HUI 2013 Energy
Content
World Energy Situation and Energy Resources Development Technology
March 2013
Sohei SHIMADA
1
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand, Shale gas, Coalbed methane,
Underground coal gasification
2
World Energy Situation
3
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
4
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
5
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
6
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
7
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
8
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
9
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
US Energy Situation
Crude oil production, particularly from tight oil reservoirs, rises sharply over the next decade.
10
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
Unconventional gas (shale gas, tight sand gas, coalbed methane) share the major natural gas production in the USA.
11
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
Natural gas production increase serves the industrial and electric power sectors, as well as an expanding export market.
12
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
With improved efficiency of energy use and a shift away from the most carbonintensive fuels (coal) to natural gas, U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions remain more than 5 percent below their 2005 level through 2040. 13
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
Results of “Shale Gas Revolution”
Drastic decrease of gas price. (1/2 of EU, 1/3 of Japan.) Change of natural gas import country to export country.
LNG plants for import will be switched to for export plants.
Return of chemical industry from China to USA.(Energy price in USA is cheaper than China)
14
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand, Shale gas, Coalbed methane,
Underground coal gasification
15
Process of Mineral Resources Development
• • • • • • • Exploration Evaluation Mining, Production Washing, Dressing, Refining Transportation Utilization Reclamation
16
Coal Mining
Surface coal mining or Open pit coal mining
1) Drag-line, 2) BWE=Bucket Wheel Excavator, 3)Blasting + dump car Overburden ratio(or Stripping ratio) =Removed rock （m3）／Produced coal （t） (Overburden must be usually less than 15 for economical coal mining. ）
Underground coal mining
1) Longwall coal mining: drum cutter ＋ self-advancing support
2) Room and pillar coal mining：continuous miner
17
Underground Coal Mining (room & pillar)
Pillar Continuous miner
18
Underground Coal Mining (Longwall)
Roadway Goaf (or) Mined out area Coal seam
Roadway
Belt conveyor
Drum Cutter
Self advancing support
19
Surface Coal Mining
Ｄｒａｇ Ｌｉｎｅ
ＢＷＥ （Bucket Wheel Excavator)
20
Structure and traps oil deposit
Anticline trap Unconformity trap
Cap Rock
Reservoir
a) anticline trap
World large oil reservoir is mainly anticline trap.
ｂ）fault trap c) unconformity trap ｄ）permeability trap
21
Drilling and Completion of Oil/Natural Gas Well
1： Well Drilling 2： Well Completion • Casing schedule • Cementing • Formation Access access from well to reservoir by using slot and perforation 3：Stimulation In order to increase permeability artificially, Hydro-fracturing) 4: Production
22
Drilling and Completed Well
Rotary grilling rig
Tri-Cone Bit
23
24
Surface Footprint in Oil Well
25
Surface Footprint in Oil Well
26
Properties of Reservoir Related to Oil Production
1: Porosity primary porosity, secondary porosity 2: Permeability q／A＝ - K （ｄＰ／ｄＬ）／μ Unit: darcy(d), mili-darcy (md) q: volume (flowing per unit time and unit pressure gradient through unit area in porous media) A: sectional area, K:permeability , P:pressure, L:length, μ:viscosity 3: Wettability related to surface tension
27
EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery)
To achieve increased oil production by acting the external force outside of the reservoir.
• • • • Water Flooding Gas Injection Miscible Flooding Chemical Flooding: use of polymer and surface active agent • Steam Injection • Fire Flooding
Recovery rate by (self) flowing 30% + EOR 40%
28
EOR with CO2 Injection (Miscible Flooding)
29 CCS Source: IPCC Special Report on
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand, Shale gas, Coalbed methane,
Underground coal gasification
30
New Development Method of Fossil Energy Resources
Future Oil Resources
1) Tar Sand or Oil Sand for shallow reservoir : surface mining + extractin of oil by steam or chemical agent for deep reservoir : CSS(Cyclic Steam Stimulation) SAGD(Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) 2) Oil Shale
Future Natural Gas Resources
1) Shale Gas, Tight Sand Gas(or Tight Gas ) 2) Coalbed Methane: CBM 3) Methane Hydrate: MH
Gas recovery method from coalbed
1) CBM：Coalbed Methane 2) UCG：Underground Coal Gasification
31
World Oil Sand & Oil Shale Deposits
Oil sand
Oil shale
32
Heavy Oil Resources in the World
33
Development of Oil Sand
Surface mining
34
Rehabilitation (Reclamation) of Mined Area
35
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (CCS)
CCS: Cyclic Steam Stimulation
36
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (CCS)
37
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (SAGD)
SAGD: Steam assisted Gravity Drainage
VAPEX (Vapor Extraction):Vaporizer like ethylene is used instead of steam
38
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (SAGD)
39
Oil Production Costs from Canadian Oil Sands
40
R/P of Oil
R: reserves , P: production (annual) year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 R/P 34.9 34.9 30.1 34.0 33.1 30.0 28.5 28.2 year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 R/P 31.4 33.0 33.4 34.0 34.4 32.0 41.3 40.4 year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 R/P 43.4 43.1 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.2 40.9 41.0
1979
1980
27.1
28.7
1989
1990
43.6
42.6
1999
2000 2001 2002
43.0
39.9 39.9 40.6
41
World Oil Reserves
42
Oil cost curve, including technological progress: availability of oil resources as a function of economic prices
Source: IEA
43
Types of Gas Resources
44
Types of Unconventional Gas Resources
Order of permeability 1000 md 10 md 0.01 md 0.001md Types: Tight Sand Gas (TSG) Coalbed Methane (CBM)
Shale Gas (SG)、
Methane Hydrate (MH)
Common characteristics of TSG,CBM,SG: Stored in very fine pores of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, coal). Very low permeability. Need special drilling methods for economical production.
45
MIT, Future of Natural Gas, 2011
Outcrop of Gas Shale in Canada
46
Estimate of Natural Gas Production
47
IEA: Are we entergin the golden age of gas? 2011
World Natural Gas Resources
48
IEA: Are we entergin the golden age of gas? 2011
World Natural Gas Resources
49
Multiple lateral wells, Hydro-fracturing
50
Hydrofracturing (Hydro-frac)
Fracture with time
Gel
Proppant
51
Monitoring by micro-seismic
52
53
Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery (ECBMR)
CO2, N2 and flue gas from power station are used as injection gases. Large scale demonstration experiment at San Juan Basin, USA (Production enhancement was observed). CO2 storage (CO2 sequestration) when CO2 is injected.
54
Principle of Underground Coal Gasification
Primary reaction (reaction of C in coal with gasification agent)
C+O2 = CO2 2C+O2=2CO
C+H2O=CO+H2
C+2H2O=CO2+2H2
Secondary reaction
C+CO2=2CO
C+2H2=CH4
2CO+O2=CH4 2H2+O2=2H2O CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O
CO+H2O=CO2+H2
2CO+2H2=CH4+CO2 CO+3H2=CH4+H2O
55
Source：NEDO-E-0152
Principle of Underground Coal Gasification
Combusted gas generated in oxidation zone is gasified by reacting with coal in reducing zone. Gas is also produced by pyrolysis. 56
World UCG Project Sites
57
Swan Hill UCG Project (Alberta, Canada)
http://www.zeuslibrary.net/Gasification/project_overview.aspx?plantid=45858
Thank you for your attention
59
March 2013
Sohei SHIMADA
1
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand, Shale gas, Coalbed methane,
Underground coal gasification
2
World Energy Situation
3
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
4
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
5
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
6
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
7
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
8
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
World Energy Situation
9
EIA:Intern. annual energy outlook 2011
US Energy Situation
Crude oil production, particularly from tight oil reservoirs, rises sharply over the next decade.
10
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
Unconventional gas (shale gas, tight sand gas, coalbed methane) share the major natural gas production in the USA.
11
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
Natural gas production increase serves the industrial and electric power sectors, as well as an expanding export market.
12
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
With improved efficiency of energy use and a shift away from the most carbonintensive fuels (coal) to natural gas, U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions remain more than 5 percent below their 2005 level through 2040. 13
EIA: Annual energy outlook 2013 early release overview
US Energy Situation
Results of “Shale Gas Revolution”
Drastic decrease of gas price. (1/2 of EU, 1/3 of Japan.) Change of natural gas import country to export country.
LNG plants for import will be switched to for export plants.
Return of chemical industry from China to USA.(Energy price in USA is cheaper than China)
14
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand, Shale gas, Coalbed methane,
Underground coal gasification
15
Process of Mineral Resources Development
• • • • • • • Exploration Evaluation Mining, Production Washing, Dressing, Refining Transportation Utilization Reclamation
16
Coal Mining
Surface coal mining or Open pit coal mining
1) Drag-line, 2) BWE=Bucket Wheel Excavator, 3)Blasting + dump car Overburden ratio(or Stripping ratio) =Removed rock （m3）／Produced coal （t） (Overburden must be usually less than 15 for economical coal mining. ）
Underground coal mining
1) Longwall coal mining: drum cutter ＋ self-advancing support
2) Room and pillar coal mining：continuous miner
17
Underground Coal Mining (room & pillar)
Pillar Continuous miner
18
Underground Coal Mining (Longwall)
Roadway Goaf (or) Mined out area Coal seam
Roadway
Belt conveyor
Drum Cutter
Self advancing support
19
Surface Coal Mining
Ｄｒａｇ Ｌｉｎｅ
ＢＷＥ （Bucket Wheel Excavator)
20
Structure and traps oil deposit
Anticline trap Unconformity trap
Cap Rock
Reservoir
a) anticline trap
World large oil reservoir is mainly anticline trap.
ｂ）fault trap c) unconformity trap ｄ）permeability trap
21
Drilling and Completion of Oil/Natural Gas Well
1： Well Drilling 2： Well Completion • Casing schedule • Cementing • Formation Access access from well to reservoir by using slot and perforation 3：Stimulation In order to increase permeability artificially, Hydro-fracturing) 4: Production
22
Drilling and Completed Well
Rotary grilling rig
Tri-Cone Bit
23
24
Surface Footprint in Oil Well
25
Surface Footprint in Oil Well
26
Properties of Reservoir Related to Oil Production
1: Porosity primary porosity, secondary porosity 2: Permeability q／A＝ - K （ｄＰ／ｄＬ）／μ Unit: darcy(d), mili-darcy (md) q: volume (flowing per unit time and unit pressure gradient through unit area in porous media) A: sectional area, K:permeability , P:pressure, L:length, μ:viscosity 3: Wettability related to surface tension
27
EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery)
To achieve increased oil production by acting the external force outside of the reservoir.
• • • • Water Flooding Gas Injection Miscible Flooding Chemical Flooding: use of polymer and surface active agent • Steam Injection • Fire Flooding
Recovery rate by (self) flowing 30% + EOR 40%
28
EOR with CO2 Injection (Miscible Flooding)
29 CCS Source: IPCC Special Report on
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand, Shale gas, Coalbed methane,
Underground coal gasification
30
New Development Method of Fossil Energy Resources
Future Oil Resources
1) Tar Sand or Oil Sand for shallow reservoir : surface mining + extractin of oil by steam or chemical agent for deep reservoir : CSS(Cyclic Steam Stimulation) SAGD(Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) 2) Oil Shale
Future Natural Gas Resources
1) Shale Gas, Tight Sand Gas(or Tight Gas ) 2) Coalbed Methane: CBM 3) Methane Hydrate: MH
Gas recovery method from coalbed
1) CBM：Coalbed Methane 2) UCG：Underground Coal Gasification
31
World Oil Sand & Oil Shale Deposits
Oil sand
Oil shale
32
Heavy Oil Resources in the World
33
Development of Oil Sand
Surface mining
34
Rehabilitation (Reclamation) of Mined Area
35
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (CCS)
CCS: Cyclic Steam Stimulation
36
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (CCS)
37
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (SAGD)
SAGD: Steam assisted Gravity Drainage
VAPEX (Vapor Extraction):Vaporizer like ethylene is used instead of steam
38
Recovery Method of Oil Sand (SAGD)
39
Oil Production Costs from Canadian Oil Sands
40
R/P of Oil
R: reserves , P: production (annual) year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 R/P 34.9 34.9 30.1 34.0 33.1 30.0 28.5 28.2 year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 R/P 31.4 33.0 33.4 34.0 34.4 32.0 41.3 40.4 year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 R/P 43.4 43.1 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.2 40.9 41.0
1979
1980
27.1
28.7
1989
1990
43.6
42.6
1999
2000 2001 2002
43.0
39.9 39.9 40.6
41
World Oil Reserves
42
Oil cost curve, including technological progress: availability of oil resources as a function of economic prices
Source: IEA
43
Types of Gas Resources
44
Types of Unconventional Gas Resources
Order of permeability 1000 md 10 md 0.01 md 0.001md Types: Tight Sand Gas (TSG) Coalbed Methane (CBM)
Shale Gas (SG)、
Methane Hydrate (MH)
Common characteristics of TSG,CBM,SG: Stored in very fine pores of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, coal). Very low permeability. Need special drilling methods for economical production.
45
MIT, Future of Natural Gas, 2011
Outcrop of Gas Shale in Canada
46
Estimate of Natural Gas Production
47
IEA: Are we entergin the golden age of gas? 2011
World Natural Gas Resources
48
IEA: Are we entergin the golden age of gas? 2011
World Natural Gas Resources
49
Multiple lateral wells, Hydro-fracturing
50
Hydrofracturing (Hydro-frac)
Fracture with time
Gel
Proppant
51
Monitoring by micro-seismic
52
53
Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery (ECBMR)
CO2, N2 and flue gas from power station are used as injection gases. Large scale demonstration experiment at San Juan Basin, USA (Production enhancement was observed). CO2 storage (CO2 sequestration) when CO2 is injected.
54
Principle of Underground Coal Gasification
Primary reaction (reaction of C in coal with gasification agent)
C+O2 = CO2 2C+O2=2CO
C+H2O=CO+H2
C+2H2O=CO2+2H2
Secondary reaction
C+CO2=2CO
C+2H2=CH4
2CO+O2=CH4 2H2+O2=2H2O CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O
CO+H2O=CO2+H2
2CO+2H2=CH4+CO2 CO+3H2=CH4+H2O
55
Source：NEDO-E-0152
Principle of Underground Coal Gasification
Combusted gas generated in oxidation zone is gasified by reacting with coal in reducing zone. Gas is also produced by pyrolysis. 56
World UCG Project Sites
57
Swan Hill UCG Project (Alberta, Canada)
http://www.zeuslibrary.net/Gasification/project_overview.aspx?plantid=45858
Thank you for your attention
59
