Lebanon

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Lebanon: Cinema and Literature
Identity issue: Arab; European; Christians claim descent from Biblical Canaanite
people
There are Sunni; Shia; Christian; Druze
Sectarian nature of the nation makes it vulnerable - infighting and sectarianism
National character of the Civil War – 1975: Lebanese Civil War - all Muslims
united during Civil War
- politically the Shia were insignificant; rise of Hezbollah
- allowed to keep weapons to resist Israeli aggression in Israel and
Palestine after the Civil War
- Complex sectarian nation; vulnerable to sectarian tension
- Lebanese experience expressed
Women representation:
- Given vote 1952
- Gradually empower especially after civil war –
- 3.1 seats in parliament; though it is still not that easy to be involved in
politics
- Emerging from the brutal sectarian women – their rights are not
considered a priority, for them, the emergence of a stable and successful
Lebanese nation comes first.
Women in literature:
- women authors depict the war differently and construct new narratives
- men cynically assess the violence; women approach it from an abstract
point of view – no focus on the violence, in doing so, construct a new
language and experience – the protagonists in novels – women focus on
their emotional response to the war in Lebanese literature
- in 70’s more women novelists than men; challenging interpretation; try to
affect policy making –
- most coming from middle class background and are journalists
- pioneered Arab literature through women; women employed a s vehicle
to promote not necessarily a new narrative, but to explore and illustrate
the experience from a new angle
Beirut decentrists (Hanan al-Shaykh)
- she wrote on civil war: male authors don’t focus on eletrictity shortages,
scarcity of water, etc; women focus on these expeireces – living through
the civil war
- she shows how you are removed from your environment and now living
like a foreigner in another house
Iman Humaydan – talks about sectarianism
- female characters emotional suffering
-

women experience is very emotional and sensual yet sophisticated in that they
are directly using this event to provide an alternative narrative to express the
conflict
Film:
-

the conflict is regarded as an agent of change – expose flaws of social
norms; conflict allows something new to emerge
hanan al-shaykh; Iman Humaydan

Tutorial
2) Tutorial discussion.

a) Examine how female Lebanese authors review and depict the civil war.
- women experience is very emotional and sensual yet sophisticated in that
they are directly using this event to provide an alternative narrative to
express the conflict
-

women authors depict the war differently and construct new narratives
men cynically assess the violence; women approach it from an
abstract point of view – no focus on the violence, in doing so,
construct a new language and experience
women focus on their emotional response to the war in Lebanese
literature
living experienced shared across sectarian and religious lines
amongst everyone
the conflict is regarded as an agent of change – expose flaws of social
norms; conflict allows something new to emerge
hanan al-shaykh; Iman Humaydan

b) Analyse the Lebanese confessional system and its ramifications for
women in Lebanon, based on the reading for this week.
- the conf. system based on sectarian nature so this further divides the
communities; un equal distribution stuff/power/resources
d) The Lebanese movie “We do we go now” is inspiring, but not without flaws.
Discuss its messages. Do you think it is an effective way to deal with sectarian
tensions in Lebanon?
- Unrealistic approach

e) Do you think the focus on national unity has hampered women’s concerns
from being addressed?
-

Indeed. Nationally united is perceived and regarded as of greater
Hezbollah

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