Minerals

Minerals
Soil
Arid

Area

Resource
Salt,

Laterite

Tea, coffee, cashew nut

Alluvial

Karnataka, Kerala, TN, MP, hilly
areas of Orissa and Assam
Gangetic plains, eastern coast

Black

MH, MP, Malwa, CH,

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Sugarcane, paddy, wheat, cereal
and pulses
Cotton

Forest cover – 19.39%, way below 33% mark of National forest policy
“Enrichment plantation” – single commercially valuable specie is extensively
planted leading to other being eliminated. Done by Colonial masters,.. eg:
Teak Monoculture
Biological loss marginalizes the community dependent on forest resources
Nehru called the Multipurpose dams as ‘ Temples of Modern India’
-ve of Dams
Affect natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation
Rockier stream beds and poorer habitat for aquatic life
Sedimentation also means that flood plains are deprived of silt, causing land
degradation
Irrigation – Salinization of soil
TN is the 1st and only state that has made roof top rainwater harvesting
structure compulsory
SEASON
SOW
HARVEST
CROPS

RABI
Winter- Oct to Dec
April to june
Wheat, barley,
peas, gram and
mustard

AREAS

Punjab, Haryana,
west UP

KHARIFF
Onset of Monsoon
Sept – Oct
Paddy, maize,
jowar, bajra,
cotton, jute,
groundnut and
soyabean
Assam, WB,
Coastal Orissa, AP,
TN, Kerala and
MH, UP and Bihar

ZAID
Watermelon,
muskmelon,
cucumber and
vegetables

Pulses are mostly grown in Rotation with other crops, helps in fixing of
nitrogen

Sugarcane

Tropical + Sub
tropical, hot and

UP, MH, KNTK, TN,
AP, BH, PJB, HRY

2nd largest
producer after

Oil Seeds

TEA (plantation)

humid conditions
Groundnut,
mustard, coconut,
soyabean, castor
seed
Tropical + Sub
tropical, well
drained soil, rich
in humus

COFFEE
RUBBER

COTTON

JUTE

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Equatorial crop,
Moist humid
climate, temp. >
25, Rains >
200cm
High temp, light
rainfall, KHARIFF
Crop
Well drained
fertile soil, high
temp

For groundnut :
TN, AP , KTK, GJ,
MH
Assam, WB, TN,
Krl, HP, UK, AP,
MGHL, TRIPURA
Nilgiri in KNTK,
KRLA, TN
KRLA, TN, KTK,
Andaman/Nicobar,
Garo Hills MGHL

Brazil
Largest producer

Labour intensive

5th in Natural
rubber producers

MH, GJ, MP, KNTK,
AP, TN, PNJB, HRY,
UP
WB, BH, ASSAM,
ORS, MGHL

BLOOD LESS REVOLUTION - Bhoodan + Gramdan
High MSP, subsidies and committed FCI purchase have distorted the cropping
pattern
MINERALS AND ENEGY RESOURCES

IRON ore

1. Orissa- JHK Belt – Mayuubhanj, kendujhar (ORS) /
Sighbhum (JHK)
2. Durg-Bastar-Chadrapur Belt – CH and MH, Baildila
range (Bastar)
3. Bellary-Chitradurga-chikmaglur-Tumkur – KNTK :
Kudermukh deposits
4. MH- Goa Belt – Ratnagiri in MH

Mangane
se

Orissa – 33%, MP – 22%, KNTK – 15%

COPPER

Balaghat Mines – MP – 52%
Singhbum – JHK
KHETRI – RJS
India is critically deficient production
1. Damodar Valley – WB/JHK –
Jharia,Raniganj,Bokaro
2. Mahanadi,Godavari and Son Valley
3. Meghalaya, Assam, Arunaachal Pradesh,

COAL

Used in Manufacturing of
steel, paints, bleaching
powder
used in electrical cables,
electronics and chemical
industries
Peat – Low carbon/Moisture
high
Lignite- Low
grade,soft,high moist

Nagalaind

PETROLE
UM
NATURAL
GAS

NULCEAR

SOLAR

WIND

Coal loses weight, Heavy Industries and thermal
power stations are located near coal fields
1. Mumbai High – 63%
2. Gujarat – 18% : Ankeleshwar field in GJ
3. Assam – 16%, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran
Hugrijan
1. Krishna – Godavari Basin
2. Mumbai High
3. Gulf of Cambay
4. Andaman and Nicobar

Uranium and thorium is available in JHK and
Aravali ranges in Rajasthan, Monazite sands of
Kerala
Largest solar plant in Madhapur, near Bhuj

Anthracite – highest
quality

1700 km pipeline links
Mumbai high and Bassien
with fertilizer, power and
industrial complex on
western and northern india

Photovotaic energy
converts sunglight directly
into electricity

Largest wind farm cluster – TN – from
Nagarcholi to Madurai, AP, KNTK, GJ, KRL, MH,
Laksha dweep
Gulf of Kacchh – 900 MW plant set up

TIDAL

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INDUSTRIES
Factors for industrial location : raw material, labour, capital, power and
market
Sugar industry in MH, coir industry in kerala – eg. Of cooperative industries
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
2nd largest employment generation after agri, 14% contribution to industrial
sector, 4% of GDP
Completely self reliant – from raw material
COTTON TEXTILE :
Fibre
spinning
weaving
dyeing/finishing
garmets
India competitive in spinning and yarn making, not in weaving, so most of
fabric exported
Yarn trade 25% of world, garments trade only 4%
Weaving/processing sector – 90% decentralized
JUTE MILLS
Largest jute producer and 2nd largest exporter
Major all mills in Bengal/ Hugli river : raw material, inexpensive water
transport, good rail network, abundant water for processing jute, cheap
labour

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SUGAR
2nd largest producer
Raw material is bulky and in transit its sucrose content reduces  hence
major sugar mills in UP,BH,MH,KNTK,AP,GJ along with PNJB,HAR,MP
Due to seasonal nature of industry, majorly cooperatives better
Tendency to shift in South and western states :
1. Higher sucrose content in cane
2. Cooler climate ensures longer crushing season
3. Cooperatives are more successful in these states

IRON AND STEEL
 Production and consumption of steel is regarded as index of country’s
development
 Iron ore: Coking coal: lime stone – 4:2:1  raw materials to make steel from
iron ore
 Presently 10 primary integrated steel plants : everything in 1 complex – from
handling raw material to steel making
 Chotanagpur region has the highest concentration of iron and steel industries
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HINDRANCES
High cost and limited availability of coking coal
Lower labour productivity
Irregular energy
Poor infra
ALUMINIUM SMELTING

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Light, resistant to corrosion, good conductor of heat, mallable
Major smelting plants – OR, WB, KRL, UP, CH, MH, TN
Prime factors for industry location
Regular supply of electricity
Raw material – Bauxite
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

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2 types –
1. Inorganic – sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda ash – industry is wide
spread
2. Organic – petrochemicals used for synthetic fibre, rubber etc  plants
are located near Oil refineries
3% of GDP contribution
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

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Prod of Nitrogenous (mainly urea) , Phosphatic and ammonium phosphatic
fertilizer
Potash is entirely Imported
After green revolution the industry expanded to other parts of country –
GJ,TN,UP,PJB,KRL, AP, ORS, RAJ, BH, MH etc

CEMENT
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Requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and
gypsum
Coal and electric power needed for transportation
Strategic location of Gujarat  access to Gulf markets
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989, helped the industry grow
AUTOMOBILE

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Location of industry around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Indore, Chennai,
Kolkata, Hyderabad, Jameshdpur.
PIPELINE DISTRIBUTION

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3 imp. Pipeline networks
1. From oil field of Assam to Kanpur
Branches : Barauni to Haldia
Guwhati to Siliguri
2. From salva in Gujarat to Jalandhar via Mathura, delhi, sonipat
3. From Hazira in Gujarat to jagdhishpur in UP via MP, Kota, Shahjahanbad
in UP
NATIONAL WATERWAYS
3 NW
1. On Ganga between Allahabad and Haldia
2. On Bhramputra between Sadiya and Dhubri
3. West coast canal in Kerala