International Nursing

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INTERNATIONAL NURSING ROLE OF ICN AND WHO 1. INTRODUCTION

International council of Nursing and world health organization are not open to them as individuals. Members of the ICN are national nursing associations of countries, and membership in a national nursing association that is a member of the ICN qualifies them for participation in the many activities and programs of the ICN. Liewise members of the !"# ! "# are at the government level, opportunities opportunities are open to individua individuals ls as heath professionals to participate in woring assignments in various parts of the world and to utilize the programs and resources of the organization.

It is not difficult to discuss the role of the ICN in international health form a nursing nurs ing perspect perspective ive since since it is an associat association ion of nurses, nurses, managed managed by nurses, nurses, and financed by nurses. $he !"#, in contrast, is an organization of may health disciplines% nevertheless, nursing has an active role within !"# and It&s influences felt in numerous ways in all areas of the world.

2. INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES

$he international international council of nurses, founded founded in '()) by Mrs. *edford +enwic, +enwic, is a federation of nonpolitical and self governing national nurses associations. $he head quarters are in -eneva, witzerland. $he main purpose of the ICN is to provide a means mea ns throu through gh which which the natio nationa nall as assoc socia iatio tions ns can shar share e their their inter interest ests s in the promotion of health and care of the sic. -reat emphasis has been placed upon non discrimination. a. Aims   •

$o deve develo lop p self self gove govern rnin ing g prin princi cipl ples es amon among g nurs nurses es unde underr nurs nurse e leadership.

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$o develop a profession that would raise the ethical and social status of 



nurses. b. Purposes

/urpose was to provide a means through which national association can share their interests in the promotion of health and care of the sic.

c. Objectives



$o promote the development of Nurse&s 0ssociation.



$o assist National Nurses association to improve the status of nurses within their countries. $o assi assist st Nati Nation onal al nurs nurse e asso associ ciat atio ion n to im impr prov ove e the the stan standa dard rd and and



competence of nursing. •

$o erve as authorities voice for nurses and nursing internationally

d. The Governing Body

$he governing body of the ICN is the Council of National 1epresentatives which is made up of the ICN "onorary #fficers and the presidents of the national member  associations. $he council meets at least every other year and once every four years at the time of the ICN congress. Current administrations e2ecuted by the honorary officers, wor at the headquarters is carried on by a staff of clerical and e2pert nursing advisor  personnel. $he ICN /ublishes the international Nursing 1eview on a quarterly basis. $he Newsletter, which is published ten time a year, gives news of the ICN and the National member 0ssociations.  0ll nurses can become become members of the ICN ICN but not as individuals. individuals. $he ind individual ividual nurse becomes a member if her 3 his national nurses association is a member of the ICN. Nurses in Indian become members of the ICN when they become members of the

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$N0I. 0ffiliation fees of this membership are paid form a proportion of the membership fees paid to the $N0I.

Membership in the ICN through the $N0I offers various benefits to your as an individual nurse. 0 limited number of nursing student, may have their e2penses paid in order to attend the congresses as observers. 0mong 0mong benefits to the graduate nurse are attendance of international congresses or conferences, the ICN e2change of privileges programme, professional centre. Nurses may receive publications about development in nursing and nursing education around the world. $his helps the nurse become aware of  being professionally related to international organizations such as the 4nited Nations and the !orld "ealth #rganization.

Activities



Maing the code of nurse.



!orldwide accepted definition of a nurse



 0 boo of ethics 5$he 5$he nurses nurses 6ilemma7. 6ilemma7.



/olicy statement of health and social issue.



Maintain a register of professional qualification of people.





 0rrange e2chang e2change e programme programme for study study 8 employment. employment. Council meets one in two years and the ICN congress meets once in four  years.



Conducting seminars around the world to maintain relationship with other  gr grou oup p to disea diseases ses and and menta mentall health health prob problem lems. s. 0ll $N0I $N0I membe members rs can become member of ICN.



/ublish /ub lishing ing a number number of professi professiona onall periodic periodicals als from it&s it&s headqu headquarte arters rs -eneva. $he bimonthly official 9ournal and 5international Nursing review7 are important 9ournals lead in more than ':: countries.

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(i) The Natioa! Associatio

 0ctivities  0ctivitie s of the ICN are planned by the member associations, associations, their elected representatives represe ntatives and the staff at headquarters appointed appointed or approved approved by ICN&s *oard of  6irectors, Collectively the member association, and their representatives set goals for  nursing education, education, practice, practice, and research research and and authorize authorize the appointed appointed staff to utilize resou res ourc rces es to as assis sistt membe memberr associ associati ation ons, s, singly singly and and collec collectiv tively ely,, in ways ways would would enhance or strengthen their development. 0ll aspects of ICN&s programs and activities contribute directly or indirectly to the attainment of this ob9ective the development of  strong national nursing associations.

(ii) E"#catio a" $%actice

$he ICN has always given, and is continuing to give, high priority to assisting national nati onal nursing nursing associa association tions s through through program programs s related related to the establi establishme shment nt and updating of standards for nursing education and practice. "igh technology in medical treatment and the increased understanding of primary health care needs in the world are bringing into focus ethical nursing questions and values relative to patient care, necessitating a careful review of standards of nursing practice. $he ICN&s definition of  ;nurse& ;nur se& has been been transla translated ted into many languag languages es and is used used broadly broadly in assisti assisting ng nursing associations with curriculum development for basic and university programs of  nursing education.

ICN staff frequently participate in worshops and seminars of invitation form member memb er associat associations ions.. ICN supports supports the !"# goal goal of 5"ealth 5"ealth for 0ll 0ll by year year <::: <::: through thro ugh primary primary "ealth "ealth care care77 and in collabo collaborati ration on with with it&s member associa association tions s in endeavoring% to influence and mobilize nurses and the nursing service countries to be more effective in meeting the needs of the community through primary health care.

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iii. Socia! a" Ecoo&ic We!'a%e o' N#%ses

$he ICN wors with other international organizations, particularly the international labour #rganization =IL#> and the !orld "ealth #rganization, in promoting the status of nurses. In ')?? an international conference was promoting the status of  nurses. In ')?? an international conference was convinced by the !"#3IL# with active involvement and Co#peration form the ICN, leading to the adoption of a series of  conventi conv entions ons and recomme recommenda ndation tions s pertaini pertaining ng to conditi conditions ons of employme employment, nt, life, life, and wor of nursing personnel ICN staff monitor the activities of the IL# in -eneva and ende en deav avor or to share share perti pertinen nentt inform informat ation ion wi with th it&s it&s membe memberr associ associat ation ions s throu through gh a regularly published newsletter, the socio @ economic news.

a. The chai chai  atte% atte%s s o' #%si #%si 

Lie any other professional courses, nursing courses too has undergone many changes form basic training syllabus to super specialties within given area of nursing vocational opportunities are more new for many reasonsA





"ealth needs of society  0wareness  0war eness of heath by people and and society. society.



New developments in medicine



International trends in the nursing profession.



-overnment support to health programmes.



Increased member of private practioners



B2pansion of community health services.



Changes in nursing education



Nursing career as economical independent career.



1ecognition and acceptance by the people.

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N#%si Se%vices

$he function of hospital nurse is comprehensive. comprehensive. he is actively involved directly with wit h patient patient giving giving nursing nursing care% care% health health teaching teaching rehabilita rehabilitation tion and service services s to the patients. /osition of a nurse after receiving nursing qualification is%

'. taff Nu Nurse <. InChar InCharge ge nurse nurse 3!ard 3!ard iste ister. r. . uperv upervisor isor Nurse Nurse 3 6epa 6epartme rtment nt ister ister.. D. 0ssistant 0ssistant Nursing Nursing uperintenden uperintendentt 3 0ssociate 0ssociate 6irector 6irector in Nursing Nursing E. Nurs Nursing ing upe uperin rinten tenden dentt F. In @ ervice ervice Bducati Bducation on 6irec 6irector tor ?. Clini Clinica call nurse nurse specia specialis list. t. (. Nurs Nurse e 0nesthe nesthetis tist. t. ). Nurs Nurse e 1es 1esea earc rch h ':./rivate ':. /rivate 6uty Nurse Nurse

N#%si E"#catio

#pportunities to further qualification in a school of nursing, several avenues are open especially in large institutions. •

 0u2iliary Nursing. Nursing.



6iploma in Nursing



/ost Certificate in Nursing leading to *.c.=Nursing>.



pecialization pecializ ation fields  Medical urgical urgical Nursing, Cardiothor Cardiothoracic acic Nursing, Nursing, 4rol 4r olog ogy y

Nurs Nursin ing, g,

Neuro Ne urosur surge gery ry

/edi /ediat atri ric c

Nurs Nursing ing,,

Nursi ursing ng,,

#pht #phtha halmi lmic c

#nco ncology logy

Nurs Nursin ing g

Nursi Nursing, ng, /syc /sychia hiatr tric ic

Neur Neurol olog ogy y,

Nurs Nursing ing and and

Community "ealth Nursing. •

*accalaureate Nursing =*.c.,>

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/h.6.in Nursing

*. +!#e%it 'o% F#t#%e actio

/riorities for setting directions and activities for the ICN.

'. 6eve 6evelop loping ing the role role and progra programs ms of the nationa nationall nurs nurse& e&s s as assoc sociat iation ions s for  influenc infl uencing ing the develop development ment of health health policy policy,, sta standar ndard d setting setting for nursing nursing educatio educ ation, n, and practice practice,, develop developing ing appropr appropriate iate researc research h activiti activities es and programm prog ramme e develop development ment for socioe socioecon conomic omic welfar welfare e appropr appropriate iate to that country. <. Influenc Influencing ing the developm development ent of policy affecti affecting ng health health and all heath heath worers worers through wor with the !"#, IL#, 4NICB+, and other international bodies. . Maintaining Maintaining the impetus impetus of the the socio socio @ economic economic welfare welfare program program for nursing nursing D. Implementing Implementing selected selected programs programs of international international organization organizations s as they they relater  relater  to national nurse&s associations and ICN&s priorities. E. 6eveloping 6eveloping efforts efforts to convey convey realistic realistic and and positive positive image of today&s today&s nurses to the media. F. Maintain Maintaining ing lins lins with with other other nursing nursing grou groups ps ?. 1eviewing 1eviewing the ICN code code for Nurses to ensure ensure continued continued relevance. relevance. (. Monitoring Monitoring legislative legislative issues issues of of importance importance to nursing and nurses. nurses. ). +ocusing +ocusing ICN /ublicatio /ublications ns and program program efforts efforts on these priority priority areas. areas.

,. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANI-ATION

$he world organization was established as a specialized agency of the united nations in ')D( in -eneva, witzerland, the current home of the headquarters.

It was in these troubled time that constitution of the !"# was formulated the preamble of that historic document given evidence to the concerns for social 9ustice on which the organization was founded. It&s succinent statement of belief is well nown. 5the en9oyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of fundamental rights

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of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or  social condition7. A. O%aiatio a" A"&iist%atio

$he !"# Consists Consists of three three principa principall organ% organ% the !orld !orld "ea "ealth lth 0ssembly 0ssembly,, the B2ecutive *oard and ecretariat.

a. The Wo%!" Hea!th Asse&*!/

$his is the 5"ealth /arliament7 of Nations and the supreme governing body of the organization. It meets annually, usually in may, and generally at the headquarters in -ene -e neva va,, but but form form time time to time time in oth other er countr countries ies.. $he $he assemb assembly ly is compos composed ed of  delegates representing member states each of which has one vote.

F#ctio o' the Hea!th He a!th Asse&*!/ Asse&*!/

I.

$o dete determ rmin ine e int inter erna nati tion onal al heal health th po poli licy cy and and pro progr gram amme mes. s.

II II..

$op rev revie iew w th the wor wor  of of th the pas pastt y yea earr.

III III..

$o appr approv ove e the the budg budget et neede needed d for for the follow following ing year year..

IG. IG.

$o elec electt membe memberr state states s to desi design gnat ate e to desi design gnat ate e a person person to to serv serve e for thr three ee years on the B2ecutive *oard and to replace the retiring members.

*. E0ec#tive +oa%"

$he *oard had originally '( members each designated by a member state. ubsequently ubseq uently the number was raised to <D and :. $he health assembly increa increased sed the membership for : to ', providing that no fewer than three are to be elected from each of the !"# regions. $he members of the *oard are to be 5technically qualified in the feld of health7, they are designated by, but don not represent their governments. #ne third of the membership is renewed every year, generally in Hanuary and shortly after  the meeting of the world health assembly in May. May. $he main wor of the board is to give

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effect to the decisions and policies of the assembly. $he board also has power to tae action itself in an emergency such as epidemics, earth @ quaes and foods where immediate actions is needed. c. The Sec%eta%iat

$he secretariat is headed by the director -eneral who is the chief technical and administrative officer of the organization. $he primary function of the !"# secretariat is to provide member states with technical and managerial support for their national health deve de velop lopmen mentt pr progr ogram ammes mes.. !hile !hile in ')D( ')D(,, !"# staf stafff coun counted ted <E: <E: perso persons, ns, the organization in ')(E counted DD?E international public servants. 0$ !"# headquarters in -eneva, there are E assistant director -enerals each of whom is responsible for the wor of such divisions as may form time to time be assigned to him by the director  gene ge neral ral.. #n ' 6ece 6ecembe mber, r, ')(E ')(E the the !"# ecr ecreat eatria riatt compr comprise ised d of the follow following ing divisions. '. 6ivisi 6ivision on of Bpide Bpidemio miolog logica icall surv surveil eillan lance ce and "ealth "ealth ituat ituatio ion n and and trend trend assessment. <. 6ivisio 6ivision n of Communic Communicable able disease diseases. s. . 6ivisio 6ivision n of Gec Gector tor *iolog *iology y and Cont Control rol D. 6ivisio 6ivision n of Bnviron Bnvironmenta mentall "ealth "ealth.. E. 6ivision of /ublic /ublic informatio information n and education education for health. F. 6ivisi 6ivision on of of Ment Mental al "ealt "ealth h ?. 6ivision of diagnostic, diagnostic, therapeutic therapeutic and rehabilitative rehabilitative technolog technology y. (. 6ivisio 6ivision n of trengt trengtheni hening ng of "ealth "ealth erv ervice ice ). 6ivisi 6ivision on of of +amil +amily y "ealt "ealth. h. ':.6ivision ':. 6ivision of Noncommunicable Noncommunicable 6iseases. 6iseases. ''.. 6ivision of "ealth Manpower 6evelopment '' '<.6ivision '<. 6ivision of information systems systems support '.6ivision of /ersonnel and -eneral ervices. 'D.6ivision 'D. 6ivision of *udget and +inance. +inance.

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+. O*ectives

$he ob9ective of the !"# is the attainment by all peoples of the highest level of  healt he alth h which which is set out in the the prea preambl mble e of the constit constitut ution ion.. $he $he prea preambl mble e of the the constitution states%



5"ealth is a sate of complete physical, mental and social well being and merely the absence of diseases of infirmity.



$he en9oyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental fundame ntal rights of every human being without distribution of race, religion, political belief, economic and social condition.



$he health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest cooperation of individuals and states.



$he achievement of any state in the pro)motion and protection of health is of value to all.



4nequall development 4nequa development in different different countries in the promotion of health and control of disease, especially communicable disease, is a common danger.



"ealthy development of the child is of basic importance% the ability to live harm ha rmon onlo lous usly ly in a chan changi ging ng tota totall env environ ironme ment nt is ess essenti ential al to such such development.



$he e2tension to all people of the benefits of medical, psychological and related nowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.



Informed opinion and active cooperation on the part of the public are of  the most importance in the improvement of the health of the health of the people.



-overnments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures7.

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$he !"# is unique among the 4N pecialized 0gencies in that has it&s own constitution, won governing bodies, own membership and own budget. It is part of, but not subordinate to the 4nited Nations.

C. F#ctios o' the WHO

!"#&s first constitutional is to act as the directing and coordinating authority on all international health wor. $he !"# has specific responsibilities responsibilities for establishing establishing and promoting international standards in the field of health. i. $%evetio a" Cot%o! o' seci'ic Diseases •

 0n important activity of !"# is epidemiological epidemiological surveillance surveillance of  communicable diseases.



Member states can also mae use of the 5!"# Bmergency cheme for  Bpidemics7 whenever necessary.



$he aim of international heath regulations is to ensure ma2imum security against international spread of disease with the minimum interference with world traffic.



$he !"# has also paid attention in it&s programme of wor to non communicable disease problems such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, genetic disorders, mental disorders, drug addiction and dental diseases.



$he activities of !"# have also branched out into the fields of vector  biology and control biology control,, immunol immunology ogy,, quality quality control control of drugs drugs and biologi biological cal products, drug evaluation and monitoring and health laboratory technology as these activities are relevant to the control of both communicable and non communicable diseases.



Immunization against common diseases of childhood is now a priority programme of the !"#.

ii. Deve!o&et o' Co&%ehesive Hea!th Se%vices

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!"#&s most important single function is to promote and support national health policy development and the development of comprehensive national health programmes.



$he broad field of endeavor encompasses a wide variety of activities such as organizing health systems based on primary health care, the development of health manpower and utilization, building of longterm national capability, particularly in the areas of health infrastructure development and managerial capabilities and health services research.



!"#&s main activities in ')(: were towards promoting national, regional and global strategies for the attainment of "ealth for 0ll by <::: 0.6.

iii. Fa&i!/ Hea!th •

+amily health is one of the ma9or programme activities of !"# since ')?:, and is broadly subdivided into maternal and child health care, human reproduction, nutrition and health education.



$he chief concern is improvement of the quality of life of the family as a unit.

iv. Evi%o&eta! Hea!th •

/romotion of environmental health has always been an important activity of !"#.



!"# advises governments on national programmes for the provision of  basic bas ic sanitary sanitary services. services. 1ecent 1ecent activities activities are directed directed to protection protection of the quality of air, water and food% health conditions of wor, radiation protection and early identification of new hazards originating from new technological developments.



 0 number of programmes programmes have been developed developed such as the 5!"# Bnvironmental "ealth Criteria /rogramme7 and 5!"# Bnvironmental "ealth Monitoring /rogramme7 towards improving environmental health.

v. Hea!th Statistics

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+rom ')D?, !"# has been concerned with the dissemination of a wide variety of morbidity and mortality statistics relating to health problems.



$he $h e data data is publis publishe hed d in the =a> !ee !eely ly Bpide Bpidemio miolog logica icall 1ecord 1ecord,, =b> =b> "ealth tatistics uarterly and =c> !orld "ealth tatistics 0nnual.



1eaders interested in current data may obtain if from the chief statistics dissemination of statistical information, !"#, -eneva. •

$he Ninth 1evision of IC6 came into effect from ' st Hanuary JJ. 0ssistance is also given to countries countries in the improvement of their meJJ records, and in the planning and operating national health information systems.

vi. +io3e"ica! Resea%ch



$he !"# does not itself do research, but stimulates and coordinating research researc h wor. It has established established a worldwide worldwide networ of JJ collaborating collaborating centers, besides awarding grants to research worers a research institutions for promoting research.



i2 topical diseases =Malaria, chistosomiaisis, chistosomiaisis, $rypanosomia $rypanosomiasis, sis, filarias, leishmaniasis and leprosy> are the target of the !"# special programme for  1esearch and $raining in $ropical 6iseases to develop new tool strengthen research institutions and training worers in the countries affected.

vii. Hea!th Lite%at#%e a" I'o%&atio



!"# acts as a clearing clearing house house for information information on health health problems. problems. It&s publications comprise hundred of titles on wide variety of health sub9ects.



$he !"# library is one of the satellite centers of the Medical Literature  0nalysis  0naly sis and 1etrieval 1etrieval system system of the the 4.. national national Library of Medicine. Medicine.



$he !"# has also a public information service both at headquarters and each of the si2 regional officers.

viii. Cooe%atio 4ith othe% o%aiatio

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!"# collaborates with the 4N and with the other specialized agencies, and maintains maintains various degrees degrees of woring woring relationships relationships.. *esides who who has al also so esta establ blis ishe hed d rela relati tion on with ith a numb number er of inte intern rnat atio iona nall gove govern rnme ment nt organizations.

D. The 4o%5 o' WHO is #%si

$he concern of !"# is all fields of nursing education and services continues to enable nurses in many countries to increase their contribution to the health of their  fellow men. *ecause *ecause of the great shortage shortage of nursing personal personal to meet the demand in India !"# has concentrated on education and training programmes for nurses along times that will meet the nursing needs of future.

$he functions of !"# include education of nurses and midwives, health visitors, au2iliary nurses @ midwives and assisting in development of field services and training areas. 1efresher 1efresher courses for ward ward sisters, sister sister tutors, midwives midwives and health visitors visitors have been established established and are held in various states. states. $hree of the post basic courses courses in India are sponsored by !"#.

In or orde derr to stan standa dard rdiz ize e the the patt patter ern n of educ educat atio ion n and and serv servic ice, e, syll syllab abus us,, programmes of practical e2perience and procedure, manuals are drawn up, and when accepted accepte d and tried out in a city, are duplicated and made available to hospitals through out the state whenever nursing personnel is being prepared.

 0n interesting interesting development development is the staff meetings among the hospitals hospitals or public health staff, and the inter hospital tutors meetings, which help the progrmame run more smooth smo othly ly and ensure ensure that that they they are establ establish ished ed in famil family y unifo uniform rm manne manner. r.

$hes $hese e

meetings of nursing personnel help to clarify some of the many problems of nursing education and nursing generally.

6. SU33AR7

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$he International Council of Nurses is a profession development council, it&s purposes purpose s is share the interests interests in the promotion of health. health. #b9ectives #b9ectives are promote and develop dev elopment ment of Nurse& Nurse&s s 0ssoc 0ssociati iation, on, improve improves s the status status of nurses, nurses, improve improves s the standar stan dard d and competence competence of nursing nursing,, it serve serve as authori authorities ties voice for nurses nurses and nursing internationally. "aving activities of many, many, recommended the changing patterns of nursing, in nursing services, nursing education, as well as having blue print of future action. $he !"# has the organizations organizations the world health assembly, assembly, e2ecutive board, board, and the secretariat as well well as it has several divisions. $he !"# having ob9ectives alie attainment attainme nt by all peoples of the highest level of health. $he functio functions ns of the !"# has '. /revention and control of specific diseases, <. 6evelopment of comprehensive health services, . +amily health, D. Bnvironmental health, E. "ealth statistics, F. *iomedical re rese sear arch ch,, ?. "eal "ealth th lite litera ratu ture re and and info inform rmat atio ion n and and (. Coo Coope pera rati tion on wi with th othe other  r  organizations. 0s well well as !"# has some wor in nursing.

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8. +I+LIOGRA$H7

'.

1.K.Man 1.K.Manela elar&s, r&s, 5"istor 5"istory y of Nursing7, Nursing7, Mumbai Mumbai,, Gora Gora Medical Medical /ublicat /ublications ions,, <::', <::', /pA F:F, D)E<.

<.

K./ar K./ar& &s, s, 5/rev 5/reven entiv tive e and oc ocial ial Med Medici icine ne7, 7, '?th Bd., Habalpur, M3s. *anarsidas *hanot /ublishers, <::<, /pA FFFFF(.

.

K./a K./ar r&s &s,, 5B 5Bss ssen enti tial als s of Comm Commun unit ity y "eal "ealth th Nurs Nursin ing7 g7,, Dth  Bd., Bd., Habalpu Habalpur, r, M3s. *anarsidas *hanot /ublishers, <::<, /pA D:, <F(.

D.

Hames mes

+.Muenzie nzie&&s,

50n intr ntrod odu uctio tion

of

Comm mmu unity ity "ealt ealth7 h7,,

D th  Bd.,

ingappore, Hones and *artlett /ublishers, <::<, /pA :'. E.

Karen Karen amier amier Lundry Lundry,, haryn haryn Hane&s Hane&s,, 5Community 5Community "ealth "ealth Nursin Nursing7, g7, ingapo ingapore, re, Hones and *artlett /ublishers, <::', /pA F(F).

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Seminar On

INTERNATIONAL NURSING: ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL INTERNA TIONAL COUNCI COUNCIL L OF NURSES NURSE S AND WHO

SU+9ECT 3ANAGE3ENT

SU+3ITTED TO  

3RS. N. SU3ATHI 3.SC. (N)  

SENIOR LECTURER

 

:3ACON; SALE3

SU+3ITTED +7 SURENDRA SHAR3A  

3. SC (N) 2ND 7EAR :3ACON; SALE3

17

 

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