Labor, Employment & Unemployment.2016mid

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LABOR, EMPLOYMENT &
UNEMPLOYMENT

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Outline








Labor, Labor Force, Employment, Labor Market
Determinants of Employment
Determinants of the Demand for Labor
Determinants of Labor Supply
Determinants of Wages
The Wage System
Unemployment

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

• Labor is one of the resources used in
production, making the goods and
services we need. It is also the
aggregate of all human physical and
mental effort.
• Labor Force is the number of people
in work or actively seeking for paid
employment and are available to start
for work.
• Employment provides most of us with
the incomes we need to purchase
goods
and services
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

The Production Side of Labor
Percent of Employed by Industry
60

%
E
m
p
l
o
y
e
d

50

40
30
20
10
0
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Year
Agriculture
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos
)(

Manufacturing

Non-government services

Government
services
2/15/2016

2000

TABLE 10.2 - Labor Productivity by Region and Sector,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(In Pesos)
At Current Prices
REGION AND SECTOR

2012 r

2013 r

At Constant 2000 Prices
2014

2012 r

2013 r

327,100
PHILIPPINES

280,880

302,804

2014
185,351

167,692

177,084

Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing

103,346

109,603

121,018

57,800

59,703

60,827

Industry

574,604

605,646

a
643,570

353,725

373,779
a

388,308

Services

304,158

326,833

350,322

180,875

187,976

195,885

National Capital Region

851,486

933,712

986,681

501,123

533,554

548,170

Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing

255,581

266,586

299,677

162,129

163,931

159,645

Industry

758,746

902,023

938,804

458,323

542,584

553,570

Asst.Prof.Teresita
Balgos )(
Services

878,880

946,658

1,003,268

514,316

534,468

2/15/2016
550,071

20th Century Trends
• Large drop in % employment in
agricultural sector over century
• Large drop in % employment in
manufacturing sector over end
of century

• Farms have become more
productive, requiring less labor
• Increases in population gravitate into the
non-farm sector, decreasing the percentage
remaining on the farm

• Large increase in service sector
% employment

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

The Income Side of Labor
Global Unemployment Rates

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Labor Force Participation Rate
% Adults in Labor Force

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Labor Force Participation Rate
Changes by gender:
• More women have entered the labor force

• Men staying as students longer, becoming retirees earlier and living longer, and
taking over homemaker responsibilities

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Determinants of Employment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Level of economic activity
Structural changes : change in the taste by consumer, new products
are introduced, domestic goods are displaced by imports, technical
changes
Change in occupation or residence
Instructional restrictions or barriers : minimum wage, restrictions to
entry by labor union
Seasonal industries
Labor composition
Educational attainment
Demographic factors

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND FOR LABOUR
• Wage Rate
• Productivity of Labour
• Price of Output
• Substitutability of Labour
with other factors of
production

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY FOR LABOUR

• The Number of births
• The number of deaths
• The number of people migrating in and out
of the area
• The number of people who choose to stay
at home and look after for their families
• The Number of people at school
• The number of people in further education
• The number of people who are retired

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Production Function
• Demand for Labour : Derived Demand
• The substitution Effect of Labour : if the
wage rate falls, employers will employ more
labour because it is cheaper

Q = f (K, L)

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

• The Income Effect of Labour: if the wage
rate falls, employers will employ more
labour because it leaves more budget to
spend

2/15/2016

Wage Rate Determination In the Labour
Market





Demand
Supply
Equilibrium Wage Rate
Disequilibrium Wage Rate

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Equilibrium Wage Rates
• Is the wage rate at which the quantity of labour demanded equals
the quantity of labour supplied

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Disequilibrium Wage Rate
The market wage is greater than
the equilibrium wage
Reasons ( excess supply of
labour, workers will be unemployed
because of the excess number of
workers thus wage rate will fall)
• Workers realizing they are or may
become unemployed, will accept lower
wage rates, in an effort to make their
services more attractive to employers
• Employers, realizing there are
unemployed workers, will offer to
employ workers at a lower wage rate
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

The market wage is lesser than
the equilibrium wage
• Reasons ( excess supply of
labour, workers will be highly sought
after, because there is shortage of
workers)
1. Employers finding themselves unable
to employ as many workers as they
would like, will offer to employ
workers at higher wage rates in an
attempt to attract more workers
2. Workers, realizing they are being
sought after by employees, will
begin to ask for higher wage rates
for their services
2/15/2016

The market wage is lesser than the equilibrium wage

• Only when the market wage rate equals to the
equilibrium wage rate is there neither excess
demand for labour nor excess supply of labour.
Hence there are neither unemployed workers or
shortage of workers

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Unemployment

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Key Issues







The meaning of unemployment
Different types of unemployment
Consequences of unemployment
Unemployment and economic growth
Recent trends in UK unemployment
Full employment

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Measuring Unemployment
• A Working Definition of Unemployment
• People able, available and willing to find work
and actively seeking work – but not employed
• The unemployed are included in the labour
force

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

• An involuntary idleness on the part of
those who have failed to find
unemployment or who have lost their
latest jobs, but are able to work, and are
looking for work
2/15/2016

Measuring Unemployment
• The Labour Force Survey (ILO measure)
• An internationally agreed standard measure of
unemployment
• Must have actively sought work in the previous
four weeks and be available to start work
immediately
• Higher figure than the claimant count –
approximately half a million higher
• Higher because there are limits on who can
claim unemployment benefit – so the true
level of unemployment is higher than the
official figures suggest
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

LABOR FORCE and UNEMPLOYMENT
• Labour Force- Population 15 years old and over who
contributes to the production of goods and services in
the country
• Includes either employed or unemployed; and those
who are neither employed or unemployed
• Participation Rate- The percentage of the entire
labour force population that makes up the labour force
Participation rate = Labour Force

x 100

Labour Force Population

• Ex. In 1993 labour force was 13.946 million and the
labour force population was 21.392 million
65.2%

= 13 946 000

x 100

21 392 000
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

• The Official Unemployment Rate- The
number of unemployed people in the labour
force as a percentage of the entire labour
force

• Ex. The 1993 Labour force of 13.946 people
was composed of 12.383 million people who
were employed and 1.562 million people
who were not.
Unemployment Rate = UELFR/Labour Force x
100
• 11.2%= 1 562 000 x 100
13 946 000

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014 (Continued)
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
Region VI - Western Visayas
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation
Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and
Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
and
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies

2012

2013

2014

3,008
962
177

3,011
928
180

3,182
1,004
202

7
163

9
152

11
156

6

9

9

4
152

4
164

4
198

522
207
122
19
29

525
209
135
18
30

535
207
136
18
31

9
12
48

7
10
52

5
9
58

162
107
35
18
202

163
110
39
19
204

173
106
40
20
215
2/15/2016

45
-

42
-

44
-

TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods and
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies

2012
37,600
10,660
1,432
250
3,112
89
59
2,232
6,864
2,617
1,571
338
437
170
189
937
1,958
1,200
438
328
2,149

2013
38,118
10,429
1,407
250
3,159
94
60
2,373
7,105
2,734
1,607
344
448
173
194
1,016
1,965
1,226
469
347
2,189

566
2

524
4

2014
a
38,651
10,405
1,396
239
3,212
86
51
2,578
7,248
2,686
1,694
352
491
168
209
1,085
1,964
1,254
480
349
2,187
2/15/2016

508
7

UNEMPLOYMENT :
ISSUES, DIMENSIONS, AND ANALYSES
• Types of Unemployment
• 1. Normal Unemployment- Unemployment due to low or no demand for workers.
• 2. Frictional Unemployment- Unemployment due to being temporarily between jobs or looking for a
first job. It is a permanent feature of labour markets, represents about 3% of the labour force at all
times.
• 3. Structural Unemployment- Unemployment due to a mismatch between people and jobs. This type of
unemployment occurs because of gradual changes in the economy. Long term adjustments in what,
how, and where products are produced cause such unemployment.
• 4. Technological Unemployment- Unemployment due to technology
• 5. Cyclical Unemployment- Unemployment due to the ups and downs of economies and businesses,
causing unemployment to rise and fall.
• 6. Seasonal Unemployment- Unemployment due to the seasonal nature of some occupations and
Asst.Prof.Teresita
2/15/2016
industries Balgos )(

Flows in the Labour Market
Employed
Labour force

New hires
Recalls
Job-losers
Lay-offs
Quits

Discouraged
workers

Retiring
Temporarily
leaving

Taking
a job
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

Unemployed

Re-entrants
New entrants

Out of the
labour force
2/15/2016

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Philippines

Population 15 years and over (in 000)

January 2015a/ January 2014b/
January 2015c/
(Excludes Region (Excludes Region
(Excludes Leyte)
VIII)
VIII)

62,870

61,777

64,591

Labor Force Participation Rate (%)

63.8

63.8

63.7

Employment Rate (%)

93.4

92.5

93.4

6.6

7.5

6.6

17.5

19.5

17.9

Unemployment Rate (%)
Underemployment Rate (%)
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Unemployment Rates in Selected Asian Countries
TABLE 41 - Unemployment Rates in Selected Asian Countries: July 2014 - December 2015

COUNTRY

Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Thailand
China

Periodicity

Semi-annual
Monthly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Monthly
Monthly
Quarterly

2015 p

2014
Jul

Aug

Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov Dec

5.9
2.8
6.7
2.0
3.4
1.0
4.1

2.7
3.5
0.7
-

2.7
3.5
0.8
-

5.8
3.0
6.6
1.9
3.4
1.1
4.1

6.2
3.2
6.5
2.0
3.7
1.0
4.0

3.2
3.6
1.0
-

3.2
3.5
0.8
-

3.1
5.7
2.0
3.4
0.9
4.1

3.4
0.9
-

2.7
6.0
2.0
3.5
0.8
4.1

2.7
3.4
0.6
-

3.0
3.5
0.6
-

3.2
3.9
0.8
-

3.0
3.7
1.0
-

3.0
6.4
1.8
3.7
0.9
4.1

3.1
3.9
0.9
-

3.1
3.9
0.8
-

Note: Data for other Asian countries cannot be found in the website used. If other website shall be used,
methodology may differ, thus, not comparable.
p Preliminary.
Sources of data: Philippine Statistics Authority,
Labor
Force Survey.Balgos )(
Asst.Prof.Teresita
http://www.tradingeconomics.com.

3.4
-

2/15/2016

Types of Unemployment
• Seasonal
• Regular seasonal changes in
employment / labour demand
• Affects certain industries more than
others






Catering and leisure
Construction
Retailing
Tourism
Agriculture

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Types of Unemployment
• Frictional
• Transitional unemployment due to
people moving between jobs: Includes
people experiencing short spells of
unemployment
• Includes new and returning entrants into
the labour market
• Imperfect information about available
job opportunities can lengthen the
period of someone’s job search

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Structural Unemployment
• Structural
• Arises from the mismatch of skills and
job opportunities as the pattern of
labour demand in the economy changes
• Occupational immobility of labour
• Often involves long-term unemployment
• Prevalent in regions where industries go
into long-term decline
• Good examples include industries such as
mining, engineering and textiles

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Philippine employment structure

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods and
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies

2012
37,600
10,660
1,432
250
3,112
89
59
2,232
6,864
2,617
1,571
338
437
170
189
937
1,958
1,200
438
328
2,149

2013
38,118
10,429
1,407
250
3,159
94
60
2,373
7,105
2,734
1,607
344
448
173
194
1,016
1,965
1,226
469
347
2,189

566
2

524
4

2014
a
38,651
10,405
1,396
239
3,212
86
51
2,578
7,248
2,686
1,694
352
491
168
209
1,085
1,964
1,254
480
349
2,187
2/15/2016

508
7

Cyclical unemployment
• Cyclical (Keynesian)

• There is a cyclical relationship
between demand, output,
employment and unemployment
• Caused by a fall in aggregate
demand leading to a loss of real
national output and employment
• A slowdown can lead to businesses
laying off workers because they
lack confidence that demand will
recover
• Keynes argued that an economy
can become stuck with a low rate
of AD and an economy operating
persistently below its potential

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Cyclical unemployment using AD-AS
LRAS
General Price
Level

Real Wage
Level

Supply of
Labour

W1
W2

P1
P2

SRAS
AD1

LD2

AD2
Y2

Y1

Yfc

Real National Income

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

E2

Demand for
Labour
YFC2

E1

Employment of Labour

2/15/2016

Real Wage Unemployment
• Real Wage Unemployment
• Created when real wages are maintained above their market clearing level
leading to an excess supply of labour at the prevailing wage rate
• Some economists believe that unemployment can be created if the national
minimum wage is set too high

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Recent examples of cyclical unemployment
• Recession in the UK in the early 1990s
• Unemployment rose from 1.6 million in 1989 to 2.9 million in 1993

• The recent recession in UK manufacturing industry
• Slow growth and rising unemployment in Germany

• The end of full-employment for Japan during the last ten years

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Economic and Social Costs of Unemployment
• The private costs for the unemployed
• Loss of income
• Fall in real living standards
• Increased health risks
• Stress
• Reduction in quality of diet
• Social exclusion because of loss of work and income
• Loss of marketable skills (human capital) and motivation
• The longer the duration of unemployment, the lower the chances of
finding fresh employment - the unemployed become less attractive to
potential employers
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Consequences of Unemployment (2)
• Economic Consequences for Businesses
• Negative consequences
• Fall in demand for goods and services
• Fall in demand for businesses further down the supply chain
• Consider the negative multiplier effects from the closure of a major
employer in a town or city
• Some positive consequences
• Bigger pool of surplus labour is available – but still a problem if there is
plenty of structural unemployment
• Less pressure to pay higher wages
• Less risk of industrial / strike action – fear of job losses – leading to
reduced trade union power
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Consequences of Unemployment (3)
• Consequences for the Government (Fiscal Policy)
• Increased spending on unemployment benefits and
other income –related state welfare payments
• Fall in revenue from income tax and taxes on
consumer spending
• Fall in profits – reduction in revenue from
corporation tax
• May lead to rise in government borrowing (i.e. a
budget deficit)

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Consequences of Unemployment (3)
• Consequences for the economy as a whole
• Lost output (real GDP) from people being out of work – the
economy will be operating well within its production frontier
• Unemployment seen as an inefficient way of allocating resources –
labour market failure?
• Some of the long-term unemployed may leave the labour force
permanently – fall in potential GDP
• Increase in the inequality – rise in relative poverty

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Policies to reduce unemployment
Demand and supply side approaches

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Demand side Policies to Reduce Unemployment
• These are mainly measures to boost total labour demand (reduce cyclical
unemployment)

Lower interest rates (a monetary policy stimulus)
A lower exchange rate (helps exporters)
Lower direct taxes (fiscal stimulus to spending power)
Government spending on major capital projects (e.g. improving the
transport infrastructure)
• Employment subsidies (including the New Deal programme) – designed to
reduce the cost to a business of employing additional workers
• Incentives to encourage flows of foreign investment in the UK –
particularly in areas of above average unemployment





Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Supply-side policies to reduce Unemployment
• Supply-side policies
• These are measures to improve labour supply (reduce frictional and
structural unemployment)
• Increased spending on education & training including an emphasis
on “lifetime-learning”)
• Improved flows of information on job vacancies
• Changes to tax and benefits to improve incentives
• Measures designed to make the labour market more flexible so that
workers have the skills and education that gives them improved
employment options
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Consequences
of
falling
unemployment
• The circular flow and the multiplier:
• Incomes flowing into households will grow
• Falling unemployment adds to demand and creates a positive
multiplier effect on incomes, demand and output.
• The balance of payments:
• When incomes and spending are growing, there is an increase in the
demand for imports. Unless this is matched by a rise in export sales,
the trade balance in goods and services will worsen

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Consequences of falling unemployment
• Government finances:
• With more people in work paying income tax, national insurance
and value added tax, the government can expect a large rise in tax
revenues and a reduction in social security benefits
• Inflationary effects
• Falling unemployment can also create a rise in inflationary pressure
– particularly when the economy moves close to operating at full
capacity
• However this is not really a risk when the economy is coming out of
recession, since aggregate supply is likely to be highly elastic
because of a high level of spare capacity
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Falling unemployment in the UK
• Demand factors

• Sustained economic growth since 1992
• Growth creates jobs to replace jobs lost in industries suffering from long
term decline
• High levels of inward investment from overseas
• Strong consumer demand and housing boom

• Supply factors

• Extra investment in education and training
• Britain now has a more flexible labour market than in the past – workers
have more adaptable skills
• Employment laws have changed – easier for firms to take on extra workers
• E.g. growth of temporary and part time employment

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Falling unemployment
Sustained economic
growth since 1992

Growth of service sector
has created many new
jobs

Foreign direct investment

The full-employment

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

New Deal – helping to
lower long-term
unemployment

Flexible labour market –
easier to create new jobs

Increased spending on
education
2/15/2016

Unemployment Misses ...
(1) Discouraged and other marginally attached workers who want to work and have
given up looking for a job
(2) Individuals who are employed, but for less hours than desired during a week

• Taking these workers into account, the unemployment rate in August, 2002
would increase from 5.7% to 9.5%

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Can We Have 0% Unemployment?
• Economists believe that it is not possible
• Natural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment due to built in
frictions and structures in the economy

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Frictional Unemployment

• Frictional unemployment: Unemployment caused by the time it takes for
workers to search for the best job

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Minimum Wage

• We know from microeconomic theory that this is a price floor
• Quantity labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Minimum Wage

Price is wage, firms demand labor

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Unions

• Perfect Competition: Many sellers, many buyers. No market
power.
• Monopoly: One seller, many buyers. Seller has market power
• Monopsony: One buyer, many sellers. Buyer has market power to
drive the price down

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Unions

• Unions can be seen as negatively colluding to gain
market power in a manner similar to firms trying to sell
their products.
• In the presence of monopsony (one firm buying all the
labor), unions are often needed to group workers into a
single entity (monopoly) and thus shift some market
power back to the workers.
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Efficiency Wages

• Efficiency Wages: paying workers higher wages than the
equilibrium amount in order to retain employees and receive a
better effort. Creates similar inefficiencies to a price floor.

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

2/15/2016

TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014 (Continued)
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
Region VI - Western Visayas
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation
Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and
Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
and
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies

2012

2013

2014

3,008
962
177

3,011
928
180

3,182
1,004
202

7
163

9
152

11
156

6

9

9

4
152

4
164

4
198

522
207
122
19
29

525
209
135
18
30

535
207
136
18
31

9
12
48

7
10
52

5
9
58

162
107
35
18
202

163
110
39
19
204

173
106
40
20
215
2/15/2016

45
-

42
-

44
-

TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods and
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies

2012
37,600
10,660
1,432
250
3,112
89
59
2,232
6,864
2,617
1,571
338
437
170
189
937
1,958
1,200
438
328
2,149

2013
38,118
10,429
1,407
250
3,159
94
60
2,373
7,105
2,734
1,607
344
448
173
194
1,016
1,965
1,226
469
347
2,189

566
2

524
4

2014
a
38,651
10,405
1,396
239
3,212
86
51
2,578
7,248
2,686
1,694
352
491
168
209
1,085
1,964
1,254
480
349
2,187
2/15/2016

508
7

TABLE 10.2 - Labor Productivity by Region and Sector,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014 (Continued)
(In Pesos)
At Current Prices
MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP

Region VI - Western Visayas
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry
and Fishing

2012 r

2013 r

At Constant 2000 Prices
2012 r

2013 r

2014

####### ####### #######

85,834

88,646

87,964

101,844 107,253 104,860

57,130

56,664

50,837

2014

Industry

230,410 248,654 261,335 138,223 148,746 151,182

Services

153,987 164,208 173,525

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

95,852

98,309 100,934
2/15/2016

TABLE 10.1 - Labor Productivity Measured in Terms of Gross Domestic
Product
Per Employed Person, Philippines: 1998 - 2014
(In Pesos)
YEAR
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 r
2013 r
2014

Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(

At Current Prices
110,877
116,942
130,435
133,379
139,656
148,461
161,972
175,711
192,155
205,385
226,493
228,919
249,854
261,033
280,880
302,804
327,100

At Constant 2000 Prices
124,926
123,619
130,435
126,366
127,026
130,846
135,291
138,683
144,510
149,830
153,630
151,086
158,222
158,911
167,692
177,084
185,351

Notes: 1. Labor Productivity of the country is measured as the
ratio of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to corresponding average
employment
for the year.
2. Labor productivity data for 2014 were computed 1/1
using employment data which excluded that of Leyte province.
3. Employment data used for 1998 - 2005 were based on the 1995
census-based population projections, while 2006 onwards were based
on the 2000 census-based
population projections.
r Revised.
Sources of basic data: Philippine Statistics Authority, National
Accounts of the Philippines and Labor Force Survey.

2/15/2016

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