Materials
Content
DEFINITIONS :
QUALITY is that characteristics of a product that provides a level of performance in terms of
service & life. It does not mean perfect.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of materials quality control is to insure the highest quality of work & extend the
service life of any structure by construction according to the prescribed plans & specifications. The plans
indicate the specific type of the struc. & the specifications present the characteristic in w/c it is to be built,
as well as the matls that are to be incorporated into the work.
Other purposes are to check & regulate the use of construction materials, & to economize
on the const of const. Fulfilling these, requires adequate control of materials prior to & after placing
to their final position in the structure. The extent of controlling the required materials depends on the
nature & limits of the work, the specification requirements & local conditions. Normally, every material should
be subjected to testing, inspection & verification before acceptance.
PROCEDURES:
1 Selection of Materials
Information regarding the location of matls sources that will be incorporated into the work
may be represented by the following:
a. raw matls such as soil, sand & bank or river gravel (w/ little or no processing)
b. matls that are processed w/o basically changing their properties, such as washed/
manufactured sand, crushed rock & s gravel, etc.
c. manufactured matls such as bituminous matls, cement, paint, structural & reinf. steel
d. combination of matls that mat be partly or totally manufactured, such as bituminous and
portland cement concrete.
Materials to be procured or obtained from selected portions of any area of matls sources
such asmentioned aboveshould be known in advance so that the required tests can be made or
arrangement for testing the matls involved may be done to avoid unnecessary delays in const.
due to rejection of unacceptable quality of materials.
2 Handling & Storage of Materials
Handling & storage of delivered construction matls should be carefully & properly planned
to avoid damage & maintain the desired quality. It should be palced or deposited in a safe
place protected from contamination or tha action of weather. The proposed source of matls.
to be used should be accessible to the project.
Conditions for Acceptance of Materials:
a.
b.
c.
No matls shall be incorporated into the work until tested & found satisfactory.
The approval of preliminary samples shall not be considered as a guarantee of acceptance
of all matls. from the same source, as to the quality or quantity of such materials.
Any matls w/c had been sampled & passed as satisfactory may be resampled and
retested anytime before, during & after incorporated into the work.
3 Sampling & Testing of Materials
Quality Control is cheking for conformity to the requirements. That is, conformance to
matls specifications & methods of const. or workmanship. Quality Control therefore, includes
all procedures w/c necessary to ensure that the matls used & workmanship employed
conform to the standard of quality specified.
a.
QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM(QCP)
To facilitate quality control, a program of quality control works to be complied
by the Contractor is prepared by the DPWH. The plan include provisions on how the
work & matls should be inspected & the nature & amount of testing to be done.
Likewise, the DPWH provides a team to monitor the quuality control
activities in the project like : sampling, testing, laboratory procedures, equipment
calibration & quality control reporting.
b.
Minimum Testing Requirements
Are prescribed in each project based on estimated quantities. The
requirements specify the kind & number of tests for each item of work.
Testing is done as the matls are being incorporat ed into the work. It should
be emphasized that what are specified are the minimum number of testing only. The
owner can therefore, can require more test if he is in doubt of the quality of matls
or the finished structure.
c.
Pretesting of Manufactured Matls such as Cement, Asphalt & Steel Bar.
Samples are obtaine at the factory & tested at the laboratories. Upon
verification, the pretested matls are ready for use upon delivery at the jobsite.
4 Proper Construction Methods/Procedures
a.
Establish a working quality control organization w/ responsibility for supervision
& inspection at all levels of work.
b.
Construction method should be done according to each Item of Work indicated in
the design.
c.
To see to it that matls used pass the required specification prior to incoporated to
the project.
d.
Continnuous quality control inspection on all Items of Work shall be done as const
progresses
e.
To assign technical & capable personnel to oversee the implementation during
construction stage.
f.
To see to it that needed equipment is available.
g.
To see to it that there is no scarcity of supplies of matls to be used in the project.
5 Inspection & Monitoring
Different types of const demand different types & degree of inspection. Emphasis
on the initial & early operations is essential.
Once the equipment & operations are producing the desired quality, occasional
checking may be done to assure continuous satisfactory results. However, vertical structures
demand more constant scrunity or verification due to the greater variety of matls & work
involved. Future results are less predictable on this type of work.
Therefore, inspectors assigned in the field should be competent, experienced and
committed to public service. They should also be familiar w/ the approved plans & specifications
& various DPWH issuances relative to quality control & construction.
The purpose of inspection is to ensure that the matls & workmanship provided by
the contractor comply w/ the requirements of the project. In general, properly applied
inspection/monitoring the project will help in ensuring that:
a.
The requirements of the contract documents will be carried out.
b.
The use of unacceptable substitutes will be avoided
c.
Making errors that might result to unnecessary maintenance cost will be avoided
d.
Extra work will be minimized
e.
Materials & workmanship that are guaranteed will be evaluated at the time of installation
1
20 Moisture content of coarse aggregate less
In applying load on the penetration piston in CBR detm'n
the rate of penetration is approximately
absorption of same aggregate the result will be
1.27 mm/minute
2
Free Water
Size of sample of Item 310 taken for each full days operation
150 mm x 150 mm x 100 mm
3
for ITEM 307-Job
Mix Formula
=
6
7
8
9
10
11
5 to 8
dry aggregates in ITEM 310
23 Significance of CBR
The req'd range of mass percent in voids of ITEM 310
3 to 5
5
+ 0.4%
22 The req'd mass percent of bituminous matl into the total
Range of agg. Compaction in Bituminous Mix ITEM 310
92 to 95%
4
21 Req'd tolerance for bituminous matl in Sub-Mix Formula
To evaluate the potential strength of soil/agg
Test on Bituminous Mix in order to det. the amount of
Extraction
asphalt present in the mix
24 The max. allowable percentage variation of cement
The min. flexural strength requirement of beam sample tested
by third-point loading method 3.8 MPa
25 The wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the
This test measures the resistance to flow of a liquid under
Kinematic Viscosity
gravity or its consistency
26 The prescribed forms to be used in concrete paving
The most commonly used method in the design & evaluation
of Bituminous Concrete Mix
Marshall Stability Method
27 The application of liquid asphaltic material prepared
It is a property of Bituminous mixes in pavement, a resistance
to deformation or displacement due to an impose load
or repeated loading
Stability
28 Is computed by combining the results of the atterberg
Retarders are admixtures generally slow down the setting
4 hrs
of concrete & can delay initial setting time up to
29 Instrument used in the det. of time setting of hydraulic
The bending requirement of deformed RSB is
30 It is a test required prior to final payment of PCCP &
Coring test for thickness det.
Asphalt Pavement
content in the design of concrete mix
No cracking on the outside bent portion
disloading of aggregate
2%
Raveling
steel
Untreated Base is
Prime Coating
tests (LL & PL) w/ percentage passing the No. 200
sieve
Group Index
cement aside from Gillmore needle
Vicat Needle
12
Stones ranging from a minimum of 60 kgs to a maximum
of 100 kgs
Class "A"
31 Minimum cement content per cu.m. for Class "P"
13
Maximum time intervals between deliveries of batches of
30 min.
concrete mix using transit mixer
32 Minimum Water-Cement Ratio for Class "P"
In truck mixing, the minimum no. of revolutions after all
ingredients including water on in the drum
33 When the thickness of surfacing is to be determined,
14
15
100
concrete
the result CBR
11 bags
0.53
Subgrade
34 Benching method is used in constructing embankment
Minimum width of the groove of the plane of weakness
6 mm
16
concrete
except,
End - Dumping
35 Quality of materials is the primary responsibility of the
The first PCCP was laid in the year 1893 in
Bellafontaine, Ohio
17
The depth of the hole in the conduct of FDT 6 to 8 inches
18
The max. absorption content of CHB
19
Is the coefficient by w/c the fill volume are multiplied to det.
the volume of cut required to make the fill
240 kg/cum
Shrinkage Factor
Materials Engr.
36 Liquid Limit of unsuitable materials
80%
37 Plasticity index of unsuitable matls
55%
38 In road const. the embankment required is 705,900 cum
& the waste is 505,600 cum, how much is grading test
134
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Data from Priliminary Tests:
Fine Aggregate:
Lab. No. 01
Manufactured ( ) Natural ( )
Finess Modulus
2.77
Bulk Specific Gravity, (SSD)
2.49
Moisture Content, %
1.59
Absorption, %
2.46
Unit Wt., kg/m3 (loose)
1,481
Type & Brand of cement
Portland Cement
Specific Gravity of cement
3.1
Admixture Brand
None
Coarse Aggregate Lab. No. 02
Rounded ( )
Angular ( )
Maximum Size , mm
Abrasion Loss, %
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD)
Moisture Content , %
Absorption, %
Unit Wt. Kg./m3 (loosed)
Water Source
Design Specification Requirements:
Class of Concrete
Flexural Strength, Mpa
Cement Factor, bags/m3
Slimp
Paving
3.8 @ 14 days
9.1 for 40 kgs/bag
76.2 mm (3")
DESIGN MIX PER BAG OF CEMENT:
Absolute Volume of Concrete, m3
1
CF
=
Absolute Volume of 40 kg bag of cement , m3
Absolute Volume of water , m3
Absolute Volume of water and cement, m3
Absolute Volume of fine nd coarse aggregates m 3
1
9.1
=
0.10989
40
3.10x1000
=
0.0129
181 - 4.7
9.1x100
=
176.3
9100
=
0.01937
0.0129
+
0.01937
=
0.03227
0.10989
-
0.03227
=
0.07762
Correction of fine aggregates, % of total aggregate by absolute volume:
% sand of total aggregates
= 42 (from Table V)
W
C
Variation from Standard
Correction for W/C
=
181 - 4.7
9.1 x 40
=
0.48
=
0.48 - 0.57
=
(-) 0.09
=
(0.09 x 1%)
0.05
=
(-) 1.8
=
2.77 - 2.75
=
(+) 0.02
=
0.02 x 1/2%
0.1
=
(+) 0.1
Correction for Fineness Modulus:
Variation from Standard
Correction for F.M.
37.5
18
2.82
1.6
1.1
1,432
Sibalom River
For less workable concrete as pavement
=
(-) 3
=
=
(-) 1.8
(+) 0.1
=
=
(-) 3
(-) 4.7
=
42% - 4.7%
Total Correction:
W/C
FM
For less workable concrete as pavement
Total Correction:
Corrected % of Sand
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3
Absolute Volume of coarse aggregates, m3
BATCH WEIGHT:
Cement
Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates
Water
Absolute
Volume
cu.m.
Specific
Gravity
0.01290
0.02895
0.04867
0.01937
3.10
2.49
2.82
1
Unit Weight
Uncorrected
Corrected
of WaterWeight Weight
kg./cu.m. kg.
1000
1000
1000
1000
40
72
137
19
269
ADJUSTMENTS:
CA
Absorption 1.10
MC
0.17
FA
2.46
0.92
CORRECTED WEIGHTS base on the actual MC of coarse and fine aggregates in the jobsite.
1) Uncorrected wt. x [ 1+% free water ]
100
If MC is greater than
the absorption
2) Uncorrected wt. x [1 - % H2o required for absorption ]
100
% Free water = moisture content - absorption
% H2o required absorption = absorption - moisture content
If MC is smaller than the Absorption
Corrected Weights:
CA = 137.25x [1 - 1.10 - 0.17] = 137.25 x [1-.0093] = 135.97 kg.
100
FA = 72.09x [ 1-2.46 - 0.92] = 72.09 x [ 1-0.0154] = 70.98 kg.
100
H2o = 19.37 + [H2o req'd. for Abs. (CA)] + [H2o req'd. Abs. (FA)]
H2o = 19.37 + (137.25 - 135.97) + (72.09 - 70.98)
H2o = 19.37 + 1.28+1.11 = 21.76 kg.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Data from Priliminary Tests:
Lab. No. 01
Fine Aggregate:
Manufactured //Natural//
Finess Modulus - 2.77
Bulk Specific Gravity, (SSD) - 2.49
Moisture Content, % - 1.59
Absorption, % - 2.46
Unit Wt., kg/m3 (loose) - 1481
Type & Brand of cement - Portland/Island
Specific Gravity of cement - 3.10
Admixture Brand - None
Coarse Aggregates Lab. No. 02
Rounded //Angular //
Maximum Size , mm - 37.5
Abrasion Loss, % - 18
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - 2.82
Moisture Content , % - 1.60
Absorption, % - 1.10
Unit Wt. Kg./m3 (loosed) - 1432
Water Source - Sibalom River
Design Specification Requirement:
Class of Concrete - Paving
Flexural Strength, Mpa - 3.8 at 14 days
Cement Factor, bags/m3 - 9.1 for 40 kg./bag
Slimp - 76.2 mm (3")
DESIGN MIX PER BAG OF CEMENT
Absolute Volume of Concrete, m3 = 1 = 1 = 0.10989
CF
9.1
Absolute Volume of 40 kg. Bag of cement , m3 =
Absolute Volume of water , m3 = 1.81 - 4.7 =
9.1 x 1000
4.0
= 0.01290
3.10 x1000
176.3 = 0.01937
91000
Absolute Volume of water and cement, m3 = 0.01290 + 0.01937 = 0.03227
Absolute Volume of fine nd coarse aggregates m3 = 0.10989 - 0.03227 = 0.07762
Correction of fine aggregates, % of total aggregate by absolute volume:
% sand of total aggregates = 42 (from Table V)
W = 181.4.7 = 176.3 = 0.48
C
9.1x40
364
Variation from Standard = 0.48 - 57 = (-) .09
Correction for w/c = - (.09 x 1%) = 1.8
0.05
Correction for fineness modulus:
variation from standard = 2.77 - 2.75 = (+) 0.02
Correction for F.M. = 0.02 x 1/2% = (+) 0.1
0.1
For less workable concrete as pavement = (-3)
Total Correction:
w/c = - 1.8
FM = + 0.1
For less workable
Concrete as pavement = - 3
Total Correction:
- 4.7
Corrected % of Sand = 42% - 4.7% = 37.3%
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3 = 0.373 (0.7762) = 0.02895
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3 = 0.373 (0.7762) = 0.02895
Absolute Volume of coarse aggregates, m3 = 0.07762 - 0.02895 = 0.04867
BATCH WEIGHT:
Absolute
Volume
cu.m.
Cement
Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates
Water
Specific
Unit Weight
UncorrectedCorrected
Gravityof Water Weight
Weight
kg./cu.m.
kg.
0.01290
0.02895
0.04867
0.01937
3.10
2.49
2.82
1
1000
1000
1000
1000
40
72.09
137.25
19.37
268.71
ADJUSTMENTS:
Absorption
MC
CA
FA
1.10
0.17
2.46
0.92
CORRECTED WEIGHTS base on the actual MC of coarse and fine aggregates in the jobsite.
1) Uncorrected wt. x [ 1+% free water ]
100
If MC is greater than
the absorption
2) Uncorrected wt. x [1 - % H2o required for absorption
If MC is smaller than the Absorption
100
% Free water = moisture content - absorption
% H2o required absorption = absorption - moisture content
Corrected Weights:
CA = 137.25x [1 - 1.10 - 0.17] = 137.25 x [1-.0093] = 135.97 kg.
100
FA = 72.09x [ 1-2.46 - 0.92] = 72.09 x [ 1-0.0154] = 70.98 kg.
100
H2o = 19.37 + [H2o req'd. for Abs. (CA)] + [H2o req'd. Abs. (FA)]
H2o = 19.37 + (137.25 - 135.97) + (72.09 - 70.98)
H2o = 19.37 + 1.28+1.11 = 21.76 kg.
Cement
FA
CA
H2o
Uncorrected
Weights kg.
(SSD Condition)
40
72.09
137.25
Corrected
Weights kg.
(Actual Field Condition)
40
70.98
135.97
19.37
268.7
21.76
268.71
Total Weigh
For Beam Specimen:
Volume of Mold = 6"x6"x21" = 756m3
Volume of mold = 756 m3 x 1 m3
(39.37)3m3
Volume of Mold = 0.0124 m3
let:
Volume of 1 mold (beam) w/ 2.5% vol. Allowance = v1
V1= 0.0124(1) + 0.25 (0.0124) = 0.0124 (1.25) = 0.0155 m3
let K= constant
K = cement factor x volume
for 1 mold (beam) w/ .25% vol. Allowance
K= 9.1 x 0.0155 m3 = 0.14105
Batch Weight for one Beam sample with 25% volume allowance
Cement = Kx40 = 0.14105 x 40 = 5.64 kg.
FA
= Kx70.98 = 0.14105 x 70.98 = 10.01 kg.
CA
= Kx135.97 = 0.14105 x 135.97 = 19.18 kg.
H2o
= Kx21.76 = 0.14105 x 21.76 = 3.07 kg.
For Concrete Cylinder Specimen:
Vol. of mold = V
V=
P2h = 3.1416 (6')2 12" = 339.29 in3
4
4
3
3
339.29 in x 1 m = 0.0056 m3
6"
6"
21"
Beam mold
Let Vol. Of 1 cylinder mold with 25% vol. Allowance = v1
V1 = 0.0056 m3 (1.25) = 0.007 m3
Let K = constant = cement factor x volume = 9.1 x .007 m3 = 0.0637
Batch weight for cylinder specimen w/ 25% Vol. Allowance
Cement
FA
CA
H2o
= Kx40 = 0.0637 x 40 = 2.55 kg.
= Kx70.98 = 0.0637 x 70.98 = 4.52 kg.
= Kx135.97 = 0.0637 x 135.97 = 8.66 kg.
= Kx21.76 = 0.0637 x 21.76 = 1.39 kg.
Cemet = 8.5 kg.
FA
= 14.5 kg.
CA
= 28.0 kg.
H2o = 4.5 kg.
NOTE:
Condition of aggregates in saturated surface dry
Corrected as often as moisture content of aggregates varies
Corrected for free water or water required for absorption in field mix.
(Uncorrected wt.) x (1-% of free water) or
(Uncorrected wt.) x (1-% of water required for absorption)
100
Uncorrected weight minus total weight of free water or
plus total weight of water required for absorption.
The proportions are for starting mix only. In the course of mixing operations the quality of
of the concrete will be periodically checked as to the following, net water content and cement as per
yield test. If found not meeting the requirements in the Matls Manual, necessary adjustments should
be made before proceeding further to insure uniform quality of concrete throughout the structure.
Table V
APPROXIMATE SAND AND WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE
Based on mix having a water - cement ratio of 0.57 by weight 24.7 liters per sack of cement, 76.2
slump and natural sand having a fineness modulus of about 2.75.
For mixes having either proportions, see adjustments below
Maximum ROUND
si
COARS AGGREGATES
ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATES
of coarse Sand, % of toNet Water
Sand % of toNet Water
aggregates aggregates bcontent per
aggregate b content per
mm. (inch) absolute vol. cubic meter
absolute vol.cubic meter
m3
kg.
liter
m3
kg.
liter
12.7 (1/2)
51
199
199
56
214
214
19.0 (3/4)
25.4 (1)
38.1
(1-1
50.8
(2)
76.2
(3)
152.4 (6)
46
41
37
34
31
26
184
178
166
157
148
131
184
178
166
157
148
131
51
46
42
39
36
31
199
192
181
172
163
146
199
192
181
172
163
146
Adjusment of above Table for other conditions:
CHANGES IN CONDITIONS STIPULATED IN TABLE V
Each 0.05 increase or decrease in water cement ratio ----
Effect on values in
Table V
Percent
Net Water
Sand
Content
+1
0
+ 1/2
0
Each 25.4 mm increase or decrease in slump
0
+ 3%
Using manufactured sand ---------------------------------------
0
+ 8.9 kg.
For less workable concrete as pavement --------------------
-3
- 4.7 kg.
Each 0.10 increase or decrease in fineness modulus of s
CONCRETE
Slump - workability/Consistency
Slump Cone Height = 12" (0.30m)
top dia. 4"
bottom dia. 8"
* Tolerance in Slump Variation:
Designed Slump
= 3" or less
* Item 311
= 2" - 4"
= More than 3"
Concrete Seal = 1 - 20 cm.
Tamping rod = 5/8" (16 mm dia.)
Height of tamping rod = 24" plain bar
Sampling of Slump for Fresh Concrete :
= within 5 minutes
The determination of slump test of concrete
maximum shall be done;
= Sufficient frequent interval is necessary
= at least twice a day
Flexural / Beam :
Transverse Cracks (Prevent):
= 63 blows
= Width not more than 6 mm
= 2 layers
= depth not less than 50 mm
= 3.8 MPa (500 psi) (third - point)
= max. 1.5 mm depth (brooming)
= 4.5 MPa (650 psi) (mid - point)
= 14 days
Compressive /Cylinder:
= 25 blows
rate of loading = w/in 20 - 50 psi / sec.
= 3 layers
= 16 mm (5/8") rod in dia.
= 600 mm (24") in length
= 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
= 28 days
FM:
Concrete Strength Deficiency:
3/8
Less than 5
100
4
10 - 15
80
8
15 - 20
70
16
20 - 25
60
30
25 or more
50
50
0
100
DIMENSION & TOLERANCE:
= + 3 mm diameter
ABSORPTION & MC
110 + 5 oC not less than 24 hrs.
25 - 35 oC for 24 hrs. - immersed
Allowable Variation
+ 1/2"
+ 1"
agrams_73
CONCRETE
1 The first PCCP was laid in the year 1893 in
Bellafontaine, Ohio
2 The workability of concrete is measured by what means
Slump Test
3 How much is the spacing required of vibrators used in compacting
concrete for PCCP
60 cm
4 Sawing of transverse contraction joints is done within what duration
Within 24 hrs.
5 If you place one layer reinforcement on the concrete pavement,
how much is the allowable distance from the top slab pavement
2" (50 mm)
6 Concrete paving, what is the frequency thus the vibrators operate.
8,300 to 9600 impulse/min
7 What is the allowable duration of vibration be operated in any
one location
15 sec.
8 What transverse joint to be provided in order that the ends of
pavement slab can protrude when slabs lengthen or shift
position
Transverse Expansion Joint
9 If concrete pavement texture is be finish by belting. What is the
required materials & size
2-ply canvas belt not less than 20 cm
wide and at least 100 cm longer than the pavement width
10 For unreinforced concrete pavement, how cracking is
accommodated
By providing weakened sections @ least 4.5 spacing
11 How much is the tolerance of smoothness of concrete pavement
More than 3 mm but not exceeding 12 mm
12 If longitudinal sawed joints is called on a plan. What is the allowable time required to start sawing
allowable time required to start sawing
Before the end of curing period
or before any equipment or vehicles are allowed on the pavement
13 How you check concrete pavement smoothness
By using 3.0 straight edge
14 How much is the tolerance deviation of forms for concrete
paving from true line
not more than 1 cm
15 If performed elastometric gaskets for sealing joints on concrete
pavement is used, what is the allowable placement below
the level of the pavement
6 mm
16 What is the required flexural strength of concrete pavement
when tested by third point loading & mid point loading for
fourteen (14) days
Third point loading = 3.8 Mpa (550 psi)
Mid point loading = 4.5 Mpa (650 psi)
17 When concrete delivered by truck mixer. What is the allowable
intervals bet. delivery of a batches
Not exceeding 30 min.
18 What is the mixing time of concrete for mixer having a 1.5 m3
For 1.5 m 3 or less = 60 seconds
capacity
For greater than 1.5 m3 = 90 seconds
19 During charging of cement and aggregates to the drum of
transit mixer in the batching plant. What is the tolerance of
the losses
Cement = 1%
aggregate = 2%
20 If curing compound is used as a method of curing, How much
is the rate of application
21 In truck mixing what is the allowable number of renovation after
after all concrete ingredients charged to the drum
4 L to not more than 1.4 m2
100 revolution and the
the mixing speed shall not less than 4 rpm nor more than 6 rpm
22 Who is the person responsible for concrete production control
sampling & testing for quality control
Concrete Technician
agrams5254/2004
23 In case portion of the concrete pavement are spelled during
removal of forms, what is the proportion of the fresh mortar
mix used for repair.
1 part cement 2 parts fine aggregates
24 If the concreting operations is interrupted by more than 30 min.
what kind of transverse joint will you introduced
Transverse Construction Joint
25 Where concrete is to be placed adjoining a previously constructed
lane & mechanical equipment will be operated upon the
the existing lane that previously constructed. What is
the minimum days required
14 days
26 What is the allowable time required arrived of truck mixer to
the delivery point that discharged of the concrete be
completed
w/in 1 hour or before 2,250 revolutions of drums whichever comes
27 How much is the ideal length of the forms in pouring concrete
curb & gutter
50 m
28 The concrete in walls, beams, columns and the like shall be
placed in horizontal layer by how much
Not more than 30 cm. thick, except when provided
29 The prescribed forms to be used in concrete paving
steel
30 Is it allowed that tie bars be bent @ right angles against the forms
of the first lane constructed
YES
31 How much is the spacing of the plane of weakness on concrete
pavement
4.5 m
32 What is the minimum cement content of concrete Class "A"
deposited in water
400 kg/ m3 of concrete
33 Maximum time intervals between deliveries of batches of
concrete mix using transit mixer
30 min.
34 The flange braces for steel forms must extend outward of the
base by how much
less than 2/3 the height of the form
35 What is the Intensity of vibration of compacting concrete in
structure w/ a 3.0 cm slump?
Over a radius of at least 0.50 cm
36 In practice what is the allowable radius in rounding the edged
of the pavement along each side of each slab
12 mm (1/2")
37 What handles the load transfer in the contraction joint in case
it will crack
the interlocking of aggregates
38 Who is the person performing the batching or mixing operations
Concrete Batcher
39 What is the required slump of the concrete deposited in water?
Shall maintained between 10 cm & 20 cm
40 Minimum cement content per cu.m. for Class "P" concrete
11 bags
41 In truck mixing, the minimum no. of revolutions after all
ingredients including water in the drum
100
42 It is a test required prior to final payment of PCCP & Asphalt
pavement
Coring test for thickness det.
43 The wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the
disloading of aggregates
Raveling
44 How much is the spacing of the weakened plane for sidewalk
and what depth
1.0 m interval width; depth = 10 mm
45 How do you check concrete pavement smoothness
By using 3 m straight edge
46 What type of concrete shall be used in sidewalks
Class "A"
47 In case it is permitted to place concrete in two operations
in concrete T - beam or deck girder span. What method
will you introduced?
First to the top of girder stems & second to completion
48 The concrete in walls, beams, columns & the like shall be
placed in horizontal layer by how much
Not more than 30 cm thick except when provided
49 A reinforced concrete beam placed directly on the ground to
provide a foundation for the superstructure
Grade beam or Tie beam
50 A watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used in underwater
construction to protect workers from water pressure
and soil collapse
Cassion
51 A temporary damlike structure constructed around an excavation
excavation to exclude water
Cofferdam
52 What is the allowable time if not in place that concrete showed
be rejected.
within 90 min. OR that has developed initial set
53 In general, the addition of water to the surface of the cement to
cement to assist in finishing operation will not be permitted.
What method will be used if permitted.
It shall be applied as fog spray by
means of an approved spray equipment
54 How is bonding between stem & slab be secured
By means of suitable shear keys
50m x 100mm x 100 mm less than the width of girder
stem & spaced at 300 O.C.
55 What is the different bet. Precast concrete & Cast-in-situ
Precast Concrete means casted on the outside of the
area to be intended; Cast-in-situ concrete means casted directly on the area
56 A temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or
suspended used for working at considerable height above
the ground
Scaffolding
57 A hole in a wood sill, retaining wall or other structure to allow
accumulated water to escape
Weepholes
58 A short stake driven to the ground in order to outline the limits of grading
Slope Stakes
59 In case of dropping of concrete to the point of deposits the height is more
than 1.5 m. What is the method
Concrete shall be conveyed through
sheet metal or approved pipes. As for as practicable, the pipes
shall be kept full of concrete placing & their shall be kept
buried in the newly placed concrete
60 A ring shaped binders placed around the main reinforcement
in a reinforced concrete column
Hoop
61 A large thick, usually reinforced concrete mat w/c transfer loads
from a number of columns & walls to the underlying
rock or soil
Mat foundation or Raft foundation
62 How much is horizontal layers of reinforcement steel bars
separated in case of slab
By means of Concrete Blocks
63 Is a vertical member between two portion of window sash usually
designed to resist wind load & not vertical load w/c is the
small member w/c separate the panels of glass w/in the sash
Mullion
64 In a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings
Party Wall
65 Timber or other matl used or a temporary prop for excavation
for building, maybe sloping, vertical or horizontal
Shoring
66 If fracture outside the middle third of the span length by not more
3PL
R
=
than 5% of the span length. What is the formula
bd2
67 If the fracture occurs outside the middle third of the span length
PL
R = bd2
by not more than 5% of the span length. What is the formula
68 When 2 layers of reinforcing steel bars are installed at walls.
How is it separated
By means of spreader bars, spreaders bars are short
pieces of small sized steel bent into a "Z" or into some other
convenient shape of the proper dimensions. The layer of steel
are wired to the legs of the "Z" the stiffness of the layer
69 Suppose the span length of a beam sample is 18". What is the
maximum length of the crack that can still be considered
that the beam samples for evaluation
18" x 0.05 = 5.1" (max.)
70 Test specimen for concrete paving
At least 1-set consisting of three (3) concrete beam test
specimen 150mm x 150 mm x 525 or 900 mm shall be taken from
330 m2 of pavements 230 mm depth or fraction thereof placed each day
71 If fracture occurs outside the middle third by more than 5% of
the span length. What is the formula
Disregard the test
72 The completed concrete pavement shall be accepted on a lot
basis. What do you mean?
1) A lot shall be considered as 1000 linear metre of
pavement when a single traffic lane is poured
(2) 500 linear metre when two lanes are poured concurrently
(3) the last unit in each slab constitutes a lot itself when its length is at least 1/ of the normal lot length
(4) if the length fast unit is shorter than 1/2 of the normal lot length it shall be
included in the previous lot.
73 What is the approximate amount sample of aggregate to be
Gravel
= 45 kilos
shipped & water to the laboratory
Sand
= 23 kilos
Mix Sand & Gravel
= 68 kilos
Water = 2-4 liters securely packed in a clean container
74 What are the ranges in % of deficiency in strength in accepting
concrete and their corresponding % of payments to
contract time
Deficiency (%)
Less than 5
5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 or more
% of Contract price allowed
100
80
70
60
50
0
75 What are the ranges in mm deficiency of the average of thickness
in accepting concrete pavement
Deficiency
% of Contract Price per 10T
0-5
10%
6 - 10
95%
11 - 15
85%
16 - 20
70%
21 - 25
50%
more than 25
Remove & replace (no payment)
76 Given here under are items of work as called on the contract
prepare a Quality Control Program of Item 311 - PCCP
Length = 1000 m
ans.
Width = 3.35 m
t = 0.23m
##11-CBS or 1-set/pouring
77 Suppose the thickness of pavement is 0.20 m depth. What is
the area required of pavement representing the test specimen
244 m2
78 How would you prepare concrete beam sample in the field
By using 6" x 6" x 21" beam sample, 2 layers at
63 blows per layer using 5/8 tampering rod
79 How is the strength of concrete pavement determine
Using CBS & test for flexural test
80 How concrete slump test performed in the field
By using clump cone at 3 layers
at 25 blows/layer using 5/8 tamping rod
81 How is the strength of structural concrete determine
Using CCS & test for compression test
82 How would you prepare concrete cylinder sample in the field
By using 6"x6"x12" CCS @
25 blows/layer using 5/8" tampering rod
83 How much would you send sample into the laboratory for cement,
asphalt, CA, FA, water & curing compound used in
concrete
CA = 70 kls Cement = 10 kls
FA = 40 kls
Water = 1 kls; 1 liter
agrams5254/2004
PILES
1
2
3
4
In driving , what is the allowable variation from the vertical
position of the piles
In driving, what is the maximum allowable variation at the butt
end of the pile in any direction from the location
What is the minimum penetration required in firm and soft
materials that piles shall be used
20 mm per metre of pile length
75 mm
Firm Materials
Soft Materials
= 3.0 m
= 5.0 m
When is a pre - cast regular piles can be driven:
When 28 day compressive strength is already attained
5
6
7
8
What is the minimum depth that concrete pile be embedded to the footing
300 mm
What is the minimum diameter required side or any pile to the
nearest edge of the cap
Not less than 200 mm
A cast - iron point on the foot or a timber or concrete pile to
facilitate penetration of the ground
Pile Shoe
In splicing pre cast concrete piles, How much concrete be cut
away at the end of pile
If corrugated reinforcing steel is
used 40 bars dia. if plain bars is used 60 bar diameters
9
Permanent support replacing or reinforcing the older support
beneath the wall or column of pier of a bridge
10 If in the plans, the lifting of pre-cast regular concrete pile are not
shown, what is the allowable support when lifted
11 When can you consider that a concrete pile is defective
Underpinning
Quarter Points
If it has a visible crack extending around the four sides of the pile
12 Bridge footing excavation shall have an allowable from the
structure by how much
450 mm (18") outside & parallel
to the near line of the footing
13 A horizontal board nailed to corner post locate just outside the
corner of a proposed building to assist in the accurate
layout of foundation & excavation
Batter board
14 In case it is permitted to place concrete in two operations on
on concrete in T-beam or deck girder span. What method will
will you introduced?
First to the top of girder stems & seconds to completion
15 What is the maximum size of coarse aggregate used for
concrete Class "A" for concrete piles
not exceeding 25 mm
16 What is the required compressive strength in order that regular
regular cast concrete piles can be moved
At least 80% of the design 28 day compressive strength
17 If high early strength cement is used, How many days a pre cast regular piles be moved, transported or driven
7 days after casting
18 What is the clearance of sheet piling from edge of footing
when used as cofferdam on bridge construction
30 to 45 cm on all sides & 90 cm at the sump end
19 In order to avoid injury to the pile during driving using gravity
hammer, what is the required height of fall
Timber Pile = not exceeding 4.5 m
Sheet Pile = not exceeding 4.5 m
Concrete = not exceeding 2.5 m
20 What finish is applied on the following?
(1) The exposed faces of piers, abutments, wingwalls & retaining walls
(2) The outside faces of girders, T-beam , slabs, columns, brackets, curbs, headwalls,
Rubbed Finish
railings, arch, spandrel walls
21 A bridge carrying a road or a railing across the valley
22 What is the minimum distance required from the side of any
pile to the nearest edge of the cap
Viaduct
Not less than 200 mm
agrams5254/2004
ROCK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Rock shall be excavated by how much minimum depth below
subgrade level
150 mm
By how much the material below subgrade, other than solid
rock shall be scarified
150 mm
Boulders or other detached stones to be consider under rock
shall have a minimum volume by how much
1.0 cu.m.
How many days for curing (watering method) of cement mortar
mortar for grouted riprap
3 days
Presplitting to obtain faces in the rock & shale formation shall
be performed by
Drilling hole @ uniform intervals along the slip lines;
Loading & stemming the holes with appropriate explosive
and stemming matls; Detonating the holes simultaneously
What standard sieve size used in determining the stemming
matl used in pre-splitting operations in rock excavation by
blasting
3/8"
When rock hardpan or other unyielding matls is encountered
excavation of pipe trench, the matl shall be removed
below the foundation grade for a depth of at least how much
Either 300 mm OR 4 mm for each 100 mm fill over the top
of pipe OR not to exceed three quarters of the vertical inside diameter of the pipe
of the pipe
PIPES
1
2
3
The construction method of laying of pipe on high embankment
shall be done by
Wingwall and Headwall OR Front walls
How much is the trench width required for the installation of
RC Pipes laid under imperfect trench materials
Twice diameter of pipe or 3.5 m which ever is lesser
When rock hardpan or other unyielding matls is encountered
during excavation of pipe trench, the material shall be
removed below the foundation grade for a depth of at least
how much
Either 300 mm OR 4 mm for each
100 mm fill over the top of pipe OR not to exceed
4
5
6
7
8
three quarters of the vertical diameter of the pipe
The width of the excavation for pipe trench shall be excavated
of at least greater than the horizontal outside diameter
of the pipe by how much
300 mm
What is the min. trench width required below bottom on each
each side of the pipe when a firm foundation is not encountered
at grade establishment due to soft, spongy or other unstable soil
1.0 mm
A watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a place
top used in depositing concrete under water
Tremie
When concrete cradles is used as bedding of RCP. What is
the minimum strength of concrete
200 psi Class "A" bedding
In case of dropping of concrete to the point of deposits the height
is more than 1.5 m. What is the method used
Concrete shall be conveyed
through sheet metal or approved pipes. As for as
practicable, the pipes shall be kept full of concrete during
placing and their lower & shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete
& shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete.
9 What kind of matl shall be backfilled below grade elevation of
the bottom of the pipe
Selected fine compressible
materials silty clay or loam
10 How much depth of imperfect trench method should be filled w/
highly loosely compressible soil
1/3-1/4 of the trench
11 The maximum hoops spacing requirements of reinforcing steel
or pipe culvert wall thickness less than 4" shall be
4"
12 What kind of backfill matls used in RC Pipes
Granular backfill shall not less than 95% passing 12.5 mm
(1/2) sieve & not less than 95% retained on a 4.75 mm (#4)
and selected sandy soil passing 9.5 mm (3/8) sieve not more than
10% passing 0.075 (#200) sieve
13 In Class "C" bedding is used. How is it
Bedding to a depth of not less than 10% of its height &
& be shaped to fit the pipe for at least 15% of its total height
14 What do you mean by cracking load of pipe
Cracking load is that will produced of 0.01" at the inner of the pipe
15 The construction method of laying pipe on high embankment
shall be done by
16 When top of the pipe is flushed to the ground, how much is
backfilling of materials on the trench be done
California Method A or B
Materials shall be placed at or near
optimum moisture content & compacted in layer not exceeding
150 mm (compacted) on both sides to an elevation
300 mm above the top of the conduit
17 In imperfect trench method of laying RC pipe. How much is the
diameter of the trench
A trench equal in width to the outside
to the outside diameter of the pipe plus 300 mm
shall then excavated to w/in 300 mm of the top of the
i.e. (O.D. + 300 mm)
18 In Class "B" bedding is used. How is it
Bedding to a depth of not less than 30% of the vertical
outside dia. & shall be shape to fit the pipe for at least 15% of its total height
19 Pipe Culverts is tested by what method
20
21
22
23
By three - edge bearing method
The maximum hoops spacing requirements of reinforcing steel
steel bars for pipe culvert wall thickness less than 4" thick
is how much
Equal to the wall thickness but not more than 6
For roped used. How much sample sent to the laboratory
2m
For GI Sheet used. How much sample sent to the laboratory
1 sheet
What is the minimum concrete strength of RC pipes
400 psi & depending Class of RCP
agrams5254/2004
agrams5254/2004
DESIGN MIX
NOTE:
- Condition of aggregates in saturated surface dry
- Corrected as often as moisture content of aggregate varies
- Corrected for free water or water required for absorption in field mix
(Uncorrected Wt.) x ( 1- % of free water)
100
OR
(Uncorrected Wt.)
X
(1 + % of water required for absorption)
100
- Uncorrected weight minus total weight of free water or plus total weight of water required for absorption
The proportions are for starting mix only. In the course of mixing operations the quality of the concrete will be
periodically checked as to the following: Workability, net water content and cement as per yield test. If found not meeting
requirements in the Materials Manual, necessary adjustments should be made before proceeding further to ensure
uniform quality of concrete throughout the structure.
TABLE V
APPROXIMATE SAND & WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE
Based on mix having a water - cement ratio of 0.57 by weight of 24.7 liters per sack of cement, 76.2 mm slump
and natural sand having Fineness Modulus of about 2.75
For mixes having either proportions, see adjustments below
ROUNDED COARSE AGGREGATE
Maximum Size of Sand, % of total agg. Net water content per
Coarse aggregate by absolute volume
cubic meter
mm
inch
cu.m.
kgs
liters
12.7
19
25.4
38.1
50.8
76.2
152.4
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
6
51
46
41
37
34
31
26
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATE
Sand, % of total agg
Net water content per
by absolute volume
cubic meter
cu.m
kgs
liters
56
51
46
42
39
36
31
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
Adjustment of above table for other conditions:
CHANGES IN CONDITIONS STIPULATED IN TABLE V
Each 0.05 increases or decreases in water cement ratio
Each 0.1 increase or decrease in fineness modulus of sand
Each 25.4 mm increase or decrease in slump
Manufactured Sand
For less workable concrete as pavement
Effect on values in Table V
Percent Sand
Net Water Contents
+
1
0
+
1/2
0
+
0
3%
-3
+ 3.9 kg
-3
- 4.7 kg
ABRASION TEST
(AASHTO 96)
LOSS ANGELES ABRASION SPEED: 30 - 33 rpm
SIEVE SIZE:
PASSING
RETAINED
NO. OF SPHERES
WT. OF CHARGE, g
NO. OF REVOLUTION
75.0 mm
3.00"
63.0 mm
21/2"
63.0 mm
21/2"
50.0 mm
2.0"
50.0 mm
2.0"
37.5 mm
11/2"
37.5 mm
11/2"
25.0 mm
1"
25.0 mm
1"
19.0 mm
3/4"
19.0 mm
3/4"
12.5 mm
1/2"
12.5 mm
1/2"
9.5 mm
3/8"
9.5 mm
3/8"
6.3 mm
1/4"
6.3 mm
1/4"
4.75 m
#4
4.75 mm
#4
2.36 mm
#8
% ABRASION LOSS =
A
12
5000 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 10
1250 + 10
-
GRADING AND WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE, g
B
C
D
E
F
G
11
8
6
12
12
12
4584 + 25 3330 + 20 2000 + 15 5000 + 25
5000 + 25 5000 + 25
500
1000
2500
2500
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
+
2500 10
2500 + 10
2500 + 10
+
2500 10
5000 + 10
-
Original mass of sample, g - Sample retained on # 1.70 mm (#12) sieve, g
Original mass of sample, g
X 100
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregates w/c has been oven-dried to constant weight/mass at 110 0C.
The abrasive charge shall consist of cast -iron spheres or steel spheres approximately 46.8 mm in
diameter and each weighing between 390 & 455 grams
*** DESIGN MIX ****
NOTE:
- Condition of aggregates in saturated surface dry
- Corrected as often as moisture content of aggregate varies
- Corrected for free water or water required for absorption in field mix
(Uncorrected Wt.) x ( 1- % of free water)
100
OR
(1 + % of water required for absorption)
(Uncorrected Wt.)
X
100
- Uncorrected weight minus total weight of free water or plus total weight of water required for absorption
The proportions are for starting mix only. In the course of mixing operations the quality of the concrete will be
periodically checked as to the following: Workability, net water content and cement as per yield test. If found not meeting
requirements in the Materials Manual, necessary adjustments should be made before proceeding further to ensure
uniform quality of concrete throughout the structure.
TABLE V
APPROXIMATE SAND & WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE
Based on mix having a water - cement ratio of 0.57 by weight of 24.7 liters per sack of cement, 76.2 mm slump
and natural sand having Fineness Modulus of about 2.75
Maximum Size of
Coarse aggregate
mm
inch
12.7
19
25.4
38.1
50.8
76.2
152.4
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
6
For mixes having either proportions, see adjustments below
ROUNDED COARSE AGGREGATE
ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATE
Sand, % of total agg. Net water content per Sand, % of total agg
Net water content per
by absolute volume cubic meter
by absolute volume
cubic meter
cu.m.
kgs
liters
cu.m
kgs
liters
51
46
41
37
34
31
26
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
56
51
46
42
39
36
31
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
Adjustment of above table for other conditions:
CHANGES IN CONDITIONS STIPULATED IN TABLE V
Each 0.05 increases or decreases in water cement ratio
Each 0.1 increase or decrease in fineness modulus of sand
Each 25.4 mm increase or decrease in slump
Manufactured Sand
For less workable concrete as pavement
agrams_73
Effect on values in Table V
Percent Sand
Net Water Contents
+
1
0
+
1/2
0
+
0
3%
-3
+ 3.9 kg
-3
- 4.7 kg
ABRASION TEST
(AASHTO 96)
LOSS ANGELES ABRASION SPEED: 30 - 33 rpm
SIEVE SIZE:
PASSING
RETAINED
NO. OF SPHERES
WT. OF CHARGE, g
NO. OF REVOLUTION
75.0 mm
3.00"
63.0 mm
21/2"
63.0 mm
21/2"
50.0 mm
2.0"
50.0 mm
2.0"
37.5 mm
11/2"
37.5 mm
11/2"
25.0 mm
1"
25.0 mm
1"
19.0 mm
3/4"
19.0 mm
3/4"
12.5 mm
1/2"
12.5 mm
1/2"
9.5 mm
3/8"
9.5 mm
3/8"
6.3 mm
1/4"
6.3 mm
1/4"
4.75 m
#4
4.75 mm
#4
2.36 mm
#8
% ABRASION LOSS =
A
12
5000 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 10
1250 + 10
-
GRADING AND WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE, g
B
C
D
E
F
G
11
8
6
12
12
12
4584 + 25 3330 + 20 2000 + 15 5000 + 25
5000 + 25 5000 + 25
500
1000
2500
2500
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
2500 + 10
+
2500 10
2500 + 10
+
2500 10
5000 + 10
-
Original mass of sample, g - Sample retained on # 1.70 mm (#12) sieve, g
Original mass of sample, g
X 100
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregates w/c has been oven-dried to constant weight/mass at 110 0C.
The abrasive charge shall consist of cast -iron spheres or steel spheres approximately 46.8 mm in
diameter and each weighing between 390 & 455 grams
UNSUITABLE MATERIALS SELECTED BORROW
Unsuitable
Material
LL
PI
CBR
ABRASION
COMPACTION
LAYER
% NWC
DENSITY
80
50
-
Selected
104
200
aggregate
Borrow
embankment
sub-base
for
course
Topping
30
6
100%
150 mm
80
55
95%
200 mm
201
aggregate
base
course
202
203
204
205
206
35 max. 25 max. 25 max
12 max.
6 max.
6 max.
10
25 min. 80 min.
80 min. 100 min.
50 max. 50 max. 45 max. 50 max.
100%
100%
100%
150 mm 150 mm 150 mm
4 - 10
100 min.
50 max.
35 max.
4 - 10
100 min.
50 max.
100 kg/cum
800 kg/cum
G.I. =
[ F-35] [0.20+0.005 (LL-400] + 0.01 (F-15) (PI-10)
F= % Passing No. 200
Grouted Riprap
3 PARTS :
1. Duties & Responsibilities
2. Project Implementation
3. Policies & Issuances
Class A
B
C
D
Stone Masonry
300
crushed
lime stabilized portland cement
asphalt
portland cement agg. Surface
aggregates
road mix
stabilized road
stabilized road treated plant
sourse
base course
course
mix base course mix base course mix base course
=
1:3; interval 25 mm
=
=
=
=
300 mm
500 mm
600 mm
800 mm
=
=
1:2; interval 50 mm
min. size of stone 150 mm
=
=
=
=
min. 15 kg
min. 30 kg
min. 60 kg
min. 100 kg
max. 25 kg
max. 70 kg
max. 100 kg
max. 200 kg
agrams5254/2004
35 max.
4-9
45 max.
* GUARDRAILS
* G.I. Sheets*
C= M1 - M2 x GXK
M2
* GABIONS*
L = x2 or 4x the width
W=
H=
sampling
not less than 1.0 m
min. 2.7 mm dia. = wire mesh
min. 3.4 mm dia. = sewage
60 mm + 0.25
60 mm
C= wt. of coating
RCCP:
M1 = original
M2 = wt. after stripping
= not exceed 2% no. of pipes each size
= 1 pipe
M2 = wt. after stripping
K = 7,850 g/m2 , mm
Rate of Loading
= 20 - 50 psi/sec.
Base Metal Thickness = 0.4 + 0.06 mm
Weight of zinc coating
Triple Spot g/m2 = 215 min.
Single Spot. G/m2 = 185 min.
Coating Bend Test = No. flaking
Rate of Loading
= 125 - 175 psi/min.
5. Pipes : (Sampling)
= 1 Pipe/ 50 1.m.
= 1 set or 3-CCS/25 l.m.
Reinforced = 2% / No. of Pipe
Non- Reinforced = 0.5% / No. of Pipe
agrams5254/2004
FIELD TEST REQUIREMENTS
104
105
200
Subgrade Agg. SubEmbankment Preparation base Course
201
Agg. Base
Course
202
311
404
Crushed Agg. Portland Cement Reinforcing
Base Course Conc. Pavement Steel Bars
405
Structural
Concrete
500
203
Lime Stabilized
Pipe Culvert
Road Mix
Base Course
204
205
206
Portland Cement Asphalt Stabi- Portland Cement
Stabilized Road
Treated Plant
lized Road
Mix Base Course Mix Base Course Mix Base Course
GRADING
Quality Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
Quality Test 1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
3
25
500 m2
20 cm
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
LL/PL
COMPACTION
Quality Test 2500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
# of Layers
3
# of Blows
25
DENSITY
500 m2
THICKNESS
20 cm
CBR
ABRASION
Coarse Agg.
FA (grading)
CA (grading)
CBS
# of Layers
# of Blows
CCS
# of Layers
# of Blows
Pipe Culvert
RSB
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
2
63
75 m3
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
3
25
every 10,000
kgs/size
1-CCS for
every 25 pcs
3
25
1 RCPC
every 10,000
kgs/size
agrams5254/2004
207
Aggregate
Stockpile
FIELD TEST REQUIREMENTS
104
105
200
Subgrade Agg. SubEmbankment Preparation base Course
201
Agg. Base
Course
202
311
404
Crushed Agg. Portland Cement Reinforcing
Base Course Conc. Pavement Steel Bars
405
500
1-CCS for
every 25 pcs
3
25
1 RCPC
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
Quality Test 1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
3
25
500 m2
20 cm
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
-
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
2
63
75 m3
-
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
-
-
-
-
-
every 10,000
kgs/size
3
25
-
LL/PL
COMPACTION
agrams_73
-
205
Lime Stabilized Portland Cement Asphalt StabiPipe Culvert Road Mix Stabilized Road lized Road Mix
Base Course Mix Base Course Base Course
Quality Test 1500 m3
# of Layers
# of Blows
Pipe Culvert
RSB
204
Structural
Concrete
GRADING
Quality Test 2500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
# of Layers
3
# of Blows
25
DENSITY
500 m2
THICKNESS
20 cm
CBR
ABRASION
Coarse Agg.
FA (grading)
CA (grading)
CBS
# of Layers
# of Blows
CCS
-
203
* GUARDRAILS
* G.I. Sheets*
C= M1 - M2 x GXK
M2
* GABIONS*
L = x2 or 4x the width
W=
H=
sampling
60 mm + 0.25
min. 2.7 mm dia. = wire mesh
min. 3.4 mm dia. = sewage
60 mm
C= wt. of coating
not less than 1.0 m
RCCP:
M1 = original
M2 = wt. after stripping
= not exceed 2% no. of pipes each size
= 1 pipe
M2 = wt. after stripping
K = 7,850 g/m2 , mm
Rate of Loading
= 20 - 50 psi/sec.
Base Metal Thickness = 0.4 + 0.06 mm
Weight of zinc coating
Triple Spot g/m2 = 215 min.
Single Spot. G/m2 = 185 min.
Coating Bend Test = No. flaking
Rate of Loading
= 125 - 175 psi/min.
5. Pipes : (Sampling)
= 1 Pipe/ 50 1.m.
= 1 set or 3-CCS/25 l.m.
Reinforced = 2% / No. of Pipe
Non- Reinforced = 0.5% / No. of Pipe
agrams_73
FIELD TEST REQUIREMENTS
agrams_73
206
207
300
301
302
303
Portland Cement
Treated Plant
Mix Base Course
Aggregate
Stockpile
Aggregate
Surface
Course
Bituminous
Prime Coat
Bituminous
Tack Coat
Bituminous
Seal Coat
304
305
306
307
Bituminous
Bituminous
Bituminous
Bituminous
Surface Penetration Maca- Road Mix Sur- Plant-Mix SurTreatment
dam Pavement face Course face Course Gen.
308
Bituminous
Plant-Mix Surface,Cold-Laid
309
310
Bituminous Plant Bituminous Conc.
Mix (Stockpile Surface Course
Maint. Mixture)
Hot-Laid
* GUARDRAILS
* G.I. Sheets*
C= M1 - M2 x GXK
M2
* GABIONS*
L = x2 or 4x the width
W=
H=
sampling
60 mm + 0.25
min. 2.7 mm dia. = wire mesh
min. 3.4 mm dia. = sewage
60 mm
C= wt. of coating
not less than 1.0 m
RCCP:
M1 = original
M2 = wt. after stripping
= not exceed 2% no. of pipes each size
= 1 pipe
M2 = wt. after stripping
K = 7,850 g/m2 , mm
Rate of Loading
= 20 - 50 psi/sec.
Base Metal Thickness = 0.4 + 0.06 mm
Weight of zinc coating
Triple Spot g/m2 = 215 min.
Single Spot. G/m2 = 185 min.
Coating Bend Test = No. flaking
Rate of Loading
= 125 - 175 psi/min.
5. Pipes : (Sampling)
= 1 Pipe/ 50 1.m.
= 1 set or 3-CCS/25 l.m.
Reinforced = 2% / No. of Pipe
Non- Reinforced = 0.5% / No. of Pipe
agrams5254/2004
QUALITY is that characteristics of a product that provides a level of performance in terms of
service & life. It does not mean perfect.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of materials quality control is to insure the highest quality of work & extend the
service life of any structure by construction according to the prescribed plans & specifications. The plans
indicate the specific type of the struc. & the specifications present the characteristic in w/c it is to be built,
as well as the matls that are to be incorporated into the work.
Other purposes are to check & regulate the use of construction materials, & to economize
on the const of const. Fulfilling these, requires adequate control of materials prior to & after placing
to their final position in the structure. The extent of controlling the required materials depends on the
nature & limits of the work, the specification requirements & local conditions. Normally, every material should
be subjected to testing, inspection & verification before acceptance.
PROCEDURES:
1 Selection of Materials
Information regarding the location of matls sources that will be incorporated into the work
may be represented by the following:
a. raw matls such as soil, sand & bank or river gravel (w/ little or no processing)
b. matls that are processed w/o basically changing their properties, such as washed/
manufactured sand, crushed rock & s gravel, etc.
c. manufactured matls such as bituminous matls, cement, paint, structural & reinf. steel
d. combination of matls that mat be partly or totally manufactured, such as bituminous and
portland cement concrete.
Materials to be procured or obtained from selected portions of any area of matls sources
such asmentioned aboveshould be known in advance so that the required tests can be made or
arrangement for testing the matls involved may be done to avoid unnecessary delays in const.
due to rejection of unacceptable quality of materials.
2 Handling & Storage of Materials
Handling & storage of delivered construction matls should be carefully & properly planned
to avoid damage & maintain the desired quality. It should be palced or deposited in a safe
place protected from contamination or tha action of weather. The proposed source of matls.
to be used should be accessible to the project.
Conditions for Acceptance of Materials:
a.
b.
c.
No matls shall be incorporated into the work until tested & found satisfactory.
The approval of preliminary samples shall not be considered as a guarantee of acceptance
of all matls. from the same source, as to the quality or quantity of such materials.
Any matls w/c had been sampled & passed as satisfactory may be resampled and
retested anytime before, during & after incorporated into the work.
3 Sampling & Testing of Materials
Quality Control is cheking for conformity to the requirements. That is, conformance to
matls specifications & methods of const. or workmanship. Quality Control therefore, includes
all procedures w/c necessary to ensure that the matls used & workmanship employed
conform to the standard of quality specified.
a.
QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM(QCP)
To facilitate quality control, a program of quality control works to be complied
by the Contractor is prepared by the DPWH. The plan include provisions on how the
work & matls should be inspected & the nature & amount of testing to be done.
Likewise, the DPWH provides a team to monitor the quuality control
activities in the project like : sampling, testing, laboratory procedures, equipment
calibration & quality control reporting.
b.
Minimum Testing Requirements
Are prescribed in each project based on estimated quantities. The
requirements specify the kind & number of tests for each item of work.
Testing is done as the matls are being incorporat ed into the work. It should
be emphasized that what are specified are the minimum number of testing only. The
owner can therefore, can require more test if he is in doubt of the quality of matls
or the finished structure.
c.
Pretesting of Manufactured Matls such as Cement, Asphalt & Steel Bar.
Samples are obtaine at the factory & tested at the laboratories. Upon
verification, the pretested matls are ready for use upon delivery at the jobsite.
4 Proper Construction Methods/Procedures
a.
Establish a working quality control organization w/ responsibility for supervision
& inspection at all levels of work.
b.
Construction method should be done according to each Item of Work indicated in
the design.
c.
To see to it that matls used pass the required specification prior to incoporated to
the project.
d.
Continnuous quality control inspection on all Items of Work shall be done as const
progresses
e.
To assign technical & capable personnel to oversee the implementation during
construction stage.
f.
To see to it that needed equipment is available.
g.
To see to it that there is no scarcity of supplies of matls to be used in the project.
5 Inspection & Monitoring
Different types of const demand different types & degree of inspection. Emphasis
on the initial & early operations is essential.
Once the equipment & operations are producing the desired quality, occasional
checking may be done to assure continuous satisfactory results. However, vertical structures
demand more constant scrunity or verification due to the greater variety of matls & work
involved. Future results are less predictable on this type of work.
Therefore, inspectors assigned in the field should be competent, experienced and
committed to public service. They should also be familiar w/ the approved plans & specifications
& various DPWH issuances relative to quality control & construction.
The purpose of inspection is to ensure that the matls & workmanship provided by
the contractor comply w/ the requirements of the project. In general, properly applied
inspection/monitoring the project will help in ensuring that:
a.
The requirements of the contract documents will be carried out.
b.
The use of unacceptable substitutes will be avoided
c.
Making errors that might result to unnecessary maintenance cost will be avoided
d.
Extra work will be minimized
e.
Materials & workmanship that are guaranteed will be evaluated at the time of installation
1
20 Moisture content of coarse aggregate less
In applying load on the penetration piston in CBR detm'n
the rate of penetration is approximately
absorption of same aggregate the result will be
1.27 mm/minute
2
Free Water
Size of sample of Item 310 taken for each full days operation
150 mm x 150 mm x 100 mm
3
for ITEM 307-Job
Mix Formula
=
6
7
8
9
10
11
5 to 8
dry aggregates in ITEM 310
23 Significance of CBR
The req'd range of mass percent in voids of ITEM 310
3 to 5
5
+ 0.4%
22 The req'd mass percent of bituminous matl into the total
Range of agg. Compaction in Bituminous Mix ITEM 310
92 to 95%
4
21 Req'd tolerance for bituminous matl in Sub-Mix Formula
To evaluate the potential strength of soil/agg
Test on Bituminous Mix in order to det. the amount of
Extraction
asphalt present in the mix
24 The max. allowable percentage variation of cement
The min. flexural strength requirement of beam sample tested
by third-point loading method 3.8 MPa
25 The wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the
This test measures the resistance to flow of a liquid under
Kinematic Viscosity
gravity or its consistency
26 The prescribed forms to be used in concrete paving
The most commonly used method in the design & evaluation
of Bituminous Concrete Mix
Marshall Stability Method
27 The application of liquid asphaltic material prepared
It is a property of Bituminous mixes in pavement, a resistance
to deformation or displacement due to an impose load
or repeated loading
Stability
28 Is computed by combining the results of the atterberg
Retarders are admixtures generally slow down the setting
4 hrs
of concrete & can delay initial setting time up to
29 Instrument used in the det. of time setting of hydraulic
The bending requirement of deformed RSB is
30 It is a test required prior to final payment of PCCP &
Coring test for thickness det.
Asphalt Pavement
content in the design of concrete mix
No cracking on the outside bent portion
disloading of aggregate
2%
Raveling
steel
Untreated Base is
Prime Coating
tests (LL & PL) w/ percentage passing the No. 200
sieve
Group Index
cement aside from Gillmore needle
Vicat Needle
12
Stones ranging from a minimum of 60 kgs to a maximum
of 100 kgs
Class "A"
31 Minimum cement content per cu.m. for Class "P"
13
Maximum time intervals between deliveries of batches of
30 min.
concrete mix using transit mixer
32 Minimum Water-Cement Ratio for Class "P"
In truck mixing, the minimum no. of revolutions after all
ingredients including water on in the drum
33 When the thickness of surfacing is to be determined,
14
15
100
concrete
the result CBR
11 bags
0.53
Subgrade
34 Benching method is used in constructing embankment
Minimum width of the groove of the plane of weakness
6 mm
16
concrete
except,
End - Dumping
35 Quality of materials is the primary responsibility of the
The first PCCP was laid in the year 1893 in
Bellafontaine, Ohio
17
The depth of the hole in the conduct of FDT 6 to 8 inches
18
The max. absorption content of CHB
19
Is the coefficient by w/c the fill volume are multiplied to det.
the volume of cut required to make the fill
240 kg/cum
Shrinkage Factor
Materials Engr.
36 Liquid Limit of unsuitable materials
80%
37 Plasticity index of unsuitable matls
55%
38 In road const. the embankment required is 705,900 cum
& the waste is 505,600 cum, how much is grading test
134
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Data from Priliminary Tests:
Fine Aggregate:
Lab. No. 01
Manufactured ( ) Natural ( )
Finess Modulus
2.77
Bulk Specific Gravity, (SSD)
2.49
Moisture Content, %
1.59
Absorption, %
2.46
Unit Wt., kg/m3 (loose)
1,481
Type & Brand of cement
Portland Cement
Specific Gravity of cement
3.1
Admixture Brand
None
Coarse Aggregate Lab. No. 02
Rounded ( )
Angular ( )
Maximum Size , mm
Abrasion Loss, %
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD)
Moisture Content , %
Absorption, %
Unit Wt. Kg./m3 (loosed)
Water Source
Design Specification Requirements:
Class of Concrete
Flexural Strength, Mpa
Cement Factor, bags/m3
Slimp
Paving
3.8 @ 14 days
9.1 for 40 kgs/bag
76.2 mm (3")
DESIGN MIX PER BAG OF CEMENT:
Absolute Volume of Concrete, m3
1
CF
=
Absolute Volume of 40 kg bag of cement , m3
Absolute Volume of water , m3
Absolute Volume of water and cement, m3
Absolute Volume of fine nd coarse aggregates m 3
1
9.1
=
0.10989
40
3.10x1000
=
0.0129
181 - 4.7
9.1x100
=
176.3
9100
=
0.01937
0.0129
+
0.01937
=
0.03227
0.10989
-
0.03227
=
0.07762
Correction of fine aggregates, % of total aggregate by absolute volume:
% sand of total aggregates
= 42 (from Table V)
W
C
Variation from Standard
Correction for W/C
=
181 - 4.7
9.1 x 40
=
0.48
=
0.48 - 0.57
=
(-) 0.09
=
(0.09 x 1%)
0.05
=
(-) 1.8
=
2.77 - 2.75
=
(+) 0.02
=
0.02 x 1/2%
0.1
=
(+) 0.1
Correction for Fineness Modulus:
Variation from Standard
Correction for F.M.
37.5
18
2.82
1.6
1.1
1,432
Sibalom River
For less workable concrete as pavement
=
(-) 3
=
=
(-) 1.8
(+) 0.1
=
=
(-) 3
(-) 4.7
=
42% - 4.7%
Total Correction:
W/C
FM
For less workable concrete as pavement
Total Correction:
Corrected % of Sand
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3
Absolute Volume of coarse aggregates, m3
BATCH WEIGHT:
Cement
Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates
Water
Absolute
Volume
cu.m.
Specific
Gravity
0.01290
0.02895
0.04867
0.01937
3.10
2.49
2.82
1
Unit Weight
Uncorrected
Corrected
of WaterWeight Weight
kg./cu.m. kg.
1000
1000
1000
1000
40
72
137
19
269
ADJUSTMENTS:
CA
Absorption 1.10
MC
0.17
FA
2.46
0.92
CORRECTED WEIGHTS base on the actual MC of coarse and fine aggregates in the jobsite.
1) Uncorrected wt. x [ 1+% free water ]
100
If MC is greater than
the absorption
2) Uncorrected wt. x [1 - % H2o required for absorption ]
100
% Free water = moisture content - absorption
% H2o required absorption = absorption - moisture content
If MC is smaller than the Absorption
Corrected Weights:
CA = 137.25x [1 - 1.10 - 0.17] = 137.25 x [1-.0093] = 135.97 kg.
100
FA = 72.09x [ 1-2.46 - 0.92] = 72.09 x [ 1-0.0154] = 70.98 kg.
100
H2o = 19.37 + [H2o req'd. for Abs. (CA)] + [H2o req'd. Abs. (FA)]
H2o = 19.37 + (137.25 - 135.97) + (72.09 - 70.98)
H2o = 19.37 + 1.28+1.11 = 21.76 kg.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Data from Priliminary Tests:
Lab. No. 01
Fine Aggregate:
Manufactured //Natural//
Finess Modulus - 2.77
Bulk Specific Gravity, (SSD) - 2.49
Moisture Content, % - 1.59
Absorption, % - 2.46
Unit Wt., kg/m3 (loose) - 1481
Type & Brand of cement - Portland/Island
Specific Gravity of cement - 3.10
Admixture Brand - None
Coarse Aggregates Lab. No. 02
Rounded //Angular //
Maximum Size , mm - 37.5
Abrasion Loss, % - 18
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - 2.82
Moisture Content , % - 1.60
Absorption, % - 1.10
Unit Wt. Kg./m3 (loosed) - 1432
Water Source - Sibalom River
Design Specification Requirement:
Class of Concrete - Paving
Flexural Strength, Mpa - 3.8 at 14 days
Cement Factor, bags/m3 - 9.1 for 40 kg./bag
Slimp - 76.2 mm (3")
DESIGN MIX PER BAG OF CEMENT
Absolute Volume of Concrete, m3 = 1 = 1 = 0.10989
CF
9.1
Absolute Volume of 40 kg. Bag of cement , m3 =
Absolute Volume of water , m3 = 1.81 - 4.7 =
9.1 x 1000
4.0
= 0.01290
3.10 x1000
176.3 = 0.01937
91000
Absolute Volume of water and cement, m3 = 0.01290 + 0.01937 = 0.03227
Absolute Volume of fine nd coarse aggregates m3 = 0.10989 - 0.03227 = 0.07762
Correction of fine aggregates, % of total aggregate by absolute volume:
% sand of total aggregates = 42 (from Table V)
W = 181.4.7 = 176.3 = 0.48
C
9.1x40
364
Variation from Standard = 0.48 - 57 = (-) .09
Correction for w/c = - (.09 x 1%) = 1.8
0.05
Correction for fineness modulus:
variation from standard = 2.77 - 2.75 = (+) 0.02
Correction for F.M. = 0.02 x 1/2% = (+) 0.1
0.1
For less workable concrete as pavement = (-3)
Total Correction:
w/c = - 1.8
FM = + 0.1
For less workable
Concrete as pavement = - 3
Total Correction:
- 4.7
Corrected % of Sand = 42% - 4.7% = 37.3%
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3 = 0.373 (0.7762) = 0.02895
Absolute Volume of fine aggregates, m3 = 0.373 (0.7762) = 0.02895
Absolute Volume of coarse aggregates, m3 = 0.07762 - 0.02895 = 0.04867
BATCH WEIGHT:
Absolute
Volume
cu.m.
Cement
Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates
Water
Specific
Unit Weight
UncorrectedCorrected
Gravityof Water Weight
Weight
kg./cu.m.
kg.
0.01290
0.02895
0.04867
0.01937
3.10
2.49
2.82
1
1000
1000
1000
1000
40
72.09
137.25
19.37
268.71
ADJUSTMENTS:
Absorption
MC
CA
FA
1.10
0.17
2.46
0.92
CORRECTED WEIGHTS base on the actual MC of coarse and fine aggregates in the jobsite.
1) Uncorrected wt. x [ 1+% free water ]
100
If MC is greater than
the absorption
2) Uncorrected wt. x [1 - % H2o required for absorption
If MC is smaller than the Absorption
100
% Free water = moisture content - absorption
% H2o required absorption = absorption - moisture content
Corrected Weights:
CA = 137.25x [1 - 1.10 - 0.17] = 137.25 x [1-.0093] = 135.97 kg.
100
FA = 72.09x [ 1-2.46 - 0.92] = 72.09 x [ 1-0.0154] = 70.98 kg.
100
H2o = 19.37 + [H2o req'd. for Abs. (CA)] + [H2o req'd. Abs. (FA)]
H2o = 19.37 + (137.25 - 135.97) + (72.09 - 70.98)
H2o = 19.37 + 1.28+1.11 = 21.76 kg.
Cement
FA
CA
H2o
Uncorrected
Weights kg.
(SSD Condition)
40
72.09
137.25
Corrected
Weights kg.
(Actual Field Condition)
40
70.98
135.97
19.37
268.7
21.76
268.71
Total Weigh
For Beam Specimen:
Volume of Mold = 6"x6"x21" = 756m3
Volume of mold = 756 m3 x 1 m3
(39.37)3m3
Volume of Mold = 0.0124 m3
let:
Volume of 1 mold (beam) w/ 2.5% vol. Allowance = v1
V1= 0.0124(1) + 0.25 (0.0124) = 0.0124 (1.25) = 0.0155 m3
let K= constant
K = cement factor x volume
for 1 mold (beam) w/ .25% vol. Allowance
K= 9.1 x 0.0155 m3 = 0.14105
Batch Weight for one Beam sample with 25% volume allowance
Cement = Kx40 = 0.14105 x 40 = 5.64 kg.
FA
= Kx70.98 = 0.14105 x 70.98 = 10.01 kg.
CA
= Kx135.97 = 0.14105 x 135.97 = 19.18 kg.
H2o
= Kx21.76 = 0.14105 x 21.76 = 3.07 kg.
For Concrete Cylinder Specimen:
Vol. of mold = V
V=
P2h = 3.1416 (6')2 12" = 339.29 in3
4
4
3
3
339.29 in x 1 m = 0.0056 m3
6"
6"
21"
Beam mold
Let Vol. Of 1 cylinder mold with 25% vol. Allowance = v1
V1 = 0.0056 m3 (1.25) = 0.007 m3
Let K = constant = cement factor x volume = 9.1 x .007 m3 = 0.0637
Batch weight for cylinder specimen w/ 25% Vol. Allowance
Cement
FA
CA
H2o
= Kx40 = 0.0637 x 40 = 2.55 kg.
= Kx70.98 = 0.0637 x 70.98 = 4.52 kg.
= Kx135.97 = 0.0637 x 135.97 = 8.66 kg.
= Kx21.76 = 0.0637 x 21.76 = 1.39 kg.
Cemet = 8.5 kg.
FA
= 14.5 kg.
CA
= 28.0 kg.
H2o = 4.5 kg.
NOTE:
Condition of aggregates in saturated surface dry
Corrected as often as moisture content of aggregates varies
Corrected for free water or water required for absorption in field mix.
(Uncorrected wt.) x (1-% of free water) or
(Uncorrected wt.) x (1-% of water required for absorption)
100
Uncorrected weight minus total weight of free water or
plus total weight of water required for absorption.
The proportions are for starting mix only. In the course of mixing operations the quality of
of the concrete will be periodically checked as to the following, net water content and cement as per
yield test. If found not meeting the requirements in the Matls Manual, necessary adjustments should
be made before proceeding further to insure uniform quality of concrete throughout the structure.
Table V
APPROXIMATE SAND AND WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE
Based on mix having a water - cement ratio of 0.57 by weight 24.7 liters per sack of cement, 76.2
slump and natural sand having a fineness modulus of about 2.75.
For mixes having either proportions, see adjustments below
Maximum ROUND
si
COARS AGGREGATES
ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATES
of coarse Sand, % of toNet Water
Sand % of toNet Water
aggregates aggregates bcontent per
aggregate b content per
mm. (inch) absolute vol. cubic meter
absolute vol.cubic meter
m3
kg.
liter
m3
kg.
liter
12.7 (1/2)
51
199
199
56
214
214
19.0 (3/4)
25.4 (1)
38.1
(1-1
50.8
(2)
76.2
(3)
152.4 (6)
46
41
37
34
31
26
184
178
166
157
148
131
184
178
166
157
148
131
51
46
42
39
36
31
199
192
181
172
163
146
199
192
181
172
163
146
Adjusment of above Table for other conditions:
CHANGES IN CONDITIONS STIPULATED IN TABLE V
Each 0.05 increase or decrease in water cement ratio ----
Effect on values in
Table V
Percent
Net Water
Sand
Content
+1
0
+ 1/2
0
Each 25.4 mm increase or decrease in slump
0
+ 3%
Using manufactured sand ---------------------------------------
0
+ 8.9 kg.
For less workable concrete as pavement --------------------
-3
- 4.7 kg.
Each 0.10 increase or decrease in fineness modulus of s
CONCRETE
Slump - workability/Consistency
Slump Cone Height = 12" (0.30m)
top dia. 4"
bottom dia. 8"
* Tolerance in Slump Variation:
Designed Slump
= 3" or less
* Item 311
= 2" - 4"
= More than 3"
Concrete Seal = 1 - 20 cm.
Tamping rod = 5/8" (16 mm dia.)
Height of tamping rod = 24" plain bar
Sampling of Slump for Fresh Concrete :
= within 5 minutes
The determination of slump test of concrete
maximum shall be done;
= Sufficient frequent interval is necessary
= at least twice a day
Flexural / Beam :
Transverse Cracks (Prevent):
= 63 blows
= Width not more than 6 mm
= 2 layers
= depth not less than 50 mm
= 3.8 MPa (500 psi) (third - point)
= max. 1.5 mm depth (brooming)
= 4.5 MPa (650 psi) (mid - point)
= 14 days
Compressive /Cylinder:
= 25 blows
rate of loading = w/in 20 - 50 psi / sec.
= 3 layers
= 16 mm (5/8") rod in dia.
= 600 mm (24") in length
= 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
= 28 days
FM:
Concrete Strength Deficiency:
3/8
Less than 5
100
4
10 - 15
80
8
15 - 20
70
16
20 - 25
60
30
25 or more
50
50
0
100
DIMENSION & TOLERANCE:
= + 3 mm diameter
ABSORPTION & MC
110 + 5 oC not less than 24 hrs.
25 - 35 oC for 24 hrs. - immersed
Allowable Variation
+ 1/2"
+ 1"
agrams_73
CONCRETE
1 The first PCCP was laid in the year 1893 in
Bellafontaine, Ohio
2 The workability of concrete is measured by what means
Slump Test
3 How much is the spacing required of vibrators used in compacting
concrete for PCCP
60 cm
4 Sawing of transverse contraction joints is done within what duration
Within 24 hrs.
5 If you place one layer reinforcement on the concrete pavement,
how much is the allowable distance from the top slab pavement
2" (50 mm)
6 Concrete paving, what is the frequency thus the vibrators operate.
8,300 to 9600 impulse/min
7 What is the allowable duration of vibration be operated in any
one location
15 sec.
8 What transverse joint to be provided in order that the ends of
pavement slab can protrude when slabs lengthen or shift
position
Transverse Expansion Joint
9 If concrete pavement texture is be finish by belting. What is the
required materials & size
2-ply canvas belt not less than 20 cm
wide and at least 100 cm longer than the pavement width
10 For unreinforced concrete pavement, how cracking is
accommodated
By providing weakened sections @ least 4.5 spacing
11 How much is the tolerance of smoothness of concrete pavement
More than 3 mm but not exceeding 12 mm
12 If longitudinal sawed joints is called on a plan. What is the allowable time required to start sawing
allowable time required to start sawing
Before the end of curing period
or before any equipment or vehicles are allowed on the pavement
13 How you check concrete pavement smoothness
By using 3.0 straight edge
14 How much is the tolerance deviation of forms for concrete
paving from true line
not more than 1 cm
15 If performed elastometric gaskets for sealing joints on concrete
pavement is used, what is the allowable placement below
the level of the pavement
6 mm
16 What is the required flexural strength of concrete pavement
when tested by third point loading & mid point loading for
fourteen (14) days
Third point loading = 3.8 Mpa (550 psi)
Mid point loading = 4.5 Mpa (650 psi)
17 When concrete delivered by truck mixer. What is the allowable
intervals bet. delivery of a batches
Not exceeding 30 min.
18 What is the mixing time of concrete for mixer having a 1.5 m3
For 1.5 m 3 or less = 60 seconds
capacity
For greater than 1.5 m3 = 90 seconds
19 During charging of cement and aggregates to the drum of
transit mixer in the batching plant. What is the tolerance of
the losses
Cement = 1%
aggregate = 2%
20 If curing compound is used as a method of curing, How much
is the rate of application
21 In truck mixing what is the allowable number of renovation after
after all concrete ingredients charged to the drum
4 L to not more than 1.4 m2
100 revolution and the
the mixing speed shall not less than 4 rpm nor more than 6 rpm
22 Who is the person responsible for concrete production control
sampling & testing for quality control
Concrete Technician
agrams5254/2004
23 In case portion of the concrete pavement are spelled during
removal of forms, what is the proportion of the fresh mortar
mix used for repair.
1 part cement 2 parts fine aggregates
24 If the concreting operations is interrupted by more than 30 min.
what kind of transverse joint will you introduced
Transverse Construction Joint
25 Where concrete is to be placed adjoining a previously constructed
lane & mechanical equipment will be operated upon the
the existing lane that previously constructed. What is
the minimum days required
14 days
26 What is the allowable time required arrived of truck mixer to
the delivery point that discharged of the concrete be
completed
w/in 1 hour or before 2,250 revolutions of drums whichever comes
27 How much is the ideal length of the forms in pouring concrete
curb & gutter
50 m
28 The concrete in walls, beams, columns and the like shall be
placed in horizontal layer by how much
Not more than 30 cm. thick, except when provided
29 The prescribed forms to be used in concrete paving
steel
30 Is it allowed that tie bars be bent @ right angles against the forms
of the first lane constructed
YES
31 How much is the spacing of the plane of weakness on concrete
pavement
4.5 m
32 What is the minimum cement content of concrete Class "A"
deposited in water
400 kg/ m3 of concrete
33 Maximum time intervals between deliveries of batches of
concrete mix using transit mixer
30 min.
34 The flange braces for steel forms must extend outward of the
base by how much
less than 2/3 the height of the form
35 What is the Intensity of vibration of compacting concrete in
structure w/ a 3.0 cm slump?
Over a radius of at least 0.50 cm
36 In practice what is the allowable radius in rounding the edged
of the pavement along each side of each slab
12 mm (1/2")
37 What handles the load transfer in the contraction joint in case
it will crack
the interlocking of aggregates
38 Who is the person performing the batching or mixing operations
Concrete Batcher
39 What is the required slump of the concrete deposited in water?
Shall maintained between 10 cm & 20 cm
40 Minimum cement content per cu.m. for Class "P" concrete
11 bags
41 In truck mixing, the minimum no. of revolutions after all
ingredients including water in the drum
100
42 It is a test required prior to final payment of PCCP & Asphalt
pavement
Coring test for thickness det.
43 The wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the
disloading of aggregates
Raveling
44 How much is the spacing of the weakened plane for sidewalk
and what depth
1.0 m interval width; depth = 10 mm
45 How do you check concrete pavement smoothness
By using 3 m straight edge
46 What type of concrete shall be used in sidewalks
Class "A"
47 In case it is permitted to place concrete in two operations
in concrete T - beam or deck girder span. What method
will you introduced?
First to the top of girder stems & second to completion
48 The concrete in walls, beams, columns & the like shall be
placed in horizontal layer by how much
Not more than 30 cm thick except when provided
49 A reinforced concrete beam placed directly on the ground to
provide a foundation for the superstructure
Grade beam or Tie beam
50 A watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used in underwater
construction to protect workers from water pressure
and soil collapse
Cassion
51 A temporary damlike structure constructed around an excavation
excavation to exclude water
Cofferdam
52 What is the allowable time if not in place that concrete showed
be rejected.
within 90 min. OR that has developed initial set
53 In general, the addition of water to the surface of the cement to
cement to assist in finishing operation will not be permitted.
What method will be used if permitted.
It shall be applied as fog spray by
means of an approved spray equipment
54 How is bonding between stem & slab be secured
By means of suitable shear keys
50m x 100mm x 100 mm less than the width of girder
stem & spaced at 300 O.C.
55 What is the different bet. Precast concrete & Cast-in-situ
Precast Concrete means casted on the outside of the
area to be intended; Cast-in-situ concrete means casted directly on the area
56 A temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or
suspended used for working at considerable height above
the ground
Scaffolding
57 A hole in a wood sill, retaining wall or other structure to allow
accumulated water to escape
Weepholes
58 A short stake driven to the ground in order to outline the limits of grading
Slope Stakes
59 In case of dropping of concrete to the point of deposits the height is more
than 1.5 m. What is the method
Concrete shall be conveyed through
sheet metal or approved pipes. As for as practicable, the pipes
shall be kept full of concrete placing & their shall be kept
buried in the newly placed concrete
60 A ring shaped binders placed around the main reinforcement
in a reinforced concrete column
Hoop
61 A large thick, usually reinforced concrete mat w/c transfer loads
from a number of columns & walls to the underlying
rock or soil
Mat foundation or Raft foundation
62 How much is horizontal layers of reinforcement steel bars
separated in case of slab
By means of Concrete Blocks
63 Is a vertical member between two portion of window sash usually
designed to resist wind load & not vertical load w/c is the
small member w/c separate the panels of glass w/in the sash
Mullion
64 In a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings
Party Wall
65 Timber or other matl used or a temporary prop for excavation
for building, maybe sloping, vertical or horizontal
Shoring
66 If fracture outside the middle third of the span length by not more
3PL
R
=
than 5% of the span length. What is the formula
bd2
67 If the fracture occurs outside the middle third of the span length
PL
R = bd2
by not more than 5% of the span length. What is the formula
68 When 2 layers of reinforcing steel bars are installed at walls.
How is it separated
By means of spreader bars, spreaders bars are short
pieces of small sized steel bent into a "Z" or into some other
convenient shape of the proper dimensions. The layer of steel
are wired to the legs of the "Z" the stiffness of the layer
69 Suppose the span length of a beam sample is 18". What is the
maximum length of the crack that can still be considered
that the beam samples for evaluation
18" x 0.05 = 5.1" (max.)
70 Test specimen for concrete paving
At least 1-set consisting of three (3) concrete beam test
specimen 150mm x 150 mm x 525 or 900 mm shall be taken from
330 m2 of pavements 230 mm depth or fraction thereof placed each day
71 If fracture occurs outside the middle third by more than 5% of
the span length. What is the formula
Disregard the test
72 The completed concrete pavement shall be accepted on a lot
basis. What do you mean?
1) A lot shall be considered as 1000 linear metre of
pavement when a single traffic lane is poured
(2) 500 linear metre when two lanes are poured concurrently
(3) the last unit in each slab constitutes a lot itself when its length is at least 1/ of the normal lot length
(4) if the length fast unit is shorter than 1/2 of the normal lot length it shall be
included in the previous lot.
73 What is the approximate amount sample of aggregate to be
Gravel
= 45 kilos
shipped & water to the laboratory
Sand
= 23 kilos
Mix Sand & Gravel
= 68 kilos
Water = 2-4 liters securely packed in a clean container
74 What are the ranges in % of deficiency in strength in accepting
concrete and their corresponding % of payments to
contract time
Deficiency (%)
Less than 5
5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 or more
% of Contract price allowed
100
80
70
60
50
0
75 What are the ranges in mm deficiency of the average of thickness
in accepting concrete pavement
Deficiency
% of Contract Price per 10T
0-5
10%
6 - 10
95%
11 - 15
85%
16 - 20
70%
21 - 25
50%
more than 25
Remove & replace (no payment)
76 Given here under are items of work as called on the contract
prepare a Quality Control Program of Item 311 - PCCP
Length = 1000 m
ans.
Width = 3.35 m
t = 0.23m
##11-CBS or 1-set/pouring
77 Suppose the thickness of pavement is 0.20 m depth. What is
the area required of pavement representing the test specimen
244 m2
78 How would you prepare concrete beam sample in the field
By using 6" x 6" x 21" beam sample, 2 layers at
63 blows per layer using 5/8 tampering rod
79 How is the strength of concrete pavement determine
Using CBS & test for flexural test
80 How concrete slump test performed in the field
By using clump cone at 3 layers
at 25 blows/layer using 5/8 tamping rod
81 How is the strength of structural concrete determine
Using CCS & test for compression test
82 How would you prepare concrete cylinder sample in the field
By using 6"x6"x12" CCS @
25 blows/layer using 5/8" tampering rod
83 How much would you send sample into the laboratory for cement,
asphalt, CA, FA, water & curing compound used in
concrete
CA = 70 kls Cement = 10 kls
FA = 40 kls
Water = 1 kls; 1 liter
agrams5254/2004
PILES
1
2
3
4
In driving , what is the allowable variation from the vertical
position of the piles
In driving, what is the maximum allowable variation at the butt
end of the pile in any direction from the location
What is the minimum penetration required in firm and soft
materials that piles shall be used
20 mm per metre of pile length
75 mm
Firm Materials
Soft Materials
= 3.0 m
= 5.0 m
When is a pre - cast regular piles can be driven:
When 28 day compressive strength is already attained
5
6
7
8
What is the minimum depth that concrete pile be embedded to the footing
300 mm
What is the minimum diameter required side or any pile to the
nearest edge of the cap
Not less than 200 mm
A cast - iron point on the foot or a timber or concrete pile to
facilitate penetration of the ground
Pile Shoe
In splicing pre cast concrete piles, How much concrete be cut
away at the end of pile
If corrugated reinforcing steel is
used 40 bars dia. if plain bars is used 60 bar diameters
9
Permanent support replacing or reinforcing the older support
beneath the wall or column of pier of a bridge
10 If in the plans, the lifting of pre-cast regular concrete pile are not
shown, what is the allowable support when lifted
11 When can you consider that a concrete pile is defective
Underpinning
Quarter Points
If it has a visible crack extending around the four sides of the pile
12 Bridge footing excavation shall have an allowable from the
structure by how much
450 mm (18") outside & parallel
to the near line of the footing
13 A horizontal board nailed to corner post locate just outside the
corner of a proposed building to assist in the accurate
layout of foundation & excavation
Batter board
14 In case it is permitted to place concrete in two operations on
on concrete in T-beam or deck girder span. What method will
will you introduced?
First to the top of girder stems & seconds to completion
15 What is the maximum size of coarse aggregate used for
concrete Class "A" for concrete piles
not exceeding 25 mm
16 What is the required compressive strength in order that regular
regular cast concrete piles can be moved
At least 80% of the design 28 day compressive strength
17 If high early strength cement is used, How many days a pre cast regular piles be moved, transported or driven
7 days after casting
18 What is the clearance of sheet piling from edge of footing
when used as cofferdam on bridge construction
30 to 45 cm on all sides & 90 cm at the sump end
19 In order to avoid injury to the pile during driving using gravity
hammer, what is the required height of fall
Timber Pile = not exceeding 4.5 m
Sheet Pile = not exceeding 4.5 m
Concrete = not exceeding 2.5 m
20 What finish is applied on the following?
(1) The exposed faces of piers, abutments, wingwalls & retaining walls
(2) The outside faces of girders, T-beam , slabs, columns, brackets, curbs, headwalls,
Rubbed Finish
railings, arch, spandrel walls
21 A bridge carrying a road or a railing across the valley
22 What is the minimum distance required from the side of any
pile to the nearest edge of the cap
Viaduct
Not less than 200 mm
agrams5254/2004
ROCK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Rock shall be excavated by how much minimum depth below
subgrade level
150 mm
By how much the material below subgrade, other than solid
rock shall be scarified
150 mm
Boulders or other detached stones to be consider under rock
shall have a minimum volume by how much
1.0 cu.m.
How many days for curing (watering method) of cement mortar
mortar for grouted riprap
3 days
Presplitting to obtain faces in the rock & shale formation shall
be performed by
Drilling hole @ uniform intervals along the slip lines;
Loading & stemming the holes with appropriate explosive
and stemming matls; Detonating the holes simultaneously
What standard sieve size used in determining the stemming
matl used in pre-splitting operations in rock excavation by
blasting
3/8"
When rock hardpan or other unyielding matls is encountered
excavation of pipe trench, the matl shall be removed
below the foundation grade for a depth of at least how much
Either 300 mm OR 4 mm for each 100 mm fill over the top
of pipe OR not to exceed three quarters of the vertical inside diameter of the pipe
of the pipe
PIPES
1
2
3
The construction method of laying of pipe on high embankment
shall be done by
Wingwall and Headwall OR Front walls
How much is the trench width required for the installation of
RC Pipes laid under imperfect trench materials
Twice diameter of pipe or 3.5 m which ever is lesser
When rock hardpan or other unyielding matls is encountered
during excavation of pipe trench, the material shall be
removed below the foundation grade for a depth of at least
how much
Either 300 mm OR 4 mm for each
100 mm fill over the top of pipe OR not to exceed
4
5
6
7
8
three quarters of the vertical diameter of the pipe
The width of the excavation for pipe trench shall be excavated
of at least greater than the horizontal outside diameter
of the pipe by how much
300 mm
What is the min. trench width required below bottom on each
each side of the pipe when a firm foundation is not encountered
at grade establishment due to soft, spongy or other unstable soil
1.0 mm
A watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a place
top used in depositing concrete under water
Tremie
When concrete cradles is used as bedding of RCP. What is
the minimum strength of concrete
200 psi Class "A" bedding
In case of dropping of concrete to the point of deposits the height
is more than 1.5 m. What is the method used
Concrete shall be conveyed
through sheet metal or approved pipes. As for as
practicable, the pipes shall be kept full of concrete during
placing and their lower & shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete
& shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete.
9 What kind of matl shall be backfilled below grade elevation of
the bottom of the pipe
Selected fine compressible
materials silty clay or loam
10 How much depth of imperfect trench method should be filled w/
highly loosely compressible soil
1/3-1/4 of the trench
11 The maximum hoops spacing requirements of reinforcing steel
or pipe culvert wall thickness less than 4" shall be
4"
12 What kind of backfill matls used in RC Pipes
Granular backfill shall not less than 95% passing 12.5 mm
(1/2) sieve & not less than 95% retained on a 4.75 mm (#4)
and selected sandy soil passing 9.5 mm (3/8) sieve not more than
10% passing 0.075 (#200) sieve
13 In Class "C" bedding is used. How is it
Bedding to a depth of not less than 10% of its height &
& be shaped to fit the pipe for at least 15% of its total height
14 What do you mean by cracking load of pipe
Cracking load is that will produced of 0.01" at the inner of the pipe
15 The construction method of laying pipe on high embankment
shall be done by
16 When top of the pipe is flushed to the ground, how much is
backfilling of materials on the trench be done
California Method A or B
Materials shall be placed at or near
optimum moisture content & compacted in layer not exceeding
150 mm (compacted) on both sides to an elevation
300 mm above the top of the conduit
17 In imperfect trench method of laying RC pipe. How much is the
diameter of the trench
A trench equal in width to the outside
to the outside diameter of the pipe plus 300 mm
shall then excavated to w/in 300 mm of the top of the
i.e. (O.D. + 300 mm)
18 In Class "B" bedding is used. How is it
Bedding to a depth of not less than 30% of the vertical
outside dia. & shall be shape to fit the pipe for at least 15% of its total height
19 Pipe Culverts is tested by what method
20
21
22
23
By three - edge bearing method
The maximum hoops spacing requirements of reinforcing steel
steel bars for pipe culvert wall thickness less than 4" thick
is how much
Equal to the wall thickness but not more than 6
For roped used. How much sample sent to the laboratory
2m
For GI Sheet used. How much sample sent to the laboratory
1 sheet
What is the minimum concrete strength of RC pipes
400 psi & depending Class of RCP
agrams5254/2004
agrams5254/2004
DESIGN MIX
NOTE:
- Condition of aggregates in saturated surface dry
- Corrected as often as moisture content of aggregate varies
- Corrected for free water or water required for absorption in field mix
(Uncorrected Wt.) x ( 1- % of free water)
100
OR
(Uncorrected Wt.)
X
(1 + % of water required for absorption)
100
- Uncorrected weight minus total weight of free water or plus total weight of water required for absorption
The proportions are for starting mix only. In the course of mixing operations the quality of the concrete will be
periodically checked as to the following: Workability, net water content and cement as per yield test. If found not meeting
requirements in the Materials Manual, necessary adjustments should be made before proceeding further to ensure
uniform quality of concrete throughout the structure.
TABLE V
APPROXIMATE SAND & WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE
Based on mix having a water - cement ratio of 0.57 by weight of 24.7 liters per sack of cement, 76.2 mm slump
and natural sand having Fineness Modulus of about 2.75
For mixes having either proportions, see adjustments below
ROUNDED COARSE AGGREGATE
Maximum Size of Sand, % of total agg. Net water content per
Coarse aggregate by absolute volume
cubic meter
mm
inch
cu.m.
kgs
liters
12.7
19
25.4
38.1
50.8
76.2
152.4
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
6
51
46
41
37
34
31
26
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATE
Sand, % of total agg
Net water content per
by absolute volume
cubic meter
cu.m
kgs
liters
56
51
46
42
39
36
31
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
Adjustment of above table for other conditions:
CHANGES IN CONDITIONS STIPULATED IN TABLE V
Each 0.05 increases or decreases in water cement ratio
Each 0.1 increase or decrease in fineness modulus of sand
Each 25.4 mm increase or decrease in slump
Manufactured Sand
For less workable concrete as pavement
Effect on values in Table V
Percent Sand
Net Water Contents
+
1
0
+
1/2
0
+
0
3%
-3
+ 3.9 kg
-3
- 4.7 kg
ABRASION TEST
(AASHTO 96)
LOSS ANGELES ABRASION SPEED: 30 - 33 rpm
SIEVE SIZE:
PASSING
RETAINED
NO. OF SPHERES
WT. OF CHARGE, g
NO. OF REVOLUTION
75.0 mm
3.00"
63.0 mm
21/2"
63.0 mm
21/2"
50.0 mm
2.0"
50.0 mm
2.0"
37.5 mm
11/2"
37.5 mm
11/2"
25.0 mm
1"
25.0 mm
1"
19.0 mm
3/4"
19.0 mm
3/4"
12.5 mm
1/2"
12.5 mm
1/2"
9.5 mm
3/8"
9.5 mm
3/8"
6.3 mm
1/4"
6.3 mm
1/4"
4.75 m
#4
4.75 mm
#4
2.36 mm
#8
% ABRASION LOSS =
A
12
5000 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 10
1250 + 10
-
GRADING AND WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE, g
B
C
D
E
F
G
11
8
6
12
12
12
4584 + 25 3330 + 20 2000 + 15 5000 + 25
5000 + 25 5000 + 25
500
1000
2500
2500
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
+
2500 10
2500 + 10
2500 + 10
+
2500 10
5000 + 10
-
Original mass of sample, g - Sample retained on # 1.70 mm (#12) sieve, g
Original mass of sample, g
X 100
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregates w/c has been oven-dried to constant weight/mass at 110 0C.
The abrasive charge shall consist of cast -iron spheres or steel spheres approximately 46.8 mm in
diameter and each weighing between 390 & 455 grams
*** DESIGN MIX ****
NOTE:
- Condition of aggregates in saturated surface dry
- Corrected as often as moisture content of aggregate varies
- Corrected for free water or water required for absorption in field mix
(Uncorrected Wt.) x ( 1- % of free water)
100
OR
(1 + % of water required for absorption)
(Uncorrected Wt.)
X
100
- Uncorrected weight minus total weight of free water or plus total weight of water required for absorption
The proportions are for starting mix only. In the course of mixing operations the quality of the concrete will be
periodically checked as to the following: Workability, net water content and cement as per yield test. If found not meeting
requirements in the Materials Manual, necessary adjustments should be made before proceeding further to ensure
uniform quality of concrete throughout the structure.
TABLE V
APPROXIMATE SAND & WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE
Based on mix having a water - cement ratio of 0.57 by weight of 24.7 liters per sack of cement, 76.2 mm slump
and natural sand having Fineness Modulus of about 2.75
Maximum Size of
Coarse aggregate
mm
inch
12.7
19
25.4
38.1
50.8
76.2
152.4
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
6
For mixes having either proportions, see adjustments below
ROUNDED COARSE AGGREGATE
ANGULAR COARSE AGGREGATE
Sand, % of total agg. Net water content per Sand, % of total agg
Net water content per
by absolute volume cubic meter
by absolute volume
cubic meter
cu.m.
kgs
liters
cu.m
kgs
liters
51
46
41
37
34
31
26
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
199
184
178
166
157
148
131
56
51
46
42
39
36
31
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
214
199
192
181
172
163
146
Adjustment of above table for other conditions:
CHANGES IN CONDITIONS STIPULATED IN TABLE V
Each 0.05 increases or decreases in water cement ratio
Each 0.1 increase or decrease in fineness modulus of sand
Each 25.4 mm increase or decrease in slump
Manufactured Sand
For less workable concrete as pavement
agrams_73
Effect on values in Table V
Percent Sand
Net Water Contents
+
1
0
+
1/2
0
+
0
3%
-3
+ 3.9 kg
-3
- 4.7 kg
ABRASION TEST
(AASHTO 96)
LOSS ANGELES ABRASION SPEED: 30 - 33 rpm
SIEVE SIZE:
PASSING
RETAINED
NO. OF SPHERES
WT. OF CHARGE, g
NO. OF REVOLUTION
75.0 mm
3.00"
63.0 mm
21/2"
63.0 mm
21/2"
50.0 mm
2.0"
50.0 mm
2.0"
37.5 mm
11/2"
37.5 mm
11/2"
25.0 mm
1"
25.0 mm
1"
19.0 mm
3/4"
19.0 mm
3/4"
12.5 mm
1/2"
12.5 mm
1/2"
9.5 mm
3/8"
9.5 mm
3/8"
6.3 mm
1/4"
6.3 mm
1/4"
4.75 m
#4
4.75 mm
#4
2.36 mm
#8
% ABRASION LOSS =
A
12
5000 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 25
1250 + 10
1250 + 10
-
GRADING AND WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE, g
B
C
D
E
F
G
11
8
6
12
12
12
4584 + 25 3330 + 20 2000 + 15 5000 + 25
5000 + 25 5000 + 25
500
1000
2500
2500
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
2500 + 10
+
2500 10
2500 + 10
+
2500 10
5000 + 10
-
Original mass of sample, g - Sample retained on # 1.70 mm (#12) sieve, g
Original mass of sample, g
X 100
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregates w/c has been oven-dried to constant weight/mass at 110 0C.
The abrasive charge shall consist of cast -iron spheres or steel spheres approximately 46.8 mm in
diameter and each weighing between 390 & 455 grams
UNSUITABLE MATERIALS SELECTED BORROW
Unsuitable
Material
LL
PI
CBR
ABRASION
COMPACTION
LAYER
% NWC
DENSITY
80
50
-
Selected
104
200
aggregate
Borrow
embankment
sub-base
for
course
Topping
30
6
100%
150 mm
80
55
95%
200 mm
201
aggregate
base
course
202
203
204
205
206
35 max. 25 max. 25 max
12 max.
6 max.
6 max.
10
25 min. 80 min.
80 min. 100 min.
50 max. 50 max. 45 max. 50 max.
100%
100%
100%
150 mm 150 mm 150 mm
4 - 10
100 min.
50 max.
35 max.
4 - 10
100 min.
50 max.
100 kg/cum
800 kg/cum
G.I. =
[ F-35] [0.20+0.005 (LL-400] + 0.01 (F-15) (PI-10)
F= % Passing No. 200
Grouted Riprap
3 PARTS :
1. Duties & Responsibilities
2. Project Implementation
3. Policies & Issuances
Class A
B
C
D
Stone Masonry
300
crushed
lime stabilized portland cement
asphalt
portland cement agg. Surface
aggregates
road mix
stabilized road
stabilized road treated plant
sourse
base course
course
mix base course mix base course mix base course
=
1:3; interval 25 mm
=
=
=
=
300 mm
500 mm
600 mm
800 mm
=
=
1:2; interval 50 mm
min. size of stone 150 mm
=
=
=
=
min. 15 kg
min. 30 kg
min. 60 kg
min. 100 kg
max. 25 kg
max. 70 kg
max. 100 kg
max. 200 kg
agrams5254/2004
35 max.
4-9
45 max.
* GUARDRAILS
* G.I. Sheets*
C= M1 - M2 x GXK
M2
* GABIONS*
L = x2 or 4x the width
W=
H=
sampling
not less than 1.0 m
min. 2.7 mm dia. = wire mesh
min. 3.4 mm dia. = sewage
60 mm + 0.25
60 mm
C= wt. of coating
RCCP:
M1 = original
M2 = wt. after stripping
= not exceed 2% no. of pipes each size
= 1 pipe
M2 = wt. after stripping
K = 7,850 g/m2 , mm
Rate of Loading
= 20 - 50 psi/sec.
Base Metal Thickness = 0.4 + 0.06 mm
Weight of zinc coating
Triple Spot g/m2 = 215 min.
Single Spot. G/m2 = 185 min.
Coating Bend Test = No. flaking
Rate of Loading
= 125 - 175 psi/min.
5. Pipes : (Sampling)
= 1 Pipe/ 50 1.m.
= 1 set or 3-CCS/25 l.m.
Reinforced = 2% / No. of Pipe
Non- Reinforced = 0.5% / No. of Pipe
agrams5254/2004
FIELD TEST REQUIREMENTS
104
105
200
Subgrade Agg. SubEmbankment Preparation base Course
201
Agg. Base
Course
202
311
404
Crushed Agg. Portland Cement Reinforcing
Base Course Conc. Pavement Steel Bars
405
Structural
Concrete
500
203
Lime Stabilized
Pipe Culvert
Road Mix
Base Course
204
205
206
Portland Cement Asphalt Stabi- Portland Cement
Stabilized Road
Treated Plant
lized Road
Mix Base Course Mix Base Course Mix Base Course
GRADING
Quality Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
Quality Test 1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
3
25
500 m2
20 cm
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
LL/PL
COMPACTION
Quality Test 2500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
# of Layers
3
# of Blows
25
DENSITY
500 m2
THICKNESS
20 cm
CBR
ABRASION
Coarse Agg.
FA (grading)
CA (grading)
CBS
# of Layers
# of Blows
CCS
# of Layers
# of Blows
Pipe Culvert
RSB
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
2
63
75 m3
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
3
25
every 10,000
kgs/size
1-CCS for
every 25 pcs
3
25
1 RCPC
every 10,000
kgs/size
agrams5254/2004
207
Aggregate
Stockpile
FIELD TEST REQUIREMENTS
104
105
200
Subgrade Agg. SubEmbankment Preparation base Course
201
Agg. Base
Course
202
311
404
Crushed Agg. Portland Cement Reinforcing
Base Course Conc. Pavement Steel Bars
405
500
1-CCS for
every 25 pcs
3
25
1 RCPC
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
Quality Test 1500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
300 m3
2500 m3
1500 m3
3
25
500 m2
20 cm
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
5
56
500 m2
15 cm
2500 m3
2500 m3
-
1500 m3
1500 m3
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
-
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
2
63
75 m3
-
1500 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
75 m3
-
-
-
-
-
every 10,000
kgs/size
3
25
-
LL/PL
COMPACTION
agrams_73
-
205
Lime Stabilized Portland Cement Asphalt StabiPipe Culvert Road Mix Stabilized Road lized Road Mix
Base Course Mix Base Course Base Course
Quality Test 1500 m3
# of Layers
# of Blows
Pipe Culvert
RSB
204
Structural
Concrete
GRADING
Quality Test 2500 m3
Field Test 1500 m3
# of Layers
3
# of Blows
25
DENSITY
500 m2
THICKNESS
20 cm
CBR
ABRASION
Coarse Agg.
FA (grading)
CA (grading)
CBS
# of Layers
# of Blows
CCS
-
203
* GUARDRAILS
* G.I. Sheets*
C= M1 - M2 x GXK
M2
* GABIONS*
L = x2 or 4x the width
W=
H=
sampling
60 mm + 0.25
min. 2.7 mm dia. = wire mesh
min. 3.4 mm dia. = sewage
60 mm
C= wt. of coating
not less than 1.0 m
RCCP:
M1 = original
M2 = wt. after stripping
= not exceed 2% no. of pipes each size
= 1 pipe
M2 = wt. after stripping
K = 7,850 g/m2 , mm
Rate of Loading
= 20 - 50 psi/sec.
Base Metal Thickness = 0.4 + 0.06 mm
Weight of zinc coating
Triple Spot g/m2 = 215 min.
Single Spot. G/m2 = 185 min.
Coating Bend Test = No. flaking
Rate of Loading
= 125 - 175 psi/min.
5. Pipes : (Sampling)
= 1 Pipe/ 50 1.m.
= 1 set or 3-CCS/25 l.m.
Reinforced = 2% / No. of Pipe
Non- Reinforced = 0.5% / No. of Pipe
agrams_73
FIELD TEST REQUIREMENTS
agrams_73
206
207
300
301
302
303
Portland Cement
Treated Plant
Mix Base Course
Aggregate
Stockpile
Aggregate
Surface
Course
Bituminous
Prime Coat
Bituminous
Tack Coat
Bituminous
Seal Coat
304
305
306
307
Bituminous
Bituminous
Bituminous
Bituminous
Surface Penetration Maca- Road Mix Sur- Plant-Mix SurTreatment
dam Pavement face Course face Course Gen.
308
Bituminous
Plant-Mix Surface,Cold-Laid
309
310
Bituminous Plant Bituminous Conc.
Mix (Stockpile Surface Course
Maint. Mixture)
Hot-Laid
* GUARDRAILS
* G.I. Sheets*
C= M1 - M2 x GXK
M2
* GABIONS*
L = x2 or 4x the width
W=
H=
sampling
60 mm + 0.25
min. 2.7 mm dia. = wire mesh
min. 3.4 mm dia. = sewage
60 mm
C= wt. of coating
not less than 1.0 m
RCCP:
M1 = original
M2 = wt. after stripping
= not exceed 2% no. of pipes each size
= 1 pipe
M2 = wt. after stripping
K = 7,850 g/m2 , mm
Rate of Loading
= 20 - 50 psi/sec.
Base Metal Thickness = 0.4 + 0.06 mm
Weight of zinc coating
Triple Spot g/m2 = 215 min.
Single Spot. G/m2 = 185 min.
Coating Bend Test = No. flaking
Rate of Loading
= 125 - 175 psi/min.
5. Pipes : (Sampling)
= 1 Pipe/ 50 1.m.
= 1 set or 3-CCS/25 l.m.
Reinforced = 2% / No. of Pipe
Non- Reinforced = 0.5% / No. of Pipe
agrams5254/2004
