23.

Lead acid batteries

Disposal and returns

24.

Ambient air quality standards for ammonia

25.

The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) rules, 2000

26.

The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991.

Act 1991.

Cess rates

Hazardous waste inventorisation, TSDF

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

TABLE - 4

OISD has so far published more than 100 standards. For E&P activities, so far the following 20 standards have been prepared and published for Upstream Industry:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Well Control - OISD-STD-174 Cementing Operations - OISD-STD-175 Geophysical Operations - OISD-STD-181 Recommended Safe Procedures & Guidelines for Workover - OISD-STD-182 and Well stimulation operations Logging Operations - OISD-STD-183 Standard on Replacement of Personnel Protective - OISD-STD-184 Equipment and Life Saving Appliances Wire Line Operations - OISD-STD-185 Combined Operations - OISD-STD-186 Care and Use of Wire Rope - OISD-STD-187 Corrosion Monitoring of Offshore & Onshore Pipelines - OISD-STD-188 Standard on Fire Fighting Equipment for Drilling Rigs, - OISD-STD-189 Work Over Rigs and Production Installations Derrick Floor Operations - OISD-STD-190 Oil Field Explosive Safety - OISD-STD-191 Guidelines for Gas Lift Operations and Maintenance - OISD-STD-193 Inspection of Drilling and Work-over Rig Mast / Structure - OISD-STD-202 Medical requirements, Emergency evacuation and facilities - OISD-STD-204 (Upstream) Crane Operation, Maintenance and Testing - OISD-STD-205 Guidelines For Safe Rig- Up And Rig- Down Of Drilling -OISD-GDN-218 And Work- Over Rigs Guidelines on Field Inspection, Handling and Testing of -OISD-GDN-219 Casing Pipe & Tubing Formulation Of Environment Management Plan For -OISD-GDN-217 Drilling Operations

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN DRILLING OPERATIONS

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

Drilling operations are carried out to locate hydrocarbons (Exploratory drilling) to

delineate

a discovered reserve, to develop a reservoir for production, for water injection, for EOR and for disposal purposes. The Oil Industry in India is more than 100 years old. Because of various collaboration agreements, a variety of international codes, standards and practices have been in vogue. Standardisation in design philosophies and operating and maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in existence. This coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for the industry to review the existing state of art in designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations. With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in 1986 constituted a Safety Council assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate(OISD) staffed from within the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to ensure safe operations. Accordingly, OISD constituted a number of functional committees of experts nominated from the industry to draw up standards and guidelines on various subjects. Applicable OISD standards developed for safety and environment protection are: 1.

Well Control

- OISD-STD-174

2.

Standard on Fire Fighting Equipment for Drilling Rigs, Work - OISD-STD-189 Over Rigs and Production Installations

3.

Derrick Floor Operations

- OISD-STD-190

4.

Inspection of Drilling and Workover Rig Mast / Structure

- OISD-STD-202

5.

Medical requirements, Emergency evacuation and facilities - OISD-STD-204 (Upstream)

6.

Crane Operation, Maintenance and Testing

- OISD-STD-205

7.

Guidelines For Safe Rig- Up And Rig- Down Of Drilling And Work-Over Rigs

-OISD-GDN-218

8.

Guidelines on Field Inspection, Handling and Testing of Casing Pipe & Tubing

-OISD-GDN-219

9.

Formulation Of Environment Management Plan For Drilling Operations

-OISD-GDN-217

These standards are meant to be used as supplement and not as a replacement for existing codes and practices and in no way supercedes the statutory requirements of bodies like DGMS, CCE or any other Government Body which must be followed as applicable.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

It is hoped that provisions of these standards if implemented objectively, may go a long way to improve the safety and reduce accidents in Oil and Gas Industry. Users are cautioned that no standard can be a substitute for the judgement of responsible and experienced Engineers. Operational safety is the foremost concern while working on Drilling / work-over rig. Derrick floor is the center stage of all the operations and it is most susceptible to accidents. Safety precaution with utmost care is required to be taken as per the prevailing regulation and practice so that accidents can be avoided. Due to advancement in technology, a number of equipment have been developed over a period to cater the need of smooth operation on derrick floor. Various standards are required to be referred to cover the variety of equipment used for safe operation in oil industry and became cumbersome at times to refer for each equipment.

Safety plays an important role in all the operations involved in drilling a well. Given below are some of the critical operations / stages which need to be focussed upon for safe and efficient completion of a healthy well, which are: i.Prior to spudding of the well ii.During drilling operations iii.After drilling iv.Before round trip v.During round trip vi.Before lowering casing vii.During lowering of casing viii.Prior to DST operation ix.After DST operating x.during logging xi.During wire line operation xii.During fishing xiii.During casing

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

xiv.During production testing xv.Preparation for cementation xvi.During cementation .

Drill Cuttings Discharges – A major environmental Impact during drilling In the same way that sawdust is produced when a hole is drilled in wood by a domestic drill, small pieces of rock – called cuttings – are created when a well is drilled through rock to reach an oil or gas reservoir. These cuttings vary in size and texture, ranging from fine sand to gravel, depending on the type of rock being drilled and the type of drill being used. To prevent the well being clogged, the cuttings are carried back to the surface by a special fluid which is pumped down the well to keep it clean and also to lubricate the drill bit and to control pressure within the well. This fluid is known as ‘mud’. On the drilling rig the cuttings are separated from the mud; the mud is recycled to be used again and the cuttings are either; discharged by disposal in the pit, re-injected into a well or taken for treatment and disposal. The choice of disposal route depends on the type of drilling

mud

being

used

and

the

location

of

the

well.

One of the most effective drilling fluids is oil based mud (OBM). Although most of the OBM is removed from cuttings on the rig, some adheres to the cuttings and is discharged. OBM coated cuttings are ‘sticky’ and do not disperse readily when discharged, resulting in accumulations of cuttings and OBM beneath installations. When the environmental implications of this discharge became apparent regulations effectively banned the discharge of OBM. Although some of the WBM is discharged with cuttings it readily disperses and has not been shown to have a significant environmental impact

and

hence

are

recommended

and

used

in

the

drilling

operations.

A. DRILL SITE AND ALLIED CONSTRUCTIONS Recommended Environmental Protection Practice

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

Land: i) ii)

iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii)

Top soil of the site should be stocked for site reclamation and restoration after the cessation of the drilling operations Skid mounted tanks of adequate capacity should be provided in place of earthen pits so as to minimize the impact on land due to the construction of the earthen pits Provision should be made to store the drill cuttings at a suitable place within the drill site area for drying and transit storage prior to its disposal. The approach road should be laid through barren lands wherever possible even if it results in laying of relatively lengthy ones. Acquisition of land for the construction of the approach roads should be on basis of the minimum requirement. Soil and other earthen material required for the construction of the roads etc. should be fetched from barren lands. To resort to cluster drilling practices wherever applicable for minimizing the requirement of land for drilling operations. Criteria for site assessment / selection / construction processes (viz. Public safety, Size, Topography, Soil, Surface water, Ground water, Wild life, Vegetation, Cultural and historical sources and Site selection

Water Sources : i)

ii)

iii)

Water of ponds/ streams to be used wherever possible. If water from local bore well is to be extracted, the rate of extraction should always be kept below the safer yield level. To maintain the wholesomeness of the quality of ground / surface water sources , a peripheral ring bund of compacted clay should be provided in every drill site so as to control / prevent spillage and seepage of effluents Health, hygiene and sanitation facilities at drill sites / drill site accommodation areas should be maintained as per the existing standards on the subject. Air quality:

i)

ii) iii)

All vehicles and construction equipment with internal combustion engines should be maintained for efficient combustion to reduce vehicle emissions in order to comply with the standards of CPCB. Water should be sprayed adequately during dust generating construction activities for dust suppression. Asbestos should not be used for any kind of construction activity. Noise:

I)

Vehicles and construction equipment with internal combustion engines should be provided with proper silencers and mufflers in order to reduce noise levels.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

II)

Ensure the use of protective noise gear by all the employees working near the areas which produce abnormal noise levels.

RIG MOVEMENT AND RIG BUILDING:

Recommended Environmental Protection Practices: i)

ii)

iii) iv)

v) vi)

Before moving equipment to the location, all the machinery should be inspected and plugged, drained or otherwise secured to ensure that fluids do not leak during transport. While moving in transporters should place draw works , engines and other equipment in a level position on the drilling location to ensure that no fluids leak while waiting to set the equipment in place Liquids such as excess fuels, paints and thinners should be returned to the vendor and to ensure that no leaks occur during transport. All vehicles and with internal combustion engines should be maintained for efficient combustion to reduce vehicle emissions in order to comply with the standards of CPCB. Vehicles and other rig movement equipment should be provided with proper silencers and mufflers in order to reduce the noise levels. Ensure the use of protective noise gear by all the employees working near the areas which produce abnormal noise levels.

DRILLING: Recommended Environmental Protection Practices: Land: Leakage of drilling fluids should be avoided by resorting to the use of mud saving devices such as pipe wipers, Kelly mud saver, drip pans etc. ii) To use eco-friendly drilling fluid systems consisting of bio- degradable additives and chrome free dispersants wherever possible. However, if chrome based additives are used, it should be ensured that the concentration of chrome does not exceed the regulatory limits and a proper test report / record should be maintained iii) The disposal of the drilling fluid / drill cuttings should be in accordance with the MOEF notification no. 141 dated April 3rd 1996, at S. No. 72. iv) All the left over chemicals and other materials should be properly refilled and transported to the next location. i)

Water resources:

i)

Fresh water requirements should be minimized by taking following measures. Re use the water/mud collected from the periodic cleaning of cellar pit for drilling fluid preparation.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

ii) iii) iv)

Use water under high pressure for cleaning of rig floor, mud pits, mud channel etc. and use wiper for cleaning of the drill string. No waste should be discharged outside the drill site premises. The waste water generated should be recycled for making up drilling fluid volumes, washing of shale shaker screens, drill string and rig floor etc. Air Quality:

ii) iii)

iv)

v)

Measures for vehicles and equipment with internal combustion engines as mentioned in construction phase should be followed in drilling phase also. Ambient air quality monitoring for SPM, NOx, SO2 and HC should be carried out at intervals as per NAAQ standards and its periodicity should be as per the guidelines of the respective SPCB. Exposure of working personnel in the operational area to various toxic gaseous emissions should be as per the OISD occupational health standards 166. Fugitive emission of toxic gases like H2S should be minimized by taking appropriate design measures for early detection, control and proper operational practices for which workers should be trained wherever applicable. During production testing produced gas should not be cold vented. A. Noise:

i) ii)

Ambient noise levels should be maintained as per the MOEF notification no. 92 , dated Feb.14, 2000 on the noise pollution (Regulation and Control) rules, 2000. Exposure of personnel to abnormal noise levels in the operational areas should be as per the OISD occupational health standards 166. B. Waste: The following are the types of the wastes. • Drilling fluid and solids • Cement returns • Salt water • Oil • Formation cuttings (such as shale, lime, salt or dolomite) • Empty containers, bags and oil filters. Recommended Environmental Protection Practice:

i)

ii) iii)

Water contacting the drill site from nature and well site activities be diverted to the designated segment of waste tank. This can be used for other activities with or without treatment. Drilling fluid system should be designed to minimize drilled solid degradation. The solid control equipment should function efficiently so that more undesired solids and minimum liquids are removed from the drilling fluids. This will result in less liquid waste and more solid waste which can be handled easily.

20

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

iv) v) vi) vii)

Use of drip pans beneath rig floor with flexible hoses draining to cellar pit can avoid dirty water and mud dripping on the rig sub-structure and location. Usage of automatic shut of nozzles on all hoses on rig floor and wash down racks should be adhered to minimize wastage of water. Scrutinise the drilling fluid additives for their toxicity before they are applied in the mud system. Review the specifications of mud additives wherever necessary so as to ensure the use of only environmentally sound products in drilling operations.

DECOMMISSIONING: Environmental aspects are the disposal of various chemicals and all types of wastes. Recommended Environmental Protection Practice: i)

ii) iii) iv) v)

Removal or disposal of all material from drilling location such as chemical products, construction material, pallets and other wastes is the joint responsibility of the operator, drilling contractor and the service personnel. The operator has the final accountability for the condition of the decommissioned site. All chemical drums or sacks should be properly labeled as to the contents including any safety or transportation warning labels. Empty drums should be disposed off or returned to the vendor or sent to the cooperage companies that clean and re-cycle the drums. Used drilling fluids and cuttings should be disposed in accordance with MOEF notification no. 141 dated April 3rd 1996, at S. No. 72. Drilling fluids should be transported and re-used at other locations. Drilling fluids should be disposed off by annular injection or naturally or facilitated evaporation or burial or land spreading or permitted discharge. The solids remaining after dewatering the pit needs to be disposed off through burial or trenching, land farming, land spreading, and offsite disposal at an approved facility.

RESTORATION: Environmental aspect is mainly land. Recommended Environmental Protection Practice: i) Any soil contaminated by operations should be remedied as necessary. The type, location and extent of contamination and remediation / restoration should be documented and maintained in the well records. ii) Ditches, dikes and containment walls should be leveled. Top- soil, whether stock piled at the site or hauled to the location, should be spread as part of the final contouring. A productive top soil is necessary for replanting. iii) Reseeding and replanting of the location should be done with plants and grasses native to the area.

21

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

iv) v) vi)

Upon completion of the location restoration, a program of soil sampling /visual inspection and record keeping should be established. If a water supply well is used and abandoned it should be plugged in accordance with applicable regulations. In case of a dry well, proper abandonment practices should be followed and a record be maintained.

22

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

IN

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS

23

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

Major Safety related standards for production operations are:

1 . Recommended Safe Procedures & Guidelines for Work-over and Well stimulation operations 2. Standard on Replacement of Personnel Protective Equipment and Life Saving Appliances 3. Combined Operations 4. Corrosion Monitoring of Offshore & Onshore Pipelines 5. Standard on Fire Fighting Equipment for Drilling Rigs, Work Over Rigs and Production Installations 6. Guidelines for Gas Lift Operations and Maintenance 7 . Medical requirements, Emergency evacuation and facilities (Upstream)

- OISD-STD-182 - OISD-STD-184 - OISD-STD-186 - OISD-STD-188 - OISD-STD-189 - OISD-STD-193 - OISD-STD-204

Fire – A Major Safety Hazard : In the upstream petroleum industry companies are engaged in exploration and development of oilfields as well as production of crude oil and gas. It has been observed that most of the activities like drilling operation, setting up of GGS/OCS, GCP/GCS etc. are carried out initially at remote areas away from the thickly populated locality.

However, once the field is established, it has been observed that the area gets surrounded by population and small industries. These causes hazards to the oilfield installations as well as to surrounding residents.

For the protection of the costly equipment and the safety of the surrounding areas, it is important to install necessary in-built fire protection arrangement in the installations. It would be highly costly affair to build systems to control oil well blowout fire or any catastrophic fire situation at each drill site. While making the system, due consideration should be given to the availability of nearby city as well as industrial fire services. It may not be possible to build/incorporate all these fire fighting systems in the existing oilfield installations which are already approved by the respective statutory authority

24

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

long back. However, it is desirable to incorporate certain fire fighting system in these old installations as and where practicable and acceptable to the management. Activities involved in exploration and production of crude oil are extremely risky and may cause considerable financial burden for the industry if any fire / exploration occurred in a drilling or any other installation. Hence, emphasis should be given to design minimum fire protection facilities at various drilling and other production installations, so that in case of fire, it can be Extinguished at its incipient stage to minimise the loss of life and property and also to prevent further spread of fire. Petroleum depots and terminals are generally located in the remote areas and near railway sidings. However, the experience shows that with the passage of time, these get surrounded by residential/industrial installations. The inventory of flammable materials stored therein necessitates inbuilt fire protection facilities. It can be impractical and prohibitively costly to design fire protection facilities to control catastrophic fires. The usual requirement of a good system is to prevent emergencies from developing into major threat to the oil installation and surroundings.

SOME STANDARD DEFINITIONS( source OISD standard):

DRILLING RIG

Drilling Rig is a compact unit including derrick structure, power generating unit for running the draw-works, mud preparation unit and all other necessary equipment for carrying out drilling operation of the earth’s surface by mechanical means to reach down to the oil bearing zones below the ground for exploration and development of oil and gas field.

WORKOVER RIG

Work-over Rig is a compact mobile unit along with some other external equipment for mud preparation and power generation etc. The whole unit is mainly required for oil/gas

25

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

well servicing by performing variety of remedial operation on an oil/gas well as per the technical requirement with the intention of restoring or increasing production.

GROUP GATHERING STATION/OIL COLLECTING STATION

It is a production installation where production from number of wells are collected together for treating and separating oil, water & gas for further despatch to central tank farm.

GAS COMPRESSION PLANT/GAS COMPRESSOR STATION

It is an installation where gases are collected from GGS/OCS and are compressed to different pressures for transportation..

EARLY PRODUCTION SET UP (EPS)

It is a production installation similar to GGS or OCS in nature; however, very small in capacity. This type of set up is generally installed at a very early stage of development of any oilfield area when the number of wells are limited and their total production is also very less. QUICK PRODUCTION SET UP (QPS)/ Well Head Installation(WHI) It is a production installation, generally set up in case of extremely new oildfield area and its capacity is further smaller compared to any EPS.

26

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

Produced Water – Major Environmental Impact during Production: Water is present in some form in the majority of reservoirs before oil production takes place. In the most common sort of reservoir, oil accumulates above large volumes of water. This water is known as an aquifer, and the reservoir is a water-drive reservoir.

Produced water is therefore a by-product of oil production. New fields generally have a very small fraction of water produced with the oil extracted. The ratio of water present to total production is referred to as the ‘water cut’. As fields mature and the hydrocarbon reservoir is produced, the level of oil in a reservoir is depleted. The water beneath the oil therefore moves higher within the reservoir, and so more water is produced with the oil. Consequently, in older fields, where the water cut is high, produced water can account for up to 95% of the fluids produced. Indeed, in many older fields produced water re-injection (PWRI) is used whereby pressure in the reservoir is increased by pumping produced water back in; thus making extraction

of

remaining

oil

reserves

all

the

more

easier.

There are strict limits to the concentration of oil that is allowed to be discharged in produced water. The removal of oil from water can therefore involve many stages to adequately reduce the oil content before the water is discharged overboard. Produced water contains a mixture of inorganic and organic components derived from the reservoir rocks and hydrocarbons, together with a range of chemicals which are added to improve

production

and

to

assist

the

separation

of

oil

from

the

water.

Many installations / fields on the land are now in their mature phase and produce significantly more water than hydrocarbons. With a favourable oil price, wells that are producing 95% water can still remain commercially viable. It is technically challenging and in most cases simply not feasible, to reduce the quantity of water being produced from a 27

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

reservoir. Mitigation options are, therefore, ‘end of pipe’ and include removal of hazardous components prior to discharge, or re-injection back into subsurface strata.

Any treatment of hazardous components must be a continuous process. Currently available treatment technologies are aimed at reducing the oil content of produced water discharges.

Despite a lack of evidence of harm from this small amount of oil, strategies are driving the operating companies worldwide towards the re-injection of produced water in order to meet oil in water reduction targets. Re-injection can either be back into the hydrocarbon reservoir or into a specially drilled disposal well. Not all reservoirs are able to take re-injected water and in those that can, there may be a need to filter the produced water prior to re-injection to prevent blocking of the reservoir rock. This may result in a secondary waste stream in the form of contaminated filter material. Re-injection is an energy intensive process with significant CO2 emissions which must be accounted for in the Emissions Reporting Scheme. Emissions to Air – A global concern: There is overwhelming scientific consensus that human activity is the primary force driving climate change. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), made

28

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

up of more than 1200 scientists from more than 130 countries have agreed that man-made greenhouse gas emissions have, with more than 90% certainty, caused most of the overall increase in global average temperatures since the mid 20th century. Their work was peer reviewed by around 2500 climate experts. Atmospheric emissions are an unavoidable by-product of our activities; any process requiring fuel will generate emissions through the process of combustion. The principal gas that raises concern is CO2 to which climate change has been attributed. Air Emissions sources include gas, fuel and diesel consumption, flaring and venting, and fugitive emissions. By far the largest amount of CO2 comes from gas, fuel and diesel consumption; that is, from the processes involved in running an offshore installation.

Gas flaring also accounts for a relatively high amount of emissions from an installation. The principal purpose of flaring is for safety – flare stacks are used for burning off unusable waste or flammable gases that are released by pressure relief valves during unplanned over-pressuring of plant equipment. A much smaller contribution to overall emissions comes from fugitive emissions, which are those not caught by processes.

Realising the importance of reducing the amount of potentially harmful gases from emissions, significant work has been undertaken to assess the feasibility of schemes such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) which could effectively store away carbon in depleted oil and gas reservoirs and subsea aquifers.

Such technologies will require significant

development, funding, changes to legislative regimes and environmental assessments before they can be used, but they may form part of our solution base for the future challenges that industry may face.

Environmental Aspects and the preventive / protective measures during some of the production activity is explained below:

Operation of OCS/GGS : Environmental Aspects (i)

Discharge & spillage of hydrocarbons. 29

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

(ii)

Accidental release of hydrocarbons.

(iii)

Flaring of gas.

(iv)

Disposal of formation water.

Recommended Practice

(i)

In case of leak, spillage or uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons, emergency response planning & execution should be fully complied as per the EMP.

(ii)

Produced water disposal and injection facilities should be planned, constructed & operated in a scientific manner. For saline & corrosive produced water, special care is to be taken. This should be done as per applicable CPCB/PCB guidelines.

(iii)

Produced water should be disposed only after required treatment & applicable laws as per guidelines.

(iv)

Monitoring of ground water & surface water should be done monthly. Ground water monitoring tube wells at an angle of 1200 and not more than 100 m. away from the disposal well should be provided.

(v)

The parameters to be monitored should be specified before commissioning of the installation.

(vi)

Solid waste disposal should be done in accordance with the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000, No.13, January 6, 2000 of MOEF and subsequent amendments thereof.

(vii)

Construction of flaring pit and manifold should be as per Oil Mines Regulation (OMR) 84. Flaring operations should be done in accordance with Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry Standards Sl.No.72 of 3rd April, 1996 No.141. The light and heat radiation should preferably meet USEPA / OSHA Standards.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

STORAGE & DISPATCH OF CRUDE OIL TO REFINERIES Environmental Aspects are Leakage and spillage of crude oil.

Recommended Practice (i)

Spill Prevention Control & Counter Measure (SPCC) plan to be made.

(ii)

Spill potential to be determined.

(iii)

Contingency & shutdown plans to be made to cope up with disasters.

(iv)

Spill control & containment should be considered at the design & construction stage itself as per the applicable law.

(v)

Adequate spill control & containment equipment to be kept in readiness.

(vi)

Cleanup procedure should be developed & included in the emergency management plan.

(vii)

Mock drill to be carried out.

(viii) Training especially for spill control to be imparted to operating personnel. (ix)

Prevention control, containment & cleanup procedures should be revised & updated to make them more effective for future response.

COMPRESSION OF NATURAL GAS Environmental Aspect is noise

Recommended Practice (i)

Noise survey should be done in installations to obtain baseline information.

(ii)

Noise control at source should be done as under (a) Noise dampeners in the compressors to be provided. (b) Compressors to be provided with better engineered noise control equipment. (c) Proper & schedule maintenance of engines & other machines will reduce noise at source.

(iii)

The noise barrier walls with double layer at an acoustic air gap of 0.5m will help reduction of noise level at receiving end.

(iv)

Work persons should be provided with user-friendly ear plug/muffs.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

(v)

The ambient noise level and work place noise level should meet the requirement of noise level standards Noise Pollution (Control and Reuglation) Rule, 2000, No.92, February 14, 2000, MOEF and subsequent amendments thereof, OISD Standards on Occupational Health No.166 respectively.

CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION Crude oil transportation involves transportation of produced crude oil by pipeline or bowsers

Environmental Aspects are Leakage and spillage at loading/offloading points, dispatch/receiving ends an enr-oute accidentally or otherwise.

Inland spill are normally, with few exceptions, small (at least initially). Unfortunately, if they occur below ground where they are not visible, things may get out of hand before the situations is realized. By their very nature inland spills can cause great exposure risks to the responders and to the public. For example there may be : • Fire risks • Explosion risk • Drinking water risk • Traffic accidents Therefore safety is of utmost importance.

Typical sources of inland oil spills •

Storage tanks: Surface and sub surface

•

Transport accidents

•

Contaminated washings discharged in drainage

•

During oil transfer operations

•

Leaking/ damaged pipelines

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

Major concerns of inland spills

Safety: There is much more potential for the public to be at risk during an inland oil spill. In all events intrinsically safe equipment must be used. Smoking must be prohibited in the area of spill and possibly even lighters be confisticated

Water: If possible contamination of water for drinking must be avoided. Water supplies for irrigation, sewage plant and livestock should be protected.. The most difficult situation arises when oil spill cause ground water contamination.

Ecological: Oil getting into rivers, streams and lakes can cause damage to freshwater life. Oil spill onto soil will kill vegetation and soil animals in the area affected.

Economic: Industry, agriculture, property, tourism and fish farming are all examples of business which could be affected by an inland oil spill. Amenity, traffic, school, hospitals and recreation could suffer. Oil is all around us in urban areas, whether in storage tanks, pipelines or roads tankers. A oil spill can disrupt many activities.

Strategies for clean up

Impermeable surface:

A spill on an impermeable surface will spread quickly and collect in pools. It will spread according to the oil type, amount of oil and ambient temperature. Light volatile oils will evaporate rapidly and extreme caution must be used. If explosion risk is small, then it will be a lot easier to recover oil if it is contained and concentrated. Steps required to be taken

33

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

1) All escapes must be blocked, such as drains, cable- ducts and pipelines. 2) Football bladders and absorbent pillow are useful for this, and a plastic bag full of water can effectively seal a drain cover. 3) Recover the oil by use of positive displacement pumps, gully suckers and absorbents. 4) Skip and drums may be used for temporary storage if there I no explosion risk 5) Great care should be taken using vacuum pump, like gully suckers, since it is quite possible for the vacuum pressure to initiate the explosion of a volatile oil

Permeable soil:

Oil will only penetrate porous soils under the influence of gravity and gravity and capillary action. Its pattern of descent will depend on the amount spilt, oil type, weather, retention capacity of the soil and depth of the water table. As the oil sinks into soil, it may encounter different layer of soil. The permeability of these different layers will affect the way the oil spreads. A light oil spilt onto coarse gravel will percolate downwards very quickly without spreading very far. On sand its progress would be slower and the oil would spread sideways. If the oil is very thick then obviously it will tend to spread out more and sink very slowly. This could also result from very cold soil temperatures, which would make the oil more viscous. But the only sure way of stopping it sinking anymore is by having an impermeable layer.

Disposal of oiled soil

If pollution has stopped short of ground water contamination, it is required to be disposed off, but this is not an easy task. There are two main methods

Reclamation:

34

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

This is often known as land farming. The oiled soil is aerated by tilling the land as often a possible, especially during warm weather. This allows air to get to the oil so that the bacteria can break it down more quickly. Tilling and mixing also helps to dilutr the oil by breaking up large pockets of oil and enhancing the biodegradation. It can also help if further is added to the oiled soil. Insitu reclamation techniques should never be used if there is a threat of ground water contamination.

Excavation:

When there is a chance of groundwater contamination the oiled soil needs to be removed as quickly as possible. It is required to check plans and carry out a survey for the presence of cables, pipes and other underground structures. Only the soil that is visibly oiled should be removed, and be particularly careful not to dig into any impermeable layers or oil may pass on down to the groundwater. The recovered soil can be dumped in government authorized landfills or can be bio-remediated. Incineration can also be used provided sufficient liquid waste is extracted from the soil.

35

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

On Land Exploration activities in upstream of hydrocarbon industry primarily involve Geophysical Survey, Logging, perforation reservoir studies and allied operations. The applicable OISD standards for safety during exploratory activities are listed below: 1.

Geophysical Operations

- OISD-STD-181

2.

Logging Operations

- OISD-STD-183

3.

Standard on Replacement of Personnel Protective Equipment and Life Saving Appliances

- OISD-STD-184

4.

Oil Field Explosive Safety

- OISD-STD-191

Explosives – A Major Safety Hazard In Oil and Gas Exploration Wireline well logging and on-land seismic operations involve handling and use of various kinds of explosive materials at bases and in the field on regular basis. In well logging operations these explosives are used inside a well bore specifically drilled for exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons to establish communication between subsurface hydrocarbon bearing formation and the cased and cemented bore hole, take side wall core samples and some other allied jobs. In seismic operations these explosives are used to generate artificial elastic vibrations which travel across sub surface in the form of seismic waves.

Explosives are used in seismic operations as an energy source to

generate

artificial vibrations in earth. The most commonly used explosives are SG-80 (Special Gelatine) sticks, CPT (Couplable Plastic Tubes) and electric detonators. Electrically fired detonator initiates explosion in main explosive like SG-80 etc which loaded in shot holes to create seismic elastic waves into the earth formations. Majority of explosives used in Well Logging operations are in the form of encapsulated shaped charges, electric detonators and prima cord. Electrically fired detonator initiates explosion in prima cord, which contains powdered secondary high explosive like RDX. The prima cord runs behind all the shaped charges touching its most sensitive booster portion and transfers energy to these charges which finally explode to create high temperature and pressure. The metallic liner inside the charge melts under high temperature and pressure conditions

37

LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

to form a jet which penetrates through steel casing, cement sheath and into the rock to establish communication between the hydrocarbon bearing formation and the bore hole. Besides this, explosives are also used in some other configurations for specific jobs like pipe cutting, string shot, bridge plug setting etc

All explosive materials are hazardous and must be handled and used with utmost care. It is the responsibility of all personnel who handle explosive materials to know and follow recommended safety practices. This responsibility includes necessity of being familiar with observing international, national and local rules and regulations governing explosive materials.

In India use of explosives in oil industry is governed by Chief Controller of Explosives, Nagpur and overall activity by Director General Mines Safety, Dhanbad.

Noise – A major safety and environmental hazard in E&P: Noise is a highly emotive issue as it affects cetaceans (large marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins and porpoises). Although it is an area where the overall impacts are difficult to quantify, oil and gas industry is taking steps to minimise any possible impacts. This is particularly true prior to any acoustic, geological or seismic surveying

in

the

initial

exploration.

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY: A.

Drilling of shot points / Holes & Shooting:

Environmental aspects are consumption of resources (water and energy), generation of effluent and cuttings, generation of emissions including noise. Recommended Practice:

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

(i) Prior to undertaking any exploration activity such as survey shot hole drilling it should have forest clearance from concerned appropriate authority. (ii) Ensure that the report of the area under survey is in place. Location of shot hole points should be decided in consultation with designated environment officer (duly identified / notified by project head) on the basis of report. (iii)Critical environmental aspects of report should be conveyed to designated personnel for strict compliance. In case of surveys through contractual services it is to ensure that the contractor should comply the operator’s guidelines on the subject. (iv) Unauthorized movement of the people should not be allowed within 15 mtrs of operating area. (v) Shot hole points should be reclaimed after cessation of the operation.

B.

Generators:

Environmental aspects are air born pollutants including noise. Recommended Practice (i) (ii)

Generators should meet the existing standards as notified by statutory agencies. Used up batteries should be sent for recycling or disposal at identified place in accordance with the laid down procedure.

C. Shooting: Environmental aspects are air born pollutants including noise and human health. Recommended Practice (i) No blasting operation should be carried out between the hours of sunset and sunrise. (ii) Before commencing shooting adequate warning to public should be given by an efficient system of signals like putting up red flags in the danger zone i.e. 55 meters from the place of blasting. It should be ensured that persons and wild animals in the vicinity are properly in safe zone. (iii)If shots are being fired in the vicinity of public places and human settlement adequate precautions should be taken to prevent impact on public & properties. (iv) Explosives should not be shot under live electric lines. (v) Shooting operations should be suspended if there is any possibility of lightning in the cloudy weather. (vi) All the loading crew should wear cotton clothes to avoid static discharge which may lead to accidental blast.In case of misfire, the re-loading of the misfired hole should be done according to the explosive rules 1983. (vii) The distance between the shot hold and places where explosive is kept on the ground for stemming should be at least 55 meters.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

(viii) Instrument should be 55 meters away from the shot hold and in a direction opposition to the place where the explosive is kept for stemming. General Guidelines (i) Electrical fitting and utilities should be secured in the manner so as not to pose any danger of electrocution to the wild animals. (ii) Hazardous waste (discarded explosives, lubricants, chemicals etc.) should not be dumped as such as it may pose threat to fauna and flora of the surroundings. These wastes should be disposed at an identified place. (iii) For constructing camp site and survey sites, felling of trees should be avoided. In case of felling of trees is essential for constructing survey sites, compensatory aforestation should be undertaken. (iv) Underground and above ground utilities should be avoided while carrying out survey operations. (v) Any natural system like grasslands, mangroves, water body etc. around the area of activities of geophysical survey should not be contaminated with any effluent and waster generated during operational activities. (vi) Wildlife, habitats and biosphere reserves should be protected from the geophysical survey activities as per guidelines laid down in EIA 1994 notification and subsequent modification thereof. (vii) During land survey operations before entering into thick forest area a din of sound from drum should be made to drive away the wild animals. (viii) Two tier communication system should be in place. (ix) Standards on health and sanitation should be followed as per prevalent Indian Standards. D. WELL LOGGING Environmental aspects are spillage of hydrocarbon and drilling fluid, radioactive emissions, human health. Recommended Practice (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(v)

The well should be filled properly with well conditioned mud so as to overbalance the bottom hole pressure in conformity with Geo-technical order. No production logging job should be undertaken under conditions of storm, lightning and thunder. No leakage should be permitted through wire line BOP while carrying out production logging operations. Prior to use of any radioactive source for well logging, permission should be obtained from the Director, Division of Radiological protection, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai for storage and use of radioactive material. Regulations / Guidelines of AERB/BARC should be strictly complied with.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

(vi)

The seal of radioactive sources should withstand test of temperature, external pressure, impact, vibration and puncture. For test requirements of standards laid down in AFRB/SS-3 1990 or IS-2919 (1980) should be followed. (vii) In case of loss radioactive source in the well bore, frequent checks for radioactive contamination of the surrounding should be made during fishing operations. Further if emission level is found above the permissible limit, BARC Guidelines should be followed for mitigation. (viii) If the radioactive source is not retrieved, it should be immobilized and sealed in place with cement plug. Height or length of cement plug should be in accordance with stipulated standard. E. USE OF EXPLOSIVES FOR WELL PERFORATION: Environmental aspects are noise, spillage of hydrocarbon and subdue fluid and fire. Recommended Practice (i)

In case of casing gun perforation a double ram i.e. a set of blind and pipe rams, preventer should be installed and tested to the expected bottom hole pressure. (ii) When perforation is being done through the tubing a wire line blowout preventor should also be installed so that in case of a kick, the well can be closed with the perforation wireline tool in the hole. (iii) Storage and handling of explosives at well site should be done in accordance with Indian Explosive Rule 1983 and local rules if any. (iv) Before use of explosives all the sources of stray electrical energy namely cathodic system, electrical welding, radio frequency energy, stray voltage, rig wiring etc. should be de-energized. (v) Any mechanical impact or interference on explosive components should be avoided. (vi) Discarded and faulty explosives should not be thrown and to be disposed of at an identified place. (vii) The holes, loaded with explosives should not be left unattended till the blasting is completed. (viii) Transportation of explosives should be done in accordance with Indian Explosives Rules 1983. (ix) Location of magazine for storing the explosives should be chosen as per the guidelines laid in Indian Explosives Rules 1984.

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LECTURE NOTES BY AMIT SRIVASTAVA SE(P) ONGC , SIVASAGAR, ASSAM WORKSHOP ON “TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS” TOPIC : SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN UPSTREAM

F. RESERVOIR STUDIES: Environmental aspects are leakage of hydrocarbon and fire.

Recommended Practice (i) (ii)

An area within 30 meters of the well should be treated as danger zone and no smoking or open flame be permitted within the danger zone. All electrical equipment within the danger zone should be de-energized.

G. LABORATORIES: Environmental aspects are draining of tested and left over hydrocarbon and other samples, chemical fumes, waste chemicals and containers, fire and explosion. Recommended Practice (i)

Left over crude oil samples and tested samples should be collected in container and be disposed in identified oil sumps. (ii) Other used chemicals should be collected in a separate container and not to be drained in the sink of laboratory. (iii) Electrical lights and fittings by hydrocarbon chemical laboratory should be flame proof. (iv) Laboratory should be properly ventilated. (v) Safety data sheet of chemicals being used in laboratory should be kept readily available. (vi) Effluent from laboratory should not go to storm water channel. Such effluent should be subjected to effluent treatment plant. (vii) Before disposing of spent chemicals, these chemicals should be neutralized suitably. Suitable disposal site should be identified. (viii) Oxidising chemicals should be stored away from flammable material. (ix) Cylinder containing flammable gases and toxic gases should be kept separately and suitably partitioned by a wall. (x) Appropriate protective gears should be used while handling hazardous chemicals.

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