Ip Address

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TCP/IP Address Protocol

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IP Address
Definition
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic
communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When
you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy
of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or
get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.
TCP/IP is a two-layer program.
The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message
or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP
layer that reassembles the packets into the original message.
The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it
gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this
address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the
same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the
destination.
TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication in which a computer user (a
client) requests and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another
computer (a server) in the network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point,
meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to
another point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that use it are
collectively said to be "stateless" because each client request is considered a new
request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary phone conversations that require
a dedicated connection for the call duration). Being stateless frees network paths so
that everyone can use them continuously.
(Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as any one message is concerned.
Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message have been received.)
Many Internet users are familiar with the even higher layer application protocols that
use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. These include the World Wide Web's Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets
you logon to remote computers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These
and other protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a "suite."
Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet
usually get to the Internet through the:

 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or
 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up
phone connection to an access provider's modem.
Protocols related to TCP/IP include the:
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes. Other
protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging router information. These
include the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), the Interior Gateway Protocol
(IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

TCP/IP Domain Name System (DNS)
The creation of host tables to map computer names to addresses greatly improved the
usability of the early Internet and the TCP/IP protocol suite that implemented it.
Unfortunately, while the host table name system worked well when the internetwork
was small, it did not scale particularly well as the Internet started to grow in size and
complexity. The name system had to stay but the use of host tables had to be
dispensed with in favor of a newer, more capable system.
Over the period of several years, many engineers worked to create a system that would
meet not just the needs of TCP/IP internetworks of the time, but also of the future. The
new name system was based on a hierarchical division of the network into groups and
subgroups, with names reflecting this structure. It was designed to store data in a
distributed fashion to facilitate decentralized control and efficient operation, and
included flexible and extensible mechanisms for name registration and resolution. This
new name system for TCP/IP was called the Domain Name System (DNS).
In this section I describe the concepts behind TCP's Domain Name System, as well as
its operation. The section is divided into four subsections. The first provides and
overview of DNS, including a description of its characteristics and components. The next
three subsections describe how DNS implements each of the three primary name
system functions: the DNS name space and architecture; the DNS name registration
process, including hierarchical authorities and administration; and the DNS name
resolution process, focusing on how name servers and resolvers work. Finally, I have a
topic that briefly highlights the changes made to DNS to support the new version 6 of
the Internet Protocol, and its much longer addresses.


Domain
A group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a unit with
common rules and procedures. Within the Internet, domains are defined by the IP
address. All devices sharing a common part of the IP address are said to be in the same
domain.

Domain Join
A feature in Microsoft's Windows 7operating system that enables users to connect their
home PC to a domain (e.g., your office computer network). The Professional and
Ultimate editions of Windows 7 offers a wizard that will prompt you step-by-step to
connect to a domain.
domain migration
Moving data from one system, or domain, to another without compromising security or
losing any of the data. Domain migration happens when servers are upgraded and the
data (including any authentication and authorization information) must be moved to a
new system, when an administrator changes from one ISP to another or when an Web
sites administrator moves the data that creates a Web page (any mark-up language
coding and images) from one system, or domain, to another.
DNS parking
In the Web hosting business, DNS parking is a service that the Web host will offer to its
clients as a way of securing a domain name for future use. The Web host registers the
domain name with the InterNIC and "parks" the domain name on a server until it is
ready to be made active. By doing this, the Web host ensures the availability of the
domain name for the client's future use so that another individual or company cannot
register that same domain name.
domain name
Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain
name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in
URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URL every domain name has
a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. There are only a
limited number of such domains. For example:
gov - Government agencies
edu - Educational institutions
org - Organizations (nonprofit)
mil - Military
com - commercial business
net - Network organizations
ca - Canada
th - Thailand
Because the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names, every Web server
requires a Domain Name System (DNS) server to translate domain names into IP
addresses.
administrative domain
A collection of networks, computers, and databases under a common administration,
such as an enterprisesintranet. The devices that operate in a singular administrative
domain share common security features that are administered across the network and
the entities that are associated with it.
domain hosting
Domain hosting refers to businesses that specialize in hosting domain names for
individuals and companies. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web
pages.
Domain hosting is frequently used synonymously with Web hosting since many domain
hosting companies offer both services in one package, but domain names can be
hosted by themselves or in conjunction with Website hosting, email hosting, game
hosting and so on..

domain registration
Domain registration refers to the process of registering a domain name, which identifies
one or more IP addresses with a name that is easier to remember and use in URLs to
identify particular Web pages. The person or usiness that registers domain name is
called the domain name registrant.
Domain registration requires utilizing the services of a domain name registrar, an
ICANN or national ccTLD accredited company that has the authority to register domain
names. Registrars help individuals and organizations register a domain name that has
an extension like .com, .org, .net, .info, .biz, .us, .mobi, .name, .pro, .tv, etc.
collision domain
A group of Ethernet or Fast Ethernetdevices in a CSMA/CDLAN that are connected by
repeaters and compete for access on the network. Only one device in the collision
domain may transmit at any one time, and the other devices in the domain listen to the
network in order to avoid data collisions.
A collision domain is sometimes referred to as an Ethernet segment.






Host
(1) A computer system that is accessed by a user working at a remote location.
Typically, the term is used when there are two computer systems connected by
modems and telephone lines. The system that contains the data is called the host,
while the computer at which the user sits is called the remote terminal.
(2) A computer that is connected to a TCP/IP network, including the Internet. Each host
has a unique IP address.
(3) To provide the infrastructure for a computer service. For example, there are many
companies that host files, programs, applications or even a Web server for companies
and individuals. In the case of a Web server, it means that they provide the hardware,
software, and communications lines required by the server, but the content on the
server may be controlled by someone else.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each
device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the
Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions:
host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been
characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where
it is. A route indicates how to get there."


IP Addressing
The primary job of IP is delivering messages between devices, and like any good
delivery service, it can't do its job too well if it doesn't know where the recipients are
located. Obviously then, one of the most important functions of the Internet Protocol is
addressing. IP addresses are used not only to uniquely identify IP addresses but
tofacilitate the routing of IP datagrams over internetworks. They are used and referred
to extensively in TCP/IP networking.
In this section I provide a comprehensive explanation of the issues and techniques
associated with IP addressing. There are five subsections. The first provides an
overview of IP addressing concepts and issues. The second discusses the original class-
based (“classful”) IP addressing scheme and how the different classes work. The third
and fourth subsections are devoted to IP subnets and subnet addressing. This includes
a discussion of subnetting concepts and also a thorough illustration of practical step-by-
step subnetting. The last subsection describes the new classless addressing system,
also sometimes called “supernetting”.

What is My IP Address?
To view your IP address you can use the ipconfig (IPCONFIG) command line tool.
Ipconfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.

(To launch the command prompt from a Windows-based computer click: Start>All
Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt. Type ipconfig and hit enter.)

The Format of an IP Address
The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers
separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240
could be an IP address.
Within an isolated network, you can assign IP addresses at random as long as each one
is unique. However, connecting a private network to the Internet requires using
registered IP addresses (called Internet addresses) to avoid duplicates.
An IP address can be static or dynamic. A static IP address will never change and it is a
permanent Internet address. A dynamic IP address is a temporary address that is
assigned each time a computer or device accesses the Internet.
The four numbers in an IP address are used in different ways to identify a particular
network and a host on that network. Four regional Internet registries -- ARIN, RIPE
NCC, LACNIC and APNIC-- assign Internet addresses from the following three classes:
Class A - supports 16 million hosts on each of 126 networks
Class B - supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks
Class C - supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
The number of unassigned Internet addresses is running out, so a new classless
scheme called CIDR is gradually replacing the system based on classes A, B, and C and
is tied to adoption of IPv6. In IPv6 the IP address size is increased from 32 bits to 128
bits.



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