Microsoft SQL 2008 Server in a day.
Content
www.ogutu.org
MASTER SQL SERVER 2008 2008 IN A DAY. DAY. Stephen Ogutu
[MASTER SQL SERVER 2008] 2008] www.ogutu.org www.ogutu.org
Copyright
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. This publication may not be lent, resold, hired or otherwise disposed of in anyway of trade without the prior written consent of the copyright owner.
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Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge the help got from Microsoft website and the various user communities.
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Contents
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Installation ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Hardware requirements. ........................................................................................................................ 8 Release Notes ........................................................................................................................................ 9 System Configuration Checker. ........................................................................................................... 9 Feature selection .................................................................................................................................. 12 SQL Management Studio ........................................................................................................................ 21 Getting Started.......................................................................................................................................... 25 a. Master database ........................................................................................................................... 26 b. Model database ............................................................................................................................ 27 c.
Tempdb database ........................................................................................................................ 28
d. The msdb database ..................................................................................................................... 28 Example I: Create a database called antony ...................................................................................... 28 Example 2. ................................................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 36 SQL Server Login. ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Database Schemas. ..................................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 51 DATABASE DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Entity-Relationship Diagram. .................................................................................................................. 52 ONE-TO-MANY relationship. ................................................................................................................... 53 MANY-TO-MAY relationship. .................................................................................................................. 53 4
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EXAMPLE APPLICATION. ................................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 63
SELECT Statement. ................................................................................................................................. 64 Displaying everything from a table. ................................................................................................... 65 The WHERE clause. ................................................................................................................................ 67 Logical Operators. ....................................................................................................................................... 71
Table Joins. ............................................................................................................................................... 73 Joins. .......................................................................................................................................................... 73 Inner Joins. ............................................................................................................................................ 73 CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 79 Install Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0 ........................................................................... 80
Introduction to Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0................................................... 83
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction to SQL Server and SQL server management Studio. OBJECTIVES. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Install and configure SQL Server Express edition. 2. Install and configure Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio. 3. Differentiate between master, model, tempdb and msdb. 4. Create a database. 5. Configure database storage. 6. Create table in a database.
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Installation
After downloading downloading the the SQL Server Server Express Express edition, edition, double click click on SQLEXPR32_x86_ENU to begin installation.
Under the Planning link, ensure that you understand the following.
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Hardware requirements.
According to http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms143506%28SQL.100%29.aspx we will need a minimum of Windows XP SP2 Home, Pentium III-compatible processor or faster with a minimum of 1.0 GHz processor to install. Security Documentation
Visit http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms144228%28SQL.100%29.aspx to read about the security consideration you should put in oplace before and after installing an SQL server. They are: 1. Physical Security – The server should be physically secure and should be accessible by only authorized personell. This should be in a data center with all standard protection like theft, fire and floods. The database servers should not be directly connected to the internet to avoid hacking. The database should be backed up regularly. 2. You should secure your database server using firewalls. 3. Isolate Services – each SQL server Service should run under a separate account. This reduces the risk of a compromised service affecting others. Also the accounts should not be administrator but low rights accounts. 4. Disable NetBIOS and Server Message Block - Disable NetBIOS and Server Message Block. Servers in the perimeter network should have all unnecessary protocols disabled, including NetBIOS and server message block (SMB). NetBIOS uses the following ports: a. service) b. UDP/137 UDP/138 (NetBIOS (NetBIOS name datagram service) c. TCP/139 (NetBIOS session service) SMB uses the following ports: 1. 2.
TCP/139 TCP/445
Web servers and Domain Name System (DNS) servers do not require NetBIOS or SMB. On these servers, disable both protocols to reduce the threat of user enumeration 8
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Release Notes
Please visit http://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/1486.microsoft-sqlserver-2008-sp2-release-notes.aspx to know what what is new in service pack 2.
System Configuration Checker.
Click on the System Configuration checker to test if the installation of the SQL server will be a success.
You should have a status of Passed.
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Next click on Installation and select the first option.
Under Setup support rules, click OK.
Under product key click next.
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Accept the licence and and click next.
Under Setup support files, click on Install.
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Feature selection Select the following: 1. The Database Engine - This is the core service for storing, processing, and securing data. 2. SQL server replication – Used to copy data from once database to another and then synchronizing them. 3. SQL client connectivity SDK – Tools used to communicate between client and servers.
Instance Configuration.
There are two types of instances, a default instance and a named instance. The default instance is called SQLExpress or MSSQLSERVER if installing the main
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installation of SQL server. Alternatively you can use the named instance where you specify the instance name yourself. We will use named instance.
4. Under disk usage, click on next.
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5. Create a local user that will own the instance.
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6. Under server configuration, select this user as Microsoft recommends using a separate user for each SQL service.
7. Under Account provisioning, you can either use : a. Windows Authentication Mode which is the default. If you use this, then SQL Server validates the account name and password using the Windows principal token in the operating system. This is the most secure. b. Mixed Mode (Windows Authentication or SQL Server Authentication) – Here, you have to setup a password for the sa (System Administrator) user in SQL server. In our case, we will use Windows Authentication. Select Add and specify the user we created previously as the SQL server administrator. You can also add other users, both local and Domain users.
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8. Under data directories, specify the location of database directory, database log directory, TEMP DB directory, TEMP Db log directory and backup directory. We will discuss each of these in a later session.
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9. Enable file stream – file stream is used to manage unstructured data like word documents. Instead of storing the document on the database as a blob, the data is stored in the NT file system.
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10. Under Error and Usage settings, click next.
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11. Under Installation rules, click next.
12. Verify your selections and if you are satisfied, click on Install.
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13. The Installer will take a while.
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14. After a successful installation, you should have this screen.
SQL Management Studio
According to Wikipedia, Wikipedia, the online online encycloped encyclopedia, ia, SQL Server Server Management Management Studio (ssms) is a software application first launched with the Microsoft SQL Server 2005 that is used for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools which work with objects and features of the server. A central feature of of SQL Server Server Management Management Studio Studio is the Object Object Explorer, Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server. It also has an "express" version that can be freely downloaded. Download and double click on SQLManagementStudio_x86_ENU to begin installation. Proceed with the same choices as we had done for SQLServer Express installation. After accepting licence, select management tools basic.
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Select Next on Disk Usage summary.
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Under Error and Usage reporting, select Next.
Under Installation rules click Next.
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Click on install. Once the installation is complete, you should get this.
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Getting Started.
Under Microsoft SQL Server 2008, select SQL Server Management Studio.
It will take a while to open as it will be configuring the environment for the first time use.
Select the server to connect to. 1. Under Server type, select “Database Engine”. 2. For Server name, select SQl server Authentication. 3. Under login, select windows authentication and click on connect.
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SQL server 2008 is a relational database management system and consists of the following components which can be seen on the microsoft SQL server management studio. 1. Databases – This is the location where we store the actual data. SQL server 2008 comes with four system databases installed by default. a. Master database – This is like the meta data of your SQL server RDBMS. It has information about login accounts and system configurations. It also have information about all other databases. It should be backed up regularly.
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b. Model database – This is the template upon which all other databases created in the system are based. It must always exist in your installation simply because every time you start SQL server, it will create tempdb and the model will be required.
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c. Tempdb database - Is used to hold temporary objects like temporary tables or stored procedures. Every time the SQL server is started, tempdb is re-created. Tempdb is global and used by all users of the SQL server.
d. The msdb database – Used to schedule alerts and jobs.
Example I: Create a database called antony with the following properties.
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Click on New->Database. New->Database . Under database name, enter antony.
Database name – antony.
Initial Database Size – 100MB.
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When full, Increment by – 50MB to a maximum size of 200MB.
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Your database should be created.
Example 2.
Create the table with the following data on the antony database above.
Steps: 1. Expand antony, right click on table and select new table.
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2. Enter the column names as shown.
3. Right click EMPLOYEE_ID and set it as the primary key.
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4. On the properties tab, under name select employees.
5. Your table is created, now Save the table.
6. Next insert the data. Right click on the table and select Edit top 200 200 rows.
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7. Type the data into the cells and press enter.
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REFERENCES.
1. www.microsoft.com www.microsoft.com 2. www.ogutu.org www.ogutu.org
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CHAPTER 2
SQL server security. OBJECTIVES. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Create logins and map them to database users. 2. Differentiate between login and users. 3. Work with database schemas.
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SQL Server Login.
Let us assume that you have just got a job as a system administrator of Shemma Global LTD as the Database Administrator in charge of their CRM database. On your first day, you have been requested to create accounts in the CRM database for the developers in the billing department. Shemma global has the following two developers. 1. Stephen Mwangi 2. Antony Kariuki The company has a policy policy of single sign on for developers which means once you login to the computer, then you do not need to login to the database. Here are the steps you would follow to create logins for the two developers. STEPS:
1. The developers will first need to access the SQL server instance. For you to access the sql server instance, you need a login name. There are two two type of logging in to SQL Server instance: a. Windows authentication – With windows authentication, once you login to the operating system, you do not need to specify a password for logging in to the SQL server instance. b. SQL server authentication – With SQL server authentication, you will need a separate account created on the SQL server itself to allow you login. 2. As per the policy of Shemma Global, we will use the Windows authentication. Navigate to the windows operating system control panel and create the accounts for the two developers. a. Create the operating system user for Stephen Mwangi
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b. Create the the operating system system user for Antony Kariuki.
Now remember all we have done is create operating system users. We cannot yet login to the SQL server instance until we map these operating
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system users to the respective SQL server Login. To do this, login to the SQL server as a user with administrative privileges, expand the security folder and click on New Login.
c. Under login name, select Windows authentication and click on search.
d. Under Advanced, search for the user s.mwangi we created previously.
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e. Click on Ok.
f.
Do the same for the user a.kariuki.
Now that we have created the developers on the operating system and mapped then to their logins in SQL server, let us logout and login as Antony Kariuki, then try and see if we can access SQL Server.
Follow the following steps. 1. Logout of the operating system and login as user Antony Kariuki and start SQL management studio.
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2. Under server type, select Database Engine. For the server name, select the SQL server to connect to. For authentication, select Windows Authentication and click connect.
3. You will be logged in to the SQL server.
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Try to connect to the CRM or the antony database we had created in chapter 1. You will get this error!
This is because SQL server logins only enables you to login to the SQL server instance but do not give you access to the database! We will repeat that because it is important, SQL Server login allows you to login to the SQL server instance but do not give you access to the SQL server database. If you want to access the SQL server database, then you topage create a database user map to the we are onwill theneed same now. If not read thisand until youitget it! SQL server login. Hope Next, we will need to create database users for our two developers and map them to the logins we created.
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STEPS:
1. Expand the CRM database, select security and right click on users and select new user.
2. Under username, enter kariuki and for login name enter a.kariuki.
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3. As the database administrator, you have been told that the two developers should only be able to read data from the CRM database but they should not be able to perform anything else like delete, insert, backup etc. To achieve this, under database role membership, select db_datareader and click on OK.
4. Perform the same steps for the other developer and confirm that the users Kariuki and Mwangi have been created.
Now that we have created the database login and mapped it to a database user, let us try to access the CRM database again.
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Logout of the operating system and login as the user a.kariuki.
Try ro expand the CRM database. Since now your login is mapped to a user with access to CRM database, you should be able to access it.
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When you try to create a table in the CRM database, you will get the error below since the user a.kariuki was granted the read only privilege.
Database Schemas.
This is a good place to intoduce a third SQL server term, the schema. In other databases like Oracle, the schema is synonymous with the database user in that the database user and the schema own objects like tables. So in Oracle, when someone talks about a schema, it refers to the same thing as a user. In SQL server 2008, database users do not own database objects like tables. Rather, it is schema’s that own objects.
If you expand the Tables folder under any database like under the antony database above, you will note that the employees table is preceded by the word dbo. Dbo here is the default schema name. Schemas can be owned by a user or a role but bear in mind 46
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that a schema can only be owned by one user at a time though a user can own many schemas. So what are schemas and what are their uses? The major advantage of using schemas is that objects are now independent of the users that created them. If you want to delete a user for example, you do not need to delete all the tables he created since the tables are owned by a schema. Schemas also allow us to better manage database objects by giving us a location to group objects together. For example, if our two developers created above were working on a project for the HR department, we would create a schema called hr and this schema would own all objects for that are related to this particular project. This grouping of objects simplifies administration and security. Example.
As the database database administrator administrator,, you have have been asked asked to create create a schema schema that will will be used by the two developers who will be programming a new Payroll system for HR. STEPS:
On the CRM database, select security and right click on schemas. Select New Schema.
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For schema name enter HR and for schema owner enter Kariuki. Click OK.
Now let us add the users who will access objects that are owned by this schema. Under schemas, right click on HR and click on properties. Select the permissions page and add all our developers. Since they will be developing, let us give them select, insert, delete, update and execute privileges.
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Next let us grant Kariuki db_datawriter and db_ddladmin rights so that he will be able to create a table. Do this by expanding CRM, go to security then users and right click on Kariuki then select properties. Select db_datawriter and db_ddladmin and click on OK.
Logout and login as user Kariuki. Under CRM, right click on tables and select New Table. Under properties, on schema, click on the drop down and select the HR schema we created above.
For the table name, enter employees.
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Create the column empid and empname and save the table.
Your table employees is now owned by the schema HR.
You should now be able to organize your database objects using schemas.
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CHAPTER 3
Database Design OBJECTIVES. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Use Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD). 2. Use Entities, Attributes & Keys. 3. Table relationships.
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DATABASE DESIGN Entity-Relationship Diagram.
We normally use Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ER) to describe a database during the design phase of the software life cycle. It gives us a visual representation of how the relationships on the tables will appear. It also aids us in understanding the organizations data needs. Tables in an ER diagram are represented by the diagram below. When called upon to build any application for an organization, there is always an object that we normally would wish to store information about in our application. For example, if you are building a school management system, you would design your application such that it stores information about students, teachers, classes etc. The object that you store data about is called an entity type. A student is therefore an entity type. A teacher is another entity type. An entity therefore is an instance instance or occurren occurrence ce of the type. Example, Example, the student Alexander is entity or an instance instance or occurrenc occurrence e of the type type student. student. Therefore, Therefore, entity is is anything about which data can be stored. If you are building a customer relationship management system, an example of an entity can be customer, supplier etc. An entity is represented as a rectangle.
CUSTOMER
SUPPLIER
We have said that an entity is anything that we can store data about. The data we store about an entity is called an attribute. For example, one attribute we might want to store about the entity customer is customer name. Another might be the address. An attribute is represented as an oval. The diagram below shows the attribute supplier number for the entity supplier. SUPPLIER_NO
SUPPLIER 52
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Normally, there is always one attribute that is used to uniquely identify an entity. This attribute is called a primary key. For example, supplier numbers are normally unique to a supplier. Another example is the entity student, the attribute student number is unique to it. If you are in Kenya, the entity person might have a unique attribute of identification number since no two people share an id card. RELATIONSHIPS.
In any application, entities will have some sort of a relationship. If you are building a HR application, you might have the entity EMPLOYEE who belongs to the entity DEPARTMENT. We see that there is a relationship between the EMPLOYEE and the department. The relationship here is “employee belongs to a department”. ONE-TO-MANY relationship.
This is the most common type of relationship. In our example above, we can see that an employee, say Antony belongs to the department IT. The key point here is that Antony is not the only employee in the department IT. There are other employees. Therefore, we can visualize this as: DEPARTMENT has MANY employees.
DEPARTMENT
EMPLOYEES
Remember that a department can have only one employee, but the important thing is the opposite is not true. An employee cannot belong to two or more departments. Antony cannot cannot be in in HR and also also in IT. A relationship relationship is normally normally achieved achieved using the primary key and a foreign key. In the DEPARTMENT entity, the primary key will be the Department ID. In the EMPLOYEES entity, we will also include a Department ID but it will be referred to as a foreign key. So the primary key is on the one side and the foreign key is on the many side. MANY-TO-MAY relationship.
Let us assume once more that we are building a school management system. We have the entity STUDENT and the entity TEACHER. Now one student is taught by one or more teachers and once teacher teaches one or more students.
STUDENT
TEACHER
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Now ideally we are supposed to model a many-to-may relationship as shown above but this is not allowed in an ER model. What we are supposed to do is to split the relationship into to one to many relationships and introduce a junction-entity to link them. The many side should point to the junction entity.
STUDENT
STUDENTTEACHER
TEACHER
The STUDENT entity will have a primary key which will become a foreign key in the STUDENTTABLE entity. The TEACHER entity will have a primary key which will become a foreign key in the STUDENTTABLE entity. EXAMPLE APPLICATION. You are a developer for Shemma Global LTD and you have been tasked with creating a school managemet application for a client. Before you begin coding, the management would like to review your ER diagrams for approval. Design the database and forward it to management. SAMPLE SOLUTION.
1. First list all entities that you you can think of in a school. Since this is an example, we can list three. They are: a. STUDENT. b. TEACHER. c. COURSE. 2. For every entity, think of of attributes that defines it. This is the information we will store about the entity. For sake of clarity, let us list only three attributes for every entity. a. STUDENT i. Student ID. ii. Name. 54
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iii. Gender. b. TEACHER. i. Teacher ID ii. Name iii. Gender c. COURSE i. Course ID ii. Name iii. Type 3. Next draw the relation between the entities using an ER diagram.
STUDENT
STUDENTTEACHER
TEACHER
STUDENTCOURSE
COURSE
There is a MANY-to-MANY relationship between STUDENT and TEACHER. Now one student is taught by one or more teachers and one teacher teaches one or more students. Because we are not allowed to show a MANY-to-MANY 55
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relationship directly, we have included a junction entity STUDENTTEACHER to take care of this. Similarly, the relationship between STUDENT and COURSE is MANY-to-MANY. Note that there is a relationship between TEACHER and COURSE but because of simplicity, we have not shown it here. 4. Assuming that the management approves your design, you need to create the the tables on your SQL Server database. Follow these steps. a. Login to SQL server database and create the database called SCHOOL. The database should be owned by the user Antony Kariuki we created in chapter 2. It should have an initial size of 100MB and should grow by 50MB up to a maximum of 200MB.
b. Under the database SCHOOL create the table STUDENT with the following columns. i. Student_id (Primary key) ii. Name (100 characters) iii. Gender (6 characters)
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c. Under the database SCHOOL create the table TEACHER with the following columns i. Teacher_ID (Primary key) ii. Name (100 characters) iii. Gender (6 characters)
d. Under the database database SCHOOL create the table COURSE with the following columns i. Course_ID (primary Key) ii. Name (100 characters) iii. Type (100 Characters)
e. Next create the table STUDENTTEACHER STUDENTTEAC HER with the following columns. i. Student_teacher_ID (primary key) ii. Student_ID (Foreign key to the column Student_ID in the table STUDENT)
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iii. Teacher_ID (Foreign key to the column Teacher_ID in the table TEACHER)
f.
Lastly create the table STUDENTCOURSE STUDENT COURSE with the following columns. i. Student_course_ID (Primary key). ii. Student_ID (Foreign key to the column Student_ID in the table STUDENT) iii. Course_ID (Foreign key to the column Course_ID in the table COURSE)
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We are done creating the tables for our school management system. We now need to create the relationships between the tables using the primary and foreign keys. Follow these steps. 1. Right click on Database Diagrams under the database SCHOOL.
2. When you click on new database diagram, you will get the below dialog. Click on Yes.
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3. Press CTRL key and click on all tables tables and click ok ADD.
4. Let us create a relationship between STUDENT and TEACHER. We will use the junction table table STUDENTTEACHER STUDENTTEACHER to link link the two as shown below.
STUDENT
STUDENTTEACHER
TEACHER
Drag the column student_id from the table STUDENT and drop it to the column student_id in the table STUDENTTEACHER. A dialog box will come up. Leave the relationship name as it is and click on OK.
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Do the same for STUDENTTEACHER STUDENTT EACHER and TEACHER tables.
You will notice that the relationship between STUDENT and STUDENTTEACHER. The key icon means one and the infinity icon means many. So the relation between STUDENT and STUDENTTEACHER is one to many. 5. Finish all the other relationship between STUDENT and COURSE.
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6. Save the relationship with the name school.
7. The relationship will will be saved under Database Diagrams.
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CHAPTER 4
SELECT Statement OBJECTIVES. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Select from single table. 2. Use the where clause. 3. Join tables.
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SELECT Statement.
SELECT statement returns a result from one or more tables. It is the used to query the contents of tables and views. Before we can use the select statement to query data from tables, let us insert some data into the tables we created previously using SQl management Studio. STEPS.
Right click on STUDENT and select edit top 200 rows.
Assuming that our school school has a policy of 10 students students per class, enter the following data in the table STUDENT.
Next on the tool bar, select New Query.
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This will open the query editor from where you can run your SQL statements. Displaying everything from a table.
To display the entire contents of a table, use the statement below. SELECT * from <database>.<schema>.<table>; Where:
<database> is the name of the database, in our case SCHOOL. <schema> is the name of the schema, in our case dbo. <table> is the name of the table, in our case STUDENT. So the statement should be: Select * from SCHOOL.dbo.STUDENT; The character * means all columns in the table, so this will display all the columns in the table. Let us give it a try. Type
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Sometimes you are not interested in displaying all the columns in a table, perhaps you only want to display the student name and gender. To do this, instead of using the character * which means all columns replace it with a comma separated list of column names e.g. Select name, gender from from SCHOOL.dbo.STUDENT; SCHOOL.dbo.STUDENT; This will display the names and gender of all students in the table STUDENT.
Now assume we had millions of records in the table student, how long will it take to display all records? This depend s on the server resources but it takes really long in some cases! And mostly, we do not need to see all the records in a table anyway. We normally just want to see a subset of the data. For example if the Principal of your school would like to know how many female students he has in the school, it would not be prudent to display all the students and then start counting how many are female using a pen or a finger from the screen. This is the use of the where clause.
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The WHERE clause.
The where clause is used to restrict the amount of rows that are to be returned based on a certain criteria. Example: Display how many female students are in the school.
The criteria here is to display only female students. The first thing is to check for the column where we store gender as this is what will be used in the where clause. The statement therefore will be: Select * from SCHOOL.dbo.STDENT where gender=’female’; Since female is a string, we have to enclose it in quotes.
This will display only female students. Another example example would would be to display display students students whose whose id numbers numbers are greater greater than 4. Greater than symbol is > while less than symbol is <.
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Notice that for integer values, we do not use quotes. EXAMPLE.
Create a report that shows the male students whose id numbers are greater than or equal to 4 but not more than 7. STEPS:
Here we see that there are several criteria to be used. 1. The students must be male. 2. The student ID number must be greater than or equal to 4. 3. The student ID must be less than or equal to 7. To achieve this we have to combine all these criteria in a single statement as shown. Select * from SCHOOL.dbo.STUDENT where gender=’male’ and student_id>=4 and student_id<=7;
Other operators you can use are: 1. = This is the equal operator. We can use this to check students whose id number is equal to a certain value.
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2. <> This is the not equal to operator. We can use this to check for students who are not male.
Another way way to use the the not equal equal to is to use the the symbol !=. !=.
3. > Is the greater than symbol. Example, display all students whose id number is greater than 7.
Note that 7 itself is not included in the resultset. 4. >= Is the greater than or equal to symbol. 5. < is the less than symbol. 69
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6. <= is the less than or equal to. 7. !> is the not greater than symbol. For example, display students whose id number is not greater than 7.
8. !< is the not less than symbol. For example, display students whose id numbers is not less than 3.
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Logical Operators.
Logical operators are used to test for truth in a certain expression. The AND operator. The AND operator returns true if both expressions are true. Let us assume that the Principal of your school wants to know how many female students have id numbers greater than 5, how would you produce the report? We will notice that there are two expressions here. The student must be female. This expression will be gender=’female’. The student must have an ID number greater than 5. This expression will be student_id>5. Therefore the entire expression will be true if both the expression in gender=’female’ is true and student_id>5 is true. If only one part of the expression is true, the entire expression becomes false.
The OR operator is similar to the AND operator except that it returns true if either of the expressions is true. Example, change the report to display how many students are female or have id numbers greater than 5. The two expressions are. The student should be a female or the student should have an id number greater than 5.
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Notice that the result returns male students also. Other logical operators are ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, EXISTS, IN, LIKE, NOT, OR, SOME. Investigate them at your own free time.
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Table Joins.
It is very rare that you will be creating reports from a single table. Most of the data will be in several tables and you will need to combine them using foreign keys as we had seen in the previous chapter. Insert the following data in the tables TEACHER and STUDENTTEACHER. TEACHER.
STUDENTTEACHER.
Joins.
An SQL join is used to combine fields fields from two two tables using using values values that are are common to the tables. Inner Joins.
An inner join join used comparison comparison operators operators to compare compare columns. columns. It is the most commonly commonly used join. As an example, we can write the following report to show all students that are taught by the teacher Peter Musila. 73
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STUDENT
STUDENTTEACHER
TEACHER
To better answer this, remember from our diagram that we need to combine three tables. First we combine the table STUDENT and STUDENTTEACHER then we combine the table STUDENTTEACHER with TEACHER. We will be combining them using the primary key/ foreign key pair.
Here are the steps. 1. Select the columns you want to display on the report from the tables. a. We need to display the student name form table STUDENT. We will need the column school.dbo.student.name. b. We need to display the teacher name name from the table TEACHER. We will need the column school.dbo.teacher.name . 2. Let us see how the query looks thus far. select school.dbo.student.name, school.dbo.teacher.name from school.dbo.student, school.dbo.teacher, school.dbo.studentteacher; school.dbo.studentteacher;
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There are several problems with this query. a. The table names are too long. Instead of using the entire table name, we can give it an alias or shorter name as shown below. select st.name, tr.name from school.dbo.student st, school.dbo.teacher tr , school.dbo.studentteacher str ; Inn the list of tables, after every tablename put a short text which will be used instead of the tablename e.g. school.dbo.student now becomes st, school.dbo.teacher becomes tr and school.dbo.studentteacher becomes str. The field names are now more readable. Instead of using school.dbo.student.name we now use st.name.
Let us give it a spin.
The second problem persists; it returns 270 rows though we only have 10 students. This is called a cross join because we have not specified the join. The next next thing we need to to do is join join the tables. tables.
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b. Let us start with the join between STUDENT and STUDENTTEACHER. STUDENTT EACHER.
STUDENT
STUDENTTEACHER
TEACHER
In the STUDENT table, the primary key is student_id, in the STUDENT_TEACHER table, the foreign key is student_id so we join the two tables using the id student_id as shown below.
The query now returns 30 rows. There is still repetition as you can see in the above diagram since each name is returned 4 times. c. We need to join the table STUDENTTEACHER STUDENTT EACHER and TEACHER to finish the join. The table STUDENTTEACHER has the foreign key teacher_id and the table TEACHER has the primary key teacher_id. We therefore link them on the column teacher_id.
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A small problem problem remains, remains, both the the columns are named “name” and and we do not know which is student name and which is the name of the teacher. To fix the problem, put an alias after the column name as you did for the table.
d. Finally we need to select students taught by teacher Peter Musila. Peter
Musila’s id is 1 so we include this in the query.
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Other joins exist like outer joins, left outer join, right outer join,full outer join e.tc but since they are not as commonly used as the inner join, we will not discuss them.
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CHAPTER 5
Report sever OBJECTIVES. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Install Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0 2. Create reports using table or matrix wizard. 3. Join tables.
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Install Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0
Download Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0 from the URL http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=6116 and save it in your local computer. Note that before you start installation, you will need Microsoft .NET Framework version 3.5 SP1 if it is not already installed in your computer. INSTALLATION STEPS.
1. Double click on on ReportBuilder3.msi to begin installation. On the Welcome screen, click next.
2. Accept the license.
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3. Enter the registration information.
4. Select the Microsoft SQL Server Report Builder 3.0.
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5. For the default target server, leave it blank.
6. Click install to begin installation.
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Introduction to Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0
The Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Report Builder 3.0 (Report Builder) is a component of the SQLServer reporting services (SSRS) and is used as an end user tool for creating reports. SSRS have other components like Report Manager, Report Server, database, report designer and data sources which are briefly described below.
Data Sources Report Manager
This is the source of the The administrative
report data.
interface for reporting services
REPORT SERVER. Report Server
This is the core engine
Database
for reporting
This is the metadata about the reports.
Report Builder
Tool for building reports. Used by business users.
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In this section, we will see how to create reports using the report builder. STEPS.
1. Under new report, select Table or Matrix wizard.
2. Select create dataset.
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3. Under name, enter SchoolConn and select use connection embedded in my report.
4. For connection type, select “Microsoft SQL Server” and click on Build.
5. For Server name, enter your full server name in the format hostname\SQL Server 6. Select Use Windows Authentication. 7. Select SCHOOL as the database.
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8. Click on Test Connection. This should succeed.
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9. Click on OK to create the data source.
10. Under Design Query, select the tables STUDENT, STUDENTTEACHER and TEACHER.
11. Click on autodetect, this will automatically detect the relationship between the tables.
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12. Under Arrange fields, populate data as shown and click on Next.
13. Under layout, select “Show subtotals and grand totals” and “Expand /Collapse Groups” then click next.
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14. For style, select Ocean. Click on Run to test your report by expanding all buttons.
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15. The report has data but the headings are not very descriptive. Click on o n Design and make the following changes. a. For the heading, enter “Teacher Student Ratio”. Resize the report as shown below.
b. Click on Run to test the report again.
This report shows that. i. There are both male and female teachers in the school. ii. The female teachers name is Ann Aoko. Ao ko. iii. The teacher Ann teaches both male and female students. iv. The total number of female students taught by Ann is one, Shallin Awino. v. The teacher Ann also teaches two male students, George Owino and Mathew Mwangi. 90
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vi. The total number of students taught by Ann is three. vii. The male teacher Peter Musila teaches one female female student Pricilla Otieno. viii. Peter Musila also teaches two male students Antony Mwangi and John Otieno. ix. The total number of students taught by both teachers te achers is six. c. Now save the report. It will be saved with the .rdl extension.
d. One nice thing about the report builder is that it allows you to export the t he report in various formats such as XML, CSV, TIFF, MHTML, WORD and EXCEL which you can then send to the management as an email attachment. e. STEPS. i. Click on page setup and select landscape. ii. Click on export and select excel.
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iii. Save your report as TeacherStudentRatio.xls. Te acherStudentRatio.xls. You can then send this report to management.
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Abo t the author.
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[MASTER SQL 2008] www.ogut .org 2008] .org to explain a simple principle. Our approach is to help the reader get onSERVER his feet fast then allow him/her to continue the learning on is own. own.
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