Mass

Published on July 2016 | Categories: Types, School Work | Downloads: 79 | Comments: 0 | Views: 508
of 4
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content

Mass (mass spectrometry)

1

Mass (mass spectrometry)
The mass recorded by a mass spectrometer can refer to different physical quantities depending on the characteristics of the instrument and the manner in which the mass spectrum is displayed.

Accurate mass
The accurate mass (more appropriately, the measured accurate mass[1]) is an experimentally determined mass that allows the elemental composition to be determined.[2] For molecules with mass below 200 u, 5 ppm accuracy is often sufficient to uniquely determine the elemental composition.[3]

Average mass
The average mass of a molecule is obtained by summing the average atomic masses of the constituent elements. For example, the average mass of natural water with formula H2O is 1.00794 + 1.00794 + 15.9994 = 18.01528.

Exact mass
The exact mass of an isotopic species (more appropriately, the calculated exact mass[1]) is obtained by summing the masses of the individual isotopes of the molecule. For example, the exact mass of water containing two hydrogen-1 (1H) and one oxygen-16 (16O) is 1.0078 + 1.0078 + 15.9949 = 18.0105. The exact mass of heavy water, containing two hydrogen-2 (deuterium or 2H) and one oxygen-16 (16O) is 2.0141 + 2.0141 + 15.9949 = 20.0229. When an exact mass value is given without specifying an isotopic species, it normally refers to the most abundant isotopic species.

Isotopomer and Isotopologue
An isotopomer (isotopic isomer) is an isomer having the same number of each isotopic atom but differing in their positions.[4] For example, CH3CHDCH3 and CH3CH2CH2D are a pair of constitutional isotopomers. An isotopomer should not be confused with isotopologues, which are chemical species that differ only in the isotopic composition of their molecules or ions. An example is water, where three of its hydrogen-related isotopologues are: HOH, HOD and DOD, where D stands for deuterium (2H).

Kendrick mass
The Kendrick mass is a mass obtained by multiplying the measured mass by a numeric factor. The Kendrick mass is used to aid in the identification of molecules of similar chemical structure from peaks in mass spectra.[5][6] The method of stating mass was suggested in 1963 by the chemist Edward Kendrick. According to the procedure outlined by Kendrick, the mass of CH2 is defined as 14.000 Da, instead of 14.01565 Da.[7][8] The Kendrick mass for a family of compounds F is given by[9] . For hydrocarbon analysis, F=CH2.

Mass (mass spectrometry)

2

Mass number
The mass number, also called the nucleon number, is the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The mass number is unique for each isotope of an element and is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

Molecular mass
The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of 12C). Due to this relativity, the molecular mass of a substance is commonly referred to as the relative molecular mass, and abbreviated to Mr.

Monoisotopic mass

Theoretical isotope distribution for the molecular ion of caffeine

The monoisotopic mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule using the unbound, ground-state, rest mass of the principal (most abundant) isotope for each element instead of the isotopic average mass.[10] For typical organic compounds, where the monoisotopic mass is most commonly used, this also results in the lightest isotope being selected. For some heavier atoms such as iron and argon the principal isotope is not the lightest isotope. The term is designed for measurements in mass spectrometry primarily with smaller molecules. It is not typically useful as a concept in physics or general chemistry. Monoisotopic mass is typically expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), also called daltons (Da).

Most abundant mass
This refers to the mass of the molecule with the most highly represented isotope distribution, based on the natural abundance of the isotopes.[11]

Nominal mass
The nominal mass of an ion or molecule is calculated using the integer mass (ignoring the mass defect) of the most abundant isotope of each element.[12] This is the equivalent of summing the mass numbers of all constituent atoms. For example H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, etc. The nominal mass of H2O is 18, for example.

Theoretical isotope distribution for the molecular ion of glucagon (C153H224N42O50S)

Mass (mass spectrometry)

3

References
[1] O. David Sparkman. Mass Spec Desk Reference (2nd. ed.). p. 60. ISBN 0-9660813-9-0. [2] Grange AH, Winnik W, Ferguson PL, Sovocool GW (2005), "Using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in accurate mass mode and an ion correlation program to identify compounds", Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19 (18): 2699–715, doi:10.1002/rcm.2112, PMID 16124033. [3] Gross, M. L. (1994), "Accurate Masses for Structure Confirmation", J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom 5 (2): 57, doi:10.1016/1044-0305(94)85036-4. [4] Nic, M.; Jirat, J.; Kosata, B., eds. (2006–). "isotopomer" (http:/ / goldbook. iupac. org/ I03352. html). IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Online ed.). doi:10.1351/goldbook.{{{file}}}. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. . [5] Kendrick, Edward (1963), "A mass scale based on CH2 = 14.0000 for high resolution mass spectrometry of organic compounds" (http:/ / pubs. acs. org/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1021/ ac60206a048), Anal. Chem. 35 (13): 2146–2154, doi:10.1021/ac60206a048, , retrieved 2010-01-25. [6] Marshall AG, Rodgers RP (January 2004), "Petroleomics: the next grand challenge for chemical analysis", Acc. Chem. Res. 37 (1): 53–9, doi:10.1021/ar020177t, PMID 14730994. [7] Mopper, Kenneth; Stubbins, Aron; Ritchie, Jason D.; Bialk, Heidi M.; Hatcher, Patrick G. (2007), "Advanced Instrumental Approaches for Characterization of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter:  Extraction Techniques, Mass Spectrometry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", Chemical Reviews 107 (2): 419–42, doi:10.1021/cr050359b, PMID 17300139 [8] Meija, Juris (2006), "Mathematical tools in analytical mass spectrometry", Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 385 (3): 486–99, doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0298-4, PMID 16514517 [9] Kim, Sunghwan; Kramer, Robert W.; Hatcher, Patrick G. (2003), "Graphical Method for Analysis of Ultrahigh-Resolution Broadband Mass Spectra of Natural Organic Matter, the Van Krevelen Diagram", Analytical Chemistry 75 (20): 5336–44, doi:10.1021/ac034415p, PMID 14710810 [10] IUPAC definition of monoisotopic mass spectrum (http:/ / www. iupac. org/ goldbook/ M04014. pdf) [11] Goraczko AJ (2005), "Molecular mass and location of the most abundant peak of the molecular ion isotopomeric cluster", Journal of molecular modeling 11 (4–5): 271–7, doi:10.1007/s00894-005-0245-x, PMID 15928922. [12] Yergey, James; David Heller, Gordon Hansen, Robert J. Cotter, and Catherlne Fenselau (1983), "Isotopic distributions in mass spectra of large molecules" (http:/ / www. umiacs. umd. edu/ ~nedwards/ teaching/ BCHM676_Spring_2006/ papers/ ac00253a037. pdf) (PDF), Analytical Chemistry 55 (2): 353–356, doi:10.1021/ac00253a037, , retrieved 2007-09-04.

External links
web tools to compute molecule masses & isotopic distribution (http://research.smilems.com/molecule-tk/)

Article Sources and Contributors

4

Article Sources and Contributors
Mass (mass spectrometry)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=524125947  Contributors: AManWithNoPlan, Dirac66, Dispenser, Dtreadwell, Hqb, Interplanet Janet, Kkmurray, Martious, Paulthomas2, Raymondwinn, 2 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Caffeine mass.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caffeine_mass.gif  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Kkmurray File:Glucagon mass.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Glucagon_mass.gif  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Kkmurray

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close