Instructional Des

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Lesson 8 - Instructional Strategy
Lesson 8 Readings
 Read Chapter 8, Developing an Instructional Strategy, from Dick and Carey.

Background Information
Well, you�ve come a long way in the instructional design process. You�ve defined a need that you want to address with instruction, decided on a goal, and broke that goal down into steps, substeps, and subskills. In addition, you should have a good idea of who your learners are, the context they will learn these new skills in, and the context they will use these new skills in. Finally you created a list of objectives indicating what you want them to be able to do at the end of your instruction, along with items that will help you determine whether they can do it or not. With all of these broad planning and analysis steps finished, it is time to think about planning individual lessons. This is accomplished by creating an instructional strategy. As you see this is the sixth step in the Dick and Carey model.

Dick and Carey use the term Instructional Strategy to describe the process of sequencing and organizing content, specifying learning activities, and deciding how to deliver the content and activities. An instructional strategy can perform several functions:     It can be used as a prescription to develop instructional materials. It can be used as a set of criteria to evaluate existing materials. It can be used as a set of criteria and a prescription to revise existing materials. It can be used as a framework from which to plan class lecture notes, interactive group exercises, and homework assignments.

The planning of an instructional strategy is an important part of the overall instructional design process. Gagne calls the planning and analysis steps the "architecture" of the course, while the instructional strategies are the "bricks and mortar". This is where you deal with how to actually instruct the student. Previous steps in the instructional design process have deliberately left out any discussion of how the instruction would be done.

Elements of an Instructional Strategy

Creating an instructional strategy involves taking all of the information you have accumulated to this point and generating an effective plan for presenting your instruction to your learners. At this point you must be able to combine your knowledge of learning and design theory with your experience of learners and objectives. Creating a strategy is not the same as actually developing your instructional materials. The purpose of creating the strategy before developing the materials themselves is to outline how the instructional activities will relate to the accomplishment of the objectives (Gagn�, 1988). This will provide you with a clear plan for subsequent development. Dick and Carey describe four elements of an instructional strategy:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Content Sequence and Clustering Learning Components Student Groupings Selection of Media and Delivery Systems

Let�s take a brief look at each one.

Element 1 - Content Sequencing and Clustering
Content Sequencing The first step in developing an instructional strategy is deciding on a teaching sequence and groupings of content. Whether you are developing a lesson, a course, or an entire curriculum, decisions must be made regarding the sequencing of objectives. The best way to determine the sequence is to refer to your instructional analysis. You will generally begin with the lower level subordinate skills on the left and work your way up through the hierarchy until you reach the main goal step. It�s not a good idea to present information about a skill until you have presented information on all related subordinate skills. Work your way from bottom to top and left to right until you have covered all of the skills. Then you�ll want to provide instruction on integrating all of the steps in the instructional goal (attainment of the terminal objective). Clustering Instruction The next important consideration is how you will group your instructional activities. You may decide to present information one objective at a time, or cluster several related objectives. Dick and Carey recommend taking the following factors into consideration when determining how much or how little instruction to present at any given time:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The age level of your learners The complexity of the material The type of learning taking place Whether the activity can be varied, thereby focusing attention on the task The amount of time required to include all the events in the instructional strategy for each cluster of content presented.

Element 2 - Learning Components
The next element in an instructional strategy is a description of the learning components for a set of instructional materials. Here Dick and Carey mention Gagn��s Nine Events of Instruction, which is a set of external teaching activities that support the internal processes of learning. Back in Lesson 2 we

discussed Gagn��s theory of instruction, and introduced its three main components: learning categories (domains), learning conditions, and the nine events of instruction. We have already discussed the learning categories, and in this lesson we will look at the events of instruction, and his conditions of instruction. In order for instruction to bring about effective learning, it must be made to influence the internal processes of learning. Gagn� believes that instruction is "a deliberately arranged set of external events designed to support internal learning processes" (pg. 11), and is interested in what kinds of events can provide such support. Therefore, to tie his theory of instruction together, he formulated nine events of instruction that are needed for all learning processes and learning outcomes. When followed, these events are intended to promote the transfer of knowledge or information from perception through the various stages of memory. Gagne derived these events from an understanding of the cognitive processes that go on in the brain (you should remember learning about cognitive information processing in your Education Psychology course). In brief, the kinds of processing presumed to occur during any single act of learning are summarized by Gagn� as follows:

1. Attention: Determines the extent and nature of reception of incoming stimulation. 2. Selective Perception (sometimes called pattern recognition): Transforms this stimulation into the 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
form of object-features, for storage in short-term memory. Rehearsal: Maintains and renews the items stored in short-term memory. Semantic Encoding: Prepares information for long-term storage. Retrieval, including search: Returns stored information to the working memory or to a response generator. Response Organization: Selects and organizes performance. Feedback: Provides the learner with information about performances and sets in motion the process of reinforcement. Executive Control Processes: Select and activate cognitive strategies; these modify any or all of the previously listed internal processes.

As stated earlier, these internal processes can be influenced by external events, which is what makes instruction possible. For example, Selective Perception may be influenced by particular arrangements of instructional materials. A simple technique for this would be to highlight or underline a block of text you wanted learners to focus on. Gagn��s events of instruction are designed to help learners get from where they are to where you want them to be. Here�s a list of the events, in the order they are typically employed:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Gaining attention Informing learner of objectives Stimulating recall of prior learning Presenting the stimulus material Providing learning guidance Eliciting the performance Providing feedback about performance correctness Assessing the performance Enhancing retention and transfer

Keep in mind that each of these events may not be provided for every lesson. Sometimes, one or more of the events may already be obvious to the learner and may not be needed. Also, one or more of the events may be provided by the learners themselves, particularly experienced self-learners. Older, more experienced learners may provide many of the events on their own, while for young children the teacher would arrange for most of them.

Dick and Carey rearrange Gagn��s events to fit into five categories. However, since Gagn��s nine original events are so widely known we want to focus on those for now. Here's a closer look at each one: 1. Gaining Attention Many different kinds of techniques are employed to gain learner�s attention. Often this is done using some sort of attention getting device, such as quick cutting in a video. However, the best way to gain attention is to appeal to the learner�s interests. This can be done using probing questions, such as, "What do you think makes a leaf fall from a tree?" Gaining attention ties in directly with the concept of motivation. Teachers know all too well the difficulties involved in motivating student to take an interest in their instruction. John Keller has tried to deal with this by developing the ARCS Model of motivation. ARCS is an acronym for: A R C S = Attention = Relevance = Confidence = Satisfaction

The ARCS Model is a method for improving the motivational appeal of instructional materials. This model is based on research related to motivation that indicates that people are motivated to engage in an activity if it is perceived to be linked to the satisfaction of personal needs, and if there is a positive expectancy for success. According to Keller (1988), these four conditions must be met in order for people to become and remain motivated.

1. Attention � Having students� attention is a prerequisite for learning. You should be concerned
with getting and maintaining attention. Getting attention is usually pretty easy, however, sustaining it can be difficult.

2. Relevance � This involves making the instruction seem relevant to learners� present and future
needs. It�s not always enough to tell students, "You�ll need this in the future". Many students, especially younger ones, live in the present and are not concerned with future needs, so you must seek ways to make your instruction seem relevant to their present needs.

3. Confidence � Confidence can influence a student�s persistence and accomplishment.
Confident people tend to attribute their successes to their ability and effort instead of luck, and believe that they can accomplish their goals through their actions. Unconfident people have a greater fear of failure. Strategies must be employed that give students the impression that if they put forth effort they can succeed.

4. Satisfaction � This involves making people feel good about their accomplishments. People will
feel more confident if they are made aware of the task and the reward for success, and if an appropriate reinforcement schedule is used (sounds like Ed Psych stuff again, doesn�t it?) It�s also important to make students feel they have control over the behaviors that lead to the reward. If these four conditions are met one can assume to have made a reasonable attempt at gaining and maintaining motivation in their learners. In order meet these four conditions a designer must be aware of the learners� needs and interests. A good way to do that is to revisit your learner analysis. Dick and Carey discuss each of the ARCS factors, and provide a nice diagram on page 191 that indicates how these factors relate to their five learning components. 2. Informing Learners of the Objectives

The learner should be informed of the kind of performance that will be used to determine if they have learned what they are supposed to learn. In some cases it may not be necessary to specifically inform learners of the objectives because they already know (e.g., a tennis lesson). However, in many cases it is necessary in order to clarify to learners what they should be attempting to learn. For example, if students are studying the U.S. Constitution, should they be able to recite the Preamble, or should they be able to state the main ideas? If students know which one they can better attend to the accompanying instruction. It also helps them avoid undue stress resulting from them thinking that they have to know everything relating to a topic. In general it is best not to assume that learners know what it is they should be learning. Communicating objectives takes little time, and may even help the instructor stay on track. 3. Stimulating Recall of Prerequisite Learning According to cognitive information processing theory, most new learning depends on connections made to prior learning. For example, certain concepts and rules must have been previously learned in order to learn new higher-order rules. When new learning is about to occur, relevant prior information should be made internally accessible so that it can be made part of the learning event. This accessibility is assured by having the old information recalled just prior to presenting the new information. This can be done by asking recognition or recall questions. For example, you might ask something like, "Do you remember when you learned about�" This line of questioning recalls previously learned information and leads to a new strand of learning. In this way learners see the relationship between what they have already learned and what they will be learning. This also lends relevance to the entire process. 4. Presenting the Stimulus Material This event is when the new information is presented to the learner. For example, if learners must learn a series of facts then those facts must be communicated to them in some form. If they must learn a motor skill then the skill must be demonstrated. It is important at this point that the proper stimuli are presented as part of the instructional events. For example, if you want the learner to acquire the ability to answer questions delivered orally in French, you should not present them with questions in English or printed questions in French. If you do not use the proper stimuli then you may end up teaching the wrong skills. Stimulus presentation often emphasizes features that encourage learners to select what you want then to attend to. This can be done using italics, bold print, underlining, or pictures with arrows or circles or highlighting. Stimulus presentation for the learning of concepts and rules requires the use of a variety of examples. For example, if you are teaching about squares you should present big squares, small squares, squares of different colors, squares made out of different materials, and squares in everyday life. Likewise, if students are learning how to apply the formula for finding the area of a square, they need to be given several examples to make sure that they understand and can use the relevant rule. The third component of Gagn��s learning theory relates to his conditions of learning, which describes a set of strategies that can be used when presenting information in different learning domains. We will look closer at these strategies a little later in this lesson. Another important element in presenting instruction is that you should present a variety of examples and non-examples. A non-example is deliberately chosen for its non-relevance to the concept that is being taught. For example, not only is it important to present a variety of squares, it is also important to present a variety of examples of what is not a square (circles, triangles, rectangles). This aids in the discrimination process and further supports the acquisition of the concept. It is also important not to present too much information at one time, especially if it is not related to the objectives. 5. Providing Learning Guidance Learning guidance usually takes the form of communications between teacher and student that help guide the learner to the attainment of an objective. These communications stimulate a direction of thought and help keep the learner on track, leading to a more efficient learning situation. Their sole purpose is to

aid in the process of learning, and to move students from one state of mind to another. This does not involve telling the learner the answer; rather, it involves suggesting a line of thought that will presumably lead to the desired outcome. Try to avoid thinking about it in terms of simply presenting information � what you are really trying to do it facilitate learning. The amount of guidance given will depend on the type of learning desired. It will also vary according to the kinds of learners you have. Some require less guidance, and even shun such guidance, while others require a great deal and can become frustrated when it is not present. We have all encountered students who seem to need constant attention during an activity, while others prefer to keep to themselves and manage their own learning. In any event, it is important to be aware of the needs of your different students for varying levels of guidance. 6. Eliciting the Performance (Practice) The next event allows the learner to communicate to the instructor whether or not they can perform the skill they are trying to learn. This is done by providing the learner with practice exercises. Usually, the initial practice is done using the same example with which the learners were shown the skill. This is followed by more examples that differ from the original. All practice items must match the performances and conditions indicated within your objectives. Good practice items should include the following elements:       They should clearly specify the practice format and nature of the student response. They should be relevant to the objective. They should elicit the exact performance stated in the objective. The exact conditions stated in the objective should be present. Individuals versus groups should get practice. They should be provided as frequently and immediately following instruction as possible.

To illustrate, suppose you had the following objective: Students will construct a line graph and properly plot data presented in a given data table or chart. Now, look at the following options for providing practice:

1. You could have a blank graph drawn on the board along with a corresponding data chart. Each
student would be asked to go up to the board and plot one of the data points.

2. You could present a data chart to the class and discuss which elements should be included in a
graph that could display the data.

3. You could prepare a worksheet that contains a variety of graphs that each display data from a
given table differently. The students must circle the graphs that properly display the data.

4. You could give each student a data chart along with a blank piece of graph paper and instruct
them to construct a line graph and plot data from the chart into the graph. In this case the best practice over the skills stated in the objective would be number 4. It is the only choice that demands the exact performance of every student under the exact conditions stated in the objective. Here are a couple more examples of practice exercises: Objective: The students will write a descriptive essay of at least 300 words.

Bad: Have students read several examples of good examples. Bad: Write a descriptive essay in class by having each student contribute a sentence. Bad: Have each student orally describe an unknown object until the other students can guess what the object is. Good: Have students choose a topic and write an essay describing it. Objective: The student will balance a checkbook containing an initial balance and 10 unregistered check amounts. Bad: Have students solve subtraction problems on a worksheet. Bad: Have students describe how to balance a checkbook. Good: Give students a checkbook with an initial balance and 10 checks, and have them balance the checkbook. 7. Providing Feedback Not only should learners be provided with practice exercises, they should be given feedback about their performance. Feedback can be verbal, written, computerized, or given in other forms. Regardless of the form you choose, the feedback should inform the learners about the degree of correctness in their performance so that they may improve on subsequent attempts. It should also be given as soon after the performance as possible. In many cases feedback is automatically provided. For example, if you touch a hot stove you get burned � you don�t need anyone else to tell you that you just got burned, or to tell you not to do it again. However, in many cases the feedback is not automatic and must be provided by the instructor in some form. For example, if you are learning how to hit a golf ball, you can usually tell after you swing whether or not you hit it. However, an instructor would still be necessary to provide feedback as to why you missed it, and what corrections should be made to improve your performance. Feedback can also be used as positive reinforcement when learners perform correctly. Good feedback should include the following elements:     It should provide comments about the student�s performance. It should be immediate and frequent. It should have students correct their own mistakes if possible. It should consider using a variety of feedback types: knowledge of results, knowledge of correct results, analytical (related to criteria), motivational (reinforcement).

8. Assessing Performance In Gagne's eighth event you elicit a performance from the learners to determine if the desired learning has occurred. Students are assessed to determine whether the instruction has met its design objectives, and also to learn whether each student has achieved the desired objectives. Most of the time this results in some sort of grade being assigned to each student. In the last lesson we discussed the various types of assessments and assessment items. Now you should determine which of these assessments you will use and how you will administer them. Keep in mind that your assessments should match the stated objectives in order to provide an accurate judgment. 9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer Many people feel that when the test is over so is the course. However, as a last step it is important to figure out ways to increase the chances that the skills you have taught will be used properly by learners when they use them outside of the learning context. Learners may be able to recall new knowledge and skills in the classroom, but what about when they get into the real world?

Because learning is generally situation-specific, the best way to aid in retention and transfer is to provide a meaningful context in which to present your instruction. If the skills to be learned represent skills used in the real world, try to establish a "classroom" learning environment that approximates this real world context as close as possible. Then the jump to the real world will be less of a change for learners. For example, consider the following goal: Students will write a descriptive paragraph free of grammatical errors. Since writing descriptive paragraphs is often part of communicating with other people via letters, an excellent overall context for this outcome would be establishing email correspondences between students and people they care about. This closely matches what they would be doing in the real world, and as such will make it easier for them to transfer the skills they learn to that real world. It is also important to make sure that the most effective conditions for learning the specific type of performance are part of the learning environment (see the section below on learning conditions). Beyond that, another good way to enhance retention is through a review of the material at the end of the instruction. Reviews allow learners to practice retrieving new information, and also help to strengthen the network of relationships in the brain. For longer units it is often good to have reviews spaced periodically throughout the instruction. Assisting learners with the transfer of new skills is aided greatly by presenting students with new varieties of tasks that are related to what they have already learned. These tasks should require the application of what has been learned in situations that differ substantially from those used for the learning itself. For example, if you are teaching a set of rules for making verbs agree with a pronoun subject, you may have assessed learners� performance by presenting examples in which you varied the verb and the pronoun. However, to aid in transfer you would want to vary the situation even more. This might be done by having learners write sentences where they supply the verb and pronoun themselves instead of having them supplied to them. Or, you might have them compose sentences using verbs and pronouns based on events depicted in pictures. The important thing is to created varied examples that will help learners use the skills at a later date. Now that we�ve looked at each of Gagn��s events of instruction, here�s how each of the events relates to the internal learning processes that we previously listed: Instructional Event 1. Gaining attention 2. Informing learner of objectives 3. Stimulating recall of prior learning 4. Presenting the stimulus material 5. Providing learning guidance 6. Eliciting the performance 7. Providing feedback about performance correctness 8. Assessing the performance 9. Enhancing retention and transfer Relation to Learning Process Reception of patterns of neural impulses Activating a process of executive control Retrieval of prior learning to working memory Emphasizing features for selective perception Semantic encoding; cues for retrieval Activating response organization Establishing reinforcement Activating retrieval; making reinforcement possible Providing cues and strategies for retrieval

This wraps up the discussion on the second element of an instructional strategy � the learning components. Now on to element three.

Element 3 � Student Groupings
The next element of an instructional strategy is a description of how students will be grouped during instruction. The main things to consider are whether there are any requirements for social interaction explicit in the statement of your objectives, in the performance environment, in the specific learning component being planned, or in your own personal views. Student groupings can hinder individual learning, but at the same time they can motivate students and keep them interested. Also, keep in mind that your delivery system can affect the amount of social interaction possible. As you all know, a distancedelivered course makes it hard to promote social interaction between students. Similarly, computer-based instruction can be hard to do with groups of students.

Element 4 � Selection of Media and Delivery Systems
This is the fourth and final element of an instructional strategy. Once decisions have been made about content sequencing and clustering, and the learning components have been planned, it�s time to turn your attention to selecting a delivery system for your overall instructional system, along with the media you will use to present the information in your instruction. According to Gagn� (1988), the selection of a delivery system indicates a general preference for emphasizing certain instruments to accomplish instructional events. Within this general preference, specific agents or media can be assigned, event-byevent, objective-by-objective to accomplish the intended goal. The overall delivery system includes everything necessary to allow a particular instructional system to operate as it was intended and where it was intended. Some examples of delivery systems include:        Classroom delivery Lecture Correspondence Videotape Videoconference Computer-based Web-based

Once you have chosen a delivery system, various media can then be chosen to deliver the information and events of your instruction. Media constitutes the physical elements in the learning environment with which learners interact in order to learn something. The choice of media is done as part of the instructional strategy. For example, in a distance-delivered program such as this one, the decision was made at the beginning to use a web-based delivery system. Within this program, however, various media can be chosen to deliver the instruction, as long as they are compatible with the original delivery system. The choice of a delivery system is generally made at the course or curriculum level. For most teachers, the delivery system is usually already chosen � you will likely deliver your instruction in a classroom. However, the ideal way would be to base the decision on your goal, learner characteristics, learner and performance contexts, objectives, and assessment requirements � basically, all the stuff you�ve done up until now. With this in mind, though, you should turn your attention to selecting media to deliver your

instruction. In today�s world, even if your delivery system is chosen beforehand, it�s not a major setback because most media formats are available for use in most delivery systems. Different instructional media have different capabilities for providing the various events of instruction. For example, teachers are great for providing learning guidance and feedback; however, videotape can be used effectively to present stimulus situations that would be hard for a teacher to present in any other way (for example, a tour of Alaska). Dick and Carey discuss several issues to consider when selecting media: Media Selection for Domains of Learning Different types of media should be chosen based on the type of learning your objectives fall in to. Verbal information requires less elaborative feedback, so there is less need for interactive media. With intellectual skills elaborative feedback is more important, so some form of interactive media would be a better choice. Examples include direct instructor feedback, tutors, or interactive computer. Motor skills eventually require a performance of some sort from the learners, so the instruction should include the actual physical environment or the actual equipment that will be used for the assessment. When teaching attitudes it is usually desirable to have a model of some sort who chooses to exhibit the desired attitude. In this case visual media, such as television or video, can be used. Keep in mind that a single lesson or course may involve instruction in several domains, so you may end up selecting several different forms of media. Or, you may have to make a single form of media fit in with the various domains. Other Considerations in Choosing Media When deciding on media to use you should of course make sure that the media you select will be available in the learning environment. If you design your instruction to require a certain type of media then it�s up to you to make sure that it will be available when the time comes. If you can�t do this then you should limit your selections to those which can reasonably be expected to be available. Also, make sure that learners will be able to access the materials in the medium you select. Will the materials be needed at home? If so, can you give them out? Will students need to access a computer lab or learning center to get at the materials? If so, what hours will it be accessible? Finally, if you select a particular medium to present your information, you should make sure that you are able to produce materials for that medium, or that you have access to people who can. For example, many designers would like to create instructional materials that feature Director movies because Director allows you to combine audio and visual elements in unique and exciting ways. However, the reality is that this can be a difficult and time-consuming process if you are not skilled in using Director. You will likely want to limit your selections of this type of media to those you can create materials for, or set aside time to learn the required products. That is the last of the four elements in an instructional strategy. But before we discuss how to create an instructional strategy, let�s briefly look at the final aspect of Gagn��s theory of instruction: his conditions of learning.

Conditions of Learning
Gagn� believes that the purpose of all instruction is to provide the events of instruction mentioned earlier. These events can be performed by teachers or by the materials themselves, as long as they are successfully performed. The nine events of instruction are applicable to all domains of learning outcomes. However, the details of how they are presented imply different sets of conditions for learning. The

conditions of learning are a set of factors that influence learning that must be taken into account during the design of instruction. Gagne distinguishes between two types of conditions, internal and external.  Internal conditions of learning refer to the learner�s internal states and cognitive processes. These internal states consist of prior knowledge, motivation, attitudes, etc. Cognitive processes refer to the ways in which the learner interacts with their environment. External conditions refer to the things taking place in the learning environment, and include the arrangement and timing of stimulus events. Gagn��s theory proposes that learning takes place at all times, because learners are constantly engaged with their environments.



We obviously cannot directly control the internal conditions. However, Gagn�'s theory has led to a set of strategies for providing external support for learners as they attempt to achieve a goal. These strategies differ depending on the domain of learning. The following chart will help you decide on effective strategies for each domain as you create your instructional strategy (adapted from Essentials of Learning for Instruction by R.M. Gagn� and M.P. Driscoll, 1988).       Provide a meaningful context for effective encoding of information. Draw attention to distinctive features by variations in print or speech. Use terms or definitions in a sentence. Present information so that it can be made into chunks. Relate the information (term or definition) to preexisting knowledge. Present all terms clearly using the fewest number of words to convey the meaning. If more than five terms or units of information are to be presented in one lesson, group related terms or units into five or fewer clearly defined categories. Use a variety of concrete (observable) examples when possible, emphasizing the clear and well defined features that relate directly to the information. Explain clearly how learners will be expected to recall the information while it is initially presented. Make information readily accessible to learners, and provide opportunities for them to explore "nice-to-know" information associated with the knowledge. Practice with immediate feedback! Provide cues for effective recall and generalization of information.

Verbal Information

             

Intellectual Skills

Encourage learners to recall previously learned information or examples that illustrate concepts or rules being presented. Clearly communicate the definition of defined concepts, using the fewest number of words. Call attention to distinctive features. Stay within the limits of working memory. Present verbal cues to the ordering or combination of component skills. Break down the process of performing or applying rules into steps, and clearly communicate these steps to the students. Demonstrate an application of the rule for the students. Present varied examples or instances of concepts and rule applications, calling attention to the distinctive features of examples, definitions, and procedures. Present nonexamples or non-instances of the concept if they will help

 



to clarify the concept. Schedule occasions for practice and spaced review. Provide learners with opportunities to "play" with concepts and rules within simulated or "real" environments, identifying and selecting their own examples and nonexamples of concepts and rule applications if possible. Present a variety of contexts or experiences that allow the students to practice applying the rules or identifying/describing concepts (transfer), providing guidance throughout early stages of practice.

Cognitive Strategies

   

Recall relevant rules and concepts. Describe or demonstrate the strategy. Provide a variety of occasions for practice using the strategy. Provide information feedback as to the creativity or originality of the strategy or outcome.

       

Attitudes

Establish an expectancy of success associated with the desired attitude. Assure student identification with an admired human model. Make students aware of the personal benefits gained by making choices based on attitudes (preferably by someone the students admire). Clearly identify examples of choices made by people who possess the desired attitude (credible and attractive-similarity, familiarity, appearance). Clearly identify instances in the students� lives in which making choices are based on the attitude being presented. Allow students the opportunity to practice making choices associated with the desired attitude (role-playing, group discussion, etc.) and give them feedback. Arrange for communication or demonstration of choice of personal action. Positive feedback for successful performance; or allow observation of feedback in the human model.

Motor Skills

    

Verbally guide learners through routine. Visually present example of routine execution. Encourage the use of mental practice. Arrange repeated practice. Furnish immediate feedback as to the accuracy of performance.

Creating the Strategy
Now that we�ve discussed the elements contained in an instructional strategy, it�s time to take a look at the process of actually creating the strategy. Even if you plan to use existing instructional materials, you should create an instructional strategy before you select, adapt, or develop instruction. In creating a

strategy you will utilize all of the materials you have generated up to this point, including your needs analysis, instructional analysis, learner and context analysis, objectives, and assessment items. Within the previous discussion we looked at Gagn��s nine events of instruction. These events were sequenced according to how they would be addressed during instruction. However, Dick and Carey suggest following a different sequence when you are actually creating your instructional strategy. Their process has five steps:

1. Sequence and cluster objectives. 2. Plan preinstructional, assessment, and follow-though activities for the unit. 3. Plan the content presentations and student participation sections for each objective or cluster of 4. 5.
objectives. Assign objectives to lessons and estimate the time required for each. Review the strategy to consolidate media selections and confirm or select a delivery system.

As you see, each of the events of instruction is included here, except they are arranged in a way that facilitates the creation of an instructional strategy. Let�s look closer at each step. These first two steps relate to the overall unit of instruction, and not to individual objectives within the lesson. 1: Sequence and cluster objectives. To begin with you should indicate the sequence of objectives and how you will cluster them for instruction. Consider both the sequence and the size of clusters that are appropriate for the attention span of students and the time available for each session. Dick and Carey suggest using a form similar to the one shown in Table 8.5 on page 215 of the book. Indicate the clusters and then the objectives you will teach within each cluster. If you are designing a short lesson you may only have one cluster. However, you may still have small groupings of objectives that you want to divide up with review and/or practice activities. 2: Plan preinstructional, assessment, and follow-through activities for the unit. Once you have the sequence of objectives and have clustered them, you should indicate what you will do with regards to preinstructional activities, assessment, and follow-through activities. During this step you will also make decisions about student groupings and media selection. Dick and Carey suggest that you address each of these considerations in narrative form using the following headings:

1. Preinstructional Activities a. Motivation � Explain how you will gain learners� attention and maintain it throughout
instruction.

b. Objectives � Explain how you will inform the learners about what they will be able to do c.
when they finish your lesson. Explain why this is important to the learners. Student Groupings and Media Selection � Explain how you will group students for the preinstructional activities (e.g., individualized, small subgroups, total group). Also, describe the media selection for this activity (e.g., live lecture, videotape, print, Webbased).

2. Assessment a. Pretest � Explain whether you will test for entry behaviors and what you will do if a
learner does not have them. Explain also whether you will test for skills you will teach.

b. Practice Tests � Explain how you will use practice tests and rehearsal activities and c. d.
where they will be located in the instruction. Posttest � Explain when and where the posttest will be administered. Student Groupings and Media Selection - Explain how you will group students for the assessment activities (e.g., individualized, small subgroups, total group). Also, describe the media selection for this activity (e.g., paper and pencil, product development, live performance, computer-administered).

3. Follow-Through Activities a. Memory Aid � Describe any memory aids that will be developed to facilitate retention of
information and skills.

b. Transfer � describe and special factors to be employed to facilitate performance c.
transfer. Student Groupings and Media Selection - Explain how you will group students for the follow-through activities (e.g., individualized, small subgroups, total group). Also, describe the media selection for this activity (e.g., live lecture, videotape, print, Web-based).

Note that the actual information you will present is not listed here, and the objectives and entry behaviors are not written out. These next two steps relate to individual objectives or clusters of objectives within the unit of instruction. 3: Plan the content presentations and student participation sections for each objective or cluster of objectives. Now it�s time to indicate the content to be presented for each objective or cluster of objectives. Dick and Carey suggest using a form similar to the one shown in Table 8.4 on page 213 of your book. Start by listing the objective (and number) at the top of the form. Underneath that should be two main sections:

1. Content Presentation a. Content - Describe the content you will present for each objective. b. Examples � Describe some examples (and non-examples) you will present for each
objective. Make sure they are congruent with the objective.

c. Student Groupings and Media Selection - Describe how you will group students for this
activity, and your media selection for this activity.

2. Student Participation a. Practice Items � Describe some sample practice exercises. b. Feedback � Describe the feedback you will provide for the practice exercises. c. Student Groupings and Media Selection - Describe how students will be grouped for this
activity, and your media selection for this activity. Don�t forget to include a strategy for teaching your terminal objective when completing this step. 4: Assign objectives to lessons and estimate the time required for each. In this step you review your sequence and clusters of objectives, along with the preinstructional activities, assessment, content presentation, student participation, and student groupings and media selections. Using all of this information, along with the timeframe for your overall instructional unit, you then assign objectives to individual lessons. In a large unit of instruction the first lesson generally contains preinstructional activities, while the last generally contains the assessment and/or follow-through activities. Make sure to include time for presentations, review, and participation activities. Of course, if you

are only developing a single lesson then this step will be pretty short. However, this process can be performed for extended instructional units or for semester-long planning. 5: Review the strategy to consolidate media selections and confirm or select a delivery system. As you have created your instructional strategy you have been considering what media to use in covering each objective. these decisions have been based on the domain of learning, the behaviors and conditions stated in the objectives, and the learning and performance contexts. In this final step you should review your strategy to consolidate your media selections and to make sure that they are compatible with your delivery system. Look over all of your selections to see if there are patterns or common media prescriptions across the objectives. Then see if these patterns fit with the chosen delivery system. Keep in mind that you should not write your entire lesson within your instructional strategy. Your sections should be short and to the point. The purpose is to think through the entire lesson before you develop or select your instruction.

Conclusions
Once your strategy is complete you should have the prescriptions necessary to begin developing your instructional materials. We'll finish up this lesson with a quote from Gagn� (1988): The planning of an instructional strategy is an important part of the instructional design process. It is at this point that the designer must be able to combine knowledge of learning and design theory with his experience of learners and objectives. Needless to say, creativity in lesson design will enhance this other knowledge and experience. Perhaps it is this component of creativity that separates the art of instructional design from the science of instructional design. It is clear that the best lesson designs will demonstrate knowledge about the learners, the tasks reflected in the objectives, and the effectiveness of teaching strategies (pg. 28).

Examples
If you have been following along with the example presented by Dick and Carey in the book appendices, you should now check out Appendix E and Appendix F. They contain most of the components of an instructional strategy relating to a portion of their project on story writing.

Instructional Design Project Part Five
In this lesson you will attempt to identify ways to present your instruction to your learners. It�s now time to look back over all the instructional design work you�ve done up to this point, and use that information to construct a strategy for presenting your instruction. We are going to closely follow the procedure outlined in Dick and Carey. To help you through the process, we have created a template for you to use in developing your own strategy. It is a Word file containing pre-formatted charts that you can just fill in with your instructional

strategy information. This should make it easier for you to keep up with the requirements and easier for us to grade. Link to Instructional Strategy Template Once you have the template downloaded, perform the following steps to create your instructional strategy: Step 1: Sequence and Cluster Objectives The first thing to decide is how you will cluster and sequence your objectives. Remember to consider both the sequence and the size of clusters that are appropriate for the attention span of your students and the time you have available. Since you are designing a single lesson you may only have one cluster. However, you may still want to have small groupings of objectives, and you will still need to indicate the order in which you will address your objectives. Use the first chart in the instructional strategy template to indicate the clusters you will have along with the objectives you will cover within each cluster. Be sure to include all of your objectives. Also, indicate the time you have tentatively allotted to each cluster. If you need more room simply add cells to the table. Step 2: Preinstructional, Assessment, and Follow-Through Activities In this section indicate what you will do with regards to preinstructional activities, assessment, and followthrough activities. Also include any decisions regarding student groupings and media selections for each of these activities. The second chart in the template has all of the necessary section headings. In particular, when thinking about the motivation aspect of your preinstructional activities, consider each of the components of Keller�s ARCS Model. It can be especially difficult for teachers to motivate students and provide relevance to the instruction. How will you overcome this difficulty? Step 3: Content Presentation and Student Participation In this section you will indicate the content to be presented for each objective or cluster of objectives, along with the activities you will have your students participate in. For each instructional chunk, your students should be actively involved in doing things that will help them learn. You do not have to include content and activities for all of your objectives. Rather, include a sequential set of 10 of your objectives. What does this mean? Well, examine your design evaluation chart from the last activity and pick 10 objectives in order from that list to include here. If you have less than 10 objectives include them all. There are ten charts for you to use in the template for your content and activities. If you need fewer than ten you may delete the extras. If you want to include more than ten use the copy and paste functions to duplicate one of the blank tables. Step 4: Assign Objectives to Lessons Review the progress you�ve made up to this point. Considering all of the information you have, you should now decide how many lessons will be required, the events and objectives you will cover in each lesson, and the time that will be allowed for each lesson. If you followed the initial suggestions in this course you should only have a single instructional session, within which you will cover all of the instructional events. However, if you chose to break free and design something larger in scope you will likely have more than one session. Once again, use the chart that has been provided in the template. Step 5: Review of Strategy and Consolidation of Media Selections Review the media selections you have made for each activity and objective. Make sure your media selections are compatible and realistic, and look for any commonalities. Also, review your delivery

system. It is likely that your delivery system may already be set in stone. However, if you have some flexibility you may want to reconsider your options at this point based on your media selections. The chart in the template contains all of the necessary section headings. Once again, since you probably only have one instructional session this will be a short section, but it is still good for you to think about for when you begin to design larger instructional units.

Submitting Part Five of Your ID Project
Part Five of your ID Project should be typed up in Microsoft Word. At the top of the paper type "ID Project Part Five: Instructional Strategy". Underneath that include your name, email address, and the date. When you save the file name it "strategy.doc". When you have completed your activities, upload the Word document to the "instrdes" folder in your Filebox. When you have finished uploading your file, proceed to the online student interfaceto officially submit your activities for grading. Assignment: ID Project Part Five (cont.) Points: 30 Grading Criteria:      Objectives logically clustered and sequenced. (1) Preinstructional activities addressed, including motivational strategies, description of how learners will be informed of objectives (if at all), and student groupings and appropriate media selections. (3) Assessment activities addressed, including a decision on pretesting, description of the use of practice tests, a description of the posttest, and student groupings and appropriate media selections. (3) Follow-Through activities addressed, including a description of any memory aids that will be provided, strategies used to facilitate transfer, and student groupings and appropriate media selections. (3) Content Presentation described for at least 10 objectives. For each objective, should include a brief description of the content, examples that will be provided, and any student groupings and appropriate media selections. (8) Student Participation described for at least 10 objectives. For each objective, should include sample practice items, feedback that will be provided, and any student groupings and appropriate media selections. (8) Objectives and/or clusters assigned to individual lessons. Includes a brief summary of instructional events and objectives to be covered in each session. (2) Chart outlining objectives and types of learning covered in each session, along with a consolidation of media selections for each session. Based on this, final decisions are made regarding the delivery system. (2)



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knowledge is no match to real experience". Techtotal sets the pace in eliminating the gap between knowing and doing...

What is Instructional Designing? Instructional designing can be defined as a systematic process of applying scientific principles to the planning, design, creation, implementation and evaluation of an effective and efficient instruction material/strategy. In a layman‟s language „Instructional Design is the plan of action with a purpose‟ For more information on Instructional Designing, see our case study

Print this Page Bookmark this page Download Brochure TechTotal offers ID in two concentrations: 1. Corporate/Organizational In organizations large enough to have their own human resource departments or training programs, IDers are generally a part of a design and development team, working with graphic artists, programmers, and subject-matter experts. In the corporate sector, you are likely to work as a training designer for the: Military, Healthcare organizations, various departements in the government sector, Banking Industry, Any business or organization that requires systematic and frequent training. 2. Public Education 1. Become a technology facilitator capable of designing learning environments that make intelligent use of technology in your classroom. Design professional development training for other teachers in your school, or at the district, state, or national levels. Work as curriculum designers at all levels of the education system, focusing on the design of large-scale curricula. Develop online courses and other class/training materials for colleges and universities.

Who will benefit...

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Trainers/ facilitators involved with groups and individuals Instructional designers, Content Writers and Technical Writers Facilitators looking to up enhance and refresh their skills People interested in training Learning development specialists Instructors of groups and individuals Training Managers

What is the Job Market? The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that the demand for instructional design technologists will increase nationwide by 83,000 jobs by 2012. However, these numbers are only a fraction of the actual job market for IDT. It is estimated that there are 10,000 to 20,000 jobs every year in this field. In past years, UND‟s graduates have had 100% job placement rate, with every student finding a job within less than three months with their starting salaries ranging from $35,000 to $60,000.

2.

3. 4.

Instructional Designing (ID) is for all those aspirants who wish to become instructional designing resources either in the private sector, the public sector or in the higher education field. Our curriculum is restructured and updated regularly to

address and meet various industry requirements be it in banking, manufacturing, pharmacy, IT, or education.

This course enables you...

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Deliver excellent training programmes and make powerful presentations Evaluate training programmes Identify training needs Create storyboards and scripts Identify a performance problem Maximize different learning styles Develop and implement appropriate assessment methods Assess learning outcomes Use e-learning tools to speed up the process

Course Content - Download Course Syllabus Course Description This course is designed to teach the fundamentals of instructional design, including the principles of learning theory, and instructional strategies that are relevant to instructional design. This course will introduce you to the systems approach to instructional design which includes introductory information and application of skills and techniques necessary in the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation of instruction (often referred to as the ADDIE model). Professionals will learn the purpose and approach to completing each phase of the instructional design process and will produce a set of outputs from each of these phases.

Module I- All about ID At TechTotal the learner is given an opportunity to put into practice the theory learnt not only by completing the given assignments but also by working on existing content (Samples from the work) to showcase an increased efficiency at the workplace. The efforts of the learner will be supported by our trainers throughout the course during and also after the tenure at TechTotal. IDTT01 Instructional Designing

IDTT04 ID Contents Framing

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Introductions What is Instructional Design Why Instructional Design Typographical Elements

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Organize Storyboarding Incorporate Text and images Audio Video Animations Quiz or Test

IDTT05 Designing, Development and Sequencing of learning objects IDTT 06 Instructional Delivery Methods IDTT07 Technical Writing Concepts IDTT 08 ID Types &Modes

IDTT02 Instructional System Designing – ISD

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ADDIE model Rapid Prototype Model Bloom‟s Taxonomy

IDTT01 Instructional Theories Behaviorism, Constructivism, Cognitivism IDTT02 E-learning

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CBT WBT Streaming Prototyping Simulation Demonstration Video Tutorials Tests and quizzes

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E-learning Technology Levels of e-learning LMS LCMS

IDTT03 ID Standards

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SCORM AICC

Module 2 – ID tools Tools help in drafting, editing and publishing content. This unit will equip the learner with technology which in turn will helps one to create interactive justin time and quality content including web content. It will further widen the scope of an ID as a professional and bring greater career prospects because the combination of content development and mastery of technology is quite unheard of.

IDTT012 TechSmith Camtasia

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Creation Tools Content Tools Publishing Tools

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Recording the Screen Batch Production Wizard Flash Hot Spots Adding Audio While Recording Picture-in-Picture Editing Recording a Web Seminar Working with Storyboard Creating an Interactive Flash Movie

IDTT09 Ms Word

IDTT013 Ms Visio

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Introduction & Features Formatting Text, Font and Paragraph settings Bullets and Numbering, Borders and Shading Styles and Formatting Template Creation Cross-references, Bookmark & Hyperlinks Creating Sections Generating Table of Contents/ Table of Figures/Index Header and Footer Working with Reviewing toolbar Footnote and Endnote Protecting the Document Autotext and AutoCorrect Watermarks/Columns/Change Case/Tables

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Introduction to MS- Visio Using various technology images Creating DFD‟s and Architectural Diagrams Synchronization of images Creating different file formats Special Merits & Installation sequence Types & Behavior of shapes Templates stencil & Connection shapes Group/ Ungroup Data Linking & Data Graphics Auto Linking & Hyper Linking Importing into Word

IDTT014 Photoshop

IDTT010 Ms PowerPoint

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Getting Started Creating new presentations Saving presentations Formatting Slides Drawing objects Working With Graphics Modifying Presentations Proofing And Delivering Presentations Set-up prsentations

IDTT011 Adobe Captivate

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Introduction to Photoshop Cropping images and editing Explore the Photoshop Environment Basic Photo Corrections Working with Selections Editing images using Photoshop Retouching and Repairing Creating layers, Mask and Channels Correcting and Enhancing Slice and Link an Image Creating Rollovers and Animate GIF Images Painting and Editing Basic Pen Tool Techniques

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IDTT015 Dreamweaver Related file formats and extensions Slides Adding/Editing Text Captions Adding Boxes, Buttons, images Editing Mouse Button Creating question slides or Quiz Changing Timelines Recording/ Inserting the Audio Importing PowerPoint Publishing the output and Creating Menu Builder

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The Dreamweaver interface Creating HTML documents Adding content to Web pages Adding structure tags to content Using CSS to style content Working with links and anchor tags Rollovers and interactivity, including javascript rollovers Library items and Creating forms

Assignments All assignments will be based on the concepts and tools learnt to meet the learner’s requirements E Learning Tips Our experienced team of trainers will guide and equip the learners with quick tips and efficient and advanced usage of the tools to enhance their performance. Test On successful completion of the course (which is inclusive of the assignments) a certificate will be issued certifying the candidate as Instructional Designer Modes of Training The Courses offered are in more than one of the following formats. Please visit the TechTotal Web site for a complete list of options. Interactive Broadcast Course A real time environment is created using video conferencing It Permits the students to liaise with the trainer and other fellow students Online Courses The curriculum is similar to the regular class room sessions. User friendly tools are used throughout the course for training Classroom Sessions Check with Tech Total the slots available which suit your convenience Online Course

Training Methodology TechTotal provides a unique and robust platform for training in Instructional Designing. Highly qualified instructors and eminent faculty, with hands-on experience in Instructional Designing, would guide and help blossom the new entrant into an industry-ready, professional Instructional Designer. The training is conducted in person, which makes it highly focused and penetrative. The participant is amply facilitated to clear any doubts or queries. You are provided a stock of useful study materials, which are objective and crisp. These study materials specifically addresses all your certification requirements. Upon successful course completion you can work with various organizations as

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An instructional writer – Writes content An instructional designer – Designs the framework and content from its inception A content analyst – Proof reads the content and hosts it online if required A creative writer – Makes brochures, writes company newsletters, case studies and whitepapers A Technical writer –Develops technical manuals on software and other products both for the developer and the end user

Course Timings Get trained at a time that suits you:





We have been providing online training through our dedicated LMS (Learning Management System), through which course can be trained within a period of 15 Sessions (2hrs per session). For more details visit the site at: http://training.techtotalportal.com/ Instructions will be provided through the whiteboard and the voice/text chat, provided through our online software, and we can also remotely support and instruct you using remote sharingsoftware. Live Video Tutorials and study materials are published in your LMS account where they give you an offline support and provide more interaction to the softwares.

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10.00 AM – 12.00 PM 2.00 PM - 4.00 PM 4.00 PM - 6.00 PM 7.30 PM– 9.30 PM

Same timings are applicable for online, classroom and weekends batches.



Why ID from TechTotal Convenience

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Flexibility & Convenience: Become an IDT online without leaving your job or family. Avail the flexibility of online learning with personal contact of “live” Instruction. The online semester-based classes can be accesses and completed from anywhere across the world.

Exceptional Curriculum 1. 2. Enroll for a curriculum that is competitive and the best in the country The courses in instructional design will help you to identify and address a full range of human performance problems related to transfer of knowledge

Technology & Resources 1. 2. Get Hands on experience by working on Storyboards, Dream weaver, Flash, Photoshop, Captivate, Camtasia and MS office. All an absolute necessity for an ID professional Access our knowledge Portal for your own Web space which can be used for courses and for developing your work portfolio.

Learn the difference between the use of technology and its integration 1. 2. Blend teaching and learning with the latest technology to address various concerns Learn from Hyderabad's best institute which is endowed with globally accepted recognized standards

Personalized Experiences 1. 2. Get personalized and a comfortable class experience with a max of four students in a class Connect with the TechTotal community of trainers through email and also by accessing the learning/Knowledge portal

Experience Trainers Our trainers have a wide range of experience and are practicing instructional designers. They impart the most resent and the most widely used theories models and technology (in terms of acceptance in the current ID Industry) to the students. This will benefit the learners by equipping them to develop and deliver scientifically enhanced curriculum in a sector or field of their choice.

Real World Projects 1. 2. 3. 4. Spend time applying instructional design theories to real time projects rather than being tested on them. Work closely with the trainers who practicing IDs. The projects you create will have a touch of professionalism and not appear under rated. Have publication, presentation, design and development credits on your CV before you leave TechTotal

What our students say The practical and theoretical knowledge I have gained from "TECHTOTAL" has helped me to enhance my ability & to excel in my current scope of work. -- Tapan Borah “It gives me immense happiness to inform you that I have been selected for a major e-learning company as instructional designer.” - Maitreya Reddy “TechTotal is well equipped with experienced trainers, lab-section, and mainly the syllabus. I am really thankful for extending their help in placing me in an elearning company “-Vinay Different job designations

What our corporate students say

“The instructors are knowledgeable and patient which was very helpful for non-technical students like me.”

“I take this opportunity to thank TechTotal and specially the dedicated trainers for their valuable training which really helped to solve issues in my real time projects”

K-12 & Higher Education

“I am very pleased with the training and guidance given by TechTotal it was a wonderful experience where I got to learn new things in instructional designing, e-learning etc.”

Technology Teacher Web Designer

Technology Specialist Assistive Technology Coordinator Instructor/Professor

Technology Coordinator Director of Technology Curriculum Specialist Instructional Designer Instructional Analyst Courseware Designer

“It was a good learning experience from TechTotal which really helped me to create tutorials, simulations and other elearning materials”

Instructional Technologist Multimedia Specialist Teaching and Learning Center Director Technology Support Coordinator of Coordinator Learning Technology Coordinator of Distance Distance Learning Learning Specialist Instructional Director of Technology Center Instructional Director Technology Director of Faculty Development Corporate and Other Organizations Instructional Instructional Designer Design Consultant Instructional Instructional Design Specialist Developer Instructional Performance Project Manager Technologist Performance Manager of Analyst Performance Improvement Performance Training Specialist Coordinator Training Manager Training Specialist Training Technology Consultant Trainer Software Implementation Applications Specialist

Download Brochure ID Case Study - TechTotal TechTotal believes that "Bookish knowledge is no match to real experience". TechTotal sets the pace in eliminating the gap between knowing and doing...

Trainer Curriculum Designer Web Developer Evaluation Specialist Coordinator of Assessment

Interaction Designer Usability Analyst Technical Editor

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