Motion Detector by Essam
it's all about my grd. projectit's everything u need to make a small motion detector using PIR.if u need anything more just ask...cheers
Content
Lab Activities ECEN5303 Project
Motion Sensor Security System )using (PIR
By
Essam.M.Haider
)Dr.Shihab Ghaya( Spring 2007-2008
Introduction
In general, the project idea consist on a very important and useful devices in our world, which is security is something we .always try to improve as long as we live The project itself is a motion sensor security system capable .of detecting the presence of body heat in any designated area
State of the art motion detectors use the most modern techniques to eliminate factors causing interference, which affect reliability, to guarantee superior long-term performance .and reduce false alarms There are many applications for the use of the detector. The most common is in the alarm system industry. Some of the new applications are automatic door openers, light switches in hallways, stairways and areas that increase safety for the public. Further applications can be seen in automatic production lines, switching of sanitary facilities, monitors and intercoms. With the ease of installation and the low susceptibility to interference from other forms of radiation, such as heaters or .windows, the IR detectors are ideal devices We can spend a lot of time talking about the benefits of this …circuit because we use a common method making such thing :First of all It's inexpensive because we use an IC's which is a huge* .improvement in history of industry The main device which is the PIR, it is a "heat detector" made* of two crystals connected with each other in opposite polarity and with a one millimeter (mm) optical spacing. And it's ..inexpensive also each peace we use in the circuit is replaceable because we can* use it's (equivalent) which made in other company as we did .with the HT2810
Project Objective
The goals of the alarm system are to detect heat * movements in a specified area triggering a .siren/buzzer to sound
2
This design promotes added control to the crime rate * of the regulated work environment after hours of work operation. It also cuts down on expenditure costs on .human resources We can discus each block of the circuit diagram as a .single part and we will shortly
These are the whole general idea in simple diagram which can be explained easier than words as they said .""picture is useful than a thousand words
Sections of The Project
.Power Supply.1 .PIR Detector.2 .Filtering operations by op. amp.3 .Tone Generator.4
3
.Circiut Description and circuit diagram.5 .Conclusion.6 .Procedures.7 .Project Schedule .8 .References.9
: Power Supply)The voltage of the circuit comes from 9v battery (DC we can Regulate the voltage by a Circuit called " Voltage Regulator it's called the LM7805 ", we use it to protect our .circuit from any external high voltage
LM 7805 + 2200 nf 0,1nf
+
+ -
4
:Power supply description It's easy to describe the power supply circuit because we can design it using the voltage regulator "LM7805" and use it as we .need by adding some more elements to it as the following We added a "Diode" to protect the opposite way of the circuit and we included a capacitor with a big value 2200 µf, .for the smoothing of the signal A voltage greater than 7V is applied to the input of high voltage side of the regulator. A fixed reference voltage inside the regulator will set the low voltage output at 5 volts +5%. The output voltage is filtered or made smooth (no ripples) by .)capacitor (2200μF
: PIR Detector-3.1
Infrared light was first discovered back in 1801 by W.Herschel. Infrared is a form of radiated energy in which .the wavelength is longer than the wavelength of visible light .We can describe the infrared radiation by a good method For people who like big words, we would say “Frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength”. In simple words, “If the wavelength goes up, the frequency goes down and if the wavelength goes down, the frequency goes up”. The .mathematics of waves applies also to the radiation of light It is common practice, therefore, to talk about light as light waves. The wavelength of infrared light ranges from .78 micrometers (μm) to 100 (μm). A micrometer is one millionth of .a meter Infrared can be thought of as heat radiation because the radiant energy is transformed into heat when it strikes a solid
5
surface. All solid bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation. As a body’s temperature rises, the shorter the resulting wavelengths become. The human body’s maximum thermal radiation is between 9μm and 10μm in the infrared stage. Motion can be detected by special elements which are highly sensitive in the infrared range. Such devices .are called Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors
When certain materials change temperature, they produce electricity. A Pyroelectric crystal is an example of such a material. If a Pyroelectric crystal has been at the same temperature for a period of time, there will be no voltage across it’s electrodes. When the crystal temperature changes, a voltage is produced at the electrodes of the crystal element. This type of crystal is used in this motion detector kit inside .the infrared (IR) detector The INTERNAL DESIGN of the IR device-3.2 The IR detector contains two crystals connected with each other in opposite polarity and with a 1 millimeter (mm) optical spacing. These two crystals are located behind an optical filter or lens . The output power of the crystals is very low. A special device called the Field Effect Transistor (FET) is used to .increase the power output
6
;A description of its work ,When infrared radiation is detected The crystals produce a voltage at the gate of the FET. This causes a change in current from the drain to source. Very little power is required at the gate to control the .larger current flow from source to drain The benefits of this type of detector are low radio interference, low noise, especially .suited response The IR detector is sealed in a metal housing to prevent electromagnetic interference .and to keep them clean
: .Filtering operations by op. amp The amplifier is a device that uses a small amount of power to control a larger amount of power, It does not create power, .but it controls the power from a source In electronics, amplifiers are composed of devices called transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The number of these components used and the way they are assembled determines the characteristics of the amplifier. An amplifier that can perform many mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting, or multiplying voltages is called and Operational .Amplifier or Op-Amp
7
Using it in our circuit by one of its methods called . ""Comparator So we agreed about that an Operational amplifiers can be used to compare .the amplitude of one voltage with another As a comparator, its function is to determine when an input voltage is bigger than a certain level. When used as a comparator, the op-amp is used without feedback and at maximum gain. One input is set to a reference voltage and the .other tied to the input voltage
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION-4.1 The IR Section contains only a few components, tow Resistors and one capacitor including the PIR sensor. As motion is detected, the IR detector will produce a voltage at the gate of the FET allowing current to flow from the drain to source, causing the voltage at the input of the amplifier at (pin 13) to change, thus changing the output at pin 14. Resistors limit the .amount of current flow through the FET
8
The op-amp (LM324) IC1D shapes the frequency response to amplify those frequencies produced when motion is ,detected and rejects all others Frequencies above 20Hz and below 1Hz are beyond the bandwidth of the circuit and thus are rejected. The output at pin 14 is about 1.6V when no motion is detected. As motion is detected, the voltage at the output will change and trigger .either IC1C or IC1B The op-amps IC1A, IC1B and IC1C are configured as voltage comparators. In the ready state, the output of IC1A is high and IC1B and IC1C are low. When IC1D outputs a voltage lower .than 1.41V, it will force pin 2 of IC1 high When IC1D outputs a voltage higher than 1.67V, it forces pin 8 and pin 2 of IC1 to go high. A high in with one of these cases causes the output to go low and allows C9 to discharge through IC1A. The discharging of C9 will trigger the sound generator .)(LM555
: Tone Generator-4.2
In the circuit diagram they used an IC called the HT2810 which can produce a ding dong sound to the speaker, but this kind of IC's are not available in our markets so I replace it with the "LM555"IC, and I connected the Buzzer to PIN 3 of the IC so it can give the buzzer a voltage and make it loud out, and I added a changeable resistor to control the timing of its tone. And I added some kind of lighting diode to light up when .a movement is detected
9
: Circuit diagram-4.3
The following diagram is the main shape before I change some of the IC's and move out some of the components away so I .can make this circuit work correctly
: Circuit descriptionIn General, in the range of the PIR device when a motion is detected "Heat or temperature changes" the middle pin charge the 10 µf capacitor and the circle starts up, the amplifiers starts comparing and the last capacitor charges the sound generator "LM555" and that IC itself turn on the Buzzer to alarm up using a sound which can be controlled by a changeable .resistor and that’s it
10
: Conclusion-4.4
With an unsafe world like the one we live in, the security systems are more important than the any systems and it's even bitter if that system has the same benefits as the one we discus, in small words it's easier to do what we have to do if we can secure our buildings or job by a cheap and efficient ."machine "if we can call it that In other hand we can say that in such a circuit we will be able to understand the Amplifiers and its filters and its work as a comparator , and how we can use a small amount of power to control a large one. And we gets the main idea of the PIR and how we can use it in this circuit as we discus, and we understand the IR radiation and its Physically idea
: Procedures and problems:Problem 1-5.1
After I tried to connect the circuit in the test board I discovered the first problem in the project, first of all the "isolation" issue which we can explain it in simple way it's all about the small weirs we uses to connect to any kind of IC, because it's impossible to work out, and it cost more money and .more Time which is very important in such circuit
:Solution11
It's almost a professional work if we continue doing that in the previous way, so in electronic markets there is a software program called itself the eagle, which can draw a weirs diagram and connect it using some chemical mixing. And connect it .carefully with copper, no problems at all 100% working circuit
:Problem 2-5.1
Second problem is the PIR device which the only one I found in our markets, the problem is that when a motion gets in the PIR range there is no heat detecting but, when someone breath out directly to the PIR device it produces a voltage to work correctly and make the buzzer loud out, "so there are two possibilities for this first it might be one of the resistors taking all of it or it's the PIR device itself". I tried to use a .buffer but we have nothing changed at the range
:Solution-
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
.Amplify Amplitude Analogy To enlarge or increase
The greatest difference above a reference, usually .Zero Likeness or resemblance in relations of different .Objects .Attenuate To weaken or reduce The group or number of frequencies unaffected by a .Filter A device that generates an electric current through 12
Bandwidth Battery
.Capacitors Circuit
a chemical reaction Devices that store electronic charges
The entire line through which electric current may .Pass .Closed Loop Gain Gain after feedback An electronic device to detect voltage differences
.Comparator
Critical Frequency The frequency at which power in a filter falls to .Half Crystals An inorganic body with plane surfaces in a .geometrical form .Current The flow of electrons Detector Electromagnetic A device that changes signals into useful .information A radiated wave having both electric and magnetic .properties .FET Field Effect Transistor A device used to nullify certain waves without .altering others The repeated occurrence of anything at brief .intervals .Gain To increase or make larger A device used to allow or restrict passage A device that transforms energy into electric power Or signals A device that transforms energy into electric power .or signals A device’s resistance to the passage of electrical .current Rays past the red end of the visible light spectrum A device that senses the presence of infrared light A collection of equipment or components The eleventh letter of the Greek Alphabet
Filter Frequency
.Gate Generator
Generator Impedance .Infrared Light .IR Detector .Kit .Lambda
Low Pass Filter Decreases all signals above a certain frequency and .passes frequencies below that frequency Negative Feedback To allow a portion of the output signal to be brought .back and cancel part of the input .Noise A random, persistent disturbance of a signal .Open Loop Gain The maximum gain available without feedback 13
Oscillator
A device used to vary between alternate extremes .)varies from high to low( .Peak The top of a wave or mountain .Polarity The division of two opposites
.Power
Electrical energy; strength, force, or might
Pyroelectric Effect When certain metals change temperature, they .produce energy .RC Network An assembly of resistors and capacitors Reference Voltage Level of electronic element used for providing .resistance in a circuit Resistor An electric element used for providing resistance in a .circuit .Response Curve The shape of an output produced by a circuit Solder Transistor An alloy (mixture) of tin and lead used in the melted .state to join or repair metal parts A three-terminal semiconductor device used for .amplification, switching, and detection
,Valve A mechanical device that regulates the flow of gases liquids, or loose materials by blocking and uncovering .openings .Voltage An electromotive force Wavelength The distance in a periodic wave between 2 points of .corresponding phases
:References
The Invisible World of the InfraredBy Jack R. White New York: Dodd, Mead, © 1984 .p.; ill 124 .By website
Waves and VibrationsBy Brian Knapp Danbury, CT: Grolier, © 1994 .p.; ill 48
14
.By website
GLOLABhttp://www.glolab.com CORPORATION Pine Ridge Drive 307 Wappinger's Falls, NY 12590 voice - (845) 297-9771 Fax - (845) 297-9772 Email - [email protected] .Global Corp 2003 © .By website
:Other referenceswww.datasheetcatalog.com www.worldofelectronic.com www.national.com
Index
Description
Page
General Idea of the project………………………………………..……2-1 Description of the idea and its benefits……………………………………2 1.1 Projects objective……………………………………………………………..……..3-2 Its goals and a general diagram…………………………………………………..3 2.1 The PIR device…………………………………………………………………….……6-7-3 Historical view and its general work…………………………………………..6 3.1 The PIR internal Design and its work………………………………..………7 3.2 A description of how it work in our circuit………………………………7 3.3
15
Circuit diagram and it's description…………………………9-11-4 a small explanation of its work with the FET transistor….…..9 4.1 idea of adding a new Tone Generator……………………………….……..10 4.2 Circuit description and its diagram……………………………………..…..10 4.3 My Conclusion about the project……………………………………………...11 4.4 Problems and solutions………………………………………………………..12-5 Each problem with its solution………………………………………….………12 5.1 Glossary of terms……………………………………………….……………….13-14-6 References………………………………….………………………………………………..15-7 Index………………………………………………………………………..……………………….16-8
16
Motion Sensor Security System )using (PIR
By
Essam.M.Haider
)Dr.Shihab Ghaya( Spring 2007-2008
Introduction
In general, the project idea consist on a very important and useful devices in our world, which is security is something we .always try to improve as long as we live The project itself is a motion sensor security system capable .of detecting the presence of body heat in any designated area
State of the art motion detectors use the most modern techniques to eliminate factors causing interference, which affect reliability, to guarantee superior long-term performance .and reduce false alarms There are many applications for the use of the detector. The most common is in the alarm system industry. Some of the new applications are automatic door openers, light switches in hallways, stairways and areas that increase safety for the public. Further applications can be seen in automatic production lines, switching of sanitary facilities, monitors and intercoms. With the ease of installation and the low susceptibility to interference from other forms of radiation, such as heaters or .windows, the IR detectors are ideal devices We can spend a lot of time talking about the benefits of this …circuit because we use a common method making such thing :First of all It's inexpensive because we use an IC's which is a huge* .improvement in history of industry The main device which is the PIR, it is a "heat detector" made* of two crystals connected with each other in opposite polarity and with a one millimeter (mm) optical spacing. And it's ..inexpensive also each peace we use in the circuit is replaceable because we can* use it's (equivalent) which made in other company as we did .with the HT2810
Project Objective
The goals of the alarm system are to detect heat * movements in a specified area triggering a .siren/buzzer to sound
2
This design promotes added control to the crime rate * of the regulated work environment after hours of work operation. It also cuts down on expenditure costs on .human resources We can discus each block of the circuit diagram as a .single part and we will shortly
These are the whole general idea in simple diagram which can be explained easier than words as they said .""picture is useful than a thousand words
Sections of The Project
.Power Supply.1 .PIR Detector.2 .Filtering operations by op. amp.3 .Tone Generator.4
3
.Circiut Description and circuit diagram.5 .Conclusion.6 .Procedures.7 .Project Schedule .8 .References.9
: Power Supply)The voltage of the circuit comes from 9v battery (DC we can Regulate the voltage by a Circuit called " Voltage Regulator it's called the LM7805 ", we use it to protect our .circuit from any external high voltage
LM 7805 + 2200 nf 0,1nf
+
+ -
4
:Power supply description It's easy to describe the power supply circuit because we can design it using the voltage regulator "LM7805" and use it as we .need by adding some more elements to it as the following We added a "Diode" to protect the opposite way of the circuit and we included a capacitor with a big value 2200 µf, .for the smoothing of the signal A voltage greater than 7V is applied to the input of high voltage side of the regulator. A fixed reference voltage inside the regulator will set the low voltage output at 5 volts +5%. The output voltage is filtered or made smooth (no ripples) by .)capacitor (2200μF
: PIR Detector-3.1
Infrared light was first discovered back in 1801 by W.Herschel. Infrared is a form of radiated energy in which .the wavelength is longer than the wavelength of visible light .We can describe the infrared radiation by a good method For people who like big words, we would say “Frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength”. In simple words, “If the wavelength goes up, the frequency goes down and if the wavelength goes down, the frequency goes up”. The .mathematics of waves applies also to the radiation of light It is common practice, therefore, to talk about light as light waves. The wavelength of infrared light ranges from .78 micrometers (μm) to 100 (μm). A micrometer is one millionth of .a meter Infrared can be thought of as heat radiation because the radiant energy is transformed into heat when it strikes a solid
5
surface. All solid bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation. As a body’s temperature rises, the shorter the resulting wavelengths become. The human body’s maximum thermal radiation is between 9μm and 10μm in the infrared stage. Motion can be detected by special elements which are highly sensitive in the infrared range. Such devices .are called Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors
When certain materials change temperature, they produce electricity. A Pyroelectric crystal is an example of such a material. If a Pyroelectric crystal has been at the same temperature for a period of time, there will be no voltage across it’s electrodes. When the crystal temperature changes, a voltage is produced at the electrodes of the crystal element. This type of crystal is used in this motion detector kit inside .the infrared (IR) detector The INTERNAL DESIGN of the IR device-3.2 The IR detector contains two crystals connected with each other in opposite polarity and with a 1 millimeter (mm) optical spacing. These two crystals are located behind an optical filter or lens . The output power of the crystals is very low. A special device called the Field Effect Transistor (FET) is used to .increase the power output
6
;A description of its work ,When infrared radiation is detected The crystals produce a voltage at the gate of the FET. This causes a change in current from the drain to source. Very little power is required at the gate to control the .larger current flow from source to drain The benefits of this type of detector are low radio interference, low noise, especially .suited response The IR detector is sealed in a metal housing to prevent electromagnetic interference .and to keep them clean
: .Filtering operations by op. amp The amplifier is a device that uses a small amount of power to control a larger amount of power, It does not create power, .but it controls the power from a source In electronics, amplifiers are composed of devices called transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The number of these components used and the way they are assembled determines the characteristics of the amplifier. An amplifier that can perform many mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting, or multiplying voltages is called and Operational .Amplifier or Op-Amp
7
Using it in our circuit by one of its methods called . ""Comparator So we agreed about that an Operational amplifiers can be used to compare .the amplitude of one voltage with another As a comparator, its function is to determine when an input voltage is bigger than a certain level. When used as a comparator, the op-amp is used without feedback and at maximum gain. One input is set to a reference voltage and the .other tied to the input voltage
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION-4.1 The IR Section contains only a few components, tow Resistors and one capacitor including the PIR sensor. As motion is detected, the IR detector will produce a voltage at the gate of the FET allowing current to flow from the drain to source, causing the voltage at the input of the amplifier at (pin 13) to change, thus changing the output at pin 14. Resistors limit the .amount of current flow through the FET
8
The op-amp (LM324) IC1D shapes the frequency response to amplify those frequencies produced when motion is ,detected and rejects all others Frequencies above 20Hz and below 1Hz are beyond the bandwidth of the circuit and thus are rejected. The output at pin 14 is about 1.6V when no motion is detected. As motion is detected, the voltage at the output will change and trigger .either IC1C or IC1B The op-amps IC1A, IC1B and IC1C are configured as voltage comparators. In the ready state, the output of IC1A is high and IC1B and IC1C are low. When IC1D outputs a voltage lower .than 1.41V, it will force pin 2 of IC1 high When IC1D outputs a voltage higher than 1.67V, it forces pin 8 and pin 2 of IC1 to go high. A high in with one of these cases causes the output to go low and allows C9 to discharge through IC1A. The discharging of C9 will trigger the sound generator .)(LM555
: Tone Generator-4.2
In the circuit diagram they used an IC called the HT2810 which can produce a ding dong sound to the speaker, but this kind of IC's are not available in our markets so I replace it with the "LM555"IC, and I connected the Buzzer to PIN 3 of the IC so it can give the buzzer a voltage and make it loud out, and I added a changeable resistor to control the timing of its tone. And I added some kind of lighting diode to light up when .a movement is detected
9
: Circuit diagram-4.3
The following diagram is the main shape before I change some of the IC's and move out some of the components away so I .can make this circuit work correctly
: Circuit descriptionIn General, in the range of the PIR device when a motion is detected "Heat or temperature changes" the middle pin charge the 10 µf capacitor and the circle starts up, the amplifiers starts comparing and the last capacitor charges the sound generator "LM555" and that IC itself turn on the Buzzer to alarm up using a sound which can be controlled by a changeable .resistor and that’s it
10
: Conclusion-4.4
With an unsafe world like the one we live in, the security systems are more important than the any systems and it's even bitter if that system has the same benefits as the one we discus, in small words it's easier to do what we have to do if we can secure our buildings or job by a cheap and efficient ."machine "if we can call it that In other hand we can say that in such a circuit we will be able to understand the Amplifiers and its filters and its work as a comparator , and how we can use a small amount of power to control a large one. And we gets the main idea of the PIR and how we can use it in this circuit as we discus, and we understand the IR radiation and its Physically idea
: Procedures and problems:Problem 1-5.1
After I tried to connect the circuit in the test board I discovered the first problem in the project, first of all the "isolation" issue which we can explain it in simple way it's all about the small weirs we uses to connect to any kind of IC, because it's impossible to work out, and it cost more money and .more Time which is very important in such circuit
:Solution11
It's almost a professional work if we continue doing that in the previous way, so in electronic markets there is a software program called itself the eagle, which can draw a weirs diagram and connect it using some chemical mixing. And connect it .carefully with copper, no problems at all 100% working circuit
:Problem 2-5.1
Second problem is the PIR device which the only one I found in our markets, the problem is that when a motion gets in the PIR range there is no heat detecting but, when someone breath out directly to the PIR device it produces a voltage to work correctly and make the buzzer loud out, "so there are two possibilities for this first it might be one of the resistors taking all of it or it's the PIR device itself". I tried to use a .buffer but we have nothing changed at the range
:Solution-
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
.Amplify Amplitude Analogy To enlarge or increase
The greatest difference above a reference, usually .Zero Likeness or resemblance in relations of different .Objects .Attenuate To weaken or reduce The group or number of frequencies unaffected by a .Filter A device that generates an electric current through 12
Bandwidth Battery
.Capacitors Circuit
a chemical reaction Devices that store electronic charges
The entire line through which electric current may .Pass .Closed Loop Gain Gain after feedback An electronic device to detect voltage differences
.Comparator
Critical Frequency The frequency at which power in a filter falls to .Half Crystals An inorganic body with plane surfaces in a .geometrical form .Current The flow of electrons Detector Electromagnetic A device that changes signals into useful .information A radiated wave having both electric and magnetic .properties .FET Field Effect Transistor A device used to nullify certain waves without .altering others The repeated occurrence of anything at brief .intervals .Gain To increase or make larger A device used to allow or restrict passage A device that transforms energy into electric power Or signals A device that transforms energy into electric power .or signals A device’s resistance to the passage of electrical .current Rays past the red end of the visible light spectrum A device that senses the presence of infrared light A collection of equipment or components The eleventh letter of the Greek Alphabet
Filter Frequency
.Gate Generator
Generator Impedance .Infrared Light .IR Detector .Kit .Lambda
Low Pass Filter Decreases all signals above a certain frequency and .passes frequencies below that frequency Negative Feedback To allow a portion of the output signal to be brought .back and cancel part of the input .Noise A random, persistent disturbance of a signal .Open Loop Gain The maximum gain available without feedback 13
Oscillator
A device used to vary between alternate extremes .)varies from high to low( .Peak The top of a wave or mountain .Polarity The division of two opposites
.Power
Electrical energy; strength, force, or might
Pyroelectric Effect When certain metals change temperature, they .produce energy .RC Network An assembly of resistors and capacitors Reference Voltage Level of electronic element used for providing .resistance in a circuit Resistor An electric element used for providing resistance in a .circuit .Response Curve The shape of an output produced by a circuit Solder Transistor An alloy (mixture) of tin and lead used in the melted .state to join or repair metal parts A three-terminal semiconductor device used for .amplification, switching, and detection
,Valve A mechanical device that regulates the flow of gases liquids, or loose materials by blocking and uncovering .openings .Voltage An electromotive force Wavelength The distance in a periodic wave between 2 points of .corresponding phases
:References
The Invisible World of the InfraredBy Jack R. White New York: Dodd, Mead, © 1984 .p.; ill 124 .By website
Waves and VibrationsBy Brian Knapp Danbury, CT: Grolier, © 1994 .p.; ill 48
14
.By website
GLOLABhttp://www.glolab.com CORPORATION Pine Ridge Drive 307 Wappinger's Falls, NY 12590 voice - (845) 297-9771 Fax - (845) 297-9772 Email - [email protected] .Global Corp 2003 © .By website
:Other referenceswww.datasheetcatalog.com www.worldofelectronic.com www.national.com
Index
Description
Page
General Idea of the project………………………………………..……2-1 Description of the idea and its benefits……………………………………2 1.1 Projects objective……………………………………………………………..……..3-2 Its goals and a general diagram…………………………………………………..3 2.1 The PIR device…………………………………………………………………….……6-7-3 Historical view and its general work…………………………………………..6 3.1 The PIR internal Design and its work………………………………..………7 3.2 A description of how it work in our circuit………………………………7 3.3
15
Circuit diagram and it's description…………………………9-11-4 a small explanation of its work with the FET transistor….…..9 4.1 idea of adding a new Tone Generator……………………………….……..10 4.2 Circuit description and its diagram……………………………………..…..10 4.3 My Conclusion about the project……………………………………………...11 4.4 Problems and solutions………………………………………………………..12-5 Each problem with its solution………………………………………….………12 5.1 Glossary of terms……………………………………………….……………….13-14-6 References………………………………….………………………………………………..15-7 Index………………………………………………………………………..……………………….16-8
16
