Labor, Labor Force, Employment, Labor Market
Determinants of Employment
Determinants of the Demand for Labor
Determinants of Labor Supply
Determinants of Wages
The Wage System
Unemployment
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
• Labor is one of the resources used in
production, making the goods and
services we need. It is also the
aggregate of all human physical and
mental effort.
• Labor Force is the number of people
in work or actively seeking for paid
employment and are available to start
for work.
• Employment provides most of us with
the incomes we need to purchase
goods
and services
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
The Production Side of Labor
Percent of Employed by Industry
60
%
E
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
50
40
30
20
10
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
Agriculture
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos
)(
Manufacturing
Non-government services
Government
services
2/15/2016
2000
TABLE 10.2 - Labor Productivity by Region and Sector,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(In Pesos)
At Current Prices
REGION AND SECTOR
2012 r
2013 r
At Constant 2000 Prices
2014
2012 r
2013 r
327,100
PHILIPPINES
280,880
302,804
2014
185,351
167,692
177,084
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing
103,346
109,603
121,018
57,800
59,703
60,827
Industry
574,604
605,646
a
643,570
353,725
373,779
a
388,308
Services
304,158
326,833
350,322
180,875
187,976
195,885
National Capital Region
851,486
933,712
986,681
501,123
533,554
548,170
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing
255,581
266,586
299,677
162,129
163,931
159,645
Industry
758,746
902,023
938,804
458,323
542,584
553,570
Asst.Prof.Teresita
Balgos )(
Services
878,880
946,658
1,003,268
514,316
534,468
2/15/2016
550,071
20th Century Trends
• Large drop in % employment in
agricultural sector over century
• Large drop in % employment in
manufacturing sector over end
of century
• Farms have become more
productive, requiring less labor
• Increases in population gravitate into the
non-farm sector, decreasing the percentage
remaining on the farm
• Large increase in service sector
% employment
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
The Income Side of Labor
Global Unemployment Rates
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Labor Force Participation Rate
% Adults in Labor Force
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Labor Force Participation Rate
Changes by gender:
• More women have entered the labor force
• Men staying as students longer, becoming retirees earlier and living longer, and
taking over homemaker responsibilities
Level of economic activity
Structural changes : change in the taste by consumer, new products
are introduced, domestic goods are displaced by imports, technical
changes
Change in occupation or residence
Instructional restrictions or barriers : minimum wage, restrictions to
entry by labor union
Seasonal industries
Labor composition
Educational attainment
Demographic factors
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND FOR LABOUR
• Wage Rate
• Productivity of Labour
• Price of Output
• Substitutability of Labour
with other factors of
production
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY FOR LABOUR
• The Number of births
• The number of deaths
• The number of people migrating in and out
of the area
• The number of people who choose to stay
at home and look after for their families
• The Number of people at school
• The number of people in further education
• The number of people who are retired
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Production Function
• Demand for Labour : Derived Demand
• The substitution Effect of Labour : if the
wage rate falls, employers will employ more
labour because it is cheaper
Q = f (K, L)
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
• The Income Effect of Labour: if the wage
rate falls, employers will employ more
labour because it leaves more budget to
spend
2/15/2016
Wage Rate Determination In the Labour
Market
•
•
•
•
Equilibrium Wage Rates
• Is the wage rate at which the quantity of labour demanded equals
the quantity of labour supplied
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Disequilibrium Wage Rate
The market wage is greater than
the equilibrium wage
Reasons ( excess supply of
labour, workers will be unemployed
because of the excess number of
workers thus wage rate will fall)
• Workers realizing they are or may
become unemployed, will accept lower
wage rates, in an effort to make their
services more attractive to employers
• Employers, realizing there are
unemployed workers, will offer to
employ workers at a lower wage rate
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
The market wage is lesser than
the equilibrium wage
• Reasons ( excess supply of
labour, workers will be highly sought
after, because there is shortage of
workers)
1. Employers finding themselves unable
to employ as many workers as they
would like, will offer to employ
workers at higher wage rates in an
attempt to attract more workers
2. Workers, realizing they are being
sought after by employees, will
begin to ask for higher wage rates
for their services
2/15/2016
The market wage is lesser than the equilibrium wage
• Only when the market wage rate equals to the
equilibrium wage rate is there neither excess
demand for labour nor excess supply of labour.
Hence there are neither unemployed workers or
shortage of workers
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Unemployment
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Key Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
The meaning of unemployment
Different types of unemployment
Consequences of unemployment
Unemployment and economic growth
Recent trends in UK unemployment
Full employment
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Measuring Unemployment
• A Working Definition of Unemployment
• People able, available and willing to find work
and actively seeking work – but not employed
• The unemployed are included in the labour
force
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
• An involuntary idleness on the part of
those who have failed to find
unemployment or who have lost their
latest jobs, but are able to work, and are
looking for work
2/15/2016
Measuring Unemployment
• The Labour Force Survey (ILO measure)
• An internationally agreed standard measure of
unemployment
• Must have actively sought work in the previous
four weeks and be available to start work
immediately
• Higher figure than the claimant count –
approximately half a million higher
• Higher because there are limits on who can
claim unemployment benefit – so the true
level of unemployment is higher than the
official figures suggest
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
LABOR FORCE and UNEMPLOYMENT
• Labour Force- Population 15 years old and over who
contributes to the production of goods and services in
the country
• Includes either employed or unemployed; and those
who are neither employed or unemployed
• Participation Rate- The percentage of the entire
labour force population that makes up the labour force
Participation rate = Labour Force
x 100
Labour Force Population
•
• Ex. In 1993 labour force was 13.946 million and the
labour force population was 21.392 million
65.2%
= 13 946 000
x 100
21 392 000
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
• The Official Unemployment Rate- The
number of unemployed people in the labour
force as a percentage of the entire labour
force
•
• Ex. The 1993 Labour force of 13.946 people
was composed of 12.383 million people who
were employed and 1.562 million people
who were not.
Unemployment Rate = UELFR/Labour Force x
100
• 11.2%= 1 562 000 x 100
13 946 000
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014 (Continued)
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
Region VI - Western Visayas
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation
Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and
Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
and
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies
2012
2013
2014
3,008
962
177
3,011
928
180
3,182
1,004
202
7
163
9
152
11
156
6
9
9
4
152
4
164
4
198
522
207
122
19
29
525
209
135
18
30
535
207
136
18
31
9
12
48
7
10
52
5
9
58
162
107
35
18
202
163
110
39
19
204
173
106
40
20
215
2/15/2016
45
-
42
-
44
-
TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods and
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies
UNEMPLOYMENT :
ISSUES, DIMENSIONS, AND ANALYSES
• Types of Unemployment
• 1. Normal Unemployment- Unemployment due to low or no demand for workers.
• 2. Frictional Unemployment- Unemployment due to being temporarily between jobs or looking for a
first job. It is a permanent feature of labour markets, represents about 3% of the labour force at all
times.
• 3. Structural Unemployment- Unemployment due to a mismatch between people and jobs. This type of
unemployment occurs because of gradual changes in the economy. Long term adjustments in what,
how, and where products are produced cause such unemployment.
• 4. Technological Unemployment- Unemployment due to technology
• 5. Cyclical Unemployment- Unemployment due to the ups and downs of economies and businesses,
causing unemployment to rise and fall.
• 6. Seasonal Unemployment- Unemployment due to the seasonal nature of some occupations and
Asst.Prof.Teresita
2/15/2016
industries Balgos )(
Flows in the Labour Market
Employed
Labour force
New hires
Recalls
Job-losers
Lay-offs
Quits
Discouraged
workers
Retiring
Temporarily
leaving
Taking
a job
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Unemployed
Re-entrants
New entrants
Out of the
labour force
2/15/2016
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Philippines
Population 15 years and over (in 000)
January 2015a/ January 2014b/
January 2015c/
(Excludes Region (Excludes Region
(Excludes Leyte)
VIII)
VIII)
Note: Data for other Asian countries cannot be found in the website used. If other website shall be used,
methodology may differ, thus, not comparable.
p Preliminary.
Sources of data: Philippine Statistics Authority,
Labor
Force Survey.Balgos )(
Asst.Prof.Teresita
http://www.tradingeconomics.com.
3.4
-
2/15/2016
Types of Unemployment
• Seasonal
• Regular seasonal changes in
employment / labour demand
• Affects certain industries more than
others
•
•
•
•
•
Catering and leisure
Construction
Retailing
Tourism
Agriculture
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Types of Unemployment
• Frictional
• Transitional unemployment due to
people moving between jobs: Includes
people experiencing short spells of
unemployment
• Includes new and returning entrants into
the labour market
• Imperfect information about available
job opportunities can lengthen the
period of someone’s job search
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Structural Unemployment
• Structural
• Arises from the mismatch of skills and
job opportunities as the pattern of
labour demand in the economy changes
• Occupational immobility of labour
• Often involves long-term unemployment
• Prevalent in regions where industries go
into long-term decline
• Good examples include industries such as
mining, engineering and textiles
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Philippine employment structure
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods and
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies
• There is a cyclical relationship
between demand, output,
employment and unemployment
• Caused by a fall in aggregate
demand leading to a loss of real
national output and employment
• A slowdown can lead to businesses
laying off workers because they
lack confidence that demand will
recover
• Keynes argued that an economy
can become stuck with a low rate
of AD and an economy operating
persistently below its potential
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Cyclical unemployment using AD-AS
LRAS
General Price
Level
Real Wage
Level
Supply of
Labour
W1
W2
P1
P2
SRAS
AD1
LD2
AD2
Y2
Y1
Yfc
Real National Income
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
E2
Demand for
Labour
YFC2
E1
Employment of Labour
2/15/2016
Real Wage Unemployment
• Real Wage Unemployment
• Created when real wages are maintained above their market clearing level
leading to an excess supply of labour at the prevailing wage rate
• Some economists believe that unemployment can be created if the national
minimum wage is set too high
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Recent examples of cyclical unemployment
• Recession in the UK in the early 1990s
• Unemployment rose from 1.6 million in 1989 to 2.9 million in 1993
• The recent recession in UK manufacturing industry
• Slow growth and rising unemployment in Germany
• The end of full-employment for Japan during the last ten years
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Economic and Social Costs of Unemployment
• The private costs for the unemployed
• Loss of income
• Fall in real living standards
• Increased health risks
• Stress
• Reduction in quality of diet
• Social exclusion because of loss of work and income
• Loss of marketable skills (human capital) and motivation
• The longer the duration of unemployment, the lower the chances of
finding fresh employment - the unemployed become less attractive to
potential employers
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Consequences of Unemployment (2)
• Economic Consequences for Businesses
• Negative consequences
• Fall in demand for goods and services
• Fall in demand for businesses further down the supply chain
• Consider the negative multiplier effects from the closure of a major
employer in a town or city
• Some positive consequences
• Bigger pool of surplus labour is available – but still a problem if there is
plenty of structural unemployment
• Less pressure to pay higher wages
• Less risk of industrial / strike action – fear of job losses – leading to
reduced trade union power
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Consequences of Unemployment (3)
• Consequences for the Government (Fiscal Policy)
• Increased spending on unemployment benefits and
other income –related state welfare payments
• Fall in revenue from income tax and taxes on
consumer spending
• Fall in profits – reduction in revenue from
corporation tax
• May lead to rise in government borrowing (i.e. a
budget deficit)
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Consequences of Unemployment (3)
• Consequences for the economy as a whole
• Lost output (real GDP) from people being out of work – the
economy will be operating well within its production frontier
• Unemployment seen as an inefficient way of allocating resources –
labour market failure?
• Some of the long-term unemployed may leave the labour force
permanently – fall in potential GDP
• Increase in the inequality – rise in relative poverty
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Policies to reduce unemployment
Demand and supply side approaches
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Demand side Policies to Reduce Unemployment
• These are mainly measures to boost total labour demand (reduce cyclical
unemployment)
Lower interest rates (a monetary policy stimulus)
A lower exchange rate (helps exporters)
Lower direct taxes (fiscal stimulus to spending power)
Government spending on major capital projects (e.g. improving the
transport infrastructure)
• Employment subsidies (including the New Deal programme) – designed to
reduce the cost to a business of employing additional workers
• Incentives to encourage flows of foreign investment in the UK –
particularly in areas of above average unemployment
•
•
•
•
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Supply-side policies to reduce Unemployment
• Supply-side policies
• These are measures to improve labour supply (reduce frictional and
structural unemployment)
• Increased spending on education & training including an emphasis
on “lifetime-learning”)
• Improved flows of information on job vacancies
• Changes to tax and benefits to improve incentives
• Measures designed to make the labour market more flexible so that
workers have the skills and education that gives them improved
employment options
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Consequences
of
falling
unemployment
• The circular flow and the multiplier:
• Incomes flowing into households will grow
• Falling unemployment adds to demand and creates a positive
multiplier effect on incomes, demand and output.
• The balance of payments:
• When incomes and spending are growing, there is an increase in the
demand for imports. Unless this is matched by a rise in export sales,
the trade balance in goods and services will worsen
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Consequences of falling unemployment
• Government finances:
• With more people in work paying income tax, national insurance
and value added tax, the government can expect a large rise in tax
revenues and a reduction in social security benefits
• Inflationary effects
• Falling unemployment can also create a rise in inflationary pressure
– particularly when the economy moves close to operating at full
capacity
• However this is not really a risk when the economy is coming out of
recession, since aggregate supply is likely to be highly elastic
because of a high level of spare capacity
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Falling unemployment in the UK
• Demand factors
• Sustained economic growth since 1992
• Growth creates jobs to replace jobs lost in industries suffering from long
term decline
• High levels of inward investment from overseas
• Strong consumer demand and housing boom
• Supply factors
• Extra investment in education and training
• Britain now has a more flexible labour market than in the past – workers
have more adaptable skills
• Employment laws have changed – easier for firms to take on extra workers
• E.g. growth of temporary and part time employment
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Falling unemployment
Sustained economic
growth since 1992
Growth of service sector
has created many new
jobs
Foreign direct investment
The full-employment
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
New Deal – helping to
lower long-term
unemployment
Flexible labour market –
easier to create new jobs
Increased spending on
education
2/15/2016
Unemployment Misses ...
(1) Discouraged and other marginally attached workers who want to work and have
given up looking for a job
(2) Individuals who are employed, but for less hours than desired during a week
• Taking these workers into account, the unemployment rate in August, 2002
would increase from 5.7% to 9.5%
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Can We Have 0% Unemployment?
• Economists believe that it is not possible
• Natural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment due to built in
frictions and structures in the economy
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Frictional Unemployment
• Frictional unemployment: Unemployment caused by the time it takes for
workers to search for the best job
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Minimum Wage
• We know from microeconomic theory that this is a price floor
• Quantity labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Minimum Wage
Price is wage, firms demand labor
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Unions
• Perfect Competition: Many sellers, many buyers. No market
power.
• Monopoly: One seller, many buyers. Seller has market power
• Monopsony: One buyer, many sellers. Buyer has market power to
drive the price down
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Unions
• Unions can be seen as negatively colluding to gain
market power in a manner similar to firms trying to sell
their products.
• In the presence of monopsony (one firm buying all the
labor), unions are often needed to group workers into a
single entity (monopoly) and thus shift some market
power back to the workers.
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Efficiency Wages
• Efficiency Wages: paying workers higher wages than the
equilibrium amount in order to retain employees and receive a
better effort. Creates similar inefficiencies to a price floor.
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
2/15/2016
TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014 (Continued)
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
Region VI - Western Visayas
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation
Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and
Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
and
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies
2012
2013
2014
3,008
962
177
3,011
928
180
3,182
1,004
202
7
163
9
152
11
156
6
9
9
4
152
4
164
4
198
522
207
122
19
29
525
209
135
18
30
535
207
136
18
31
9
12
48
7
10
52
5
9
58
162
107
35
18
202
163
110
39
19
204
173
106
40
20
215
2/15/2016
45
-
42
-
44
-
TABLE 3.6 - Employed Persons by Region and Major Industry Group,
Philippines: 2012 - 2014
(Based on Past Week Reference Period; In Thousands)
REGION AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
PHILIPPINES
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
Fishing and Aquaculture
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activtities
Construction
Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
Transportation and Storage
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
Information and Communication
Financial and Insurance Activities
Real Estate Activities
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service Activities
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
Education
Human Health and Social Work Activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
Activities of Households as Employers; Undifferentiated Goods and
Asst.Prof.Teresita Balgos )(
Service-producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Activities of Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies
Notes: 1. Labor Productivity of the country is measured as the
ratio of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to corresponding average
employment
for the year.
2. Labor productivity data for 2014 were computed 1/1
using employment data which excluded that of Leyte province.
3. Employment data used for 1998 - 2005 were based on the 1995
census-based population projections, while 2006 onwards were based
on the 2000 census-based
population projections.
r Revised.
Sources of basic data: Philippine Statistics Authority, National
Accounts of the Philippines and Labor Force Survey.