Lecture 9 - Options on Futures, Currency Derivatives and Exotic Options

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Topic 9
Options on Futures, Currency Derivatives and
Exotic Options

Pricing Options on Futures
Triangular Arbitrage and Interest Rate Parity
Pricing Currency Derivatives
Some Popular Exotic Options

1

Introduction
 Pricing more advanced futures and options are not
necessarily hard to understand
 Based on the same futures pricing model
 Based on the same Black-Scholes model
 If you know standard futures and option pricing
models, you will automatically understand other exotic
variations.

2

Characteristics of Options on
Futures
 Options where exercise establishes either a long or
short position in a futures contract at the exercise
price




Exercise of long (short) call establishes a long (short)
futures.
Exercise of a long (short) put establishes a short (long)
futures.

 Also called commodity options or futures options.

3

Options on Futures
 For example, a TCC ltd. futures call option has a
current price of $2.75


$1,000 multiplier / contract size



Therefore the cost is $2,750.00



If exercised when futures = 121, holder establishes long
futures position at 115, which is immediately marked to
market at 121 for a $6,000 credit to margin account {that is 121115 =6}.



Note: expiration can be the same month as futures or earlier,
depending on the contract.
4

Pricing Options on Futures
 The Intrinsic Value of an American Option on
Futures


Minimum value of American call on futures




Minimum value of American put on futures




Ca(f0,T,X) Max(0,f0 - X)

Pa(f0,T,X) Max(0,X - f0)

Difference between option price and intrinsic value is
time value.
5

Pricing Options on Futures
 The Lower Bound of a European Option on
Futures


Ce(f0,T,X) Max[0,(f0 - X)(1+r)-T]



How did we get this?




Note: f0 = S0(1+r)T

Pe(f0,T,X) Max[0,(X - f0)(1+r)-T]

6

Pricing Options on Futures
 Put-Call Parity of Options on Futures
Payoffs from Portfolio
Portfolio
A

Current Value
Long Futures
Long Put

0

Pe ( f 0 , T , X )

fT  X

fT  X

fT  f 0
X  fT

fT  f 0

X  f0

B

Long Call
Bonds

Ce ( f 0 , T , X )
( X  f 0 )(1  r ) T

0

X  f0
X  f0

0

fT  f 0

fT  X
X  f0

fT  f 0
7

Pricing Options on Futures
 Put-Call Parity of Options on Futures




Pe(f0,T,X) = Ce(f0,T,X) + (X - f0)(1+r)-T.

Compare to put-call parity for options on spot:


Pe(S0,T,X) = Ce(S0,T,X) - S0 + X(1+r)-T.



If options on spot and options on futures expire at same
time, their values are equal;
 implying f0 = S0(1+r)T.

8

Pricing Options on Futures
 Early Exercise of Call and Put Options on Futures




Deep in-the-money call may be exercised early because


behaves almost identically to futures



exercise frees up funds tied up in option but requires no funds to
establish futures



minimum value of European futures call is less than value if it
could be exercised

Similar arguments hold for puts

9

Pricing Options on Futures
 Options on Futures Pricing Models


Black model for pricing European options on
futures
C  e  rc T [f 0 N(d1 )  XN(d2 )]
where

ln(f 0 /X)   2 /2 T
d1 
 T
d 2  d1  

T
10

Pricing Options on Futures
 Options on Futures Pricing Models


Note that with the same expiration for options on spot as
options on futures, this formula gives the same price.



Black’s model ONLY works when futures and options have the
same termination date.



For puts
P  XercT [1  N(d2 )]  f0ercT [1  N(d1)]
11

The Foreign Currency Market
and Currency Derivatives
 The Nature of Exchange Rates




Definition: the rate at which the currency of one
country can be translated into the currency of
another country.
Can be viewed as the price in one currency of
purchasing another currency. Similar concept to
price of any other asset.

12

The Foreign Currency Market
and Currency Derivatives
 Foreign Currency Spot and Forward
Markets





Called the Interbank Market.
Notional value of currency forwards currently
exceed $10 trillion in any particular year.
Most heavily traded currencies are US dollar,
Euro, Yen, Swiss Franc and Pound Sterling.

13

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Cross-Rate Relationships must hold



Else, arbitrage opportunities exist
Example:
$/£ = price of British pound in Australian dollars
 ¥ /$ = price of Australian dollars in yen




£/ ¥ = price of yen in pounds

Therefore: ($/ ¥)(¥/£)(£/$) = 1
 If not, then (triangular) arbitrage can be executed.


14

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Cross-Rate Relationships


Lets say current spot rates are:
 ¥268/£





£0.3482/$
Then, using:

 $  ¥  £ 
     1
 ¥  £  $ 

The price of Yen in Australian dollars must equal:
 $0.0107/ ¥ as (268)(0.3482)(0.0107)=1

15

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Cross-Rate Relationships


What happens if $0.0134/ ¥?
 Yen is overvalued relative to the dollar






Take 1 pound and convert to ¥268.
Take ¥268 and convert to (268)(0.0134)=$3.591
Then convert back:
Take $3.591 and convert to (3.591)(0.3482)=£1.25
This is a 25% return, with no risk!

 Such arbitrage no longer exists


Go to the nearest FX changer in a Bank – check to see if
money can be made from the quoted cross-rates!
16

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Interest Rate Parity


The relationship between spot and forward / futures prices of a
currency. Same as cost of carry model in other forward and
futures markets.



Proves that one cannot borrow and convert a domestic currency to

another foreign currency, sell a futures, earn the foreign risk-free
rate and convert back risklessly, earning a rate higher than the
domestic rate.
17

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Interest Rate Parity – an example:


S0 = spot rate in domestic currency per foreign currency.
 Let’s say Yen per Singapore Dollar.



Foreign interest rate is r.
 In this case it is the Singapore risk-free rate.



Holding period is T.



Domestic rate is r.
 This would be the risk-free rate in Japan.

18

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Interest Rate Parity


Take S0(1+ r)-T Yen and buy (1+ r)-T Singapore Dollars.


Place your Singapore dollars in the bank earning rreturn.



Simultaneously, you sell one forward contract to deliver 1 Singapore
Dollar at T at price F0.



At time T:
 Your Singapore dollars will be worth 1 dollar.
 Your (1+ r)-T will have grown by (1+ r)-T x (1+ r)T = 1.
 Your forward contract obliges you to deliver the Singapore dollar and receive

F0 Yen
19

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Interest Rate Parity


What has this led to?
 You invested S0(1+ r)-T Yen and received F0 Yen.
 You earn the Japanese risk free rate as the above transaction is riskless

 That is:


F0 = S0(1+ r)-T(1 + r)T



This is called interest rate parity.



Sometimes written as
 F0 = S0(1 + r)T/(1 + r)T

20

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives


Difference between domestic and foreign rate is
analogous to difference between risk-free rate

and dividend yield on stock index futures.

21

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Currency Options


Minimum value of American foreign currency call is




Ca(S0,T,X)  Max(0,S0 - X).

Minimum value of American foreign currency put is


Pa(S0,T,X)  Max(0,X - S0).

22

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 The Lower Bound of European Foreign
Currency Options


Calls:


Ce(S0,T,X)  Max[0,S0(1+ r)-T - X(1+r)-T].
 This must hold for American options too.
 Note similarity to case of call on stock with dividend yield.

23

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives


Puts:


Pe(S0,T,X)  Max[0,X(1+r)-T - S0(1+ r)-T].
 This must hold for American options too.
 Note similarity to case of put on stock with dividend yield.

24

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 Put-Call Parity


S0(1+ r)-T + Pe(S0,T,X) = Ce(S0,T,X) + X(1+r)-T



Note similarity to put-call parity for options on stocks.

25

Pricing Foreign Currency
Derivatives
 The Garman-Kohlhagen Foreign Currency
Option Pricing Model
-r T

-r T

C=S0e c N(d1 )  Xe c N(d2 )
where
d1 

ln(S0e

- rc T

d2  d1   T

/ X)+[rc  ( 2 / 2)]T

 T

 Identical to Black-Scholes model for options on
stocks with dividend yields using r for dividend
yield.

26

Some Exotic Options
 Digital Options


Digital options, sometimes called binary options,
are of two types.
Asset-or-nothing options pay the holder the asset if the
option expires in the money and nothing otherwise.
 Cash-or-nothing options pay the holder a fixed
amount of cash if the option expires in the money and
nothing otherwise.


27

Some Exotic Options
Payoffs from Portfolio

Long asset-or-nothing option
Short cash-or-nothing option



ST  X

ST  X

0
0

ST
-X

0

ST  X

This combination is equivalent to an ordinary European call.

28

Some Exotic Options


Recall that the Black-Scholes price is

S 0N (d 1 )  Xe rcT N (d 2 )


The first term is the price of the asset-or-nothing option.
The second term, ignoring the minus, is the price of a cashor-nothing option that pays off X if it expires in-the-money.
The prices of an asset-or-nothing option and cash-ornothing option are:

Oaon  S0N(d1 )
Ocon  Xe

 rc T

N(d2 )
29

Some Exotic Options


Chooser Options


Enable the investor to decide at a specific time after
purchasing the option but before expiration that the
option will be a call or a put.
 Assume that decision must be made at time t < T
 The chooser option is identical to


an ordinary call expiring at T with exercise price X plus
 an ordinary put expiring at t with exercise price X(1+r)-(T-t)

30

Some Exotic Options
 Chooser Options


Example: Comparison with a Straddle




Coca Cola Amatil U.S. chooser option in which choice must be made in 25
days.
Call/put expires in 47 days.


S0 = 9.32,
X = 9,
  = .76,
rc = .0512.
 T = 47/365 = .1288,
t = 25/365 = .0685
 so T - t = .1288 - .0685 = .0603.






Exercise price on put used to price the chooser is 9(1.0512)-.0603 = 8.9729.

Using Black-Scholes model, put is worth $0.5457. Thus the call
is worth $1.1914, the put is equal to $0.5457, for a total of
$1.7371.
A straddle would cost $1.19 + $0.81 = $2.
31

Path-Dependent Options


Payoff determined by the sequence of prices
followed by the asset and not just by the price

of the asset at expiration.


Priced using the binomial model



In practice the binomial model is difficult to use
for path-dependent options.
32

Path-Dependent Options
 Asian options:
 Average price options:


final payoff is determined by the average price of the
asset during the option’s life.

 Average strike options


T

X

The average price substitutes for the exercise price at
expiration.

 When are they used?:


Useful for hedging or speculating when the average is
acceptable.
33

Path-Dependent Options



Lookback Options
Also called a no-regrets option, it permits
purchase of the asset at its lowest price during
the option’s life or sale of the asset at its highest
price during the option’s life.

34

Path-Dependent Options
 Lookback options


Four different types:
 lookback call:


Min price for X

 lookback put:


Xmax

Xmin

Max price for X

 fixed-strike lookback call:


Max price for ST

 fixed-strike lookback put:


Min price for ST
35

Path-Dependent Options


Barrier Options


Terminate /Activate if the asset price hits a certain level, called the
barrier.
 The former is called a knock-out option (or simply out-options)
 The latter is called a knock-in options (or simply in-options).



If the barrier is above the current price, it is called an up-option.



If the barrier is below the current price, it is called a down-option.



Will Barrier Options be more or less expensive than Standard
European Options?
36

Path-Dependent Options


Other Exotic Options:
compound and installment options
 multi-asset options, exchange options, min-max
options (rainbow options), alternative options,
outperformance options
 shout, cliquet and lock-in options
 contingent premium, pay-later and deferred strike
options
 forward-start and tandem options


37

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