Minneapolis

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Minneapolis
This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other 1.1
uses, see Minneapolis (disambiguation).
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Sioux natives, city founded

Minneapolis ( i /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/) is the county seat of
Hennepin County,[4] and larger of the Twin Cities, the
14th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, conwho from 1837
taining approximately 4.1 million residents.[1] As of Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders
to 1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.[11]
2016, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of
Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States with
407,207 residents.[2] Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor
the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, behind Chicago.[5]
Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River,
just north of the river’s confluence with the Minnesota
River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state’s capital. The
city is abundantly rich in water, with twenty lakes and
wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls,
many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes
and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was
once the world’s flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between
Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing America’s fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500
companies.[6][7] As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city.[8]
Minneapolis’ name is attributed to the city’s first
schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word
for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[9][10]

1

History

Loading flour, Pillsbury, 1939

Dakota Sioux were the region’s sole residents until French
explorers arrived around 1680. Nearby Fort Snelling,
built in 1819 by the United States Army, spurred growth

Main article: History of Minneapolis

1

2

1

in the area. The United States government pressed the
Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the east to settle there. The
Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day
Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi’s west bank
in 1856. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867,
the year rail service began between Minneapolis and
Chicago. It later joined with the east-bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[12]

1.2

HISTORY

ther, by 1895 through the efforts of silent partner William
Hood Dunwoody, Washburn-Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom,[22]
and when exports reached their peak in 1900, about
one third of all flour milled in Minneapolis was shipped
overseas.[22]

1.3 Corruption, social movements, urban
renewal

Waterpower; lumber and flour milling Known initially as a kindly physician, Doc Ames headed

Minneapolis grew up around Saint Anthony Falls, the
highest waterfall on the Mississippi River. In early years,
forests in northern Minnesota were the source of a lumber
industry that operated seventeen sawmills on power from
the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twentythree businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron
works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton,
paper, sashes, and planing wood.[13] Due to occupational hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial
limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the
1890s.[14] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that
was shipped by rail to the city’s thirty-four flour mills.
Millers have used hydropower elsewhere since the 1st
century B.C.,[15] but the results in Minneapolis between
1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as “the greatest direct-drive waterpower center
the world has ever seen.”[16]
A father of modern milling in America and founder of
what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Washburn
converted his business from gristmills to truly revolutionary technology including “gradual reduction” processing by steel and porcelain roller mills which were capable of producing premium-quality pure white flour very
quickly.[17][18] Some ideas were developed by William
Dixon Gray[19] and some through industrial espionage
from the Hungarians by William de la Barre.[18] Charles
A. Pillsbury and C.A. Pillsbury Company across the river
were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to
immediately implement the new methods.[18] The hard
red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable ($.50 profit per barrel in 1871 increased to $4.50 in
1874[17] ) and Minnesota “patent” flour was recognized at
the time as the best in the world.[18] Not until later did
consumers discover the value in the bran (which contains
wheat’s vitamins, minerals and fiber) that “Minneapolis... millers routinely dumped” into the Mississippi.[20]
Millers cultivated relationships with academic scientists
especially at the University of Minnesota. Those scientists backed them politically on many issues, for example during the early 20th century, when health advocates in the nascent field of nutrition criticized the flour
“bleaching” process.[18] At peak production, a single mill
at Washburn-Crosby made enough flour for 12 million
loaves of bread each day,[21] and by 1900, 14.1 percent
of America’s grain was milled in Minneapolis.[17][18] Fur-

the city into corruption during four terms as mayor just
before 1900.[23] The gangster Kid Cann was famous for
bribery and intimidation during the 1930s and 1940s.[24]
The city made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination
as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity
Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers.[25]
When the country’s fortunes turned during the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted
in laws acknowledging workers’ rights.[26] A lifelong
civil rights activist and union supporter, mayor Hubert
Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment
practices and a human relations council that interceded
on behalf of minorities by 1946.[27] In the 1950s, about
1.6% of the population of Minneapolis was nonwhite.[28]
Minneapolis contended with white supremacy, participated in desegregation and the African-American civil
rights movement, and in 1968 was the birthplace of the
American Indian Movement.[29]
Minneapolis was a “particularly virulent” site of antisemitism until 1950. A hate group recruited members
in the city and held meetings there around 1936 to 1938.
The Jewish Free Employment Bureau tried to help victims of economic discrimination with limited success.
Formed in 1948, the nonsectarian Mount Sinai Hospital
was a place where Jewish physicians and health professionals could practice.[30][31]
During the 1950s and 1960s, as part of urban renewal,
the city razed about 200 buildings across 25 city blocks
(roughly 40% of downtown), destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture including the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the
building failed but are credited with sparking interest in
(but not always succeeding in) historic preservation in the
state.[32]

2.1

Cityscape

3

Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. 2.1
At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch
Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill
City Museum is in the Washburn “A” Mill, across the
river just to the left of the falls. At center left are
Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building
is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are
Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.

2

Cityscape

Geography and climate

Main articles: Climate of Minnesota, Climate of the
Twin Cities and Geography of Minneapolis
The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are tied

The Minneapolis skyline seen from Lake Harriet

2.2 Climate

View of downtown Minneapolis across Lake Calhoun (Bde Maka
Ska)[33]

to water, the city’s defining physical characteristic, which
was brought to the region during the last ice age ten thousand years ago. Ice blocks deposited in valleys by retreating glaciers created the lakes of Minneapolis.[34] Fed by a
receding glacier and Lake Agassiz, torrents of water from
a glacial river cut the Mississippi riverbed and created the
river’s only waterfall, Saint Anthony Falls, important to Lake Harriet frozen and snow-covered in winter
the early settlers of Minneapolis.[35]
Lying on an artesian aquifer[6] and flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 square miles (151.3 km2 ) and
of this 6% is water.[36] Water supply is managed by four
watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and
the city’s three creeks.[37] Twelve lakes, three large ponds,
and five unnamed wetlands are within Minneapolis.[37]
The city center is located at 45° N latitude.[38] The
city’s lowest elevation of 686 feet (209 m) is near where
Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River. The site
of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the
city’s highest point[39] and a placard in Deming Heights
Park denotes the highest elevation. A spot at 974 feet
(297 m) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis,
however, is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest
ground.

Minneapolis has a humid continental climate typical of
the Upper Midwest. Winters are cold and snowy, while
summers are warm with moderate to high humidity. According to NOAA, Minneapolis’s annual average for sunshine is 58%.[40] On the Köppen climate classification,
Minneapolis falls in the humid continental climate zone
(Dfa) and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone
5a/4b.[41] As is typical in a continental climate, the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter
month and the warmest summer month is great: 60.1 °F
(33.4 °C).
The city experiences a full range of precipitation and
related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain,
thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature was 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936 while the lowest was

4

3 DEMOGRAPHICS

−41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888. The snowiest winter of Americans, making up only 1.3% of the population. Norrecord was 1983–84, when 98.4 inches (250 cm) of snow wegian, Swedish, and Danish Americans together make
fell.[42]
up 20.7% of the population. This means that ethnic Germans and Scandinavians together make up 43.8% of Minneapolis’s population, and make up the majority of Minneapolis’s non-Hispanic white population. Other signif3 Demographics
icant European groups in the city include those of Irish
(11.3%), English (7.0%), Polish (3.9%), French (3.5%)
Main article: Demographics of Minneapolis
and Italian (2.3%) descent.
As of the 2010 U.S. census, the racial composition was
as follows:[53][54]
• White: 63.8%
• Black or African American: 18.6%
• American Indian: 2.0%
• Asian: 5.6% (1.9% Hmong, 0.9% Chinese, 0.7%
Indian, 0.6% Korean, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.3% Thai,
0.3% Laotian, 0.2% Filipino, 0.1% Japanese, 0.2%
Other Asian)
• Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0.1%
• Other: 5.6%
• Multiracial: 4.4%

American Swedish Institute. Immigrants from Scandinavia arrived beginning in the 1860s.

• Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 10.5%[55] (7.0%
Mexican, 1.3% Ecuadorian, 0.4% Puerto Rican,
0.3% Guatemalan, 0.2% Salvadoran, 1.3% Other
Latino)

The city’s majority racial group, White people, declined as a
percentage of the population from 92.8% in 1970 to 60.3% in
2010.[50][51]

There are 10,711 individuals who identify as multiracial
in Minneapolis. People of black and white ancestry number at 3,551, and make up 1.0% of the population. People
of white and Native American ancestry number at 2,319,
and make up 0.6% of the population. Those of white and
Die grossen blauen Pferde (The Large Blue Horses) by Franz
Asian ancestry number at 1,871, and make up 0.5% of the
Marc (1911) at the Walker Art Center. Over one-fifth of the
population. Lastly, people of black and Native American
population of Minneapolis is of German descent.
ancestry number at 885, and make up 0.2% of MinneapoWhite Americans make up about three-fifths of Min- lis’s population.
neapolis’s population. This community is predominantly Dakota tribes, mostly the Mdewakanton, as early as the
of German and Scandinavian descent. There are 82,870 16th century were known as permanent settlers near their
German Americans in the city, making up over one-fifth sacred site of St. Anthony Falls.[12] New settlers ar(23.1%) of the population. The Scandinavian-American rived during the 1850s and 1860s in Minneapolis from
population is primarily Norwegian and Swedish. There New England, New York, and Canada, and during the
are 39,103 Norwegian Americans, making up 10.9% of mid-1860s, immigrants from Finland and Scandinavians
the population; there are 30,349 Swedish Americans, (from Sweden, Norway and Denmark) began to call the
making up 8.5% of the city’s population. Danish Amer- city home. Migrant workers from Mexico and Latin
icans are not nearly as numerous; there are 4,434 Danish America also interspersed.[56] Later, immigrants came

3.1

Religion

5

from Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, and Southern and
Eastern Europe. These immigrants tended to settle in
the Northeast neighborhood, which still retains an ethnic flavor and is particularly known for its Polish community. Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe began arriving in the 1880s and settled primarily on the north side
of the city before moving in large numbers to the western
suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.[57] Asians came from
China, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Two groups
came for a short while during U.S. government relocations: Japanese during the 1940s, and Native Americans during the 1950s. From 1970 onward, Asians arrived from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Beginning in the 1990s, a large Latino population arrived,
along with immigrants from the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia.[58] The metropolitan area is an immigrant
gateway which had a 127% increase in foreign-born residents between 1990 and 2000.[59]
U.S. Census Bureau estimates in the year 2014 show the
population of Minneapolis to be 407,207, a 6.5% increase
since the 2010 census. The population grew until 1950
when the census peaked at 521,718, and then declined as
people moved to the suburbs until about 1990.
Among U.S. cities as of 2006, Minneapolis has the
fourth-highest percentage of gay, lesbian, or bisexual
people in the adult population, with 12.5% (behind
San Francisco, and slightly behind both Seattle and
Atlanta).[60][61] In 2012, The Advocate named Minneapolis the seventh gayest city in America.[62] In 2013, the city
was among 25 U.S. cities to receive the highest possible
score from the Human Rights Campaign, signifying its
support for LGBT residents.[63]
Racial and ethnic minorities lag behind white counterparts in education, with 15.0% of blacks and 13.0% of
Hispanics holding bachelor’s degrees compared to 42.0%
of the white population. The standard of living is on the
rise, with incomes among the highest in the Midwest, but
median household income among minorities is below that
of whites by over $17,000. Regionally, home ownership
among minority residents is half that of whites though
Asian home ownership has doubled. In 2000, the poverty
rate for whites was 4.2%; for blacks it was 26.2%; for
Asians, 19.1%; Native Americans, 23.2%; and Hispanics, 18.1%.[59][64][65]

3.1

Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center,
70% of the population of the city identified themselves
as Christians, with 46% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and
21% professing Roman Catholic beliefs[67][68] while 23%
claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that
other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and
Hinduism) collectively make up about 5% of the population.

The Baroque-style Basilica of Saint Mary by Emmanuel Louis
Masqueray[66]

The Dakota people, the original inhabitants of the area
where Minneapolis now stands, believed in the Great
Spirit and were surprised that not all European settlers
were religious.[69] Over fifty denominations and religions
and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New
England were for the most part Christian Protestants,
Quakers, and Universalists.[69] The oldest continuously
used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic
Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood,
was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward
was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[70] The
first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis was formed in
1878 as Shaarai Tov (though it has been known since
1920 as Temple Israel); in 1928, it built the synagogue
in East Isles.[57] St. Mary’s Orthodox Cathedral was
founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897
and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[71] Edwin Hawley Hewitt designed both
St. Mark’s Episcopal Cathedral and Hennepin Avenue
United Methodist Church on Hennepin Avenue just south
of downtown.[72] The first basilica in the United States,
and Co-Cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Basilica of Saint Mary
near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI in 1926.[69]
The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision
magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television
distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis between
the late 1940s into the 2000s.[73] Jim Bakker and Tammy
Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Cen-

6

4 ECONOMY

4 Economy
See also: Economy of Minnesota
The Minneapolis–St. Paul area is the second largest

Christ Church Lutheran by Eliel and Eero Saarinen is considered
an architectural masterpiece.[66]

White U.S. Bancorp towers reflected in the Capella Tower

tral University and began a television ministry that by
the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[74] Today,
Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis
with about 6,000 attendees is the nation’s second-largest
Lutheran congregation.[75] Christ Church Lutheran in the
Longfellow neighborhood is among the finest work by architect Eliel Saarinen. The congregation later added an
education building designed by his son Eero Saarinen.[76]
Religions outside the Judeo-Christian mainstream also
have a home in the city. During the mid-to-late 1950s,
members of the Nation of Islam created a temple in
north Minneapolis,[77] and the first mosque was built in
1967.[78] In 1972 a relief agency resettled the first Shi'a
Muslim family from Uganda. By 2004, between 20,000
and 30,000 Somali Muslims made the city their home.[79]
In 1972, Dainin Katagiri was invited from California to
Minneapolis—by one account, a place he thought nobody
else would want to go—where he founded a lineage which
today includes three Sōtō Zen centers among the city’s
nearly 20 Buddhist and meditation centers.[80][81] Atheists For Human Rights has its headquarters in the Shingle
Creek neighborhood in a geodesic dome.[82] Minneapolis
has had a chartered local body of Ordo Templi Orientis
since 1994.[83]

economic center in the Midwest, behind Chicago. The
economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce,
finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling,
food processing, graphic arts, insurance, education, and
high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive
products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics,
computers, precision medical instruments and devices,
plastics, and machinery.[84] The city at one time produced
farm implements.[85]
Five Fortune 500 corporations make their headquarters
within the city limits of Minneapolis: Target, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, Ameriprise Financial and Thrivent Financial.[86] As of 2015 the city’s largest employers downtown are Target, Wells Fargo, HCMC, Hennepin County,
Ameriprise, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, City of Minneapolis, RBC Wealth Management, the Star Tribune,
Capella Education Company, Thrivent, CenturyLink,
ABM Industries, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.[87]
Foreign companies with U.S. offices in Minneapolis include Accenture, Canadian Pacific, Coloplast,[89]
RBC[90] and Voya Financial (a US company formerly part
of ING Group).[91]
Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical
trials, university research and development expenditures,

5.1

Visual arts

7

5.1 Visual arts
Main article: Arts in Minneapolis
The Walker Art Center, one of the five largest modern

Target Corporation's 361,000 employees operate 1,801 stores in
all U.S. states except Vermont.[88]

advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy
conservation are so far above the national average that
in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the “Top
Tech City” in the U.S.[92] The Twin Cities was ranked as
the country’s second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger’s poll
of Smart Places to Live and Minneapolis was one of the
Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[93]
The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. Measured by gross metropolitan product per resident ($62,054), Minneapolis is the fifteenth
richest city in the U.S.[94] The area’s $199.6 billion gross
metropolitan product and its per capita personal income
rank thirteenth in the U.S.[95] Recovering from the nation’s recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in
2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%.
The city returned to peak employment during the fourth
quarter of that year.[96]

The Minneapolis Institute of Art is open every day and offers free
admission. Rembrandt's Lucretia (1666) is part of its collection
of more than 100,000 objects.[101]

art museums in the U.S., sits atop Lowry Hill, near the
downtown area. The size of the Center was doubled with
an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron, and expanded with the conversion of a 15 acres (6.1 ha) park
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, serves Min- designed by Michel Desvigne, located across the street
nesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[102]
Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the 12 reThe Minneapolis Institute of Art, designed by McKim,
gional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates
Mead & White in 1915 in south central Minneapolis, is
a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks
the largest art museum in the city, with 100,000 pieces in
and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for
its permanent collection. New wings, designed by Kenzo
the U.S. Treasury.[97] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange
Tange and Michael Graves, opened in 1974 and 2006,
founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is
respectively, for contemporary and modern works, as well
the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and
as more gallery space.[103]
[98]
options.
The Weisman Art Museum, designed by Frank Gehry for
the University of Minnesota, opened in 1993. An addition which doubled the size of the galleries, also designed
by Gehry, opened in 2011.[104] The Museum of Russian
5 Culture
Art opened in a restored church in 2005[105] and exhibits
a collection of 20th-century Russian art as well as lecture
Minneapolis’ cultural organizations draw creative people series, seminars, social functions and other special events.
and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing
and music. The community’s diverse population also continues to manage a long tradition of charitable support
through progressive public social programs, VOLAGs
and volunteering, as well as through private and corporate philanthropy.[99][100]

USA Today voted the Northeast Minneapolis Arts District as the nation’s best art district in 2015, citing 400 independent artists, a center at the Northrup
King Building, and recurring annual events like Art-AWhirl every spring, and the Fine Arts Show Art Attack and Casket Arts Quad’s Cache open studio events

8

5 CULTURE

in November.[106][107]

5.2

Theater and performing arts

The city is second only to New York City in terms of live
theater per capita[108] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S., after New York City and Chicago. Theater companies and troupes such as the Illusion, Jungle,
Mixed Blood, Penumbra, Mu Performing Arts, Bedlam
Theatre, HUGE Improv Theater, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Red Eye Theater,
Skewed Visions, Theater Latté Da, In the Heart of the
Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre, Lundstrum Center for
the Performing Arts and the Children’s Theatre Company Recording artist Prince studied at the Minnesota Dance Theatre
are based in Minneapolis.[109]
through the Minneapolis Public Schools.[115]
The Guthrie Theater, the area’s largest theater company,
occupies a three-stage complex overlooking the Mississippi, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel.[103] The
company was founded in 1963 as a prototype alternative to Broadway, and it produces a wide variety of
shows throughout the year.[110] Minneapolis purchased
and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatres
vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue, which is
now used for concerts and plays.[111] A fourth renovated
theater, the former Shubert, joined with the Hennepin
Center for the Arts to become the Cowles Center for
Dance and the Performing Arts, home to more than one
dozen performing arts groups.[112][113] The city is home
to Minnesota Fringe Festival, the largest nonjuried performing arts festival in the U.S.[114]

pivotal in the U.S. alternative rock boom during the
1990s. The Replacements’ frontman, Paul Westerberg,
developed a successful solo career.[119]
The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä[120] —a critic writing for The New Yorker in 2010 described it as “the greatest orchestra in the world.”[121] In
2013, the orchestra received a Grammy nomination for its
recording of “Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 5” and it
won a Grammy Award in 2014 for “Sibelius: Symphonies
Nos 1 & 4”.[122][123] Vänskä departed in 2013 when a labor dispute remained unresolved and forced the cancellation of concerts scheduled for Carnegie Hall.[124] After
a 15-month lockout, a contract settlement resulted in the
return of the performers, including Vänskä, to Orchestra
Hall in January 2014.[125]
Tom Waits released two songs about the city, "Christmas
Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis" (Blue Valentine
(1978)) and “9th & Hennepin” (Rain Dogs (1985)), while
Lucinda Williams recorded “Minneapolis” (World Without Tears (2003)). In 2008, the century-old MacPhail
Center for Music opened a new facility designed by James
Dayton.[126]

Doomtree playing First Avenue in 2010

5.3

Music

The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince is Minneapolis’ most notable musical artist.[116] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone
Records,[117] he helped make First Avenue and the
7th Street Entry prominent venues for both artists and
audiences.[118] Other prominent artists from Minneapolis include Hüsker Dü and The Replacements—who were

Home to the MN Spoken Word Association and independent hip hop label Rhymesayers Entertainment, the
city has garnered attention for rap, hip hop and its spoken
word community.[127] Underground Minnesota hip hop
acts like Atmosphere and Manny Phesto frequently comment about the city and Minnesota in song lyrics.[128][129]
Two locally and internationally recognized Minneapolis
electronic dance music artists are Woody McBride and
Freddy Fresh (who walks a line with hip hop).[130][131]

5.4 Literature
Minneapolis is the third-most literate city in the U.S.[132]
A center for printing and publishing,[133] Minneapolis was
the city in which Open Book, the largest literary and book

9
arts center in the U.S., was founded. The Center consists of the Loft Literary Center, the Minnesota Center
for Book Arts and Milkweed Editions (the latter is sometimes called the country’s largest independent nonprofit
literary publisher).[134] The Center exhibits and teaches
both contemporary art and traditional crafts of writing,
papermaking, letterpress printing and bookbinding.[134]

5.5

Charity

Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the
community.[135] More than 40% of adults in the
Minneapolis–Saint Paul area give time to volunteer work,
the highest such percentage of any large metropolitan
area in the United States.[136] Catholic Charities is one
of the largest providers of social services locally.[137]
The American Refugee Committee helps one million
refugees and displaced persons in ten countries in Africa,
the Balkans and Asia each year.[138] In 2011, Target
Corporation was #42 in a list of the best 100 corporate citizens in CR magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[139] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the
Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over
nine hundred charitable funds and connects donors to
nonprofit organizations.[140] The metropolitan area gives
13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[141]

5.6

Cuisine

See also: Cuisine of Minnesota
Minneapolis is home to award-winning restaurants and

Julia Moskin wrote about New Nordic cuisine, chef Paul
Berglund and the Bachelor Farmer, and the restaurants La
Loma, Tilia, the Red Stag Supper Club, Fika and Haute
Dish in The New York Times in 2012. She said Minneapolis chefs served trendy Nordic ingredients like root
vegetables, fish roe, wild greens, venison, dried mushrooms, seaweed and cow’s milk.[147] Two months later,
Bon Appétit featured the Bachelor Farmer, Piccolo, Saffron, Salty Tart, and Smack Shack/1029 Bar, writing
about New Nordic cuisine and the Scandinavian heritage of Minneapolis.[148] In 2012 Food & Wine magazine named Minneapolis the nation’s best and best-priced
new food city.[149] In 2015, profiling chef Gavin Kaysen
and Spoon and Stable, Saveur named Minneapolis “the
next great American food city.”[150] Then, Food & Wine
voted Spoon and Stable one of five 2015 Restaurants of
the Year.[151]
In 2015, Bon Appétit named Spoon and Stable, along with
Hola Arepa and Heyday, three of the 50 best places in the
U.S. for a meal.[152] In 2015, Spoon and Stable was nominated for a James Beard Award for Best New Restaurant,
and Shea, Inc., who designed the Spoon and Stable renovation, was nominated for Outstanding Restaurant Design. Jason DeRusha of WCCO-TV was nominated for
his television segment, DeRusha Eats.[153]
USA Today's reader’s choice 10 Best decided that
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the Best Local Food Scene
in 2015.[154] Three fine dining restaurants closed during 2015 and 2016: La Belle Vie, Vincent and Brasserie
Zentral.[155]

6 Sports
Main articles: Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and
Sports in Minnesota
Minneapolis is home to four professional sports teams.
In recent years, the Minnesota Lynx have been the most
successful sports team in Minneapolis and a dominant
force in the WNBA, reaching the WNBA Finals in 2011,
2012, 2013, and 2015 and winning in 2011, 2013, and
2015.[157][158][159] The Minnesota Timberwolves brought
NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed
by the Lynx in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the
Target Center.

The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins have
played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were an NFL
expansion team, and the Twins were formed when the
Team USA, including Gavin Kaysen (of Spoon and Stable, Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. The Twins
kitchen pictured), Thomas Keller and Daniel Boulud, won a sil- have won 8 division titles (1987, 1991, 2002–04, 2006,
ver medal in the 2015 Bocuse d'Or.[142]
2009, and 2010), 3 American League Pennants (1965,
chefs. Three Minneapolis-based chefs have won James 1987 and 1991) and the World Series in 1987 and 1991.
Beard Foundation Awards: Tim McKee, La Belle Vie; The Twins have played at Target Field since 2010.
Alexander Roberts, Restaurant Alma; and Isaac Becker, The Minnesota Wild of the NHL play in St. Paul at
112 Eatery.[143][144][145] In 2014, seven chefs and restau- the Xcel Energy Center.[161] The soccer team Minnesota
rants in the area were named as semifinalists.[146]
United FC of the NASL play in Blaine at the National

10

7 PARKS AND RECREATION

Tribal Nations Plaza at TCF Bank Stadium, a gift of the
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community who donated $14.5
million to the University of Minnesota, the largest gift in Gopher
athletics history

ing the 1940s and 1950s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city’s first in the major leagues in any
sport, won six basketball championships in three leagues
to become the NBA's first dynasty before moving to Los
Angeles.[164] The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club,
operated in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[165]
The downtown Metrodome was the largest sports stadium
in Minnesota from 1982 to 2013. Demolition started in
January 2014 to make way for a new 65,000 seat clear
roofed stadium for the Vikings which will open in the fall
of 2016.[166]
When U.S. Bank Stadium is completed in 2016, six
spectator sport stadiums will be within a 1.2-mile (2 km)
radius centered downtown, counting the existing facilities
at Target Center and the university’s Williams Arena and
Maya Moore, the NBA’s 2014 MVP,[156] of the Minnesota Lynx. Mariucci Arena.[167] Other large stadiums include Target
Field,[168] the Gopher football program’s TCF Bank Stadium,[168] and the Vikings’ U.S. Bank Stadium.[169]

ESPN called Target Field, the Minnesota Twins' new home, “the
#1 stadium experience in major league baseball”.[160]

Sports Center.[162]

Major sporting events hosted by the city include the 1985
and 2014 Major League Baseball All-Star Games, the
1987 and 1991 World Series, Super Bowl XXVI in 1992,
the 1992 NCAA Men’s Division I Final Four, the 2001
NCAA Men’s Division 1 Final Four and the 1998 World
Figure Skating Championships.[170][171][172] Minneapolis
has made it to the international round finals to host the
Summer Olympic Games three times, being beaten by
London in 1948, Helsinki in 1952 (when the city finished
in second place), and Melbourne in 1956. In May 2014,
the NFL announced that Minneapolis will host Super
Bowl LII in 2018.[173]
Since the 1930s, the Golden Gophers have won national
championships in baseball, boxing, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track, swimming,
and wrestling.[174] The Gophers women’s ice hockey team
is a seven-time NCAA champion.[175]

Other professional teams have played in Minneapolis in
the past. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers
baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their
league at the time and contributed fifteen players to the 7 Parks and recreation
Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1920s, Minneapolis was home to the NFL team the Minneapolis Marines, The Minneapolis park system has been called the
later known as the Minneapolis Red Jackets.[163] Dur- best-designed, best-financed, and best-maintained in

11
Minnehaha Park is one of the city’s oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[177]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha’s wife
Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in The Song of
Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century
poem.[187]

Minnehaha Falls is part of a 193-acre (78 ha) city park rather
than an urban area, because its waterpower was overshadowed
by that of St. Anthony Falls a few miles farther north.[176][177]

Runner’s World ranks the Twin Cities as America’s
sixth best city for runners.[188] Team Ortho sponsors the
Minneapolis Marathon, Half Marathon and 5K which began in 2009 with more than 1,500 starters.[189][190] The
Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and Saint Paul
every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2-mile
(42.2 km) race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids
Marathon, a 1-mile (1.6 km), and a 10-mile (16 km).[191]

America.[178] Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create
his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and
parkways.[179] The city’s Chain of Lakes, consisting of
seven lakes and Minnehaha Creek, is connected by bike,
running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars,
a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians runs
parallel along the 52 miles (84 km) route of the Grand
Rounds National Scenic Byway.[180]

The American College of Sports Medicine ranked Minneapolis (with Saint Paul) the “fittest city” in the U.S.
in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[192] In other sports, five golf
courses are located within the city, with the nationally
ranked Hazeltine National Golf Club and Interlachen
Country Club in nearby suburbs.[193] Minneapolis is
home to more golfers per capita than any other major U.S.
city.[194] The state of Minnesota has the nation’s highest
number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per
capita. Hennepin County has the second-highest number of horses per capita in the U.S.[108] While living in
Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later
parks system.[181] Today, 16.6% of the city is parks and sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport
there are 770 square feet (72 m2 ) of parkland for each of inline skating.[195]
resident, ranked in 2008 as the most parkland per resident
within cities of similar population densities.[182][183] In its
2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land re- 8 Government
ported that Minneapolis had the best park system among
the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[184][185]
Main articles: Minneapolis City Council, Neighborhoods
of Minneapolis and Law and government of Minneapolis
Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota

The 2006 Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon

Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi
National River and Recreation Area connects regional
parks and visitor centers. The country’s oldest public
wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden
and Bird Sanctuary, is located within Theodore Wirth
Park. Wirth Park is shared with Golden Valley and
is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York
City.[186] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls,

Spring art party, North Commons Park, Willard-Hay, one of the
eighty one neighborhoods of Minneapolis

Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of
the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council
holds the most power and represents the city’s thirteen
districts called wards. The city adopted instant-runoff
voting in 2006, first using it in the 2009 elections.[196]

12
The council has 12 DFL members and one from the
Green Party.[197] Election issues in 2013 included
funding for a new Vikings stadium over which some
incumbents lost their positions.[196] That year, Minneapolis elected Abdi Warsame, Alondra Cano, and
Blong Yang, the city’s first Somali-American, MexicanAmerican, and Hmong-American city councilpeople,
respectively.[196][198][199]
Betsy Hodges of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis.[198] The office of mayor is relatively weak but
has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief
of police. Parks, taxation, and public housing are semiindependent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[200]

9 EDUCATION
economic downturn in the mid-1900s. Since 1950 the
population decreased and much of downtown was lost
to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a “moribund and peaceful” environment until
the 1990s.[206] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The Minneapolis Police Department
imported a computer system from New York City that
sent officers to high crime areas. Despite accusations of
racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime.
Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during
four years.[207] Politicians debated the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers,
providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and
helping families in poverty.[208]

From 2006 to 2012, under chief Tim Dolan, the crime
rate steadily dropped, and the police benefited from
new video and gunfire locator resources, although Dolan
was criticized for expensive city settlements for police misconduct.[210] While violent crime dropped (from
6,374 in 2006 to 3,720 in 2011[210] ), homicides rose by
105%[211] and rape was at the highest rate among large
cities.[212] U.S. News & World Report said in 2011 that
The Republican Party of Minnesota in January 2014 Minneapolis tied with Cleveland, Ohio as the 10th most
moved its state headquarters from Saint Paul to the dangerous city in the United States.[213]
Seward neighborhood of Minneapolis.[202]
Janeé Harteau was confirmed as the new police chief
Citizens had a unique and powerful influence in in 2012. A member of the force since 1987, Harteau,
neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinated who was nominated by mayor R.T. Rybak and is the
activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Pro- city’s first female and first openly gay police chief, algram (NRP), which ended in 2009.[203] Minneapolis is di- ready served as deputy chief, inspector, and patrol bureau
vided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. commander.[214][215]
In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together unMarch 2015 makder one organization. Some areas are commonly known The City Council passed a resolution in[216]
ing
fossil
fuel
divestment
city
policy.
With encourby nicknames of business associations.[204]
agement from Mayor Hodges, Minneapolis joined sevThe organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth enteen cities worldwide in the Carbon Neutral Cities Albest overall and second among mid-sized cities in their liance. The city’s climate plan is to reduce greenhouse gas
2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on in- emissions 15 percent in 2015 “compared to 2006 levels,
dicators of environmental health and their effect on 30 percent by 2025 and 80 percent by 2050”.[217]
people.[205]
At the federal level, Minneapolis proper sits within
Minnesota’s 5th Congressional District, which has been
represented since 2006 by Democrat Keith Ellison, the
first practicing Muslim in the United States Congress.
Both of Minnesota’s two U.S. Senators, Amy Klobuchar
and Al Franken, were also elected while living in Minneapolis and are also Democrats.[201]

9 Education
Main articles: Minneapolis Public Library, Minneapolis
Public Schools, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System and University of Minnesota
Minneapolis Public Schools enroll 36,370 students
in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about 100 public schools including 45
elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high
schools, eight special education schools, eight alternative
schools, 19 contract alternative schools, and five charter
schools. With authority granted by the state legislature,
the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent,
Minneapolis City Hall
and oversees the district’s budget, curriculum, personnel,
and facilities. Students speak 90 different languages at
Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption home and most school communications are printed in Enin local government and crime was common until an glish, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[218] About 44% of

13

As of 2010, the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis East Bank
campus above) has the fourth-largest student body of U.S. public
4-year universities.[224]

Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional
Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in
Minneapolis and some others including the public fouryear Metropolitan State University and the private fouryear University of St. Thomas have campuses there.[225]

Statue of Minerva in the central Hennepin County Library downtown

students in the Minneapolis Public School system graduate, which ranks the 6th worst out of the nation’s 50
largest cities.[219] Some students attend public schools
in other school districts chosen by their families under
Minnesota’s open enrollment statute.[220] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than 20 private
schools and academies and about 20 additional charter
schools.[221]
Minneapolis’ collegiate scene is dominated by the main
campus of the University of Minnesota where more than
50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend 20 colleges, schools, and institutes.[222] The
graduate school programs ranked highest in 2007 were
counseling and personnel services, chemical engineering,
psychology, macroeconomics, applied mathematics and
non-profit management.[223] A Big Ten school and home
of the Golden Gophers, the University of Minnesota is
the fourth largest campus among U.S. public 4-year universities in terms of enrollment.[224]
Augsburg College, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and North Central University are private fouryear colleges. Minneapolis Community and Technical
College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology,
Globe University/Minnesota School of Business, and Art
Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. St. Mary’s University of Minnesota has a Twin
Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs.

The Hennepin County Library system began to operate
the city’s public libraries in 2008.[226] The Minneapolis
Public Library, founded by T. B. Walker in 1885,[227]
faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and was forced to
temporarily close three of its neighborhood libraries.[228]
The new downtown Central Library designed by César
Pelli opened in 2006.[229] Ten special collections hold
over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis
Photo Collection.[230] At recent count 1,696,453 items
in the system are used annually and the library answers
over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each
year.[231]

10 Media
Five major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: Star Tribune, Finance and Commerce, Minnesota
Spokesman-Recorder, the university’s The Minnesota
Daily and MinnPost.com. Other publications are the City
Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul and Minnesota Monthly
monthlies, and Utne magazine.[232] In 2008 readers of
online news also used The UpTake, Minnesota Independent, Twin Cities Daily Planet, Downtown Journal, Cursor, MNSpeak and about fifteen other sites.[233]
Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio. In the commercial market
three radio broadcasting companies iHeartMedia (formerly Clear Channel), CBS Radio, and Cumulus Media operate the majority of the radio stations in the market. Listeners support three Minnesota Public Radio nonprofit stations and two community non-profit stations, the
Minneapolis Public Schools and the University of Minnesota each operate a station, and religious organizations
run four stations.[234]

14

11

INFRASTRUCTURE

(2011).[247] In television, two episodes of Route 66 were
shot in Minneapolis in 1963 (and broadcast in 1963 and
1964).[248][249] The 1970s CBS situation comedy fictionally based in Minneapolis, The Mary Tyler Moore Show,
won three Golden Globes and 31 Emmy Awards.[250]

11 Infrastructure
11.1 Transportation
Main articles: Transportation in Minnesota, METRO
(Minnesota) and I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge
Half of Minneapolis–Saint Paul residents work in the city

WCCO-TV on the Nicollet Mall

METRO Green Line LRT at Downtown East station

KFAI radio with studios in Cedar-Riverside is a community station.

The city’s first television was broadcast in 1948 by
the Saint Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV, an
NBC affiliate at the time. The first to broadcast in
color was WCCO-TV, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[235] WCCO-TV, FOX
affiliate KMSP-TV and MyNetworkTV affiliate WFTC
operate as owned-and-operated stations of their affiliated networks. The city and suburbs are also home to
independently-owned affiliates of NBC (KARE), PBS
(KTCA-TV/KTCI-TV), The CW (WUCW) and one independent station (KSTC-TV).[236]

where they live.[251] Most residents drive cars but 60%
of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by
means other than a single person per auto.[252] Alternative
transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system
and most of the city’s buses, provides free travel vouchers
through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears
that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded
if, for example, they work late hours.[253]
On January 1, 2011, the city’s limit of 343 taxis was
lifted.[254]

Minneapolis currently has two light rail lines and one
commuter rail line. The METRO Blue Line LRT (formerly the Hiawatha Line[255] ) serves 34,000 riders daily
and connects the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International
Airport and Mall of America in Bloomington to downtown. Most of the line runs at surface level, although parts
of the line run on elevated tracks (including the Franklin
Avenue and Lake Street/Midtown stations) and approxA number of movies have been shot in Minneapo- imately 2 miles (3.2 km) of the line runs underground,
lis, including The Heartbreak Kid (1972),[237] Ice Cas- including the Lindbergh terminal subway station at the
tles (1978),[238] Take This Job and Shove It (1981),[239] airport.
Purple Rain (1984),[240] That Was Then, This Is Now Minneapolis’ second[256] light rail line, the METRO
(1985),[241] The Mighty Ducks (1992),[242] Untamed Green Line shares stations with the Blue Line in downHeart (1993),[243] Beautiful Girls (1996),[244] Jingle All town Minneapolis, and then at the Downtown East stathe Way (1996),[245] Fargo (1996),[246] and Young Adult tion, travels east through the University of Minnesota,

11.2

Health and utilities

and then along University Avenue into downtown Saint
Paul. Construction began in November 2010 and the
line began service on June 14, 2014. The third line,
the Southwest Line (Green Line extension), will connect downtown Minneapolis with the southwestern suburb of Eden Prairie. Completion is expected sometime
in the late 2010s.[257] A northwest LRT is planned along
Bottineau Boulevard (Blue Line extension) from downtown to Brooklyn Park and Maple Grove.
The 40-mile Northstar Commuter rail, which runs from
Big Lake through the northern suburbs and terminates at
the multi-modal transit station at Target Field, opened on
November 16, 2009.[258] It uses existing railroad tracks
and serves 2,600 daily commuters.[259]

15
Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges
called skyways, the Minneapolis Skyway System, link
eighty city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants
and retailers connected to these passageways are open on
weekdays.[269]
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits
on 3,400 acres (1,400 ha)[270] on the southeast border of
the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate
494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State
Highway 62. The airport serves three international, 12
domestic, seven charter and four regional carriers[271] and
is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines.[272]

11.2 Health and utilities

Bike rack on the Blue Line

Minneapolis ranks 27th in the nation for the highest percentage of commuters by bicycle,[260] and was editorialized as the top bicycling city in “Bicycling’s Top 50”
ranking in 2010.[261] Ten thousand cyclists use the bike
lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter.
The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail
system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of
off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake
Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles (54 km) of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling
by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[262] Many of these trails and
bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge, were former railroad lines that have now been converted for bicycles and
pedestrians.[263] In 2007 citing the city’s bicycle lanes,
buses and LRT, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world’s
fifth cleanest city.[264] In 2010, Nice Ride Minnesota
launched with 65 kiosks for bicycle sharing,[265] and 19
pedicabs were operating downtown.[266] Nice Ride plans
to expand in 2013 to 170 stations in Minneapolis and
Saint Paul, and expects to add 17 more in 2014.[267]

Minneapolis DID Ambassador

Minneapolis has seven hospitals, four ranked among
America’s best by U.S. News & World Report—Abbott
Northwestern Hospital (part of Allina), Children’s Hospitals and Clinics, Hennepin County Medical Center
(HCMC) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center.[273] Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Allina’s Phillips Eye Institute also
serve the city.[274] The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[275]

Cardiac surgery was developed at the university’s Variety Club Hospital, where by 1957, more than 200
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Minneapolis the patients had survived open-heart operations, many of
ninth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United them children. Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable
States.[268]

16

14

SEE ALSO

Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off
sites.[279] After each significant snowfall, called a snow
emergency, the Minneapolis Public Works Street Division plows over 1,000 miles (1,609 km) of streets and
400 miles (643.7 km) of alleys—counting both sides, the
distance between Minneapolis and Seattle and back. Ordinances govern parking on the plowing routes during
these emergencies as well as snow shoveling throughout
the city.[282]

12 Notable people
Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC)

Main article: List of people from Minneapolis

13 Sister cities
Minneapolis has 11 sister cities, as per Sister Cities
International:[283][284][285]

A snow emergency

cardiac pacemakers about this time.[276]
HCMC opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also
known as General Hospital.[31] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, the HCMC safety net sees
more than 350,000 clinic visits and 97,000 emergency
room visits each year and in 2012 provided about 18% of
the uncompensated care given in Minnesota.[277]



Bosaso (Somalia) since 2014



Najaf (Iraq) since 2009



Cuernavaca (Mexico) since 2008



Uppsala (Sweden) since 2000



Eldoret (Kenya) since 2000



Harbin (PR China) since 1992



Tours (France) since 1991



Novosibirsk (Russia) since 1988


Ibaraki (Japan) since 1980
Funded in part by assessments on commercial properties,
in 2009 Ambassadors of the Minneapolis Downtown Im•
Kuopio (Finland) since 1972
provement District (DID) began working on 120 blocks
of downtown to improve its cleanliness, friendliness and

Santiago (Chile) since 1961
acceptability of behavior. They are employees of Block
by Block, a company in Nashville, Tennessee that serves On the city’s website, Winnipeg, Canada is listed as a sis46 U.S. cities.[278]
ter city since 1973, but the two are not listed as sister cities
Utility providers are regulated monopolies: Xcel En- in the organization’s 2014 membership directory.[283][286]
ergy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies The city also has an informal connection with:[283]
gas, CenturyLink provides landline telephone service,
and Comcast provides cable service.[279] In 2007 citywide

Hiroshima, Japan
wireless internet coverage began, provided for 10 years
by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20
per month and to businesses for $30.[280] The Minneapolis Wi-Fi network earns $1.2 million annual profit and as 14 See also
of 2010 has about 20,000 customers.[281] The city treats
and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly
• List of events and attractions in Minneapolis
solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off
• List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit.

17
• Minneapolis–Saint Paul
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
• Northeast, Minneapolis
• Minneapolis, Kansas
• Minneapolis, North Carolina

15

Notes

[1] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and
lowest temperature readings during an entire month or
year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981
to 2010.
[2] Official records for Minneapolis/St. Paul were kept by the
St. Paul Signal Service in that city from January 1871 to
December 1890, the Minneapolis Weather Bureau from
January 1891 to 8 April 1938, and at KMSP since 9 April
1938.[43]

16

References

[1] “Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas”.
United States Census Bureau, Population Division. May
21, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
[2] “Population Estimates”. United States Census Bureau.
Retrieved April 8, 2016.
[3] “US Board on Geographic Names”. United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31,
2008.
[4] “NACo County Explorer”. National Association of Counties. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
[5] Gullickson, Ryan. “U.S. Metro Economies” (PDF). IHS
Global Insight. IHS Global Insight. Retrieved February 1,
2015.
[6] “Minneapolis”. Emporis Buildings (emporis.com). Retrieved March 18, 2007.
[7] “Cities”. Fortune 500 (CNN Money). Retrieved February
7, 2012.
[8] “The World According to GaWC”. Loughborough University Department of Geography. 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
[9] Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames
of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press via
Google Books. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.
[10] Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. X Part 1.
Minnesota Historical Society. 1905. p. 262.

[11] Kappler, Charles J., Washington: Government Printing
Office, ed. (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties.
II (Treaties, 1778–1883). Oklahoma State University Library.. and “Treaty with the Sioux”. September 29,
1837. and “Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands”. July 23, 1851. and “Treaty With the
Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands”. August
5, 1851. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
[12] “A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the
Dakota Nation, Parts I and II”. Hennepin County Library.
2001. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. and
“A History of Minneapolis: Minneapolis Becomes Part of
the United States”. Archived from the original on 201204-21., and “A History of Minneapolis: Governance and
Infrastructure”. Archived from the original on 2012-0422. and “A History of Minneapolis: Railways”. Archived
from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved October 17,
2012.
[13] Frame, Robert M. III, Jeffrey Hess (January 1990). “West
Side Milling District, Historic American Engineering
Record MN-16”. U.S. National Park Service (via U.S.
Library of Congress). p. 2. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
[14] Hart, Joseph (June 11, 1997). “Lost City”. City Pages
(Village Voice Media). Retrieved October 28, 2013.
[15] “History of Technology”.
HistoryWorld (historyworld.net). Retrieved April 4, 2007.
[16] Anfinson, Scott F. (1989). “Part 2: Archaeological Explorations and Interpretive Potentials: Chapter 4 Interpretive
Potentials”. The Minnesota Archaeologist (The Institute
for Minnesota Archaeology) 49. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
[17] Watts, Alison (Summer 2000). “The technology that
launched a city: scientific and technological innovations
in flour milling during the 1870s in Minneapolis” (PDF).
Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society): 86–97.
[18] Danbom, David B. (2003). “Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls” (PDF). Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society) 58 (5–6): 270–285.
Retrieved October 29, 2013.
[19] “Crown Roller Mill: HAER No. MN-12” (PDF). Historic
American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering
Record. U.S. Library of Congress. p. 10. Retrieved May
19, 2015.
[20] Nestle, Marion; Nesheim, Malden C. (2010). Feed Your
Pet Right. Free Press (Simon & Schuster). pp. 322–323.
ISBN 978-1-4391-6642-0.
[21] “History”. Mill City Museum (via Internet Archive).
Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved
January 23, 2016.
[22] Gray, James (1954). Business without Boundary: The
Story of General Mills. University of Minnesota Press.
pp. 33–34, 41. LCCN 54-10286.
[23] Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis In the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 41–47. ISBN 0-87351-725-3.

18

16

REFERENCES

[24] Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis In the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-87351-725-3.

[40] “Ranking of Cities Based on % Annual Possible Sunshine”. NOAA: National Climatic Data Center. 2004.
Retrieved January 1, 2015.

[25] Atwater, Isaac (1893). History of the City of Minneapolis,
Minnesota. Munsell (via Google Books). pp. 257–262.
Retrieved April 23, 2007.

[41] Normals, Means, and Extremes for Minneapolis/Saint
Paul (1971–2000): Mean of Extreme Mins for January

[26] “1934 Truckers’ Strike (Minneapolis)". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
[27] Reichard, Gary W. (Summer 1998). “Mayor Hubert H.
Humphrey”. Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society) 56 (2): 50–67. Archived from the original on
September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
[28] “Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By
Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to
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[272] “Pilot Groups”. Air Line Pilots Association. Archived
from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved March 15,
2007.
[273] “Best Hospitals”. U.S.News & World Report (U.S.News
& World Report, L.P.). Archived from the original on
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County Library. Archived from the original on June 18,
2007. and “Twin Cities Shriners Hospital”. Shriners International. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
[275] “Rochester, Minnesota Campus”. Mayo Foundation.
Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved
March 15, 2007.
[276] Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
59–65. ISBN 978-0-8018-6579-4.

• Thompson, Derek (February 16, 2015). “The Miracle of Minneapolis”. The Atlantic. “No other place
mixes affordability, opportunity, and wealth so well.
What’s its secret?"
• Lindeke, Bill (February 24, 2015).
“About that 'Miracle'". Twin Cities Daily
Planet. Archived from the original on
February 25, 2015.
• Lileks, James (2003). “Minneapolis”. Retrieved
2015.
• Richards, Hanje (May 7, 2002). Minneapolis-Saint
Paul Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 9781-57145-687-8.

26

18

18

External links

• Official website
• Minneapolis Past Documentary produced by Twin
Cities Public Television
Visitors
• Official Minneapolis Tourism site — Visitor Information
• City of Minneapolis — Visitors page
• Minneapolis Convention Center
• List of Minneapolis buildings, places and tours on
Placeography
• Minneapolis travel guide from Wikivoyage

EXTERNAL LINKS

27

19
19.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
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19.2

Images

• File:051907-003-HCMC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/051907-003-HCMC.jpg License: CC BY
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bobak Ha'Eri
• File:2008-0705-BasilicaStMary.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/2008-0705-BasilicaStMary.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bobak Ha'Eri
• File:American_Swedish_Institute-2007-03-18.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/American_
Swedish_Institute-2007-03-18.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Jerry
• File:Christ_Church_Lutheran_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Christ_Church_Lutheran_1.jpg
License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Elkman
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Dev-Jam_group,_Minnesota_Twins_game_at_Target_Field,_June_2013.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/42/Dev-Jam_group%2C_Minnesota_Twins_game_at_Target_Field%2C_June_2013.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rangerrick/9159253965/ Original artist: Benjamin Reed
• File:Doomtree-First_Avenue-2010.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Doomtree-First_
Avenue-2010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Nic McPhee
• File:Downtown_Minneapolis-20060526.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Downtown_
Minneapolis-20060526.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Downtown Minneapolis Original artist: Kerry Woo from Nashville
• File:En-Minneapolis.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/En-Minneapolis.ogg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors:
• Derivative of Minneapolis Original artist: Speaker: davumaya
Authors of the article
• File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
• File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Office of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
• File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
• File:Flag_of_Minneapolis,_Minnesota.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Minneapolis%
2C_Minnesota.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/ Original artist: City of Minneapolis
• File:Flag_of_Minnesota.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

19.2

Images

29

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history
• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Franz_Marc_005.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Franz_Marc_005.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Franz Marc
• File:Green_Line_at_dusk_with_Minneapolis_skyline.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Green_
Line_at_dusk_with_Minneapolis_skyline.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Runner1928
• File:Hennepin_County_Minnesota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Minneapolis_Highlighted.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Hennepin_County_Minnesota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_
Minneapolis_Highlighted.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: My own work, based on public domain information. Based on similar
map concepts by Ixnayonthetimmay Original artist: Arkyan
• File:Hiawatha_Line-bike_rack-20061211.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Hiawatha_Line-bike_
rack-20061211.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: standing bike rack Original artist: Payton Chung from Chicago, USA
• File:KFAI-entrance-Minneapolis.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/KFAI-entrance-Minneapolis.
jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Bolobilly
• File:Kites-Lake_Harriet-Minneapolis-20070120.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Kites-Lake_
Harriet-Minneapolis-20070120.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Son Pulling Sled While Father Flies a Kite Original artist: Amy
Mingo from Minnetonka, MN, USA
• File:Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Lake_Harriet_pavilion_and_Minneapolis_skyline.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lake_
Harriet_pavilion_and_Minneapolis_skyline.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: I (Baseball Bugs What’s up, Doc? carrots) created this
work entirely by myself. Original artist: Baseball Bugs What’s up, Doc? carrots
• File:Little_Crow-cropped_image.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Little_Crow-cropped_image.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/
Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library
of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID fsa.8c16795.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.

Original artist: w:John Vachon, 1914-1975, photographer for the Farm Security Administration
• File:Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Hennepin_County.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Map_
of_Minnesota_highlighting_Hennepin_County.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The maps use data from nationalatlas.gov, specifically countyp020.tar.gz on the Raw Data Download page. The maps also use state outline data from statesp020.tar.gz. The Florida maps
use hydrogm020.tar.gz to display Lake Okeechobee. Original artist: David Benbennick
• File:Maya_Moore-2012-Joe_Bielawa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Maya_Moore-2012-Joe_
Bielawa.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: cropped from <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minnesota_Lynx_2012.jpg'
class='image'><img alt='Minnesota Lynx 2012.jpg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Minnesota_
Lynx_2012.jpg/80px-Minnesota_Lynx_2012.jpg' width='80' height='53' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/4/46/Minnesota_Lynx_2012.jpg/120px-Minnesota_Lynx_2012.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/4/46/Minnesota_Lynx_2012.jpg/160px-Minnesota_Lynx_2012.jpg 2x' data-file-width='4608' data-file-height='3072' /></a>
Original artist: Joe Bielawa
• File:MinneapolisCollage.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/MinneapolisCollage.jpg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: 2008-0712-MPLS-panorama.JPG by Bobak Ha'Eri, CC-BY-3.0
Original artist: Bobak Ha'Eri, Jdkoenig, WxGopher, Steve Lyon, Mattwj2002, Mulad, collaged by RGully07
• File:Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg License:
CC BY 2.5 Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Micahmn/photos Original artist: w:User:Micahmn
• File:Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Minneapolis_DID_
Ambassador.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SusanLesch
• File:Minneapolis_Public_Library-20080118.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Minneapolis_
Public_Library-20080118.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: central library Original artist: Andrew Ciscel from Minneapolis /
Chicago / Knoxville, USA
• File:Minneapolis_seal.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Minneapolis_seal.gif License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22,_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/
Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Mattwj2002

30

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:North_America_368x348.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/North_America_368x348.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Cropped version of Wikimedia Commons file Location North America.svg Original artist: Keepscases
• File:North_Commons_party-Minneapolis-20070609.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/North_
Commons_party-Minneapolis-20070609.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: IMG_9437.JPG Original artist: ThunderChild5 from uk
• File:Northrop_Mall_Winter.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Northrop_Mall_Winter.png License:
CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dragne SDI
• File:Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Prince_by_jimieye-crop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Prince_by_jimieye-crop.jpg License:
CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimieye/503297960/ Original artist: jimi hughes from ballymena, n ireland http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimieye/
• File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Rembrandt_lucretia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Rembrandt_lucretia.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: www.artsmia.org : Home : Info : Pic Original artist: Rembrandt
• File:Snow-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/
Snow-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: winter street Original artist: Andrew Ciscel from Minneapolis, USA
• File:Sound-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg License:
Derivative work from Silsor's versio Original artist: Crystal SVG icon set

LGPL Contributors:

• File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
• File:Spoon_and_Stable-kitchen-20150818.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Spoon_and_
Stable-kitchen-20150818.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SusanLesch
• File:TCF_Bank_Stadium-20100914.JPG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/TCF_Bank_
Stadium-20100914.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SusanLesch
• File:Target_Field-20100730.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Target_Field-20100730.jpg License:
CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mulad/4899605617/ Original artist: Michael Hicks
• File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:The_downtown_Minneapolis_Target_Corporation_store_with_its_corporate_headquarters_tower_in_the_background,
_Minneapolis,_Minnesota,_USA.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/The_downtown_Minneapolis_
Target_Corporation_store_with_its_corporate_headquarters_tower_in_the_background%2C_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA.
jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Wikimedia Commons Original artist: Bobak Ha'Eri
• File:Twin-Cities-Marathon-2006-Minneapolis.jpg
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Twin-Cities-Marathon-2006-Minneapolis.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: gomattolson
• File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Uwe Dedering
• File:Wcco_office.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Wcco_office.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: the English language Wikipedia (log) Original artist: RxS
• File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
• File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad
• File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
• File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
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• File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

19.3

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