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Tearing down the Wall: Understanding anti-Semitism throughout Church history and its effect on Jewish/Christian relations.

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William Carey International University
Tearing down the Wall:
Understanding anti-Semitism throughout
Church history and its effect on Jewish/Christian relations.
Jason Fawks
Mentor: Dr. Charles Jarvis
Capstone Project Advisor: Dr. Joel Hamme
June 2!"

Tale of Contents
Introduction..............................................................................................................2
The Wall !efined......................................................................................................"
#hat is anti$%emitism&.................................................................................."
Anti$%emitism as 'ound in the (ld )estament...............................................*
+s the ,ew )estament Anti$%emitic&..............................................................-
#h. the Jews&...............................................................................................!
%cape/oatin/......................................................................................!2
"ow the Wall was uilt: #nti-Semitism$s %rowth in the Church.......................!2
#h. does anti$%emitism e0ist in the Church&...............................................!2
)he Anti$%emitism o' the Church Fathers.....................................................!"
+/natius o' Antioch.............................................................................!"
Justin Mart.r......................................................................................!*
(ri/en o' Ale0andria..........................................................................!*
John Chr.sostom................................................................................!1
)he 2mer/ence o' the Catholic Church.........................................................!1
Au/ustine...........................................................................................!3
)he Middle A/es............................................................................................2
)he Crusades......................................................................................2!
)he %panish +n4uisition.....................................................................22
)he 5e'ormation............................................................................................22
Theological Su&&ort of the Wall: 'e&lacement Theology....................................2"
5eplacement )heolo/. De'ined....................................................................2"
)he 2pistle o' 6arna7as.................................................................................2*
)he 5elationship o' %upersessionism to Anti$%emitism in the Church.........21
5omans 8$!!..................................................................................................2-
(ne ,ew Man................................................................................................9!
Tearing !own the Wall............................................................................................92
5eali:e our Jewish herita/e...........................................................................99
Pra.er ; +ntercession.....................................................................................99
<et involved 7lessin/ +srael...........................................................................9"
)ourism..............................................................................................9"
<ivin/ and +nvestin/..........................................................................9"
%upportin/ +sraeli +ndustr.................................................................9*
6ecomin/ in'ormed...........................................................................9*
6usiness as Mission...........................................................................9*
5each out to Jewish 'riends and nei/h7ors....................................................9*
Conclusion=............................................................................................................91
(iliogra&hy=.........................................................................................................9-
!
>http:??www.ipad$wallpapers.us?tearin/$down$the$walls$ipad$7ack/round?@
Introduction
+n the annals o' histor. the Jewish people stand apart as one o' the most persecuted
people /roups. Despite thisA the. are a supreme e0ample o' resilienc. and have endured and
prospered to this da.. %tartin/ with A7rahamA <od has chosen them and set them apart. 6ecause
o' this special 7lessin/A the. have 7een a tar/et o' political oppression and spiritual attack 'rom
the enem. o' mankindA with historical accounts o' po/romsA mass e0pulsionA 'alse accusationsA
and /enocide.
+n the work o' development and ministr. to Jewish populationsA man. 'ollowers o' Christ
have e0perienced e0treme opposition when sharin/ with them the /ood news o' the /ospel.
)here e0ists a wall in the mind o' the /eneral Jewish ps.che a/ainst the messa/e o' Christianit..
+n this paperA + propose this wall is a result o' the man. centuries o' anti$%emitism that has
e0isted within the church 'rom its ver. 7e/innin/s.
2
#ith the ver. essence o' Christianit. 7ased upon the 'oundation o' Judaism and our
Messiah JesusA how did this wall come to e0ist& #hat is anti$%emitism and wh. has it 7een a part
o' the Church& )he ChurchA o' all institutionsA should 7e 'ull o' love and respect 'or its Jewish
herita/e and the people o' +srael.
Anti$%emitism can 7e 'ound in the writin/s o' the earl. church 'athersA in the
development o' Christendom primaril. throu/h the Catholic ChurchA and in the 'ounders o' the
re'ormation throu/h the writin/s and teachin/s o' people such as Martin Buther. +t is especiall.
seen in the horri'ic event o' the holocaust and the support it received 'rom the <erman Church.
)o this da. anti$%emitism continues to 7e a pervasive in'luence in much o' the contemporar.
Church.
)his stud. will e0amine the histor. o' anti$%emitism in the ChurchA theolo/. that has
contri7uted to its proli'erationA and how it has adversel. a''ected the relationship 7etween Jews
and Christians. )his wall need not remain. )here is 7i7lical truth that can illuminate 7oth Jewish
and Christian communities to see this ri't is not necessar.. )he roots o' Christianit. show that
Judaism and Christianit. are intrinsicall. connected and support one another. )he messa/e o'
Jesus decries the ver. e0istence o' anti$%emitism in the Church.
)hrou/h this stud. it is hoped that an awareness o' the detrimental e''ects o' anti$
%emitism upon the Jewish receptivit. to the /ospel will 7etter e4uip Christians to appreciate their
Jewish herita/e and responsi7ilit. to work toward reconciliation. )he mandate o' the /ospel
demands no less than workin/ toward tearin/ down this wall which is a root issue o' evil that
resists the o''er o' salvation <od so 'reel. o''ers C'irst to the JewD >5omans !:!1@.
9
The Wall !efined
What is anti-Semitism)
)he et.molo/. o' C%emiteD or %emiticD re'ers to people who speak %emitic lan/ua/es.
)his would include Ara7s and Ass.rians and an.one descended 'rom %hemA one o' the three sons
o' ,oah ><en 8:!3@. HoweverA Canti$%emitismD alwa.s re'ers to Jewish people. C)he term anti-
Semitism has never re'erred to hatred o' %emitesA which desi/nates speakers o' a /roup o'
lan/ua/es >He7rewA Ara7icA AramaicA and so on@. 5atherA the term anti-Semitism is directed at
JewsE it is the modern location o' Jew$hatredD >Chanes 2"A 9@.
)he word Canti$%emiticD 'irst appeared in !31 and was coined 7. the Austrian Jewish
scholar Morit: %teinschneider in re'erence to anti$%emitic prejudices 'ound in the work Life of
Jesus 7. French philosopher and historian 2rnst 5enan. 5enan contended that the C%emiticD
races were in'erior to the Ar.an races ><ritsch 2!2A !$2@. )he term anti-Semitism was also used
7. <erman a/itator #ilhelm Marr to desi/nate the anti$Jewish campai/ns that were occurrin/ in
central 2urope at the time.
#hat is anti$%emitism& A simple de'inition is Chostilit. toward or discrimination a/ainst
Jews as a reli/ious or racial /roupD >6eren7aum 2!"@. HoweverA this is a comple0 term that has
no de'initive meanin/. FetA it does uni'. in the ps.cholo/ical and political view which is opposed
to the Jews in the 'orm o' hatred and ill will. )he criteria used in this paper to determine whether
somethin/ is anti$%emitic or not will 7e 7ased on the de'inition o' anti$%emitism as: hatred o'
Jews. )he 4uestion that will 7e addressed: +s a worldviewA 7elie'A or action motivated 7. intense
a7horrence and ill will toward the Jewish people&
)he G.%. Department o' %tateA in its 2* 5eport on <lo7al Anti$%emitism de'ined anti$
%emitism as: Chatred toward Jews H individuall. or as a /roup H that can 7e attri7uted to the
"
Jewish reli/ion and or ethnicit.D >G% Department o' %tate 2*@. )he 2uropean Monitorin/
Centre on 5acism and Ienopho7ia >2GMC@ descri7es anti$%emitism as:
Anti$%emitism is a certain perception o' JewsA which ma. 7e e0pressed as hatred
toward Jews. 5hetorical and ph.sical mani'estations o' anti$%emitism are directed
toward Jewish or non$Jewish individuals and?or their propert.A toward Jewish
communit. institutions and reli/ious 'acilities. >2uropean Forum on Anti$
%emitism 2!"@
+n his introductor. 7ook to anti$%emitism %teven 6eller demonstrates the comple0it. o'
anti$%emitism:
Anti$%emitism is a hatred o' Jews that has stretched across millennia and across
continentsE or it is a relativel. modern political movement and ideolo/. that arose
in Central 2urope in the late !8
th
centur. and achieved its evil apo/ee in the
HolocaustE or it is the irrationalA ps.cholo/icall. patholo/ical version o' an
ethnocentric and reli/iocentric anti$Judaism that ori/inated in Christianit.Js
con'lict with its Jewish roots H and achieved its evil apo/ee in the HolocaustE or it
is a com7ination o' all these. >6eller 2-A !@
+n /eneralA anti$%emitism is a 7elie' or 7ehavior that is hostile toward Jews and?or
the nation o' +srael simpl. 7ecause the. are Jewish. +t takes on man. 'ormsA includin/ reli/ious
teachin/ and political e''orts that oppressA isolateA and injure them. Anti$%emitism is a t.pe o'
prejudice that o'ten results in hate and violence toward Jewish people >Mannin/ 2"A !*@. )his
hostilit. was 'ound in ancient times and can 7e seen in its earliest 'orms in the (ld )estament
narrative.
Anti-Semitism as found in the Old Testament
+n the twel'th chapter o' the 7ook o' <enesis when <od called A7ram and set him apart
to 7e the C'ather o' man. nationsDA a cosmic 7attle was set in motion. )he heavenl. realms were
shaken when <od started to move amon/ His chosen people with the ultimate aim o' 7rin/in/
His %onA our %aviorA into the world to redeem mankind 'rom their sins. +ndeedA Cthe histor. o' the
*
Jewish people dramaticall. demonstrates thatA 'rom the moment <od told A7raham that He
would 7less the world throu/h his o''sprin/A %atan earmarked his descendants 'or destructionD
>Ko.a/e 2!9@.
As the stor. o' Jewish roots un'oldsA 'rom A7rahamA +saacA and then to Jaco7A a /roup o'
people is 'ormedA 7ecomin/ the nation o' +srael. +n <odJs soverei/nt.A the. would eventuall.
move to 2/.pt and live in the land o' <oshen where Joseph had 7een sent ahead to prepare a
place 'or them ><enesis "-@.
)he Jewish people were 7lessed o' <od 'rom the 7e/innin/ as in 2/.pt Cthe people o'
+srael were 'ruit'ul and increased /reatl.E the. multiplied and /rew e0ceedin/l. stron/A so that
the land was 'illed with themD >20odus !:- 2%K@. 6ecause o' this 7lessin/A the. were perceived
as a threat to Pharaoh. Pharaoh 'eared that the Jewish people would /ain enou/h power and seek
to revolt.
Pharaoh Cmade their lives 7itter with hard serviceA in mortar and 7rickA and in all kinds o'
work in the 'ield. +n all their work the. ruthlessl. made them work as slavesD >20 !:!"@. )hus
Pharaoh 7ecame the worldJs 'irst anti$%emite. Pharaoh 'elt so threatened 7. the Jews that he
would seek to destro. all male sons 7orn to them. He and the people o' 2/.pt would 7e/in to
persecute the Jewish people even thou/h the. had done nothin/ to deserve it. +sraeli 5a77i 6arr.
Be'' makes an insi/ht'ul statement a7out this 'irst act o' anti$%emitism and how it portends the
nature o' 'uture anti$%emitism throu/hout histor.:
6ut didnJt Pharaoh create his own pro7lem& )here is no indication that the Jews
were plannin/ an. kind o' revolt or re7ellion H at least not until AF)25 Pharaoh
chooses the mis/uided course o' action o' enslavin/ the Jews 7ecause o' his
paranoia over their num7ers. And that is one o' the hallmarks o' anti$%emitism
throu/hout the a/es H itJs ,() rationalA itJs not lo/icalE itJs a kind o' 7lind
prejudice not interested in the C'actsD o' the situation. >Be'' 2-@
1
Despite PharaohJs anti$%emitic hatred o' the JewsA <od would per'orm one o' the /reatest
deliverances in histor. the partin/ o' the 5ed %ea. )his persecution o' the Jews that would
continue on throu/h histor. was a part o' the cosmic 7attle that <od was undertakin/ 'or the
savin/ o' mankind.
Another e0ample o' anti$%emitism in the (ld )estament 'ound 'urther into +sraelJs histor.
is the stor. o' 2sther. Althou/h Jews who were in e0ile in Persia were a minorit. /roupA the.
were also 7lessed o' the B(5D. HamanA the anti$%emite prota/onist in the stor.A was the chie'
minister o' Lin/ Ahasuerus. He was also a direct descendent o' A/a/A the kin/ o' the
Amalekites. C)he 7i7lical Amalek stands 'or the a7solute hostilit. a/ainst +srael and +sraelJs
histor. o' li7eration >20od. !-:3$!1@E Deut. 2*:!-$!8@. Amalek is personi'ied anti$%emitismD
>6renner !888A 2"9@. +n the /enocidal hatred we see 'rom Haman toward the Jewish people there
e0ists a de'inite parallel to modern da. anti$%emitism as seen in the li'e o' Hitler.
+t is possi7le that a /enerational root o' 7itterness still in'luenced the heart o' Haman
a/ainst +srael. Another possi7ilit. is that Haman adopted an anti$%emitic attitude in line with
others who ma. have seen +srael as a threat to Persia 7ecause o' their commitment to the one true
<od and His 7lessin/ upon them. +n either caseA Haman sou/ht a course o' action to annihilate
the Jewish people and <od once a/ain per'ormed a miraculous deliveranceA this time throu/h the
intervention o' 2sther and her uncle Mordecai.
Is the New Testament anti-Semitic?
Amon/ Jewish and Christian scholars there are some who claim that the primar. source
o' anti$%emitism in Christianit. comes 'rom the ,ew )estament. (ne Jewish scholarA Gri
FosephA asserts that Can increasin/ num7er o' Christian scholars and cler/. have concluded that
-
the root o' anti$%emitism in the Christian world communit. is ultimatel. 'ound within the ,ew
)estamentD. )o come to this conclusion he cites the e0istence o' Cnumerous passa/es o' vicious
and de'amator. anti$Jewish polemic within itD >Fose' 2!@.
%ome e0amples o' these passa/es Dr. Fose' cites are:
$$)he Pharisees and %adducees are called poisonous snakes. >Mat 9:-@
$$)he Pharisees are called 7lind /uides leadin/ the 7lind. >Mat !*:!2$!"@
$$)he Pharisees are said to 7e hard$hearted. >Mark !:2$*@
$$)he Pharisees and )orah scholars are repeatedl. condemned. >Buke !!:98$*"@
$$)he Jews are said to 7e descendants o' their 'atherA the Devil >John 3:9-$*8@
$$)he Jews are said to have demanded that Pilate sentence Jesus to death.
>John !3:23$92@
$$Peter tells the men o' +srael that the. cruci'ied Jesus. >Acts 2:29@
$$%tephen shown as condemnin/ the Jews 'or 7etra.in/ and killin/ Jesus.
>Acts -:*!$1@
(n the sur'ace man. o' these passa/es do seem to support an overall ne/ative view o'
Jewish people in the ,ew )estament. )here are man. who have misused the ,ew )estament
polemics o' Jesus and Paul a/ainst Jews to support anti$%emitism toward Jews. #illiam 5eu7en
FarmerA emeritus pro'essor o' the ,ew )estament at %outhern Methodist Gniversit. and research
scholar at the Gniversit. o' DallasA states that Cit is di''icult to accuse the two 'i/ures who
dominate the ,ew )estament o' anti$JudaismA 7ecause the. were so thorou/hl. JewishD >Farmer
!888A 218@. He ar/ues that the proper wa. to interpret an. criticism o' Judaism or Paul >the
sources o' ,ew )estament teachin/@ should 7e seen in the conte0t o' intra$Jewish interchan/e.
)hus the harsh statements toward Jewish leaders in the times o' Jesus and Paul are not
inherita7l. anti$%emitic 7ut are e0amples o' intra$Jewish polemic and de7ate.
+t is important to remem7er the Jewish identit. o' Jesus and that the earl. church was
essentiall. a sect o' Judaism. )he ,ew )estament was written entirel. in the conte0t o' Judaism.
JesusA Himsel' a JewA was raised in a Jewish communit. and interacted with Jewish people and
reli/ious leaders throu/hout His li'e and ministr.. As Jesus challen/ed the corrupt and mis/uided
3
spiritual leadership o' His timeA it is natural that the primar. tar/et would have 7een the Jewish
communit..
+t can 7e noted that:
BikewiseA Jesus was a Jew who lived in a Jewish environment. #hom else would
he challen/e& #ho else would oppose him& Hindus& 6uddhists& %imple historical
'acts teach us that he had no political powerA so he could not wield the weapons o'
anti$%emitism. All the verses in the 'our <ospels must 7e read in that historical
conte0t. >Arlanson 2-@
+t cannot 7e concluded that Jesus was emplo.in/ anti$%emitism >Jew hatin/@ in His
ministr.. His entire li'e and purpose was redemptive and motivated 7. love 'or mankindA
especiall. the Jewish people. How could the Jewish Messiah 7e anti$%emitic& )his is impossi7le.
+nstead o' interpretin/ these verses as a mandate 'or Christian anti$%emitismA the. should 7e
viewed throu/h the conte0t o' His ministr. and purpose o' 7rin/in/ truth into the Jewish world
>John !":1@.
)he ,ew )estament writers never intended the national Jewish rejection o' Jesus to 7e a
reason 'or hatred a/ainst the Jews or as an e0cuse 'or anti$%emitism. )he. were Jewish
themselvesA and their purpose was to call the Jewish people to repentance that the. mi/ht
e0perience the li'e and 7lessin/s that come throu/h 'aith in Christ.
%ome points to consider in seekin/ to understand this issue:
!@ Althou/h the Jewish nation was primaril. responsi7le 'or the death o' Jesus ChristA it is
onl. 7ecause Jesus is the Lin/ o' the Jews and had a special relationship with them.
2@ )he ,ew )estament authors never /ive up on the Jewish nation. Jesus and His apostles
alwa.s a''irmed their desire that +srael 7e saved >Matt 29:9-A Acts 2:93$98@.
9@ #ere the Jews reall. responsi7le 'or Jesus death& )he answer is no. +t was <od the
Father #ho ultimatel. /ave His %on to 7e cruci'ied 'or the sin o' mankind >+sa *9:!@. Jesus also
said that no one took His li'e 'rom Him 7ut that He will'ull. /ave it >John !:!3@.
"@ All men are responsi7le 'or the death o' Jesus. 6oth the Jews and 5ome were involved
in the actual processA 7ut all o' mankind 7ears the /uilt o' sin that Jesus died 'or >5om 9:29@.
>#allace 2*@
8
)he accusation that the Jews alone were responsi7le 'or the murder o' Jesus has 7een the
'uel 7ehind much o' the anti$%emitism within the Church. Misreadin/ the conte0t and teachin/
o' the ,ew )estament has 7een detrimental toward Jewish Christian relations. )he 6i7le is
consistentl. pro Jewish. 20amples o' passa/es that have 7een used to support the claim o' anti$
%emitism in the ,ew )estament are primaril. that o' Jesus dealin/ with a corrupt Judaism
leadership. )he. need to 7e read in that historical settin/ and conte0t.
)here'ore the 6i7le is not anti$%emitic. Jan #illem van der Hoeven o' Israel My Beloved
asserts that:
)he overall messa/e o' 7oth the (ld )estament and the ,ew )estament is clear.
<od never has and never will 'orsake the people He has called. ,oM 5atherA He
plans to 7rin/ them throu/h all their ne/ative e0periences to a /loriousA /lorious
end. )his is the clear messa/e o' the whole 6i7leA and it there'ore e0cludes an.
reason 'or a ne/ativeA anti$%emitic attitude towards the Jews on the part o' an.one
who sa.s he or she 7elieves the words o' this 6ookM >#illem van der Hoeven
2!9@
+n the 7ook o' JohnA o'ten claimed as one o' the most anti$%emitic 7ooks in the ,ew
)estamentA Jesus declared that Csalvation is o' the JewsD >John ":22@. )he emphasis on <odJs
special relationship to Jews 'ound throu/hout the ,ew )estament makes it ver. clear that anti$
%emitism is contrar. to 7i7lical teachin/.
Why the Jews?
6e'ore e0aminin/ the histor. o' how anti$%emitism invaded the ChurchA there is one
4uestion that needs to 7e addressed: #h. have the Jewish people 7een the tar/et o' such hate
throu/hout histor.&
)he hatred o' Jewish people has 7een one o' humanit.Js /reatest hatreds. ,o other hatred
has 7een as universalA as deepA or as permanent as anti$%emitism. Jews have 7een the o7ject o'
!
persecution in pa/anA reli/iousA and secular societies. )he. have 7een e0pelled 'rom man. o' the
2uropean and Ara7 countries where the. have lived. )he depth o' anti$%emitism has 7een
demonstrated 7. the 're4uenc. in which hostilit. toward Jews has erupted into sustained
violence >Pra/er and )elushkin 29A 9$"@.
Hatred a/ainst Jews has 7een so common that new words descri7in/ acts o' anti$
%emitism have 7een added to modern voca7ular.. +n the 5ussian 2mpire durin/ the nineteenth
and earl. twentieth centuriesA persecution o' Jews was so widespread that the word pogrom was
coined to depict these 7rutal attacks. (ther terms include: genocideA 'rom the ,a:i pro/ram to
eliminate JewsA HolocaustA descri7in/ the murder o' more than 1 million Jews 7etween !89* and
!8"*A and ghetto, the word used to descri7e the cramped and dirt. livin/ areas that Jews were
'orced to live amon/ man. 2uropean cities >5oth !8*9A 221$91@.
#hat is it a7out Judaism that has provoked such anti$Jewish hostilit.& +n their 7ook Why
the Jews authors Dennis Pra/er and Joseph )elushkin su//est 'our reasons:
!@ 6. a''irmin/ what the. considered to 7e the one and onl. <od o' all
humankindA there7. impl.in/ ille/itimac. to ever.one elseJs /odsA the Jews
entered histor. H and have o'ten 7een since H at war with other peopleJs most
cherished 7elie's.
2@ Judaism has also held 'rom earliest times that the Jews were chosen 7. <od to
achieve this mission o' 7rin/in/ the world to <od and His moral law >i.e.A ethical
monotheism@. )his doctrine o' JewsJ divine election has 7een a major cause o'
anti$%emitism.
9@ From its earliest da.s = Judaism has 7een attemptin/ to chan/e the world 'or
the 7etter. )his attempt to challen/e the /odsA reli/ious or secularA o' the societies
around themA and to make moral demands upon others has constantl. 7een a
source o' tension.
"@ As a result o' the JewsJ commitment to JudaismA the. have led hi/her 4ualit.
lives than their non$Jewish nei/h7ors in almost ever. societ. where the. have
lived. )his hi/her 4ualit. o' li'eA whichA as we shall know directl. results 'rom
JudaismA hasA as one would e0pectA provoked pro'ound env. and hostilit. amon/
non$Jews. >Pra/er and )elushkin 29A 3$8@
!!
Scapegoating. )hrou/hout histor. we see the Jews hatedA 'earedA resentedA and
persecuted. Man. theorists have e0plained anti$%emitism as a comple0 ps.cholo/ical
phenomenon. Jewish people in man. wa.s have 7een a t.pe o' scape/oat 'or humanit. to accuse
all wron/doin/ upon. +n most cultures where the. have livedA Jewish people have 7een accused
o' underminin/ societ. and 7ein/ the reason 'or calamities that occur >Chesler 29A 21@. %adl.A
as Christianit. would /row out o' JudaismA man. o' these elements that set the Jewish people
apart 'rom others would also 7ecome an e0cuse 'or anti$%emitism in the church.
"ow the Wall was uilt: #nti-Semitism$s %rowth in the Church
Why does anti-Semitism exist in the hu!ch?
)he ChurchA comprised o' all who 7elieve in and 'ollow Jesus whether Jew or <entileA
was 'ounded in the conte0t o' Judaism. CJesus was a Jew. )hose who 'irst 'ollowed him were
Jews. He chose onl. Jews as his disciples. Christianit. was the child o' JudaismA and Jerusalem
was the center o' Christianit. in the earl. decades o' the churchD >5ausch !83"A !3@. How is itA
thenA that anti$%emitism crept into its corridors&
+t is clear that the earliest Christian 7elievers were Jewish. Pro'essor o' earl. Christian
and Jewish studies Pieter van der Horst states that:
)he earliest Christian /eneration in Jerusalem consisted almost entirel. o' Jews.
)hese people 7elieved in Jesus as the MessiahA 7ut saw themselves as true Jews.
)he 7ook o' Acts o' the Apostles makes it clear that the 'irst Jewish Christians
went to the )emple in JerusalemA attended s.na/o/ue servicesA and wanted to
remain Jews. )here were tensions with mainstream JewsA who looked askance at
the 7elie' that a cruci'ied person was the Messiah. )here wasA howeverA no
7reakin/ point or even a discussion o' e0communicatin/ the Jewish Christians.
>Kan der Horst 28@
!2
+n John 8 we see in the stor. o' the healed 7lind man an e0ample o' the Jewish
communit.Js e0pulsion o' Christian Jews. 6utA as the Church was esta7lished within the conte0t
o' Judaism in the 7ook o' ActsA the predominantl. Jewish Church instead 7e/an to stru//le with
the acceptance o' <entile Christianit.. Kan der Horst also said it is di''icult to determine where to
place the 7e/innin/ o' anti$%emitism. C+t varied 'rom location to location. +n the Jerusalem
Christian communit. it started much later than in the communities in Asia MinorA <reeceA or
5omeA or wherever else Christian communities came into 7ein/D >Kan der Horst 28@.
Most scholars do a/ree that the introduction o' anti$%emitism into the church coincided
with the emer/ence o' <entile 7elievers in the Church. A root cause o' the separation o'
Christianit. 'rom Judaism in the earl. church was CChristianit.Js a//ressive <entile mission and
lenient re4uirements 'or entr. into the ChurchD >Pearson and %tanle. 2A 2@. Christian
evan/elism was seen as a threat 7. Jewish critics 7ecause it appeared to them that Christianit.
was seekin/ to do awa. with the )orah.
#e see in Acts !* the challen/e that was 'aced 7. earl. Jewish 7elievers at the Jerusalem
council. %ome were claimin/ that <entile 7elievers needed to 7e circumcised to 'ollow Jesus
sa.in/ Cunless .ou are circumcised accordin/ to the custom o' MosesA .ou cannot 7e savedD
>Acts !*:!@. )he. concluded that Cwe 7elieve that throu/h the /race o' the Bord Jesus Christ we
shall 7e saved in the same manner as the.D >Ks !!@. Gnder the leadin/ o' the Hol. %piritA a crisis
was averted and the /ospel o' /race was upheld 'or Jew and <entileA .et it portended a challen/e
that would evolve into a schism 7etween <entile and Jewish 7elieversA ultimatel. allowin/ the
evil o' anti$%emitism to creep in.
!9
The Anti-Semitism of the hu!ch "athe!s
)he writin/s o' the earl. leaders o' the Church o''er much insi/ht into the development
o' anti$Jewish thou/ht in the /rowin/ <entile Church. )he separation o' Christianit. 'rom
Judaism did not happen overni/ht. )he tension that started in the earl. church /rew in time.
#hen the 5omans destro.ed the )emple in - ADA a7out 'ort. .ears a'ter the JesusJ death and
resurrectionA some Christians would see this destruction as a jud/ment o' <od. C+n their viewA it
con'irmed their 7elie' that as ChristiansA the. were now the Ntrue +sraelJ. )he. 7elieved that <od
had allowed the )emple to 7e destro.ed in order to punish Jews 'or rejectin/ JesusD ><oldstein
2!2A 2*@. )his theolo/ical 7elie' that the Church replaced +sraelA known as replacement
theolo/.A would polari:e the Jewish and Christian communities and will 7e discussed 'urther.
Ignatius of Antioch #$%-&&'A.(.)
+/natius was the second 6ishop o' Antioch. +t is likel. that he knew some o' the Apostles
personall.. 2arl. in the second centur.A under the rei/n o' 2mperor )rajanA he was condemned
7. +mperial authorities to death in the arena. 6e'ore 7ein/ mart.red he wrote seven letters that
have 7een preserved. Most were written to the churches 7ut one was addressed to Pol.carpA
6ishop o' %m.rna >Lie'er 2!"@.
+n a translation 7. Charles Hoole >!33*@ o' %t. +/natius letter to the Ma/nesiansA the
emer/in/ wall 7etween Jews and Christians is evident. +n the 2pistle he re'erred to Judaism as
the evil leaven that must 7e done awa. with to 'ollow Christ:
Ba. asideA there'oreA the evil leavenA which hath wa0ed old and 7ecome sour=+t
is inconsistent to name the name o' Christ JesusA and to live a'ter the manner o'
the Jews. For Christianit. did not 7elieve upon JudaismA 7ut Judaism upon
Christianit.A so that ever. ton/ue which 7elieved mi/ht 7e /athered to/ether unto
<od. >Hoole!33*@
!"
+n this passa/e we see a devaluin/ o' the Jewish roots o' Christianit.. )he phrase
e0postulatin/ that Judaism is dependent upon Christianit. is contrar. to 7i7lical teachin/. Paul in
5omans 8$!! makes it ver. clear that Christianit. /rew out o' Judaism and still has a vital
connection. Althou/h not anti$%emitic in itsel'A this tendenc. to see Judaism as 'orei/n to
Christianit. would contri7ute toward the /rowin/ anta/onism toward Jews.
Justin *a!ty!+ &,%-&-&.
Justin Mart.r was an outstandin/ Christian apolo/ist 'rom the second centur.. +n a
dialo/ue with the Jew )r.pho Justin made a de'ense o' Christianit. a/ainst Judaism. +n itA he
made some ver. stron/ remarks a/ainst Judaism that clearl. contained anti$%emitic accusation
toward Jews:
+ndeed the custom o' circumcisin/ the 'leshA handed down 'rom A7rahamA was
/iven to .ou as a distin/uishin/ markA to set .ou o'' 'rom other nations and 'rom
us Christians. )he purpose o' this was that .ou and onl. .ou mi/ht su''er the
a''lictions that are now justl. .oursE that onl. .our land 7e desolateA and .our
cities ruined 7. 'ireE that the 'ruits o' .our land 7e eaten 7. stran/ers 7e'ore .our
ver. e.esE that not one o' .ou 7e permitted to enter .our cit. o' Jerusalem=
)here'oreA the a7ove mentioned tri7ulations were justl. imposed upon .ouA 'or
.ou have murdered the Just (neA and His prophets 7e'ore Him. >Justin and Falls
!81*A !98$!-2@
O!igen of Alexand!ia &%/-0/1.
(ri/en was a proli'ic ecclesiastical writer and teacher who contri7uted much toward earl.
Christian doctrine 'ormation. (ri/en considered Judaism the /reatest threat to Christianit.. He
also placed the 7lame 'or the su''erin/ o' the Jews as the result o' their culpa7ilit. in the
cruci'i0ion o' Jesus >5ankin 21A !9!$!"@:
#e ma. thus assert in utter con'idence that the Jews will not return to their earlier
situationA 'or the. have committed the most a7omina7le o' crimesA in 'ormin/ this
conspirac. a/ainst the %avior o' the human race=hence the cit. where Jesus
!*
su''ered was necessaril. destro.edA the Jewish nation was driven 'rom its countr.A
and another people was called 7. <od to the 7lessed election. >Fashanet 2!"@
John h!ysostom
(ne o' the worst e0amples o' anti$%emitic writin/ occurred in the 'ourth centur. 7. John
Chr.sostom. He declared the s.na/o/ue to 7e worse than a 7rothelA a den o' scoundrelsA a cavern
o' devilsA a temple o' demonsA a criminal assem7l. o' assassins o' ChristA and other dia7olical
la7els. He declared his hatred o' the s.na/o/ue and JewsA and would place the 7lame 'or the
murder o' Christ solel. upon their shoulders >Ba4ueur 21A "-$"3@.
)he s.na/o/ue is worse than a 7rothel=it is the den o' scoundrels and the repair
o' wild 7easts=the temple o' demons devoted to idolatrous cults=the re'u/e o'
7ri/ands and de7aucheesA and the cavern o' devils. +t is a criminal assem7l. o'
Jews=a place o' meetin/ 'or the assassins o' Christ= a house worse than a
drinkin/ shop=a den o' thievesA a house o' ill 'ameA a dwellin/ o' ini4uit.A the
re'u/e o' devilsA a /ul' and a a7.ss o' perdition.O=O+ would sa. the same thin/s
a7out their souls= As 'or meA + hate the s.na/o/ue=+ hate the Jews 'or the same
reason. >Fashanet 2!"@
The *mergence of the Catholic Church
)he /rowth o' anti$%emitism within the church would take on a new 'orm as Christianit.
7ecame intertwined with the political power o' 5ome. +nitiall.A in the 'irst three centuriesA the
/eneral practice o' 5ome toward Judaism was tolerance.
As one author descri7ed it:
)he 5oman wa. was tolerance. )he. allowed reli/ious /roups to order their own
internal a''airs accordin/ to their own reli/ious rules. )he. allowed most reli/ions
to e0ist alon/side each otherA with the 2mperors havin/ various reli/ious
a''iliations. %ometimes certain cults and sects were suppressedA sometimes
7loodil. and violentl.A 7ut historicall. there was no other empire so tolerant and
acceptin/ o' a multitude o' reli/ious 7elie's as under 5oman rule. >Cra7tree 2"@
!1
+n 9!2 A.D. a 7attle 'or the control o' the 5oman 2mpire would have a si/ni'icant impact
upon the relationships 7etween JewsA ChristiansA and 5omans.
As one version o' the stor. /oesA on the ni/ht 7e'ore the soon$to$7e$emperor
Constantine planned to attack a rival 'or the throneA he saw a cross in the sk..
A7ove that cross were these words: C+n this si/nA con4uer.D Constantine who was
not a ChristianA interpreted the vision as a si/n that the Christian <od would 7rin/
him victor. in his 'i/ht 'or control o' the western part o' the empire. )he ne0t da.
his troops won the 7attle and Constantine ordered his men to continue to 'i/ht
under the si/n o' the cross. ><oldstein 2!2A 9!$92@
)hrou/hout histor. when a reli/ion is com7ined with state power there has alwa.s 7een
the oppression o' people /roups and reli/ious 7odies. )he case o' ConstantineJs conversion and
rise to power as the emperor o' 5ome is no e0ception. )he positive e''ect o' 5omeJs new status
as a Christian nation is that it would si/ni'icantl. decrease the persecution o' Christians
throu/hout the 2mpire. HoweverA the Jewish people would su''er under the pressure that
Christianit. would 7ear upon them politicall. and sociall..
+n 9!" A.D. ConstantineA alon/ with co$emperor BiciniusA issued the 2dict o' Milan. )he
primar. purpose o' this edict was to end the persecution o' Christians. +t /ave them the ri/ht to
openl. practice their 'aith. Gntil thenA the. had onl. 7een a7le to meet in their homes. )he onl.
people in the edict mentioned directl. 7. name were the Christians and within .ears o' the edict
Constantine ordered the 7uildin/ o' churches throu/hout the empire. Althou/h this law was
purposed to esta7lish reli/ious 'reedom 'or allA the 'avor /ranted to Christianit. set the sta/e 'or
radicall. limitin/ the ri/hts o' Jews as citi:ens in the 2mpire ><oldstein 2!2A 92$99@.
+n 9!*A Constantine issued the 'ollowin/ decree:
#e wish to make it known to the Jews and their elders and their patriarchs that i'A
a'ter the enactment o' this lawA an. one o' them dares to attack with stones or
some other mani'estation o' an/er another who has 'led their dan/erous sect and
attached himsel' to the worship o' <od PChristianit.QA he must speedil. 7e /iven
to the 'lames and 7urnR to/ether with all his accomplices.
!-
MoreoverA i' an. one o' the population should join their a7omina7le sect and
attend their meetin/sA he will 7ear with them the deserved penalties.
>Chanes 2"A -8$3@
)he purpose o' this law was to prevent Jews 'rom inter'erin/ with conversion to
Christianit. o' Jewish 'amil. and 'riends and also to discoura/e Christians 'rom convertin/ to
Judaism. As ConstantineJs power /rewA this ne/ative view o' Jews as Cdan/erousD and
Ca7omina7leD would coincide with the view held 7. the risin/ 5oman Church.
Augustine
Perhaps one o' the /reatest in'luences on anti$%emitic thou/ht in Church histor. came
'rom %t. Au/ustine. Aurelius Au/ustinus >9*"$"9 A.D.@ was 6ishop o' HippoA a small cit. in
,orth A'rica. He was one o' the 'oundational leaders in the earl. Catholic Church. Au/ustine
pla.ed a crucial role in esta7lishin/ the attitude o' the Catholic Church toward the Jews.
Au/ustine was 7orn seventeen .ears a'ter Constantine died. He wrote almost a hundred
7ooks and thousands o' letters and sermonsA most o' which have survived. A proli'ic writerA
Au/ustine dictated his works to rela.s o' steno/raphers and emplo.ed teams o' cop.ists. (ne o'
his most compellin/ and /reatest works is he !onfessionsA a meditation on the relationship o'
the Church and the empire. )his 7ookA with a realistic e0ploration o' the human conditionA and a
su7jective view o' relatin/ to <odA is what some historians note as the 7irthplace o' modern
individualism.
Althou/h Au/ustine would reject the teachin/s o' Chr.sostom and his mentor Am7roseA
>that the Jews were enemies o' Jesus@A his writin/s were still marked 7. ne/ative e0pressions o'
Christian contempt >Carroll 2!A 23$!*@.
!3
+n his work !onfessions he wrote:
How hate'ul to me are the enemies o' .our %criptureM How + wish that .ou would
sla. them >the Jews@ with .our two$ed/ed swordA so that there should 7e none to
oppose .our wordM <ladl. would + have them die to themselves and live to .ouM
><oldha/en 2!9@
HeA like man. in the ChurchA also supported the view that Jews have su''ered throu/hout
histor. 7ecause the. cruci'ied Christ and are there'ore under the wrath o' <od:
)here'ore these people Pthe JewsQ have also 7ecome va/a7ondsA since the.
cruci'ied <od and our Bord. For the. are not in their 'ormer a7odesA 7ut are
spread over the whole earth. Here the Psalmist speaks o' the 7e//ar. o' spiritual
riches which is upon them. For the. have neither prophetsA nor lawA nor
priesthoodA nor sacri'iceA 7ut in truth the. are made 7e//ars. >%eaver 2A *2@
)he 6ishop o' Hippo wrote a treatise entitle "gainst he Jews in which is 'ound this
4uote also rein'orcin/ the accusation o' ChristJs death a/ainst the Jews:
)he true ima/e o' the He7rew is Judas +scariotA who sells the Bord 'or silver. )he
Jews can never understand the scripturesA and 'orever 7ear the /uilt o' the death o'
Christ. >5o/ers 23A !9"@.
+n his 7ook " Moral #ec$oning author Daniel <oldha/en states that:
All the ChurchJs justi'ications 'or its injurious stance toward the political home o'
the Jews cannot hide the simple 'act that the ChurchJs politics o' its own
supremac. over JudaismA its supersessionismAA its anti$%emitismA and its theolo/.
derived 'rom Au/ustine H that Jews were e0iled 'rom their land and condemned to
wander the world 'orever 7ecause o' their rejection o' the divinit. o' Jesus H
trumped the most 7asic needs o' the JewsA and the moral necessit. o' treatin/
them with the same respectA and o' accordin/ to them the same political ri/hts that
the Church does to other peoples. ><oldha/en 22A 29-$93@
Althou/h Au/ustine did much 'or the advancement o' Christian theolo/. and is
reco/ni:ed 7. historians as one o' the most si/ni'icant Church FathersA he re/retta7l. rein'orced
the /rowin/ anti$%emitism within the Church and in'luenced man. who would 'ollow.
(ne author summed up the view o' Jewish people held 7. Au/ustine:
!8
)he Au/ustinian theolo/. rein'orced the notion o' the Jews as a wanderin/A
homelessA rejected and accursed people who were incura7l. carnalA 7lind to
spiritual meanin/A per'idiousA 'aithless and apostate. )heir crimeA 7ein/ one o'
cosmic proportionsA merited permanent e0ile and su7ordination to Christianit..
+sraelA the older sonA must 7e made to serve the ChurchA the .oun/er sonA which is
the true heir and ri/ht'ul owner o' the Divine Promises enunciated in the (ld
)estament. >#istrech !88!A !8@
The +iddle #ges
Durin/ the medieval timesA spannin/ rou/hl. 'rom the 'i'th centur. to 'i'teenth centur.A
the Catholic Church was the primar. ecclesiastical structure to impact the Jewish people.
2speciall. in #estern 2urope where most o' the important Jewish communities were 'oundA
Catholicism was supreme.
)he Jew was continuall. depicted as an enem. o' Christendom. He was considered to 7e
an anomal. o' humanit.. +n the Middle A/esA pa/an reli/ions had 7een rooted out and heres.
was 'iercel. suppressed. )he onl. reli/ious /roup that 4uali'ied as a universal homo/eneit. o'
'aith was the Jew.
)he Jew was di''erent 7ecause he was not a hereticA one who pro'essed 'aith in Christ .et
re'used to con'orm to Catholic doctrine. He was one who knew the %cripturesA lived amon/
Christian peopleA and was not without understandin/ o' the tenants o' Christianit.. 6ecause he
was neither a heretic nor heathenA the Jew was in a cate/or. 7. himsel'. He was a deli7erate
un7eliever >5oth !8*9A **$*1@.
)he results o' this perceived will'ul un7elie' o' the Jewish people would 7e much 'alse
accusation and persecution 'rom within the Catholic Church. +n much o' 2uropeA the Jews would
7e e0cluded 'rom citi:enshipA denied involvement in the /overnment or militar.A and e0cluded
'rom mem7ership in /uilds and special pro'essions. )he. would also 7e accused o' man.
un'ounded evils. (nce a/ain the scape/oat o' societ.A the. would 'ace char/es o' ritual murderA
2
the 7lood li7el >accusin/ Jews o' murderin/ Christian children 'or their 7lood to 7e used in
Jewish rituals@A and even held responsi7le 'or causin/ the 7lack pla/ue in the !"
th
centur.. )his
resulted in man. towns arrestin/ Jewish citi:ensA con'iscatin/ their propertiesA and 7urnin/ them
at the stake ><oldstein 2!2A -*$81@.
The !usades
+t would 7e one thousand and twent.$ei/ht .ears a'ter the destruction o' the )emple that
the Jewish people would e0perience the intense persecution under the Catholic Crusades. +n !81
the 'irst militar. e0pedition set out toward the Hol. Band. +ts 'irst victims would not 7e Muslims
in JerusalemA 7ut the Jews in 5hineland. )his 'irst campai/n o' reli/ious crusaders num7ered as
hi/h as 1A and their purpose under the call o' Pope Gr7an ++ was to de'end the C7esie/ed
Christian empire in the 2ast H and to li7erate the Hol. BandD >Carroll 2!A 29-$293@.
Main% "nonymous, one o' the survivin/ historical te0ts recounts this event as e0perienced
7. the Jews:
)here 'irst arose the princess and no7les and common 'olk in FranceA who took
counsel and set plans to ascend and Cto rise up like ea/lesD and to do 7attle and
Cto clear the wa.D 'or journe.in/ to JerusalemA the Hol. Cit.A and 'or reachin/ the
sepulcher o' the Cruci'iedA a Ctrample corpseD. Cwho cannot pro'it and cannot
save 'or he is worthlessD. )he. said to one another: C6ehold we travel to a distant
land to do 7attle with the kin/s o' that land to do 7attle with the kin/s o' that land.
#e take our souls in our hands in order to kill and to su7ju/ate all those kin/doms
that do not 7elieve in the Cruci'ied. How much more so Pshould we kill and
su7ju/ateQ the JewsA who killed and cruci'ied him.D >Cha:an !83-A 22*@
)he massacre o' Jewish people in the name o' Christ has done more to 7uild the wall
7etween the Church and Judaism than man. other events in histor.. )he su''erin/ e0perienced 7.
Jewish populations as Csoldiers o' the crossD advanced upon them has created 7arriers that are
hard to 7rin/ down even toda..
2!
The Spanish In2uisition
+n the .ear !"3A on %eptem7er 2-A the %panish soverei/ns Ferdinand and +sa7ella issued
an order to set up tri7unals throu/hout their kin/dom that would jud/e cases o' heres. amon/
converts 'rom Judaism. )hese 7ecame collectivel. known as the %panish +n4uisition. )he ro.al
decree sou/ht to search 'or an. Jewish Christians who continued to adhere to Jewish 7elie's and
per'orm Jewish rites and ceremonies.
,o other /roup was mentioned as a tar/et o' this in4uisition e0cept 'or the Jews >)oten
23A 2!2@. )hese converts were mostl. descended 'rom a time o' persecution in !9-1$!"!-
where the majorit. o' %panish Jews were 'orced to a7andon their Judaism and convert to
Christianit.. )his persecution o' Jews in %pain was an out/rowth o' anti$%emitic roots within the
5oman Church and not native to %panish soil>,etan.ahu !88*A 9@. )he actual num7er o' victims
durin/ the +n4uisition is not knownA 7ut the ma/nitude was /reat and its e''ects on Jewish
Christian relationships continue to 7e 'elt toda..
The 'eformation
Accordin/ to Dutch$7orn American historian Heiko Au/ustinus (7erman >!89$2!@A
2uropean anti$%emitism /reatl. increased in the late Middle A/es to the earl. modern era
>(7erman !83"A !8387@. )hrou/h the 'ourteenth and 'i'teenth centur. man. Jews were
persecuted and massacredA especiall. in times o' crisis such as the 6lack pla/ue.
+n the si0teenth centur. Martin Buther >!"39$!1"1@ would 'orever chan/e the course o'
histor. within the church. Martin Buther was a 5oman CatholicA Au/ustinian monk who would
dissent 'rom the Catholic Church under the rei/n o' Pope Beo I. Buther would /o on to start the
<erman Protestant 5e'ormation in #itten7er/A <erman. >Falk 23A 9-@.
22
+n the earl. parts o' his ministr.A Buther was positive in his attitude toward Jewish people
and sou/ht to reach out to them that the. mi/ht 7e converted to Christianit.. 6utA when he
encountered stron/ resistance 'rom the Jewish communit.A he 7ecame ver. hostile toward Jews.
+n !*"9 he wrote one o' the most anti$%emitic works in histor.: &n he Jews and heir Lies' +n
this treatise he accused Jews o' 7ein/ children o' the devilA liars and 7loodhoundsA worse than the
heathenA and a 7itter and poisonous enem. >Buther !8"3A !"$23@.
+n &n the Jews and heir Lies Martin Buther called 'or seven actions a/ainst the Jews
which included: !@ )o set 'ire to their s.na/o/ues and schoolsA 2@ )hat their house 7e ra:ed or
destro.ed and that the. live under a roo' or 7arn like /.psiesA 9@ )hat all pra.er 7ooks and
)almudic writin/s 7e con'iscatedA "@ )hat 5a77is 7e 'or7ade to teach on pain o' loss o' li'e or
lim7A *@ )hat sa'e conduct on the hi/hwa.s 7e a7olished 'or the JewsA 1@ )hat usur. 7e
prohi7ited 'rom them and all monies taken 'rom themA and -@ 5e4uirin/ the Jews to earn their
livin/ 7. the sweat o' their 7row as Adam did ><ritsch 2!2A 3-@.
(ne e0cerpt 'rom ButherJs work clearl. shows ButherJs anti$%emitic attitude toward the
Jews:
)here'ore knowA m. dear ChristianA that ne0t to the Devil .ou have no more
7itterA more poisonousA more vehement an enem. than a real Jew...#hat now
shall we Christians do with this unre/enerateA damned people& )o su''er them in
our midst means la.in/ ourselves open to indoctrination 7. their liesA cursesA and
7lasphemies. +t seems we can neither e0tin/uish the ine0tin/uisha7le wrath o'
<od a/ainst them nor convert them. >Buther !*"9A reprinted in Buther !8**H
!8-1@.
Can it 7e said that Martin Buther was anti$%emitic toward Jews in a wa. that meant he
hated them& From his writin/s one could easil. conclude thisA 7ut it is impossi7le to know his
heart. He was a man under e0treme pressure 'rom the Catholic Church and it is possi7le that his
thinkin/ toward the Jews was skewed 7. this. +t is also possi7le that in the later part o' his li'e he
29
su''ered 'rom a 'orm o' nervous 7reakdown leadin/ to his overreaction toward Jewish resistance.
+n an. eventA the writin/s o' Martin Buther /o down in histor. as some o' the most anti$%emitic
writin/s that were ever penned.
Hitler would also 'ind inspiration 'rom Martin Buther toward his hatred o' Jews in the
Holocaust. +n his work on Butheranism and anti$JudaismA author Michael Marrison points out
that CButherJs ravin/s a7out the JewsA horri'.in/ as the. areA have perhaps too 're4uentl. and
casuall. 7een du77ed the 'irst works o' modern anti$%emitismA a small step to HitlerA and the like
>Marissen !883A2"@.
Theological Su&&ort of the Wall: 'e&lacement theology
+n the precedin/ historical accounts o' anti$%emitism in the ChurchA a 'oundational
theolo/ical premise contri7uted /reatl. to the hatred o' Jews and has supported the wall o' anti$
%emitism within the church to modern times. )his 7elie' that the Church is the true +srael and has
now replaced the Jewish nation in <odJs redemptive plan is known as replacement theolo/..
'e&lacement Theology !efined
5eplacement theolo/. asserts that <odJs covenant with +srael has 7een replaced 7. His
covenant with the Church. Accordin/ to #alter C. LaiserA C5eplacement theolo/.A thenA declared
that the ChurchA A7rahamSs spiritual seedA had replaced national +srael in that it had transcended
and 'ul'illed the terms o' the covenant /iven to +sraelA which covenant +srael had lost 7ecause o'
diso7edienceD >Laiser !88"A !!@. )his loss o' covenant would mean that +srael as a national
entit. is no lon/er part o' <odJs eternal plan.
2"
Another term 'or replacement theolo/. is supersessionismA re'errin/ to the 7elie' that
+srael has 7een superseded 7. the Church. Pro'essor o' )heolo/. Michael J. Klach asserts that:
%upersessionismA thenA in the conte0t o' +srael and the churchA is the view
that the ,ew )estament church is the new and?or true +srael that has 'orever
superseded the nation +srael as the people o' <od. )he result is that the church has
7ecome the sole inheritor o' <odSs covenant 7lessin/s ori/inall. promised to
national +srael in the (). )his rules out a 'uture restoration o' the nation +srael
with a uni4ue identit.A roleA and purpose that is distinct in an. wa. 'rom the
Christian church. >Klach 28A 1@
He also o7serves that supersessionism is 7ased on two 7elie's:
>!@ the nation +srael has somehow completed or 'or'eited its status as the people o'
<od and will never a/ain possess a uni4ue role or 'unction apart 'rom the churchE
and >2@ the church is now the true +srael that has permanentl. replaced or
superseded national +srael as the people o' <od. >Klach 28A 1@
5eplacement theolo/. has its roots in the earl. church. +ts seeds were 'ormed with the
destruction o' the )emple in - AD as Christians would 7elieve that <od was jud/in/ the Jewish
people 'or cruci'.in/ Christ. Laiser asserts that replacement theolo/. did not 7ecome an o''icial
church doctrine until the 'ourth centur. under the rei/n o' 2mperor Constantine and church
Father 2use7ius >Laiser !88"A !3@.
The *&istle of (arnaas c.,-.:
%ome writin/s o' the earl. Church Fathers re'lect the /rowin/ 7elie' that +srael has 7een
replaced 7. the Church. (ne e0ample is 'rom the 2pistle o' 6arna7asA claimed to 7e written 7.
PaulJs companion 7ut without certaint.. )his 2pistle had a ne/ative view o' the (ld )estament
Baw. A num7er o' scholars have o7served this letter as possessin/ a Cstron/l. anti$Jewish
mannerD >Foster 2-A -2@. A passa/e 'rom the 2pistle demonstrates this:
And this also + 'urther 7e/ o' .ouA as 7ein/ one o' .ouA and lovin/ .ou 7oth
individuall. and collectivel. more than m. own soulA to take heed now to
.ourselvesA and not to 7e like someA addin/ lar/el. to .our sinsA and sa.in/A O)he
2*
covenant is 7oth theirs and ours.D 6ut the. thus 'inall. lost itA a'ter Moses had
alread. received it. >6i7le %tud. )ools 2!"@.
+n sa.in/ that Jewish people lost the covenantA the 2pistle o' 6arna7as was e''ectivel.
cuttin/ o'' the promises o' <od toward +srael and instead placin/ them upon the Church.
+t is important to note that 7elie' in replacement theolo/. is not inherentl. anti$%emiticA
meanin/ that it is not e0pressl. a doctrine o' hate toward the Jews. Althou/h the theolo/. has
7een held 7. the majorit. o' those in the Church responsi7le 'or anti$%emitic acts toward the
Jewish peopleA it cannot 7e said that all who 7elieve in replacement theolo/. are anti$%emitic or
have hatred in their heart 'or Jews. HoweverA the 7elie' that +srael is no lon/er part o' <odJs plan
has contri7uted /reatl. to justi'ication 'or anti$%emitism in the Church.
The 'elationshi& of Su&ersessionism to #nti-Semitism in the Church
)he 7elie' that the Church has replaced +srael has 7een 'oundational to the mani'estation
o' anti$%emitism within the Church. Dr. #illiam 6joraker o' #illiam Care. +nternational
Gniversit. terms replacement theolo/. as the C,ew +srael )heolo/.DA meanin/ that +srael 'ailed
and was cast awa.. ,ow the Church has 7ecome the ,ew +srael which replaces the old. Ph.sical
promises to ph.sical +srael are spirituall. 'ul'illed to spiritual +srael >the Church@. )he Jewish
people were re/arded as <odJs plan A while the Church represents His plan 6. )his would mean
that the A7rahamic covenant to ph.sical +srael is meanin/less and o7solete >6joraker 2!2A 3@.
Dr. 6joraker /oes on to show the connection 7etween replacement theolo/. and the
development o' anti$%emitism in the Church:
)he earl. church 'athers o' the <reco$5oman world used <reek philosoph. to
alle/ori:e and spirituali:e +srael. %oon all the promises to +srael were seen as
trans'erred to the ChurchA 7ut all the curses were seen as appl.in/ onl. to the
Jews. )he <entile churches earl. on disre/arded PaulJs e0hortation to themA ()o
not *e arrogant, you do not support the root +of the olive tree,, the root support
21
you'- >5omans !!:!3@. )his contri7uted to an anti$Jewish tendenc. in the
churchesA and eventuall. to Christian anti$%emitism. >6joraker 2!2A 8@
As the Church increasin/l. 'or/ot its Jewish roots and herita/eA it instead 7ecame hostile
toward Jews and viewed Judaism as an evil reli/ion that <od has cursed. (ne o' the primar.
reasons that replacement theolo/. has 7een so destructive in the Church is the 7elie' that <od
replaced +srael as a punishment 'or their re7ellionA un7elie'A and responsi7ilit. 'or ChristJs
cruci'i0ion. )he accusation that the Jews murdered Christ has 7een the source o' man.
persecutions a/ainst them 'rom the Church. An e0ample o' this comes 'rom our time in
ClevelandA (H where m. wi'e and + served as missionaries to the Jewish people 'or three and a
hal' .ears. #e had 7e'riended a 5omanian Jewish lad. who was also a Holocaust survivor. At tea
one da.A she pulled up her sleeve and showed us her arm with the in'amous Auschwit: tattoo on
it. %he was ver. 'riendl. when we shared with her a7out the love o' the Bord and even received a
5omanian ,ew )estament 'rom us. HoweverA we can never 'or/et what she shared with us a7out
her e0perience in the concentration camp. %he said that man. times she heard the /uards accuse
the Jews 7. sa.in/A C#e are doin/ this to .ou 7ecause .ou killed Christ.D #hat a tra/ic
conse4uence o' holdin/ the Jews alone responsi7le 'or the death o' Christ.
'omans /-,,
A stud. o' 5omans 8$!! is essential to understandin/ the relationship o' the Church and
+srael. )he 7ook o' 5omans is a theolo/ical cornerstone o' the Christian 'aith. A'ter spendin/ the
'irst ei/ht chapters demonstratin/ the sin'ulness o' manA the need 'or salvation throu/h JesusA and
how to live the Christian li'e 7. the power o' the Hol. %piritA Paul switches /ears and starts to
share his heart 'or +sraelJs salvation.
2-
5omans 8 starts with the passion o' Paul that he could wish himsel' accursed 'or the sake
o' +sraelA his Ccountr.men accordin/ to the 'leshD >Ks 9@. He spends the 7ulk o' the chapter on
understandin/ +sraelJs national rejection o' Jesus as %aviorA and how <od is soverei/n over all
who will come to Him. %ome have interpreted this section as the 7asis o' the doctrine o'
predestination. )his is a valid meanin/ 7ehind the te0t as Paul states under the inspiration o' the
Hol. %pirit: <od Chas merc. on whom He willsA and whom He wills He hardensD >Ks!3@. +n this
section Paul is re'errin/ to the 'act that +sraelJs rejection o' Jesus happened in the soverei/n will
o' <od. 5omans 8 ends with the present condition o' +srael shown to 7e one o' hardened
un7elie'.
)heolo/ian Llais Haaker a/rees 5omans 8$!! does 'orm the 7asis o' understandin/
<odJs soverei/n election o' those who will 7e savedA 7ut ar/ues that the main purpose is a7out
the nation o' +srael:
5omans 8H!! is on the whole not a7out individual Jews or <entiles and their
stor. with <od >which had 7een the topic o' earlier chapters@A 7ut a7out the role o'
the people o' +srael as a corporate T/ure in the drama o' <odJs histor..
>Haaker 29A 3"@
)here are man. Christians who would disa/ree with this view o' 5omans 8$!!. ,ot
surprisin/l.A Martin ButherJs pre'ace to 5omans was ver. 7rie' on these chapters and contained
more o' a warnin/ than an encoura/ement to read them. He saw them onl. as a lesson on
understandin/ predestination and never mentioned +srael once in that conte0t >Haaker 29A --@.
5omans ! 'urther esta7lishes +sraelJs need 'or the <ospel. Paul ar/ues that althou/h the.
have a :eal 'or <od the. are i/norant o' <odJs ri/hteousness and are seekin/ to 7e ri/hteous on
their own /ood works >Ks 2$9@. Paul shows that onl. 7. 'aith in Christ can the Jew 7e eternall.
saved and there is no distinction 7etween Jew or <entile as in the wa. o' salvation 'or Cwhoever
calls on the name o' the B(5D will 7e savedD >Ks !9@.
23
Kerses 'ourteen throu/h twent.$one esta7lish that the nation o' +srael has rejected the
/ospel. +srael is now 7ein/ provoked 7. the <entiles to 'aith in Christ. +srael has 7ecome a
Cdiso7edient and contrar. peopleD >Ks 2!@. +t is on this point that man. claim 5omans 8$!! to
a''irm a view o' replacement theolo/. where +srael is now rejected 7. <od.
5a77i and theolo/ian Daniel 6o.arin takes this view:
)he. and their Baw had literal value at a certain point in human histor.A in
the childhood o' humanit.. HoweverA now that maturit. has come in the
/uise o' the comin/ o' ChristA his cruci'i0ionA and his risin/ 'rom the deadA
the value o' the si/ni'ier has 7een superseded. )here is no more role 'or +srael as
such in its concrete sense e0cept alwa.s 'or the promise o' 5omans
that in the end it will not 7e a7andoned 7ut redeemed 7. comin/ to 'aith in
Christ=+srael has no more role to pla. in histor.. .. +' the onl. value and
promise a''orded the JewsA even in 5omans !!A is that in the end the. will see
the error o' their wa.sA one cannot claim that there is a role 'or Jewish
e0istence in Paul. +t has 7een transcended 7. that which was its spiritualA
alle/orical re'erent alwa.s and 'orever=)his salvationA howeverA is precisel.
'or those Jews a 7itter /ospel not a sweet oneA 7ecause it is conditional
precisel. on a7andonin/ that to which we hold so dearl.A our separate
culturalA reli/ious identit.A our own 'lesh. and historical practiceA our
e0istence accordin/ to the 'leshA our BawA our di''erence. Paul has simpl.
alle/ori:ed our di''erence 4uite out o' e0istence. >6o.arin !88-A !*!$!*2@
6o.arin makes a valid ar/ument i' one is to see +srael as important onl. when the. are
walkin/ in o7edience to the Bord. 6ut there were man. times in +sraelJs histor. that the. had
rejected <odJs commandsA .et <odJs covenant with them still remained. )his can 7e seen in
+sraelJs wanderin/ in the wildernessA the period o' the Jud/esA or the times o' wicked kin/s such
as Aha7. <odJs promise to remain 'aith'ul even when +srael is un'aith'ul remains true toda..
)hou/h +srael remains on a national level in un7elie'A <odJs covenant still remains.
+n his 7ook &ur Hands are Stained with Blood author Michael 6rown answers the
4uestion o' whether <od has 'orsaken His people 7. pointin/ out that <odJs covenant with +srael
is non$ne/otia7le and everlastin/. <odA #ho cannot lieA 7ound Himsel' with an oath concernin/
28
His covenant with +srael >He7 1:!-@. 6rown demonstrates the permanenc. o' <odJs plan 'or
+srael as 'ound in the 6i7le:
His covenant with +srael was reiterated throu/h MosesA repeated 7. the prophets
and rehearsed 7. the Psalmists. Jesus Himsel' a''irmed it >Matt. !8:23@A Paul
articulated it >5om. 8$!!@ and the /ates o' the ,ew Jerusalem announce it 'orever
>5ev. 22:!!$!2@. <od has chosen +srael as His covenant people. >6rown !882A
!!-$!3@
<od will never 'orsake His people. Jeremiah 9!:2*$9- states that 7e'ore <od would reject
His people +sraelA the ordinances o' the sunA moon and stars would depart 'rom 7e'ore Him. (nl.
i' these thin/s would come to pass could +srael then cease to 7e a nation 7e'ore Him.
5omans !! is ke. to understandin/ <odJs on/oin/ plan 'or +srael despite their un7elie'.
(penin/ the chapter in verse oneA Paul raises the o7vious 4uestion in re/ards to +sraelJs un7elie':
CHas <od cast awa. +srael&D +n other wordsA 7ecause +srael has rejected the /ood news o' Jesus
ChristA has He then replaced +srael with the Church& )he answer that 'ollows is clear: CCertainl.
notMD and in verse 2: C<od has not cast awa. His people whom He 'oreknew.D
2ven thou/h +srael has remained in a state o' un7elie' 'or almost 2 .earsA <od still
has an important plan 'or them as a people. )heir 'uture salvation will power'ull. impact the
world. C+' their 7ein/ cast awa. is the reconcilin/ o' the worldA what will their acceptance 7e 7ut
li'e 'rom the dead& >Ks !*@D +sraelJs rejection is not 'inal. )here will come a da. when Call +srael
will 7e savedD >Ks 21@. Paul makes it clear that the <entile 7elievers have 7een /ra'ted into
'amil. o' <od. Jewish people who have rejected Christ have 7een cut o''A 7ut <entile 7elievers
should 7e hum7led 7ecause <od is a7le to /ra't the Jewish people 7ack in.
+t is true that the majorit. o' Jewish people are at enmit. a/ainst <od 7ecause o' their
rejection o' the /ospel. Does this meanA thenA that the. are cut o'' 'rom <odJs purposes and
replaced 7. the Church& Paul makes it clear that the. are ver. important to <od despite their
9
un7elie': CConcernin/ the /ospel the. are enemies 'or .our sake >meanin/ the. a//ressivel.
oppose Christ@A 7ut concernin/ the election the. are 7eloved 'or the sake o' the 'athersD >Ks 23@.
<odJs callin/ o' +srael is irrevoca7le >Ks. 28@. )o 7elieve that <od would reject the
people o' +srael 7ecause o' their un7elie' would 7e to discredit the trustworthiness o' <odJs
#ord. For a ChristianA our eternal hope rests on the same immuta7ilit. that <od has toward
+srael.
0ne 1ew +an
2phesians 2:!"$!3 teaches that throu/h Christ <od is makin/ one new man out o' +srael
and the <entiles. )his is the /oal o' the /ospel o' salvation throu/h Jesus Christ.
Dr. 6joraker depicts the &ne .ew Humanity as:
A reciprocal relationship 7etween +srael and the ChurchA such that as the Church
was 7irthed out o' +srael in the 'irst centur.A so in the later centuries the Church
must /o 7ack to +srael with the <ospel o' the new 7irth. )he Church needed +srael
to 7e 7ornE +srael toda. needs the Church to /o to her so she can 7e re$7orn. )his
reciprocal relationship is 7orn out clearl. in 5omans 8 $!!.
>6joraker 2!2A !3@.
)here will come a da. when +srael will turn to Jesus and 7e saved. +n this time o' un7elie'
<odJs plan 'or +srael remains. As 7elievers in Jesus /ra'ted into salvation 7ecause o' +sraelJs
un7elie'A we owe a de7t to them. <odJs heart is 'ull o' love toward +srael and the Church should
do no less than to demonstrate this love to the Jewish people.
9!
Tearing !own the Wall
)he 'irst step in 7ecomin/ a part o' tearin/ down the wall that anti$%emitism has created
7etween Christians and Jews is to 7ecome more in'ormed. +t is the hope o' the author that this
paper has opened the e.es o' the readers to the endemic pro7lem o' anti$%emitism throu/hout
church histor. and the pro7lems it has created in Christian testimon. and witness to the Jews. 6.
7ein/ aware o' this root issueA <od will 7e a7le to work in our hearts to move us to 7ecome part
o' the solution.
)here is much in'ormation on this topic 'or 'urther stud.. %ome o' the resources in the
7i7lio/raph. will 7e ver. help'ul. Amon/ themA two works: &ur Hands "re Stained with Blood
7. Michael 6rown and " Legacy of Hatred 7. David 5ausch. 6oth are e0cellent overviews o'
the topic o' this paper. 6oth are availa7le throu/h .our local li7rar. or ama:on.com.
An e0ample o' 7ein/ aware can 7e 'ound at the Creation Museum in ,orthern Lentuck..
)his museum is a wonder'ul Christian ministr. dedicated to upholdin/ the authorit. o' <odJs
#ord in the Church and throu/hout the world. )here is an e0hi7it in which a wa0 'i/ure o'
Martin Buther is poundin/ the ninet.$'ive theses to the chapel door. )he conte0t o' this e0hi7it is
the re'ormation and the upholdin/ o' the #ord o' <od. )his is /oodA 7ut 'or a Jewish person
tourin/ the museum the. mi/ht see it completel. di''erent. Jewish people know histor.A and the
anti$%emitic writin/s o' Martin Buther does not escape their notice. %o 'or a JewA this point in the
museum tour could pose more o' a stum7lin/ 7lock than 7ein/ an encoura/ement to trust <odJs
#ord. Does this mean the e0hi7it should 7e removed& ,oA 7ut we need to 7e aware o' the lenses
throu/h which Jewish people view Christian histor..
92
'eali2e our Jewish heritage
A second step toward com7atin/ anti$%emitism in the Church is to reali:e our Jewish
herita/e. Man. 7elievers 'ail to reco/ni:e the complete Jewish 7asis o' the Christian 'aith. +n the
earl. Church the separation 7etween Christianit. and Judaism was non$e0istent. Daniel 6o.arin
points out that in the earl. church Cthe 4uestion o' the di''erence 7etween Judaism and
Christianit. just didnJt e0ist as it does nowD >6o.arin 2!2A !@. )he earl. Church was comprised
o' Jewish people in the conte0t o' Judaism 7elievin/ in the Jewish MessiahA Feshua >Jesus@. A
term 6o.arin applies to the 'irst 7elievers is /ospel Judaism meanin/ that the /ospel was
completel. 'ounded within Judaism. He also makes the point that C<ospel Judaism was
strai/ht'orwardl. and completel. a Jewish Messianic movementA and the <ospelA the stor. o' the
Jewish ChristD >6o.arin 2!2A !*1@.
#hat does this mean to Christians toda.& <od had alwa.s planned 'or the <ospel to
reach all o' humanit.A includin/ Jews and <entiles. 5eali:in/ the Jewish herita/e and Jewish
core o' the Christian 'aith should cause a 7eliever to respect and honor JudaismA not despise or
have an. 'orm o' anti$%emitic hatred toward Jewish people. Proclaimin/ the Jewish roots o' the
Christian 'aith will do much to 7reak down the 7arriers that e0ist.
3rayer 4 Intercession
Pra.er is power'ul and can tear down walls 7etter than an.thin/ else. Man. %criptures
call us to pra. 'or the Jewish people. Psalm !22:1 sa.sA CPra. 'or the peace o' JerusalemD and
promises to prosper those who love them >the Jewish people@. )he Jerusalem House o' Pra.er 'or
All ,ations >JH(P@ is a ministr. o' pra.er and intercession 'or +srael and the whole world
99
>http:??www.jhop'an.or/?en?@. +t is essential to 7ecome intercessors 'or +srael and the Jewish
people and like Paul pra. to <od 'or +srael that the. ma. 7e saved >5om !:!@.
%et involved lessing Israel
)here are man. opportunities to /et involved 7lessin/ +srael and the Jewish people. Areas
7elievers can impact include healthA educationA /overnmentA +sraeli econom.A and havin/ a
Christian presence in the arts and culture. 6. identi'.in/ with the Jewish people and havin/ a
positive impact in their livesA Christians can help to 7rin/ reconciliation and healin/ in Jewish
Christian relations.
)he Friends o' +srael is a Cworldwide Christian ministr. communicatin/ 7i7lical truth
a7out +srael and the MessiahA while 'osterin/ solidarit. with the Jewish peopleD. )heir re/ular
ma/a:ine Israel My /lory helps Christians to sta. up to date on the politicalA economicA and
spiritual conditions. 6. partnerin/ with themA a person is demonstratin/ their support o' +srael
and can learn wa.s to 7ecome activel. involved in 7lessin/ the nationA includin/ its leadership.
)heir we7site can 7e accessed at: http:??www.'oi.or/?.
A /reat we7site is http:??we7lessisrael.or/? which has ideas to 7less +srael includin/:
Tou!ism. (ne o' the o7vious wa.s o' helpin/ the +sraeli econom. is 7. takin/ a trip to
tour. )his is a li'e chan/in/ e0perience 'or an.one and the mone. spent to travel in +srael as well
as 'oodA lod/in/A and souvenirs all contri7utes to the lar/e part tourism pla.s in +sraelJs economic
condition.
3i4ing and in4esting. )he +srael )rade and 2conomic (''ice 7ased in ,ew Fork collects
donations 'or +sraelJs /overnment and 'unds are distri7uted to various sectors. )he. can 7e
contacted at: http:??itrade./ov.il?us$n.?. Another wa. to support +srael is throu/h 7u.in/ +sraeli
9"
7onds which help ke. economic structures includin/ in'rastructure destro.ed 7. He:7ollah
missiles and other results o' terrorism >www.israel7onds.com@.
Suppo!ting Is!aeli Indust!y. )he Jewish ,ational Fund >http:??www.jn'.or/?@ /ives man.
opportunities to support +srael in man. wa.s such as: 'orestr.A ecolo/.A waterA communit.
developmentA securit.A educationA research and developmentA herita/e sitesA tourism and
recreation.
5ecoming Info!med' A /reat ministr. that has in'ormation on +sraelJs needs as well as
opportunities to /ive is Joel 5osen7er/Js Joshua 0und >https:??www.joshua'und.com?@.
5usiness as *ission1 6AM is an e0cellent wa. Christians can /et involved directl. with
the +srael econom. and have witness and discipleship opportunities. 6AM is an incarnationalA
holistic approach to economic development that 'ocuses on real pro'itA creatin/ local jo7sA
producin/ lon/ term sustaina7ilit.A promotes sel'$su''icienc.A and seeks to create economic
stimulus that spreads throu/hout the entire communit. >Johnson 28A 23$9*@. 6AM would also
7e a positive wa. to impact the povert. stricken +sraelis 7. startin/ 7usiness models that would
connect to their communitiesA create jo7sA educateA and 7uild relationships.
'each out to Jewish friends and neighors
Jewish people live throu/hout the world. )hink o' the Jewish people in .our li'e. Most
people have 'riends or coworkers with a Jewish 7ack/round. +' notA look into .our communit..
Find where the Jewish people live. %eek to 7e'riend them. +t is important to /et to know them
personall. and share .our testimon. with sensitivit.. %tart a 'riendl. conversation and pra. 'or
opportunities to dialo/ue with them a7out the Bord in a nonthreatenin/ manner.
9*
Find wa.s to minister to their needs. #hen m. wi'e and + were in ClevelandA (H we
volunteered with a meals$on$wheels pro/ram sponsored 7. a local Jewish a/enc.. )he people we
met were mostl. poor 5ussian Jews who had mi/rated to America out o' desperate need. )here
are man. needs and opportunities that e0ist in +srael and around the world to minister throu/h
development toward alleviatin/ povert. and sharin/ the /ospel o' Jesus to Jewish people throu/h
word and deed.
Conclusion
)his paper has dealt with a ver. tra/ic issue in Church histor. as it relates to the Jews.
)he stud. o' anti$%emitism in the Church throu/h histor. and its theolo/ical 'oundations is a
pain'ulA 7ut important knowled/e that Christians need to possess. +/norin/ this would allow the
pro7lems to continue. A hum7le and repentant attitude should 7e displa.ed to the Jewish
communit. and e''orts made toward reconciliation. Acknowled/in/ our common herita/e and
understandin/ <odJs on/oin/ plan 'or +srael will help the Church 'rom repeatin/ the same
mistakes .
6. 7etter understandin/ what anti$%emitism isA how it has 7een a part o' Church histor.A
and how it has created an unnecessar. 7arrier in Jewish Christian relationsA it is hoped that <od
will use this stud. to motivate the 7od. o' Christ. )he resultin/ awareness should /ive rise to an
increased initiative toward tearin/ down the wall that anti$%emitism has created. )he ministr. o'
reconciliation can onl. 7e 'ul'illed toward the Jewish people as we minister to them in li/ht o'
this root issue. Ma. <od 7e /lori'ied as His Church rises up and takes responsi7ilit. 'or its past
'ailures toward the Jewish peopleA and looks to a 'uture where the wall is torn down and
salvation comes to all o' +srael.
91
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