Intro to Psychology(2)

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Intro to Psychology

   Classical Learning: Pavlov
   Operant Learning: Skinner
   Social-Observational Learning: Bandura

Pavlov: Russian Psychologist; did an experiment involving dogs
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR: Unconditioned Response
CS: Conditioned Stimulus
CR: Conditioned Response
(Regards Pavlov’s Experiment)
Unconditioned Stimulus: Food; it’s a given that food gives a
response from dogs
Unconditioned Response: Salivate from the dogs
Conditioned Stimulus: Lab assistant giving food to the dogs
Conditioned Response: Salivate from the dogs even when the lab
assistant did not give them food; there is an association. The dogs
know that every time they see the assistant, there will be food
Extinction: Gradually reduces Conditioned Response after not doing
the Conditional Stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery: Reoccurrence of an extinct following a rest
period
Stimulus Generalization: Occurrence of a Conditioned Response
with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original
Conditioned Stimulus
Operant Learning: A person or animal emits a behavior that is
followed by a consequence—reinforcement or a punishment.
Reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement increases behavior
whereas punishment decreases behavior’s occurrence.
Shaping: Training of an organism to give a proper response as they
approach the desired response.

Reinforcement: 1. Positive (+): add something pleasant
2. Negative (-): take away something unpleasant
Examples of Negative Reinforcement:



Umbrella takes away the rain; allowing you to not get wet
Wearing a seatbelt in a car removes the alert sound

Escape Conditioning: An organism ‘escapes’ something unpleasant.
Example: an animal keeps getting a shock until it escapes by jumping
over a barrier to the safe side
Avoidance Conditioning: A light or a sound comes on cue and the
animal knows that that means the sock is coming so it avoids the
shock by quickly jumping on the barrier to the safe side
Learned Helplessness: An example is when an animal gets shocked,
it tries to go to the safe side but it gets shocked there as well. The
animal jumps to both sides; however, each side delivers shocks. The
animal then learns helplessness and gives up.
Punishment: 1. Positive (+): add something unpleasant
2. Negative (-): take away something pleasant
Nature of Reinforcers:
1. Primary: Survival value for the organism such as food or water;
termination of pain (not learned)
2. Secondary: Starts out as a neutral stimulus; no value for
organism but if linked with primary, it can be a good reinforcer;
rewarding (only linked with primary)
 Example: need money (secondary) in order to buy food
(primary)
Nature of Punishers:
1. Primary: Naturally painful for the organism
2. Secondary: Neutral stimulus but if linked with primary, it takes on
punishing qualities



Example: Parent giving a child “the look”; non verbal;
child knows he or she is in trouble and it going to get
punished later

Limitations of Punishment:
1. Punishment does not establish a new behavior

2. Imitate that behavior
3. People will avoid their punishment
 Never wise to use punishment inconsistently
Key Factors:
1. Strength
2. Timing: The shorter the interval between behavior and
consequences; the better
3. Frequency: a. Continuous Reinforcement b. Partial
Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio: After a specified number; rate
Fixed Interval: Deals with time; specified period of time not rate
Variable Ratio: Reinforcement for unpredictable amount of responses


The hardest to extinguish: Example of variable ratio:
Gambling

Variable Interval: Unpredictable time intervals; varies; organism
does not know when something is coming
Albert Bandura: Brought up a theory that people can also learn by
observation.





The BoBo doll study was about children observing a BoBo doll
They observe a person hitting the doll
Bandura then allows the kids to play with the doll after just
observing the other person hitting it
The children imitated the aggressive behavior they witnessed
and had hit the doll

Observational Learning: Learning something by simply observing.
People’s personality indicates the way they learn.
Social Influence: Efforts by one or more individuals to change the
attitudes, behavior, or perception of one or more individuals.
1. Compliance: Direct request from one person to another person
2. Conformity: Change of attitude/behavior/ perspective to adhere
to existing norms
3. Obedience: Direct orders from one person to another person
Compliance:


Foot-in-the-Door Technique: Requestor begins with a question
of a small request and when small request is granted; requestor





then moves on to a larger request which was what they had in
mind the entire time
Door-in-the-Foot Technique: Requestor starts with a large
request but when refused; asks for a small request which was
what they wanted the entire time
Foot-in-the-Mouth Technique: Requestor establishes a type of
relationship, no matter how trivial, with the target thereby
increasing target’s obligation to comply.
Fast Approaching Technique: Limited time to comply

Conformity:
Sherif: Studied how group norms relate
recruited young college students
let the group stay in a darkened room
flashed a light and asked people to see how much they perceive the
direction of the light.


People’s answers would eventually be the same after saying it
out loud and hearing other’s people’s responses.

Asch: “ Line Judging Test” study
Makes people look at a set of lines versus one line (z) and see if line
(z) matches the length of the other three lines (A,B,C). He asks people
for the length. People will conform their answers even if they are
wrong because they don’t want to have a different answer than the
others.
Informational Influence: Produces conformity when a person
believes others are correct in their judgment; similar to Sherif’s study.
Normative Influence: Leads people to conform fearing negative
judgment and appearing deviant; similar to Asch’s study.

Zimbardo:
 Professor of Stanford University
 Created a stimulated “Prison” experiment; made it as realistic as
possible
 This experiment was supposed to last a week but Zimbardo was
forced to end it in only three days

 He recruited people to act as guards, even gave them the uniform.
They were allowed to give orders to the prisoners; however, they
may not harm them
 The guards; nevertheless, abused their power and psychologically
abused the prisoners. The guards conformed as one as they
psychologically tortured the prisoners
 The prisoners eventually were losing their minds; this caused
Zimbardo to end the experiment
Deindividuation: The loosening of normal behavior when people are
in a crowd and act in a deviant manner. When in a crowd, people lose
sense of their identity; increasing a type of reckless behavior they
don’t usually act in when alone.

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