Industrial Chem by Tekk
Content
!" !"## $ % $
Natural resource: & & ' ' " ( )* + , - " " . + /
Steps to answering this question: 1. Name a limited natural resource (guano) 2. Discuss issues associated with the increased need for the resource
3. Use Identify replacement materials and/or current research into replacements 4. appropriate structure for discussion (opening argument, discussion of issues and concluding remarks)
) 0 1 ! " # $% $&% $% $
Recall: 2 %3 # $ 1 4 / 5 5 1
Factors which affect the equilibrium in a reversible reaction: % , % 1 6 1 1 • 7 1 • •
7 1 7 1 1 1
% $ % ( . ( 2 %3 1 $ " ! ' "( " "
8 1#
aA + bB ↔ cC + dD
7 , 6 % ( "
. # c
[C ] [ D ]
d
a b [ A] [ B]
=
K
Interpretationn of the equilibrium constant: Interpretatio 1 1 1 9 1 1 5 7 1 1 . / 1 1 1 , : 1 1 , : & " ')( & "
( 1 1 1 #
Recognise: 1 , " $ :; $ :< $ := 1
> + *
+ # • # ? , • • !0 • # # •
.
! ! & !
Process of sulfur extraction: . . + , + @* %" % 5 7 . 1 AABC
)
Property of sulfur which allow its extraction: extraction: + . 8 # • $ > %" @* %" / • + $ • +
Environmental issues: 7 ./ . 8 , 1 D 5 5 . . * H SO 2 4
Steps to producing sulfuric acid: % $ -# & !
+ . .#
S ( s ) + O2 ( g ) ↔ SO 2 ( g ) + ∆ H
Conditionss necessary: Condition . . . . *** *% !*** % . SO2 SO3
.# & ! ! ! !
+ . . . " . . V 2O 5 " . . 1 . .
V O
2 5 2 SO2 ( s ) + O2 ( g ) ← → 2 SO3 ( g ) + 197 kJ
Conditionss necessary: Condition + . $ $ %1 !**5BB**%" 5) " , . 9. . 1 /# 0 !
. " H 2 S 2 O7 " 1 $ . . "
>
$ 1 .
SO3 ( g ) + H 2 SO4 ( l ) → H 2 S 2 O7 (l ) 1# &
AC
H 2 S 2O7 (l ) + H 2 O (l ) → 2 H 2 SO4 (l ) SO2 SO3
Conditions necessary for producing SO2 :
S ( s ) + O2 ( g ) → SO 2 ( g ) + ∆ H . . . 1EEE" ****% !*** % . SO2 SO3
Conditions necessary for producing SO3 :
V 2O5
2 SO2 ( s ) + O2 ( g ) ← → 2 SO3 ( g ) + 197 kJ
+ . $ $ %1 !**5BB**%" 5) " , . . . 1 9. . 1 , 1 ./ 5)" . 1 . , . 0 " SO2 SO3
$ . . 1
2 SO2 ( s ) + O2 ( g ) ↔ 2 SO 3 ( g ) + 197 kJ
+ . $ , . ." BB**% !***% AFC . / " ! # $ !2 % $
Sulfuric acid as an oxidizing agent: + ./ " ( . +
G # Zn( s ) + 2 H (aq ) → Zn
2+
( aq ) + H 2 ( g )
4 (aq ) + H 2 ( g ) # Zn( s ) + H 2 SO 4 ( aq ) → ZnSO
!
" ./ .
−
2−
2 Sn( s ) + 2 H + ( aq) + 2 HSO4 ( aq) → Sn + ( aq ) + SO2 ( g ) + 2 H 2 O(l ) + SO4 ( aq)
Sulfuric acid as a dehydrating agent: % $ #
4 ( g ) + H 2 O (l ) C 2 H 5OH (l ) + H 2 SO 4 (l ) → C 2 H
% # H 2 O ( g ) C 12 H 22 O11 ( s) → 12 C ( s ) + 11 ! !
Describe the exothermic nature: 7 .
−
H 2 SO4 (l ) + H 2O (l ) → H 3O + (aq) + HSO4 (aq) + heat Explain the exothermic nature: "
# +
−
+
3O ( aq) + HSO4 (aq) 8 # H 2 SO4 (l ) + H 2 O(l ) → H −
+
3O (aq) + SO4 + # HSO4 (aq ) + H 2 O(l ) ↔ H
2−
(aq)
$ -5 " ." . -H .
3# $ " +
+
2 H ( aq ) + 2 H 2 O (l ) → 2 H 3O ( aq ) ∆ H hydration = −2182 kJ .mol
−1
Concerns with sulfuric acid:
7 . . 8 . Safety precaution precautions s # + I" , , / ) +
B
Safety precaution precautions s # %1 0 + 3 $ 4 & &
• • •
% )C" %1 ( " % $ + .
! . 1 ! & "
Electrolysis: The process of driving a non-spontaneous redox reaction to occur by means of electrical energy, to separate ions at molten state. Electrolytic cell: an electric cell in which the process of electrolysis occurs Galvanic and electric cells: & . & . 9 $ 5 .
8 9 . 8 2 . # * ! "
General terms: $ . / +
Main features: % " ./ . / −
Anode reaction: 2Cl (aq ) → Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e
−
+ " . . −
−
Cathode reaction: 2 H 2O (l ) + 2e → H 2 ( g ) + 2OH ( aq ) −
−
# 2Cl (aq ) + 2 H 2O (l ) → Cl 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) + 2OH (aq ) +
−
+
−
7 # 2 Na ( aq ) + 2Cl ( aq ) + 2 H 2O (l ) → Cl 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) + 2 Na ( aq ) + 2OH ( aq )
electrolys is
8 1# 2 NaCl ( aq ) + 2 H 2O (l ) ( aq ) + Cl 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) → 2 NaOH ! !# $ % $ % $ % & &&
@
The Mercury Process .
Description of equipments: , . . 1 .
Basic chemistry (must memorize equations): $ - , +
−
Cathode reaction: 2 Na ( aq ) + 2e + Hg (l ) → 2 Na ( dissoved
in Hg )
% −
Anode reaction: 2Cl (aq ) → Cl2 ( g ) + 2e
−
, 5 # 2 Na / Hg + 2 H 2O(l ) → 2 NaOH ( aq ) + H 2 ( g ) + 2 Hg (l ) # 2 Na + + 2Cl − + 2 H 2 O (l ) → 2 − + H 2 ( g ) + Cl 2 ( g ) Na + + 2OH
Advantages: •
•
•
$ $ . (
Technical difficultie difficulties: s: •
•
•
•
1 . J 1 . 2 G-
F
Environmental difficulties: •
•
, . + % .
# •
•
$ + . .
The Diaphragm Process $ 1 .
Descriptionn of equipment Descriptio equipments: s: , , 5 . .
Basic chemistry (must memorize equations): $ " " ./ −
Anode reaction: 2Cl (aq ) → Cl2 ( g ) + 2e
−
+ " . . −
−
Cathode reaction: 2 H 2 O (l ) + 2e → H 2 ( g ) + 2OH ( aq ) # +
−
+
−
2 Na ( aq ) + 2Cl ( aq ) + 2 H 2O (l ) → Cl2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) + 2 Na ( aq ) + 2OH ( aq ) .
Advantages:
•
•
1 G- 2 1
Technical difficultie difficulties: s: • •
•
- % 5" . 1 C" . , 1
Environmental difficulties:
The Membrane Process $ 5 %
Basic chemistry (must memorize equations): " 7 . . . G%" −
Anode reaction: 2Cl (aq ) → Cl2 ( g ) + 2e −
−
−
Cathode reaction: 2 H 2 O (l ) + 2e → H 2 ( g ) + 2OH ( aq )
electrolys is
Overall: 2 NaCl ( aq ) + 2 H 2O (l ) → 2 NaOH ( aq) + Cl 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) Technical and environmental difficulties in comparison to other processes: # • 5 • G . • .
A
- 5
Model response: “Evaluate changes in industrial production methods for sodium hydroxide” (6 marks HSC2002) + # 1 G- ( # " . G-" G- * / 0 # GH . G- - 5 &
G-
To identify chlorine: ,G> $ ,%
To identify hydrogen gas: , , , K3
To identify NaOH: $ G- - - G-
Hazards: •
•
7 7
0 ! "
9 1 3
The decomposition of molten NaCl to its elements:
2 NaCl (l ) → 2 Na(l ) + Cl 2 ( g ) %# ,#
Na −
+
−
+ e → Na (l )
2Cl → Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e
−
The decomposition of aqueous aqueous NaCl to its elements:
*
+
−
2 NaCl ( aq ) + 2 H 2 O (l ) → 2 Na ( aq ) + 2OH ( aq ) + H 2 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g ) %# ,#
−
2 H 2O + 2e → H 2 + 2OH −
2Cl → Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e
−
−
B + &
Saponification is described as the hydrolysis of fats and oils under alkaline conditions (OH) to produce glycerol and salts of fatty acids. + . L-" L%-" .
Ra For example:
−
− COO − Rb + OH → Ra − COO
−
+ Rb − OH
H . → H "
Process in the school laboratory: , G- K 3 G%
Procedure: ) > ! B @
B2 )*2 !*0 G- B**2 . >* 7 . * G% . > + .
Safety risk: •
•
G- G- - . G-
Conditions: • •
•
0 1 + .
Industrial process:
) > !
0. G- " K3 + 4 . . - 1 1 .
B 7 @
Conditions: • •
•
$ 0 . + 1
Comparison in summary: In the School lab: •
•
•
•
•
6 6 + ? + .
0
Structure of soap: + . " K53" . K 3" K 3 K 3" .
Account for soap’s cleaning action: 75 5 5 . 5 . + 4 . , 4 4
Model response: “describe the molecular structure of soap and use this structure to account for the cleaning action of soaps” 7 , 5 % 5 7 " 5 " . " 5
)
, 4 4 !
Emulsion: the dispersion of small droplets of an immiscible liquid in another + . +
Formation of micelles: 5 . # $ % $ % $ $ 5 % $
Anionic detergents: detergents which have a negative charged head. Eg. soap Cationic detergents: detergents with a positively charged head. Eg. alkyl ammonium group Non-ionic detergents: detergents with a polar head rather than ionic head groups such as alcohol and ethoxy functional groups. Surfactant: substance substance that decreases the surface tension of water or, alternatively alternatively,, that ‘solubilises’ dirt and grease Structure and chemical compositions: , +" , ("
+ ""
G5
% ("
% 2 L%L GH" 2 " L?LL +)LL GH" 2 4 L%-)L %-)LL" . 5 2 G LG?>H" % % 5
Effect in hard water and uses: 9 9 0 )H %)H" D + " 0 , 8 . $ " 1 1 , . G5
G 9
8
>
%
G 9 - - .
+ 4 5 % . , %
, $ &
6
% . # , " / 8 . . . + # • & • •
# CH 3 (CH 2 )14 COOH
•
+ # CH 3 (CH 2 )16 COOH = CH − (CH # CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 − CH 2 ) 7 COOH
•
2 # CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 − CH = CH − CH 2 − CH = CH − (CH 2 ) 7 COOH
& & & ! &
Soaps: + .
Early detergents: 9 AB* K@* +" . . .
Recent detergent detergents: s: 0 " - / . " . . . 1 %
Non-ionic detergents: 0 5
!
Assessment/Judgment: , ' , 7 7 (
B + @* &
Raw materials: G%" " Products: (CaCl3 ) ( Na2CO 3 ) ,
# • & # . ." # + • 7 $ " • + # + .
• •
. " . 5 + # , / # + /
& " & && # $ % $ % $ % $ &
Flowchart:
Sequence of steps in the t he Solvay process
6 G%"
Chemistry of brine purification:
B
6 $ # # 2−
Ca 3+ (aq) + CO 3 (aq ) → CaCO3 ( s) -. +
−
Mg 2 (aq ) + 2 OH ( aq ) → Mg (OH ) 2 ( s ) − Fe 3+ ( aq) + 3 OH (aq) → Fe(OH ) 3 ( s )
, ) > % . "
Chemistry of hydrogen carbonate formation: 7 . %) #
CO2 ( g ) + H 2CO3 ( aq ) 2O (l ) ↔ H " "#
+
−
NH 3 (aq) + H 2CO3 (aq) ↔ NH 4 (aq) + HCO3 (aq) #
+
−
3 Na (aq) + HCO (aq) ↔ NaHCO (s ) 3
#
NaCl (aq ) + CO2 ( g ) + NH 3 ( g ) + H 2O (l ) → NaHCO3 ( s ) + NH 4 Cl (aq ) !
Chemistry of sodium carbonate formation: 8 #
heat
2 NaHCO3 ( s ) → Na 2CO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) + H 2O ( g ) . B
Chemistry of ammonia recovery: ." , . + 2 #
CaCO3 ( s ) → CaO ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) . . #
CaO ( s ) + H 2O (l ) → Ca (OH ) 2 ( aq ) .
2 ( aq Ammonia recovery: Ca (OH ) 2 ( aq ) + 2 NH 4Cl ( aq ) → CaCl ) + 2 H 2O (l ) + 2 NH 3 ( g ) The overall reaction for the Solvay process: ammonia 2 NaCl (aq ) + CaCO ( ) → Na 2 CO3 ( s ) + CaCl 2 ( aq ) 3 s
& & !
@
General statement: , + . Thermal pollution: + . . . .
Waste products: , 7 + , 5
Conclusion: +
How the issues are addressed: +
, $ & && & 7 ,-. 8!
Procedure for modeling reaction of ammoniacal brine with carbon dioxide: D %) : " . G% G-!% G)%>
Safety risks: %) & 5 G-> 9 ,
Difficulties with laboratory modeling: $ *% G-> $ G-> 4 & & & !
Criteria used: # 1 ) L .
Example- the Solvay process: + 1 G% , 4 9 1 1
F
8 1 . . 1
