MSW
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INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK UNIT I Social work: Definition, objectives, philosophy and scope, concept of Terms: social welfare, social services, social reform and social action. Methods and fields of social work. UNIT II Trends of social work profession in India Social work profession: characteristics, principles, values, ethics and goals approaches and models of social work: relief model, welfare model, clinical model, system model, radical model and development model. UNIT III Field and profession: important of field work and supervision. Problems of professionalization in social work. Problems faced by the social work profession in India. Need for social science knowledge for professional social workers. UNIT IV Macro level social work in relation to humanism Impact of globalization and liberalization on Indian society. Impact of westernization and modernization on India culture.
UNIT V Family and child welfare, correctional social work, industrial social work, medical and psychiatric social work, school social work and community social work. UNIT I CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WORK “social work is a professional service, based on scientific knowledge and skill in human relations, which assists individuals, alone or in groups, to obtain social and personal satisfaction and independence”. Friedlander
“social work is the art of bringing various resources bear on individual, group and community needs by the application of a scientific method of helping people to help themselves”. Stroup
social work is “a welfare activity based on humanitarian philosophy, scientific knowledge and technical skills for helping individuals or groups or community, to live a rich and full life”. -Indian conference of social work Social work is, “a help rendered to any person or group, who or which is suffering from any disability, mental, physical, emotional or moral, so that the individual or group so helped is enable to help himself or itself”. Moorth and Rao
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL WORK 1. To solve psycho-social problems. 2. To fulfill humanitarian needs. 3. To solve adjustments problems. 4. To create self-sufficiency. 5. To strengthen and make harmonious social relations
6. To make provision of corrective and recreation services.
7. To develop democratic values 8. To provide opportunity for development and social progress. 9. To conscientise the community. 10. To change the environment in favor of individuals growth and development. 11. To bring change in social system for social development and to provide socio-legal aid. PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK A. Responsibility for decisions B. Enhancing personal welfare C. Avoiding harm D. Valuing truth over ignorance and prejudice. E. Avoiding criticism of ideas while problem solving.
F. Not making decisions on the basis of data, ignoring the gap between personal beliefs and available problems related knowledge. G. Use of the least restrictive methods. H. Clients should be fully informed and involved in decisions. I. Professionals should have problem-related knowledge and skills.
J.
Practice decision are well reasoned
K. Critical discussion and testing L. Decisions are data based as well as theory based
M. Individual difference are valued and respected
N. Self-knowledge that contributes to making well-reasoned practice decisions is sought and
used and O. Words correspond to actions. SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK Depends upon the special needs and problems of each society which are constantly changing because of various socio-economic factors. So, there is no such definite and uniform basis for its scope. But, can be explained with the purpose and practice of social work in different fields of it as follows. • • • • • Child welfare Women welfare Youth welfare Social defense Community development • • • • Welfare of handicapped Services for the aged Medical and psychiatric social work Labour welfare, etc.
SOCIAL WORK CONCEPTS SOCIAL WELFARE Social welfare means providing financial assistance and other services to the poor and the disadvantaged. It also refers to the collective responsibility to meet the needs of all the people in general.
“including those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recognized as basis to the well-being of the population and the better functioning of the social order”. VARYING FORMS OF THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. From the residual to the institutional concept 2. Charity to citizen right
3. Special to universal
4. Minimum to optimum 5. Individual to social reform 6. Voluntary to public (by Government) 7. From welfare for the poor to a welfare society. FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1) SOCIAL PROVISIONS Public Assistance, social insurance, Public housing, medical care, etc. for social security and social justice are the setting of social provisions of social welfare administration. 2) SOCIAL SERVICES Social services through social welfare are concerned with the people change. Developmental, remedial, supportive and substitutive settings are the social services of social welfare. 3) SOCIAL ACTION Social action is concerned with the system change. Altering structure of roles and the distribution of power, preventing problems, expanding opportunity enhancing the quality of life are the activities of social action through social welfare administration.
SOCIAL SERVICE Social service are organized activities that are primarily and directly concerned with the conversation, the protection and the improvement of human resources. They are the efforts to restore, maintain and enhance the social functioning of individuals and families through 1. Enabling social resources and
2. Processes that enhance the capacity of individual and families to cope with
stress and with the normal demands of social life. Social services is helping the helpless. SOCIAL REFORM Social Reform is a change or replacement in the institutions. Which have become functionally irrelevant (totally or partially) to the contemporary social order causing loss of equality of life, deprivations, unrest and misery to sizeable sections of the society. It is also a movement motivated by an urge to uproot traditional values of social life and institution and bring instead new values and pattern of social life. GROUP WORK COYLE: defines social group work as “a type of educational process carried on in voluntary groups during leisure time and with the assistance of a group leader.” KONOPKA defines social group work method as “a method of social work which helps individuals to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences and to cope more effectively with their personal, group or community problems.” It aims •
•
At the growth and development of individuals through the group experience. At the use of the group but its members for social purposes which they consider desirable.
Social group work is a method of personality development in which, the group itself is utilized as a chief tool. It is a systematic way in which the social workers affects social and group process to achieve specific objectives. SOCIAL GROUP WORK PROCESS SGWP refers to the group process when consciously by the workers toward specific ends. COMPONENTS OF SOCAIL GROUP WORK PROCESS
A) Interrelationships of member, of worker with members and group as – a –
whole, B) Members ‘and groups’ reactions, activities and experience.
C) The workers professional responsibility and D) Judgments are the components of social group work process
SOCIAL GROUP WORK AS A FIELD OF SERVICE
As a field of service it encompasses the settlement house, the neighborhood house, the YWCA, YWCA, the girl scouts are group activities in hospitals, detention homes and other host agencies.
AIMS OF SGM
a. To being about solution of personal, family and community problems through
the use of the group as the tool, and with the assistance of professionally trained persons to help, directly or indirectly, in guiding and providing an opportunity for solving of these problems. b. To prevent problems as well to provide services and to solve problems
c. To utilize the power of interaction of human beings for their own benefits in
solving social problems and in enriching living. Facilitating interaction and relationships through planned group programs and or activities.
d. Affords opportunity for intimate relationships which can play a role in the
process of human maturation. e. Group experience is used as supplements to other relationships. GOALS OF GROUP WORK a. Enhancements of social functioning b. Enhancement of social work functions such as provision, prevention and restoration. GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK METHOD a. Understanding of and commitment, to the attainment of social work goals, through use of group work method.
b. Familiarity with and appreciation of the bases for establishing ultimate,
long range and proximate goals for services groups and their members.
c. Understanding and acceptance of characteristics and attributes of groups
as units of social work services.
d. Understanding of and commitment in social work functions as they obtain
in the practice of group work.
e. Understanding and appreciation of persons as the users of social work
services.
f. Awareness and acceptance of the agency as the organ of providing social
work services.
g. Understanding of, commitment to, and ability to execute with moderate
skill,
the social work activities
such as assessment planning,
implementation and evaluation in problems solving through group work services.
h. Understanding and acceptance of, and ability to observe, interpret and to
share responsibility in performance of, a variety of procedures such as intake and registration, grouping, referral and termination which are requires in carrying out social work activities through group work services.
i.
Familiarity with and acceptance of the community as the matrix of social work service.
j. Understanding and appreciation of and ability to observe responsibility psycho-dynamics of individual and group behavior.
k. Understanding and appreciation of the variety of relationships within and
peripheral to the service group. Ability to observe the nature and qualities of relationships; to respond with both empathy and maintenance of the worker role and to interpret appropriately and communicate the significance of interaction.
l.
Appreciation of group member’s roles in other positions, with accompanying understanding of and commitment to the social work functions. communication skills used in providing group work services.
m. Understanding and appreciation of ability participate with a range of n. Understanding acceptance of ability to participate in personnel processes
and procedures such as supervision in service, training, etc.which are employed in provision of group work services, with appreciation for respective roles of participants. o. Familiarity with resources for program media and understanding of criteria for selection of media and evaluation of program experience
p. Awareness, appreciation and ability to observe facilities and interpret
communication through program activities. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK a. Individualization b. Development of a sense of belongingness
c. A basic development of the capacity to participate
d. Increase the capacity to contribute to decisions on grounds of rational thinking and through group deliberation e. Increased respect for different among people. f. Development of warm and accepting social climate.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCAIL GROUP WORK a) Principle of planned group formation b) Specific objectives c) Purposeful work group relationship d) Continuous individualization e) Guided group interaction
f) Democratic group self-determination
g) Flexible functional organization h) Progressive program experiences i) Resource utilization and j) Evaluation PURPOSE OF SOCAIL FROUP WORK a. To help group members learn to participate actively in group life as experience in developing a sense of responsibility for active citizenship and for improving participation in social action.
b. To provide for personal enhancement of members, bringing fulfillment of the
individual’s potential and enrichment of life. c. To allow for moral growth and extension of effective social functioning of the group members. d. To prevent social breakdown of group members e. To provide corrective experiences where there has been social breakdown in group members or in their social situations. AREAS OF SOCAIL GROUP WORK Correction Courts Hospitals Psychiatric setting Schools Public welfare and Marriage and family
TRENDS IN SOCAIL GROUP WORK
1) Trained group worker using his best skills and techniques become acquainted
and friendly with young people who are “tough and unreachable” and
2) Use of volunteers are trained by social group workers to deal with clients,
patients and other who are receiving help in various kinds of agencies or and institutional settings. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION “Community organization is the process of bringing about and maintaining adjustment between social welfare needs and social welfare resources in a geographical area or a specific field services.” Dunha m
Community organization means, “Assisting a group of people to recognize their common needs and helping them to meet these needs.” Pattit
“community organization is the process by which people of communities, as individuals, citizens r as representative of groups, join together to determine social welfare needs, plan ways of meeting them and mobilize the necessary resources.” -McNeil Community organization is a process by which a community identifies its needs or objectives, ranks these needs or objectives, develops the confidence and will to work at those needs or objectives, finds the resources (internal and / or external) to deal with these needs or objectives, takes action in respect of them, and in so doing extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the communities. Community organization is the inter-group process which utilizes community agencies and resources to search out its social sores and take appropriate action to remove them. CHARACTERISTICS / MODELS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Locality development Community planning and Social action AIMS / OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1) Analyzing resource – services available to meet needs 2) Gaining facts about human needs
3) Synthesis, correlation and testing of facts
4) Relating to facts about needs and available services
5) Bringing into participation in all phases of the process, individual and
representative of group concerned.
6) Foresting interaction of attitudes and representative view points with the
objectives of reaching agreement through mutual understanding.
7) Stimulating citizen interest in social problems and creating motivation for
action through participation priorities. 8) Determining priorities 9) Developing and improving standards of service 10) Identification of gaps or duplication of service 11) Adjusting or eliminating existing services of developing new services to meet needs 12) Enhanching community understanding through education and 13) Mobilizing support – moral and financial PURPOSES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
1) provide the community with the opportunity to mobilize resources such as,
citizens, social agencies and social work profession to meet social problems and prevent them
2) provide means of interaction between segments such as, variety of citizens
and groups, specialization, practitioners and leaders, institutions and political community of the community.
3) Provide social welfare planning services through the development of
social welfare plans, affecting these plans, influencing social welfare policies and other public policies and assisting in the mobilization of adequate financing, governmental and voluntary. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1. Resources are means to community organization and welfare and growth are the ends of community organization. 2. Individualization 3. Right to self-determination 4. Social need is the base 5. Community welfare should be given first consideration to determine the programs coordination
6. Coordination 7. Simple structure 8. Equal distribution of services 9. Respect diversity in programs
10. Broad representation of inter-agency bodies
11. Balance between centralization and decentralization 12. Break down the barriers to communication and 13. Principle of professional help 14. Enriching human life by bringing and maintaining the adjustment between social welfare needs and resources 15. Accepting the community as it is 16. Representation of all interests and elements and full and meaningful participation 17. Accept the concept of purposeful change and the philosophy of “everenduring process of perfecting, maturing and refining”. 18. Consider the community as the primary client 19. Accept the truth of interdependence of a single community to others and 20. Use the knowledge of social work methods STEPS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Consciousness of needs Spread the consciousness of need Project it Develop the emotional pulse to meet the needs quickly Present other solutions Conflict of solutions understand Investigate Open discussion Integrate solutions and Compromise on the basis of tentative progress
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PRACTICE METHODS
1. Generic social work methods and community organization elements 2. Facilitating processes 3. Educational processes 4. Research methods 5. Social action and reform 6. Consultation 7. Fund raising 8. Publicity and public relations and 9. Negotiation and arbitration
1) GENERIC SOCIAL WORK ORGANIZATION ELEMENTS
METHODS
AND
COMMUNITY
The generic social work methods and community organization elements result in changes toward meeting health and welfare needs more adequately and more cooperative and effective means of accomplishing these goals.
2) FACILITATING PROCESSES Facilitating processes such as administration: board development, budgeting, policy making and supervision (both formal and inforaml0 and other coordinating techniques result in facilitating communication, coordination, development of appropriate structure, control channels, intra-agency, intraagency and intercommunity.
3) EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES Educational processes such as conferences, forums, workshops, in-service training, interdisciplinary understanding and coordination, teaching, student filed work and committee projects result in change in values, extension of knowledge, gained understandings, professional improvement, informed citizen leadership improved programs and service standards.
4) RESEARCH METHODS Research methods such as systematic studies, fact-gathering will result in providing answers to questions posed, and to provide basis for decisionmaking and courses of action.
5) SOCIAL ACTION AND REFORM Result in effective changes in legislation in social policy and in community structure.
6) CONSULTATION Consultation makes knowledge, advice, experiences available to others under their auspices and responsibility choose to use and implement.
7) FUND RAISING Fund raising programs and recruitment and training leadership, developing campaign structure, methods, techniques and financial accounting to donor public result in providing money and p\leadership for health and welfare causes.
8) PUBLICITY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS AND Publicity and public relations result in developing the climate and understanding necessary for community support and interest in health and welfare programs.
9) NEGOTIATION AND ARBITRATION Negotiation and arbitration result in strategic changes in community or agency power structure toward improved health and welfare programs. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES a. Organization programs b. Leadership and promotional activities c. Bringing coordination d. Budgeting e. Administration f. Research g. Development of community consciousness h. Structuring
i. Social action management j. Formal study k. Expert consultation l. Education and promotion m. Demonstration and n. Preparation for plans ABILITIES NEEDED FOR A COMMUNITY ORGANISER 1) Ability to related people and to facilities positive relationship among individuals and groups. 2) Ability to analyse a problem and see its potentials 3) Ability to locate and utilize resources effectively. 4) Ability to organize effective structure, committee and help it function 5) Ability to understand and accept the reality of the situation and yet to see the potential for change.
6) Ability to handle oneself professionally, in many different roles, with various
types of people and handle criticism and praise
7) Ability to organize one’s job, to work under pressures, to establish priorities in
terms of time and intensiveness. 8) Ability to relate and differentiate the various situations within one’s own job and within the agency and the community. 9) Ability to fulfill and facilitate the agency’s purposes and functions to perform skills necessary to the task and
10) Capacity to use knowledge, to apply theory to practice in a integrated way
ROLES OF SOCAIL WORKERS IN COMMUNITY ORGANISATION 1) Mobiliser 2) Channeliser 3) Leader 4) Advocate 5) Planner 6) Enabler 7) Initiator
8) Helper 9) Advisor 10) Interpreter 11) Guide and 12) Informant SKILLS OF A COMMUNITY ORGANISER 1) Analytical 2) Planning 3) Educating 4) Conference and committee functioning 5) Communication 6) Public relations 7) Conflict resolution 8) Consultation and 9) Negotiation
AGENCIES / AREAS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1) Community welfare councils
To improve total services in the community through better cooperation and coordination Focus on health, welfare and recreation, collects facts and information regarding community problems and plans of action Disseminates information to help the public and citizens in the community increase their understanding of community problems and solution to them Formulates plans of action for the eliminations of community problems and for supplying community needs Coordinates community services Raises standards of community interdisciplinary committees. services through various
Helps facilities referral services to the people who need social services Helps providing training services for both professional and lay leaders the community.
2) Federated financial drives and 3) Community coordinating councils SOCAIL WELFARE ADMINSTRATION “Social welfare administration means the process of transforming social policy into social services.” Social welfare administration means “supporting or facilitating activities which are necessary and incidental to the giving of direct service by a social agency.”
ACTIVITIES OF SOCAIL WELFARE ADMINSTRATION
1) Translation of social mandates into operational polities and goals to guide
organizational behavior.
2) Design of organization structures and process through which the goals can be
achieved.
3) Securing of resources in the form of materials, staff, clients and societal
legitimating necessary for goal attainment and organization survival 4) Selection and engineering of the necessary technology
5) Optimizing organizational behavior directed toward increased effectiveness
and efficiency and 6) Evaluation of organizational performance to facilitate systematic and continuous problems solving.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCAIL WELFARE ADMINSTRATION a. Formulating the agency’s objectives
b. The provision of a formal structure
c. The promotion of cooperative efforts d. Finding and developing resources and e. P- Planning O- Organisms S- Staffing
D- Directing CO – Coordinating R – Reporting B – Budgeting
SOCIAL ACTION Social action means ‘mass betterment through propaganda and social legislation”. OBJECTIVES a. Proper shaping and development of socio-cultural environment in which a richer and fuller life may be possible for all citizens. b. Prevention of needs c. Solution of mass problems d. Improvement in mass condition
e. Influencing institutions: policies and practices
f. Introduction of new mechanisms or programs g. Redistribution of power resources (human, material and moral) h. Decision-making i. Effects on thoughts and action structure and j. Improvement in health, education and welfare
TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION i. Action initiated and conducted by the elites for the benefits of the masses ii. Popular social action iii. Legislative action iv. Sanction models v. Direct physical models vi. Conscientisation models vii. Dialectical models – promote conflicts and viii. Direct mobilization
PRINCIPLES OF SOCAIL ACTION a. Principle of credit building b. P of legitimization c. P of dramatization d. P of multiple strategies
e. P of dual approach ( counter system and traditional systems) and
f. P of manifold programs
STAGIES OF SOCAIL ACTION a. Collaboration, b. Competition and c. Disruption
PROCESS OF SOCIAL ACTION 1. Developing awareness 2. Organization 3. Strategies and 4. Action SOCAIL WORK RESEARCH
FOUR STAGES
“The systematic critical investigation of questions in the social welfare field with the purpose of yield answers to problems of social work and of extending and generalizing social work knowledge and concepts is known as social work research.” OBJECTIVES OF SOCAIL WORK RESEARCH 1. To achieve a better fit between human needs and welfare goals. 2. To increase the likelihood that these goals can be attained
3. To improve and enlarge the techniques of diagnosis and treatment as they are
Fletche r
used in social work practice.
4. To develop the efficiency and define the function of social work agency as the
medium through which social work is practices. 5. To appraise and measure the community’s needs for social work service
6. To add to the general knowledge of the etiology of social pathology so that
social action can be directed toward the prevention of problems that might later require social treatment. TYPES OF SOCAIL WORK RESEARCH a. Studies to establish, identify and measure the need for service b. Studies to measure the services offered as they relate to needs.
c. Studies to test gauge and evaluate results of social work operations. d. Studies to test the efficacy of specific techniques of offering service and
e. Studies in methodology of research
FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Child development 2. Rural development 3. Industrial development 4. Health
SOCIAL ACTION Social action is an organized efforts to change or improve social and economics institutions. Social action covers movements of political reform, industrial democracy, social legislation, racial and social justice, religious freedom and civil liberty. Social action also refers to organized and legally permitted activities designed to mobilization public opinion, legislation and public administration in favour of objectives believed to be socially desirable. “Social action makes social work in speed’
TECHNIQUES OF SOCAIL ACTION
1. Research and data collection 2. Planning solution and arousing public opinion 3. Meeting key persons, group and agencies 4. Public meetings 5. Social education 6. Propaganda and public information 7. Discussions 8. Enlisting public support 9. Coordinating the work of different groups and agencies 10. Presentation of the proposal to those in authority 11. Use of press and meeting members of legislature 12. Social legislation 13. Enforcement of legislation 14. Functional literacy / social education and 15. Case work Eg. Dowry prohibition eradication of purdah system, untouchability, prostitution and zamindari system, literacy through compulsory primary education, removal of any major religious dogma, superstitions, prejudices, child marriage abolition, restrictions of widow remarriage etc., METHODS OF SOCAIL WORK SOCIAL CASE WORK Social case work means social treatment of a maladjusted individual involving and attempt to understand his personality, behavior and social relationships and to assist him in working out better social and personal adjustments. In short it a method of social work which helps others to help themselves through one-to-one relationship.
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK • • • To strengthen and solve the internal problems of the individual To strengthen his ego power To get remedy for his problems in social functioning
•
To develop resources in order to enhance social functioning.
TOOLS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK Tools are the means of contact with something or the means of access to something. They are also the means for transmitting energy of force towards or force towards something. a) Listening b) Observation c) Interview d) Home visits and e) Relationship
TECHNIQUES OF SOCAIL CASEW WORK i. Acceptance ii. Assurance iii. Facilitation of expression of feeling
iv. Relieving aggressive feelings
v. Accrediting
vi. Building of self- confidence
vii. Encouragement and reassurance viii. Being with the client ix. Emotional support x. Action oriented support xi. Advocacy xii. Counseling: reflective discussion, motivation, advice, clarification, correcting perception, modeling, anticipatory guidance, role play, reality orientation, removing guilt feeling, using guilt feeling constructively,
partialisation, interpretation, universalisation, setting limits, confrontation, reaching out, renewing family links and improving communication patterns.
AREAS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK a) Juvenile delinquency b) Rehabilitation and diversional therapy for TB and VD or others c) Beggary d) Unwed mothers e) Family maladjustments f) Marriage guidance g) Youth counseling and h) Medical and psychiatric social work
STAGES/ PROCESS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK a) Case study b) Diagnosis and c) Treatment
COMPANENTS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK a. The person b. The problem c. The place d. The process e. The case workers and client relationship
f. The problem solving work
PRINCIPLES OF SOCAIL CASE WORK Individualization
Purposeful expression of feelings.
Controlled emotional involvement Acceptances Non-judgments / non- condemning attitude Participation Client-self determination Confidentiality
SCOPE OF SOCIAL CASE WORK 1) Family counseling 2) Child welfare 3) Health and medical settings 4) Mental hygiene 5) Correctional settings 6) Youth leisure time activities 7) Veterans services 8) Employment service 9) Housing services 10) Community welfare, etc. 11) Mental health 12) Education 13) Social defense 14) Family planning 15) Mental retardation 16) Social development 17) Environment
SOCIAL WORK IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
The service organized by the central social welfare board for the welfare of children is the forms of social work in child development. Institution for the protection, educations and rehabilitation of the socially handicapped children, temporary homes for the sick children suffering from tuberculosis and skin diseases, children’s home, infants home, balbari, nursery or preprimary schools, day care centers, recreational and cultural centers and holiday homes for the children of the families of economically weaker section, child health centers, child guidance clinic and schools for mentally retarded deaf and dumb children, etc are the settings.
SOCIAL WORK IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT Government has launched the following rural development programs: 1. Integrated rural development program (IRDP) 2. National rural employment program (NREP) 3. Rural landless employment guarantee program (RLEGP)
4. Training of rural youth for self employment (TRYSEM) 5. Development of women and children in rural area (DWCRA)
6. Minimum need program (MNP) 7. Drought prone area program (DPAP) 8. Desert development program (DDP) 9. 20-point program and 10. Jawahar rojgar yojuna (JRY), etc.
SOCIAL WORK IN THE HEALTH 1. Nutrition education 2. Water sanitation 3. Waste and excreta disposal 4. Control of insects 5. Personal hygiene 6. Health education 7. Immunization campaign
8. School health services 9. Marriage counseling and 10. Recreational facilities
SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL DEFENSE Social defense means the protection of society through the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders. Social defense is carried out through correctional administration
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WORK Social development means a macro strategy of planned intervention to improve the capacity of existing systems to cope with the demands of change and growth. Social work aims at removing social injustice, relieving distress, preventing suffering and assisting the weaker members of society to rehabilitate themselves and their families, etc. thus, facilitates results in social development.
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCAIL WORK Environment means an aggregate of all external conditions. Influence affection the life and development of a organism, human behavior or society. Proper understanding of environment and proper acquisition of change in human behavior pattern according to the environment is possible only through social work.
UNIT II TRENDS OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN INDIA 1) PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION After independence professional education for social work in India was started and offered in the Sir Dorabji Tata graduate school of social work in Bombay in 1963 for the first time in India. Initially offered only Diploma in social
service administration. Till 1947 it was the only institution providing professional training in social work. Kashi Vidyapeeth: Varanasi, College of Social Service: Gujarat and Vidyapeth: Ahmadabad were established in 1947. Delhi School of Social work came into existence in 1948 as the first school as a part of the university. Baroda School of Social work - 1949, Department of Social work, Lucknow Unversity – 1949, Social Work Education in Agra – 1955.
Medieval period the training and education is imparted in Bombay, Agra, Chennai , Patna, Lucknow, Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Calcutta, Udaipur, Bhagalpur, Bangalore, Mangalore, Indore, Dharwar, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Pondicherry.
At present the number of professional training institutions is more than 60 those who are offering Bachelor’s / Master’s degree, Certificate Course, Diplomas and Doctorate.
2) SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Researches are in progress Every school of social work provides the knowledge of human behavior, environment, culture, urbanization, industrialization, social development etc.,
Not much development in the field of systematic and empirical knowledge relating to typical problems situations and ways of handling them.
The specialized knowledge of social work is also still limited.
3) CODE OF ETHICS The Association of Schools of Social Work in India was established in 1960. It works for the promotion of social work education by i. ii. iii. Laying down and maintaining proper standards in professional social work education and promoting the profession on scientific lines. Providing opportunity to faculty members to meet and exchange their ideas Arranging seminars and refresher courses for faculty members
iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
Encouraging and coordinating researches and promoting publication of literature on different subjects relating to social work. Disseminating information pertaining to social work education and Working as a national forum on all matters concerning to social work education A code of ethics exclusively for Indian Social Workers is not yet developed No clear-cut definition of role social work in many fields Its difficult to find social workers justifying themselves in agencies and organizations. Even in meaning of social work still there is a confusion
4) SOCIAL APPROVAL i. ii. iii. iv. Gains approval slowly in both organizations government and non government
Except labour field, there is no job / duty exclusively for social work professionals in particular. Except labour field, there is no job / duty exclusively for social work professionals in particular But spreads in the field of medical and health, child welfare, family welfare, women welfare and rural development.
5) PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS i. The Indian Association of the Alumni of the Schools of Social Work was formed in 1951 and it was again renamed as Indian Association of Trained Social Workers in 1964 with branches at Bombay, Chandigrah, Coimbatore, Belhi, Dhawar, Hyderabad, Indore, Jamshedpur, Chennai, Nagpur, Trivandrum, Udaipur, Varanasi and lucknow. The Association of Schools of Social Work in India was established in 1960. It works as a non-official organization for the promotion of social work education.
ii.
CHARACTERISTICS OR PROFESSIONAL TRAITS OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Systematic and Scientific Knowledge 2. Skills, Techniques and Tools 3. Social Work Education
4. Professional Organizations 5. Social Approval and 6. Code of Ethics PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK 1. PRINCIPLE OF MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIP A meaningful relationship is needed between the social worker and the client not only for perfection but also for the essence of the profession Such professional relationship contains a. A mutual process of shared responsibilities b. Recognition of other’s rights c. Acceptance of difference d. With the goal e. Not of isolation f. But of socialized attitudes and g. Behavior stimulating growth through interaction The good relationship is the professional one which serves the purpose of problem solving DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP a. Social relationship is open ended in duration but professional relationship ends when the problem ends / is solved b. Social relationship has no objective and restrictions to meet individuals, but professional relationship is dependent on time, the needs of the client and the objective of the professional involvement c. Social relatives are invited for personal get together, but in professional relationship clients are not invited for personal get together and they are seen in respective institutions and / or their homes. d. Social relationship has no focus of the relationship, but professional relationship focuses on the client’s needs and wide aspects of client’s life and feeling are brought into attention and e. Social relationship is mutual but professional relationship is not mutual it is a helper – helped relationship
2. PRINCIPLE OF CLIENT’S SELF – DETERMINATION a. Learn to accept the unique – personality of the client with his own right of self-realisation and self – determination b. Stimulate the client to think through the problem
3. PRINCIPLE OF ACCEPTANCE a. Accept the individual and he is, and with all his limitations b. Acceptance is the crux of all help c. Legal condemnation, isolation, avoidance, nagging, etc, are the opposite mechanisms of social control which failed in solving the client’s problem, so acceptance as a new positive approach only is used in social work d. Independently and rationally so that he can arrive at his own decision e. Assess the client’s ability to understand and analyse the forces operating the problems, then determine what course of action he would take
f. Help the client to move away from superstitions beliefs and primitive
concepts
4. PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATION a. Create an environment in which the client feels comfortable in expressing his feelings b. The two important factors involved in such atmosphere is the client’s trust and confidence in the worker and the worker’s acceptance of the client c. Two types of comforts involved in the communication are, i. ii. Physical comfort and Emotional comfort
The elements of emotional comforts are Time Warm A focus on the client and The skills to meet particular communication needs d. The two fold purpose of an effective communication in social work is
i. ii.
Relieving pressures and tension and Strengthening the client by affording specific individual relationship
5. PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL FUNCTIONING a. Social functioning means the functioning of people in their social relationships and roles, with emphasis on their relations to the environment. It focuses not on the behavior of people but on the exchange between them and their environment b. Two sub-concepts of social functioning are: 1) Task and 2) Coping c. “task” means the demands of life situations d. “coping” means the relative mastery of the tasks in the situation e. Social work focuses on social functioning consists of orientation towards people involved in the situation, use of social work values and the combined body of social work values and knowledge for working with individuals, group, social organizations directly and through collaborative action.
6. PRINCIPLE OF TUNING BEHAVIOUR a. Medical sciences and other sciences have the proficiency to tune the body and intellect of the man b. Social work profession only has the proficiency to tune the mind of man by tuning of the behavior to face challenging life situations
7. PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL LEARNING a. Means arousing and focusing attention and concern
b. Organizing and evaluating the problem and planning further action
8. PRINCIPLE OF CONFIDENTIALLY a. Client should be primary source of information
b. Client’s information should be revealed only to those persons concerned only
when necessity warrants. c. Other agencies and clients should be consulted only with the clients consent and only within the limits of that consent and d. Only such consented information should be recorded and used. TYPES OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION INVOLVED IN SOCAIL WORK.
1. The natural secrets which would defame the person 2. The promised secrets (not to reveal the facts) and 3. The entrusted secrets based on contracts.
VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION VALUES “values are formulations of verified behavior held by individuals or social groups. They imply a usual preference for certain means, ends and conditions of life, often being accompanied by strong feeling”. -Muriel Pumphrey
TYPES OF VALUES 1) ULTIMATE VALUES Ultimate values are mostly abstract and tended to be those most easily agreed upon by large groups of people. They also include such values as liberty, worth and dignity of people, progress and justice. 2) PROXIMATE VALUES Proximate values are more specific as to desired end state. E.g The right to punish one’s child in a specific manner. Disagreements are possible. 3) INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Instrumental values are that specify the desired means to the ends; they are modes of conduct. Eg. Self-determination and confidentially
VALUES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK The council of social work Education, kons, konopka, fiedlander, misre R.Ahmad have listed out so many values of social work. They are, 1. The worth and dignity of man 2. The capacity of human nature to achieve full human potential 3. Tolerance of differences
4. Satisfaction of basis human needs 5. Liberty 6. Self-direction and
7. Non-judgmental attitude
FACTORS INFLUENCING VALUES 1. Cultural heritage 2. Group membership of individual 3. Personal experience and 4. The views of the individuals about others and their surroundings 5. Construction of social cooperation 6. Importance of work and constructive use of leisure 7. Protection of one’s existence from the dangers caused by man and nature 8. Mutual dependence of individuals and responsibility towards each other according to their abilities. 9. Firm belief in equal opportunity for all 10. Organized labour should be acceptance as constructive rather than destructive 11. Social justice 12. Removing economics imbalance 13. No condoning of behavior which hurts others and 14. Limited freedom, etc.
ETHICS OF SOCIAL WORK National association of social workers (NASW) has formulated certain ethics for the social work profession into 6 parts as follows: 1. THE SOCIAL WORKERS CONDUCT AND COMPORTMENT AS SOCAIL WORKER
1) The social worker should maintain high standards of conduct in the
capacity of a social workers 2) Should try to be proficient in professional practice and functions
3) Should regard service as important obligation 4) Should act according to the high standards of professional integrity and 5) Should abide by conventions of scholarly inquiry in research and studies. 2. THE SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO CLIENTS 1) Social worker’s prime responsibility is to clients 2) Make every effort possible to foster self- determination in clients mind 3) Should respect the privacy of clients and maintain fullest confidentiality 4) Set reasonable, commensurate, fair and considerate fees.
3. THE SOCIAL WORKERS RESPONSIBILITY TO COLLEAGUES
1) Treat colleagues with respect courtesy fairness and good faith and
2) Related the colleagues clients with full professional consideration
4. THE
SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYING ORGANIZATION
TO
1) Should adhere to commitments made to the management of the employing organization.
5. THE SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO THE WORK PROFESSION 1) Should uphold and advance the values, ethics, knowledge and mission of the profession 2) Should assist the profession in making social services available to the general public and
3) Should take responsibility for indentifying, developing and fully utilizing
knowledge for professional practice.
6. THE SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCAIETY 1) Should promote the general welfare of the society
GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK
1. The enhancement of social functioning whenever the need for such enhancement is either socially or individually perceived and 2. The understanding of social functioning such as the patterns, directions, quality and outcomes of man’s social interactions in the performance of his various roles.
APPROACHES AND MODELS OF SOCIAL WORK Approaches are also known as strategies. Approach means “an orchestrated attempt to influence persons or systems in relation to some goals”. The approaches or strategies may be called theories or models of practice when they result in an expected way. They are 21 in number as follows: 1. BEHAVIOUR / SOCIAL BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY PROPUNDER: BASIS THEORY : Edwin Thomas Behavioral Psychology : all behaviors are learned, they are controlled by consequences and Controlled by stimuli. PRACTICE : assessment specifies behaviors: defines Baselines and specifics stimulus, Antecedents and consequences: Frequency magnitude and direction of Problem behaviors are monitored during And following intervention. Goals are Very specific to behavioral changes. PRACTICAL USE : where behavioral changes is the goal. 2. COGNITVE / RATIONAL THERAPY
PROPUNDERS
:
Adler, Ellis, Gasser and Werner and a Alternate to Freudian psychotherapy.
BASIS
:
Cognitive Theory.
THEORY
:
behavior is determined by a person’s thoughts and willingness.
PRACTICE
:
Assessment focuses on present thinking, Feeling, and behavior. The goal is to Changes the clients consciousness.
USAGE
:
Used with individual, groups, family and Communities where problems Solving is a focus, should be used for Phobic treatment addictions or psychosis.
3. COMMUNICATIVE / COMMUNICATIVE – INTERCTIVE / FAMILY THERAPY.
PROPUNDERS BASIS :
:
Don Jackson and Haley
broad communication and transactional Base. Emphasizes on improved family Functioning particularly improves Communication.
PRACTICE
:
analyses family functioning with an emphasis on role functioning. Rules and communication modes. Workers acts as a therapist and modeler of Communication. Building self-esteem, Making explicit roles and rules and Pointing out non-verbal communication Are the techniques use by a social Worker.
USAGE
:
with family groups where Communication is problematic.
4. CRISIS INTERVERNTION / RELIEF MODEL
PROPUNDERS BASIS :
:
Erich Linderman and Gerald Caplan
ego psychology and stress theory. Goal is the restoration of social functioning and enhancement of coping capacity.
PRACTICE
:
assesses clients personality structure basis defenses, habitual adaptive patterns, the nature of the upset, potential for adaptive response and resources available. Reduces client’s tension and anxiety. Gives hopes and support and helps in crisis situation. It is a short – term service.
USAGE
:
where development or situational crisis limits adequate. Social functioning. Used with individuals, groups. Families in crisis.
5. DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
PROPUNDERS BASIS :
:
Coyle
existential – humanistic philosophy. Human beings are seen as free, responsible and capable of selfrealization (actualization).
PRACTICE
:
release feelings, provides support for Individual from the group, provides Reality orientation and workers use of Self, etc. are the techniques involved.
USAGE
:
in voluntary situation with peer groups or Formed groups.
6. ECOLOGICAL / LIFE MODEL
PROPUNDERS BASIS PRACTICE :
:
Carel B Germain
Ecological theory. : Enhances positive forces in client and Environment. Attempts to remove Environmental obstacles and changes Negative transaction. Focuses on life transactions, unresponsiveness of environments. Crisis events, and communication – relationship difficulties, facilitates group functioning and influence organizational structure social networks and physical settings.
USAGE
:
for problem in social functioning.
7. EXISTENTIAL MODEL PROPONUDER : Krill
BASIS
:
Philosophy and existential psychology And psychiatry.
PRACTICE
:
assesses only what is going on between People. Helps individual to make Commitments. Brings suffering into the Open for understanding and acceptance.
USAGE
:
where the clients is willing to develop self-awareness.
8. FEMINIST MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : Mary Bricker - Jenkins
Non –sexist and / or women’s issues orientation.
PRACTICE
:
uses a range of conventional and nonconventional approaches. Works for open and collegial relationship with clients.
USAGE
9.
:
All kinds of settings especially women.
FUNCTIONAL MODEL PROPONUDER THEORY : : Jessie trft and Virgina Robinson sees individual as defending self from Himself, from external conditions of life. PRACTICE : Focuses on release of power of for social functioning. Principles used are diagnosis use of time phases in process, use of agency function, use of structure and use of relationships. USAGE : used with individuals families, groups and communities.
10. GESTALT THERAPY
PROPONUDER BASIS :
:
Fritz Perls
Holistic, organization theory. Believes on the development of self-through awareness and responsibility.
PRACTICE
:
Assesses what the clients experiencing and what client wants.
PROCESS
:
lay groundwork, establish contact, negotiate consensus between client and therapist, grading, experiment with client’s ability. surface clients awareness: locate clients energy: generate selfsupport: generate themes. Choice of experiment: enact experiment insight and completion.
USAGE
:
to develop self-knowledge and to engage in self-exploration: most effective in over socialized, restrained, constricted individuals.
11. INTEGRATIVE / SYSTEMS MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : Aekerman
Psychoanalystic fraeme of reference on the basis of ego psychology and role theory. Systems theory small group theory. Family development tasks and communication concepts.
PRACTICE
:Assesses family structure, functioning and history with emphasis on placement
of current problems. GOALS : To modify or changes aspect of the family relationship system that are not functional. TECHNIQUES : used are advice, education and guidance. Encourages appropriate role development, communication patterns, decision making and family responsibility. USAGE : where there is a parent-child or marital problems. 12. LOCALITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : William W. Biddle
sociology, psychology and anthropology are the base, sees community as eclipsed and lacking relationship.
PRACTICE :
Assesses problem solving with citizens. Process includes exploration, organization of community persons, discussion of problems, action, new projects, continuation. Workers acts as An enabler, catalyst, coordinator, and Teacher. Problem solving is prime Concern and focus.
USAGE
:
to involve a total community in Discovering and solving problems.
13. MEDIATING MODEL
PROPONUDER BASIS :
:
William Schwartz
Social systems theory symbolic interaction game theory and smallgroup theory.
PRACTICE :
Focussses on an individual in interaction, group process and impinging environment: helps the clients reach out for what he or she needs, demands work, mobilizes healing powers of human association and mutual aid.
USAGE
:
helping people negotiate difficult Environment.
14. ORGANIZATIONL / REMEDIAL – GROUP / CLINICLA / PREVENTIVE / REHABILITATIVE MODEL. PROPONUDER BASIS : : Robert Vintner
Social role theory, social behavior theory, ego psychology, group dynamics, systems theory and organizations theory.
PRACTICE :
Assesses the relationship between clients problems. Personality and environment and individual performance in the group process. Processes involved are intake, group evaluation and termination.
GOALS
:
Changing individuals as a remedy for social dysfunctioning.
USAGE
:
to help malperforming individuals Achieve a more desirable state of social Functioning.
15. PRONLEM SOLVING MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : H H Pearlman
it is a blend of psychosocial and functional model. Ego psychology, rational problem solving theory, role theory and symbolic interaction theory.
PRACTICE : USAGE
Case Work : With individuals motivated to use help in a cognitive and interactive process.
16. PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : Florence Hollis
Psychoanalytic theory. Communications theory, social systems theory. It also combines clinical and relief models of social work.
PRACTICE :
Concerned with personality, etiology and psychiatric. Classifications of disorders: makes the individual adjusted, though change in perception, response and communication.
USAGE
:
with clients willing to commit long-term Involvement and with a desire for selfKnowledge or insight.
17. SOCIAL ACTION MODEL PROPONUDER : Florence Hollis
BASIS
:
Community is seen as made of conflicting interest that are not easily reconcilable and as having scarce resources.
PRACTICE :
work plays the role of an advocate, Agitator, negotiator and partisan. Clients is seen as victim and employer of Worker: manipulates mass organization And political processes.
USAGE
:
when individuals are seen as victims of An unjust systems.
18. SOCIAL PLANNING MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS : : Government
it is a conventional community organization in planning and funding organizations and government planning agencies. Rationality objectivity and professional purposefulness. Sees the community as an entity with many interacting systems. Emphasizes on decision making, power control and the agency systems.
PRACTICE
:
Assessment identifies social problems its causes and its possible resolution. The process includes study and assessment of problematic situation. Determining
preferences goals and strategies and their consequences. Selection of goals strategies and programs, obtain commitments to desired change, and designing and implementing a feedback evaluative system. Workers acts as a fact gather and analyst, program desirer, implementer and facilitator. USAGE : Where rational planning toward the alleviation of social problem is desired. 19. SOCIALISATION MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS PRACTICE USAGE 20. TASK MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS PRACTICE USAGE : : : : William J Reid and Laura Epstein General systems theory, communication theory, role theory, psychoanalytic theory and learning theory Helps client carryout task as necessary. Uses communication to explore, structure, enhance awareness and direct for time-limited treatment of problems of living about passive resistance, demonstrations, strikes and political and social activism. : : : : Elizabeth McBroom Anthropology, Psychology and sociology. Concepts are meaning and selfhood in the process of interaction, cognitive process, systems theory, etc. Assessment locates client in milieu, looks for his competence and barriers to competent functioning; increase competence in areas of work and parenting Who have not learned basic socialization and skills and who need help of a concrete nature.
21. RADICAL MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS PRACTICE : : : Payne Marxist theory Social distress arises from the oppression of the working class by the capitalist elites, the most effective way to achieve goals of equality and solutions to the social problems is to the social problem is to eliminate or make major changes in
the existing institutions USAGE : To bring about a change in the conventional systems of the society FIELD WORK IN SOCIAL WORK Refers to training and education A dynamic process of observing, amassing (collecting) and implementing creative and innovative ideas is known as field work. It is learning through doing. It is way to transform theory / knowledge certain skills and techniques into action. It is a supervised practice of student social worker under the guidance of trained social work educator or field personnel. An educationally sponsored attachment of social work students to an institution, agency, or a section of community in which they are helped to extend their knowledge, understand and experience the impact of human needs. Such an experience is deliberately arranges on a whole or part time basis. OBJECTIVES OF FIELD WORK Social Review Committee (1978) on Social Work Education in India has listed out the following objectives. a. To develop professional skills b. To apply acquired knowledge for the study of relevant facts, analysis of the problems and selection of appropriate means of solutions towards the problems. c. To develop the skills for solving the problems in work at the micro level (individual) family, groups and communities and the change at macro level in social institutions and processes d. To provide concurrent opportunity for the integration of class room learning, in field practice and vice versa (feeback mechanism for both field and class) e. To develop professional attitudes FIELD WORK SUPERVISION Field Work supervision is a helping process, in which the supervisor helps the students in doing their assigned work and helps. They increase their abilities and capacities to serve poor, needy, helpless and sufferers. It is also an education, administrative and helping process which is concerned with enabling, teaching, and guiding a supervise to develop professional skills, knowledge and attitudes, based on the objectives of an educational program and the needs of the supervisor.
IMPORTANCE OF SUPERVISION • To provide an opportunity to the students to learn, social work techniques in practical situations in different fields and to meet the needs of professional education. To organize and accelerate the process of learning practical aspects of social work theories and philosophies in the different fields of social work To facilitate achievements of learning goals especially practical use of principles and philosophies, skill and techniques in social work practice To enable the students to enhance their practical knowledge and to develop their art of dealing with human beings in various situations To help the students acquire professional skills and develop their social attitudes To help the students to asses their strengths and weakness in proper perspective To assist the students in developing their social perspective and social awareness involving impartiality and non-judgmental attitudes. To develop professional values and commitments, such as respect for human dignity and worth, to the right of participation and self-determination compatible with a better society To develop an awareness of self and one’s professional ideas To offer purposeful learning experience to students through interaction with life situations Under supervisory guidance for professional growth in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes To foster attitudes in the students towards professional growth To develop in students the required skills in helping the needy through organizational work, use of social work techniques, i.e., listening, participation, observation, interaction, communication and so on. To develop students to develop deepen their capacity to relate theory to practice and also to relate experience to theory.
• • • • • • •
• • • • •
•
PROBLEMS OF PROFESSIONALISATION 1. For most of the social workers their work is also a source a source of earning their livelihood
2. There is assumption that dedication can not be paid in salary
3. Social workers dedication is inconsistent with a desire to improve one’s salary
4. There is an assumption that the professional social worker should live a
simple life; but, professionals may not think it necessary and 5. A profession requires a local and regional context and language orientation, bit Indian professional in social work do not write, or not get published or marketed. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN INDIA 1) Social work practice has got reduced to its methods of social case work, social group work and community organization and service delivery systems 2) Practice, social science research and education in social work are fragmented 3) Professionalization has led to elitism and ideology has taken a back seat in social work
4) Social work is depoliticized, so social action is neglected
5) Inter-face of social work with social movements / campaigns is weak 6) Social work is not concerned with a specific work which may be called the field of social work 7) The behavior and the skills of social workers are not unique and specific 8) There is no difference between the trained social work and an untrained one 9) The work ‘help’ can not be called a profession, because it can be performed by any person 10) Training has not impact in creating attitudinal change, mainly because it is influenced by family background and psychological make-up 11) Social workers have failed in developing self – image as professionals
12) Because the scientific knowledge and practice of the social work profession
are borrowed from other sciences, professionals feel helplessness in using them into practice 13) Professional organizations are not performing their roles effectively; thus social approval is not up to the mark. NEED FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE FOR PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORKERS
1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Ego psychology, crowd behavior, public opinion,
propaganda, deviance, personality, perception, attitude etc 2. ECONOMICS: money, importance of money, employment, trade demands and human wants etc 3. STATISTICS AND RE SEARCH: finding and analysis of facts, relationship of facts, solutions etc for problems, issues etc
4. PHILOSOPHY: concept of duty, worth of man, self-help concept, yoga, selfactualization, bhuddhism, controlled emotional involvement, etc 5. SOCIOLOGY: man, society, marriage, family, economical roles, education, politics, procreation, culture, civilization etc 6. HISTORY: history of man, his development, recent trends in his positions etc 7. ANTHROPOLOGY: primitive man, his culture, his growth and the impact of external forces in his development to modern man 1. (concept of duty behind any relationship, such as employer – employee relationship, parent – child relationship, husband – wife relationship – derived from philosophy (Gita) 2. Human value; innate dignity of man and self-help are also derived from philosophy (Gita) 3. The concept of relationship derived from “Yoga” and “Bhuddism” calls for a maturity of mind a capacity not to retaliate even when opposed by the client (s). 4. The concept of controlled involvement a detached attachment derived from Freudian theory of Ego-centrism 5. Control of impulses and ego psychology: the combination of id, ego and super ego and their functionings with impulses are derived from ego psychology) HISTORY OF THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS The first professional social worker is Mary Richmond in the United States of America. She became the Assistant Treasurer of Baltimore Charity Organization Society then became practitioner, teacher, and theoretician of charity organization movement. In 1897 in the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Toronto. She advocated for the establishment of a Training School for Professional Social Workers. In 1898 when the Charity Organization Society of New York started a training course for prospective social workers, she was appointed as a teacher. Then New York School of Philanthropy was started. Now it is known as Columbia University School of Social Work. At the same time another group of social workers were associated with the Settlement House Movement. Hane Adams, Florance Kelly, Edith, etc., felt that the legislation be made to improve working conditions and organization of neighbor house in slum areas to demand more amenities. This group focused mainly on the reform activities of the society which was different from that the Charity Organization Society. But the Charity Organization Society was focused on the reform of individual and his family.
Then in 1901 the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy was established and soon it got affiliated to the University of Chicago. Thus, it was first got recognized a s a part of general university education. The third school of social work was established in Simmons College in Boston. This was the pioneer in the development of medical social work. Dr.Robert Clot did pioneer work in relation to medical care through this effort. Then the American Association of Schools of Social Work was founded in 1919 with an aim of facilitate communication among the schools of social work. So it was the first professional association for social work.
SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ABROAD 1. Charity Organization Society 1869 2. Settlement House Movement / Toynbee Hall, 1867 3. The poor Law Commission 1905 4. The Inter-Departmental Commission of Social Insurance and Allied Services, 1941 SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA 1. Brahmo Samaj 2. Prarthana Samaj 3. Arya samaj, 1875 4. Theosophical Society, 1881 5. Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 and The Bombay Widow Association 6. Bengal Hindu Widows Association 7. Indian National Social Conference 8. The servants of India Society, 1905 9. Atmiya Samaj, 1815 10. Sree Ramakrishna Mission, 1897 11. Indian National Social Conference 1887 12. Christian Missionaries 13. Apprentices Act, 1850 and Commission for Apprentices 14. Reformatory School Act, 1870 and schools Remarriage
15. Children Act, 1920 and Children Organizations 16. Movement for Abolition of Sati, 1829 17. Movement for Abolition of Salvery, 1843 18. Movement for Abolition of Female Infanticide and Human Sacrifice, 1870 19. The Factories Act, 1881 and 20. Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work, Bombay, 1936 now it is known as Tata Institute of Social Sciences FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK ORGANIZATIONS 1. Extending financial assistance to poor and needy
2. Extending outdoor relief to poor sick people
3. Establishing alm houses and work houses 4. Protecting the interests and properties of widows and orphas 5. Providing burial for deceased countrymen 6. Protecting immigrants from dangers 7. Care of children and patients through mental and general hospitals, orphanages and schools 8. Protection of children’s rights 9. Prohibition of child labour 10. Relief to special group people, such as blind, deaf and dumb, and juvenile delinquents etc 11. Providing maternity services to unwed mothers 12. Prevention of poverty 13. Social action in relation to housing, health, child labour, and sanitation problems 14. Health, education, science, research, international peace, social welfare, and civic improvement
15. Growing public parks, playgrounds and programs for the conservation of
natural resources and the protection of cultural and the protection of cultural and recreational interests 16. Providing disability compensation for military personnel 17. Providing insurance and compensation against the death of military personnel
18. Establishing sanatoria, asylums, convalescent and rest homes, infant welfare clinics. 19. Programs on public health, nursing, social hygiene, and sex education 20. Special institutions for crippled children 21. Programs for social, mental, moral and vocational rehabilitation of handicapped 22. Out patient clinics for feeble minded 23. Establishment of juvenile courts, homes, reformatory schools 24. Providing employment, education, counseling medical encouragement for creative plans for the poor and needy 25. Public welfare administration 26. Developing consciousness towards social and health problems 27. Social and old age insurance 28. Public assistance 29. Comprehensive free health and rehabilitation services 30. Maintenance of full employment 31. Rehabilitation of commercial sex workers
32. Protecting the welfare of prisoners
treatment and
33. Rural development 34. Abolition and regulation of prostitution 35. Securing the public utilities like roads, rest houses for travelers, wells etc 36. Prohibiting social evils such as infanticide, crime, violence, child marriage, child labour, dowry etc 37. Spreading awareness on women education, women employment, child education, aids, healthy and clean environment, political rights, importance of savings, importance of family planning, etc and 38. Upliftment of tribes and downtrodden
CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD • Created by a resolution of the Ministry of Education and set up by central government in 1953
•
First service was Grant-in-aid to voluntary social service organizations for strengthening, improving and extending the existing activities in the field of social welfare and developing new programs and carrying out pilot projects Durgabai Deshmukh was the founder chairman of the board
•
FUNCTIONS • •
•
To assist the improvement and development of social welfare activities To cause a survey to be made of the needs and requirements of social welfare organizations To evaluate the programs and projects of the aided agencies. To coordinate assistance extended to social welfare activities by various ministries in central and state government. To promote the setting up of social welfare organization on voluntary basis in places where no such organization exist. To render financial aid, when necessary, to deserving organizations or institutions on terms to be prescribed by the board.
• • •
COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD
•
Initially constituted for one with 7 non-officials including 5 women social workers. 1 representative each of the lok sabha and Rajya sabha and 4 exofficio nominees of the central ministries of education, health, labour and finance. Then with the manifold increase in its functions the strength of its general body has been raised to 51 on the recommendation of Ranade Committee. Comprises of all chairpersons of state and union territory boards 30 in number, 5 professionals, 1 each from the fields of law, medicine, nutrition, social work education and social developments, 3 eminent persons with extensive experience in social work, 1 representative each of ministries of welfare, rural development, health, education, labour, finance and the planning commission, 2 members of the lok sabha and 1 of the rajya sabha, chairman of the board and executive director of the board as members secretary all nominated by the ministry of welfare. It is a policy making body Mets every year to pass the budget: to discuss the annual report and reports of the executive committee etc.
• •
•
•
COMPOSITION OF THE EXECTIVE COMMITTEE • Consists of 15 members nominated from among the members of the board by the government of India.
•
It includes the chairman of the board, chairpersons of 4 states advisory boards and 1 chairperson union territory administration by rotation, representatives of t he ministries of welfare health finance rural development and education, 2 professionals and executive director. Meets once in 2 months The chairman is its chief executives The executive director functions directly under the CE The ED is responsible for all aspects of the working of the board and performs many managing and advisory functions.
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ORGANISATIONAL AND ADMINSTRATIVE DIVISION OF CSWB 1) Industrial program administrative division 2) Welfare program administration division 3) Administrative division 4) Finance and accounts division and
5) Planning, monitoring and co-ordination division.
1) INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM ADMINSTRATIVE DIVISION
•
Deals with socio-economics programs of the are which are meant to provide opportunities to needy women and physically handicapped to engage themselves in production activities and thus to enable them to become economically rehabilitated. Grants are sanctioned to VOs for setting up various types of units such as production units of small industries, unions as ancillary to large industries, handicraft units, coir spinning and weaving units, handloom units, khadi and village industries services oriented units, self –employments units, agro-based units such as dairy piggery, goat rearing, sheep breading and poultry etc. The state division advisory board invites applications and forward them to the CSWB with their recommendations. Then this division examines them, approves them for grants, releases the grants and audits the expenditure. It also examines inspection repots received from welfare officers and assistant’s projects officers. Prepares annual budget
•
•
•
•
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Estimates and formulates annual and five year plans, Attends to parliament questions and Maintains liaison with ministries of industries, khadi commission and the concerned state government. 2) WELFARE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION DIVISION • It is divide into 3 sections
1. General grants section deals with sanctioning of grants to VOs, mahila mandals, welfare extension projects, working women hostels, and examines the applications recommended by the state welfare advisory boards, issues the grants and monitor their utilization. 2. Child welfare section is concerned with the nutrition program, crèches for working mothers, holiday camps, integrated pre-schools projects, demonstration projects and family and child welfare projects.
3. Condensed course section is concerned with condensed course of education of
2 years duration, 1 year courses for failed candidates and vocational training.
3) ADMINSTRATION DIVISION • Carries out personnel functions such as recruitment, placement, transfer, promotions, conduct of rules and discipline, motivation and incentives. Services functions such as record maintenance property management, transportation, procurement and supply printing tabulation and machines operation and Advisory functions such as indentifying long and short range personnel needs of the boards, procedural changes, etc. Deals with the reconstitution of state welfare boards, their budgets their budgets and annual repots. Also responsible for the administration function pertaining to the publications of 2 magazines, i.e. social welfare and samaj kalian which are meant to acquaint the people with the board and its programs so that their cooperation may be harness in the execution of its policies and programs Also carries out public relations work.
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4) FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS DIVISION
•
Ensure the proper maintenance of accounts records and registers of the board as per general government financial rules and commercial system of accounting making budget, releasing of funds to the establishments, obtaining figures of expenditure incurred by the state boards under various programs and exercising supervision and control over various financial transaction of the board. Headed by an internal financial adviser-cum-chief accounts officer supported by a pay and accounts officers and 2 accounts officers and supporting staff.
•
5) PALNNING, MONITORING AND CO-ORDINATION DIVISION • •
It carries out overall planning of social welfare programs Helping the government in implementing government policies, supplying necessary information about determining priorities, conducting research and surveys in various fields of social welfare. Evaluating the efficiency of various welfare programs and their impact of voluntary organizations aided by the board. Providing counseling and advice to them Assessing the needs of the weaker sections of the society in different region of the country. Suggesting projects and programs to meet them Assisting the overall coordination of welfare activities of different agencies, department and ministries.
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PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE BOARD 1) General grants-in-aid to VOs 2) Welfare extension projects (WEP) 3) WEP replaced by mahila mandals
4) Balwadis in selected community development blocks 5) Supplementary nutrition program 6) Crèche workers training program
7) Holiday camps program
8) Hostel for working women 9) Awareness generation projects for rural and poor women 10) Condensed courses of education for adult women and vocational training. 11) Socio-economics program for women and disabled (income generation programs by VOs)
12) Voluntary action bureau (for the amicable settlement of family problems)
STATE SOCIAL WELFARE ADVISORY BOARDS (SSWAB) • •
• •
Set up under CSWB to help it in carrying out its programs and activities. For the purpose of better coordination between the institutions in the state For a wider coverage and intensive study of the working of the institutions in the states and To follow up frequently their programs and activities.
COMPOSITION OF SSWAB • •
•
Half of its members are nominated by state governments/union territories Another half by the CSWB The chairman of the boards should be a woman social worker selected by the state government in consultation with the CSWB The same staff structure of CSWB is adopted for SSWAB also The chairperson is the chief executive authority. She is supported by the secretariat headed by a secretary and the secretariat staff, inspectorate staff of the central board, functional committee at the block level constituted staff of the central board, functional committee at the block level constituted by the state government and the project staff. The members do not enjoy a fixed term, they change as and when the state government changes.
• •
•
•
FUNCTIONAL OF SSWAB
1. Render advice to the CSWB in respect of welfare programs of Vos and other
institution in their respective jurisdictions.
2. Invite and scrutinize applications from registered VOs for grants-in-aid 3. Determine the eligibility to recommend them to CSWB
4. Supervise the working of the VOs and report to the CSWB for appropriates
action. 5. Advice and assist CSWB in sponsoring new welfare programs and activities.
6. Encourage and promote the growth of VSWFO especially in the uncovered
fields and areas. 7. Assisting the board in providing field counseling services for aided VOs 8. Achieving coordination among VOs and statutory agencies at the state and local levels and between various department for the state government. 9. Avoid duplication and overlapping of the activities 10. Implementing the programs on behalf of the CSWB with the funds placed at their disposal by it and 11. Understanding such programs as may be entrusted to them by any department of the central and state government. UNIT – V FIELDS / SOCIAL WORK SETTINGS Social work is a profession which focuses particular on helping people to solve their personal, family and community problems through enhancing social functioning. It also aims at improving and enhancing social functioning of individuals singly and in groups. SOCIAL WORK IN CHILD AND FAMILY WELFARE SETTINGS. FAMILY WELFARE FAMILY Union of two spouses with or without children or either of the spouses with child or children.
SERVICES TO FAMILIES Casework Counseling Special services to
i) People away from home ii) Travelers and Migratory families: such as the Indians, recent immigrants, provision of legal aid. HOW TO STUDY A FAMILY Social worker should ask about the family on the basis of the following areas by questions: a. living environment b. composition and extended network c. family stresses d. family strengths / resources e. communications styles and interaction patterns f. rules, beliefs and values and g. power KINDS OF COUNSELING SERVICES 1) PREMARITAL COUNSELING -in regard to marriage martial plans and problems -assist people in preparing for marriage and -Also assist them to move toward or away from marriage depending on the individual situation in a mature manner. 2) MARRIAGE COUNSELING -Concerned with husband – wife relationships, plans and problems - to strengthen marriages, to separate and move toward other meaningful relationships. 3) FAMILY COUNSELING - Includes the husband –wife-children constellation -Problems relating to child discipline, money, education, communication, etc., may require assistance of a social worker. METHODS AND APPROACHES a. Role theory
b. Exchange theory c. Translational analysis d. Gestalt therapy e. Systems theory f. Family theory g. Behavior modification h. Psychoanalytical approach i. Reality therapy and j. Bioenergetics KINDS OF FAMILY WELFARE SERVICE AGENCIES 1) Welfare department 2) Family courts 3) Universities and colleges
4) Private family counseling centers, etc.
PROBLEMS REQUIRING FAMILY WELFARE SERVICES 1. Marriage break-up 2. Premarital concerns 3. Broken and single parent families 4. Unwed parents 5. Drug abuse 6. Alcoholism 7. Foster home placements 8. Adoption and
9. Community problems
CHILD WELFARE The efforts to promote the physical, mental and social well-being of all children any youth are the child welfare services. Generally the child welfare services are of the following nature 1) Provisions for children in their own homes, in substitute family homes,
2) Placement of children in foster care and children’s institutions
3) Day nurseries and day care centers,
4) Supervision of foster families and adoptions 5) Protective service to prevent maladjustments and asocial behavior 6) Infant and pre-school children care 7) Schools social services and child labour protection, etc., A comprehensive program of child welfare seeks to promote the physical mental and social well-being of all the nations’ youth and those who are, 1. Department 2. Neglected 3. Delinquent 4. In danger of having social economics or and behavior problems 5. Incapacities and conflicts in family and social relationships 6. Birth out of wedlock 7. Need for custody, guardianships or adoption
8. Affected
by agricultural or industrial migration, discriminations with respect to minority groups.
prejudice
and
9. Socially and economically depressed neighbours and
10. Child labour and inadequate educational or employment facilities.
AIMS OF SOCIAL WORK IN CHIOLD AND FAMILY WELFARE SETTINGS 1. Aid to families with department children, adoption services 2. Services to the unwed mothers 3. Foster home care 4. Protective services 5. Homemaker and day care services 6. Shapes and directs child welfare practice
7. Describes various services development in response to existing conditions and
needs.
8. Stresses the importance of children, their uniqueness and the great
significance of the various stages in their lives.
9. Helps children to become individuals to mature and to grow independent.
10. Case work services to children in their own home, complementary services,
services to children in foster care 11. Helping parents in voluntary placement of children with relatives 12. Community planning to strength family
13. Neighborhood and community life for all children
14. Deal with the problems of special concern to parents and children receiving public assistance 15. Strengthening the family 16. Empowering and 17. Building upon existing resources TECHNIQUES OR CLINICAL METHODS USED IN CHILD WELFARE SERVICES Parenting training Active listening Contracting Values clarification Congnitive-behaviour strategies and Problem management techniques
LEVELS OF CHILD WELFARE SERVICES • • • • Family level Extended family level Community level and Family intervention team level
TYPES OF CHILD WELFARE SERVICES 1) Institutional and 2) Non-institutional
SETTINGS OF INSTITUTIOANL SERVICES 1. Foundling homes (unknown parenting) 2. Homes for the destitute children 3. Short-stay homes
4. Foster homes
5. Homes and placement services for children of unwed mothers 6. Homes and residential schools with(out) sheltered workshops for delinquent children 7. Homes or night shelters for the care of vagrant children and
8. Residential treatment centres for emotionally disturbed children
SETTINGS OF NON-INSTITUTIONAL SERVICES a. SERVICES FOR THE NORMAL CHILDREN Crèches Pre-primary schools Day-care centres Balwadis Anganwadis Recreation and hobby clubs Library facilities Holiday homes School health services School social work services and Child guidance clinic
b. CHILDREN NEED OF SPECIAL CARE Schools for the mentally retarded children Nurseries and schools for the handicapped children
Audiology centers and hearing classes Allowances to children of destitute women maintained in their own homes Adoption services for destitute children and Infant health centres and children’s hospitals etc SOCIAL WORKER IN ADOPTION SERVICES i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Interview the applicants for adoption Make home visits Determines the suitability of the applicants Secures medical history to ascertain the general state of physical and mental health of applicants Determines whether they are free of communicable diseases and debilitating illness Helps to screen applicants and secure reports on their ability to love, nurture, rear and educate a child Evaluates the age of the applicant, motivation and interest Examines the suitability of the child under consideration for the applicants Matches the child with the adoptive parents across the factors such as race, native endowment, physique, intellect and religion Protects the interest of the patients by a through investigation into the background of a child, by safeguards established to assure confidentiality and by sound legal procedures. Facilitates the total process of adoption Facilitates placement of the right child with right parents Helps adoptive parents to better understand themselves, their child and adoption procedures and processes.
xi. xii. xiii.
SOCIAL WORKER IN FOSTER CARE FOSTER CARE is a treatment of choice for the infant and for the small child where the emotional tie to an adult is the main dynamic of growth. i. ii. Evaluates the family across standards within the field and selects the home Assess the ability of the family to provide adequate physical care – food, clothing, shelter and of the community to provide schooling, recreation and religious training
iii.
Assesses the family harmony, the emotional climate of the home and interaction among family members, interests and motivation in the caring for a homeless child Makes and effort to place the child in a home suitable for him Knows of the services for the children, their existence, their legal structure and about their organization and function Trained to bring the need together with the provision in the interest of rehabilitation, protection and prevention of social break down and disorganization Helps children to find suitable expression of their legitimate interest and rights
iv. v. vi.
vii.
SOCIAL WORKER IN PROTECTIVE SERVICES i. ii. iii. iv. v. Protect children from the neglect – to which they would subjected – from day care centres Physical and mental abuse is avoided Modern juveniles court restoration Punishment is minimized Provide specialized services to neglected, abused, exploited Children or rejected philosophy stresses protection, treatment and otherwise be
DAY CARE SERVICES
i.
Stimulates increased cooperation between voluntary agencies and pools well qualified resources for needed day care – center – of children Facilitates continued close collaboration and coordination between the children’s Bureau and the Bureaux of family services in child welfare and public assistance programs Expands counseling services Works to improve the quantity and quality of care in these centres Helps to develop and maintain the standards for the meeting needs of all children in foster family day care centres Works in getting grants for special projects for training personnel in the fields of child welfare and Encourages and conducts research in day care practices
ii.
iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
OTHER CHILD WELFARE SERVICES i. Establishing and maintaining adequate standards of practices
ii. iii.
Getting license and regulating the social agencies of child welfare and Coordinates services, plans cooperation among the agencies
COORECTIONAL SOCIAL WORK CORRECTION is the total process of helping persons who have violated the law to be rehabilitated. AREA REQUIRING CORRECTION SERVICES Vandalism – willful damage to things, fighting, violation of laws, drug crimes, bodily injuries and homicides among youth and young adults of different ages are the areas requiring correctional services.
AGENCIES CARRYING OUT CORRECTIONAL SERVICES i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Police department Juvenile courts Prisons Schools Churches Community Probation Parole Youth services Half – way homes etc
CORRECTIONAL PROCESSES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEPARTMENT a. Law enforcement b. Prosecution and defuse c. Judicial process and d. Corrections
1) LAW ENFORCEMENT Law enforcement is concerned with the collection of evidence about reported offenses and with the detection and arrest of suspected offends.
2) PROSECUTION AND DEFENSE Prosecution and defense are the preparation and presentation of criminal cases before the court.
3) JUDICIAL PROCESS Judicial process is concerned with the legal determination of guilt and the assignment of penalties.
4) CORRECTIONS Corrections are responsible for administering the assigned penalties. METHODS OF CORRECTION a. Incarceration – imprisonment b. Parole – release before the completion of punishment c. Probation – observation of official d. Educational programs and e. Social services FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORKERS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Assist boys and girls who are in trouble with the law is basically rehabilitated rather than to punish them Help them to understand themselves their relationship with others, and what is expected of them as members of the society in which they live Help to strengthen motivation Allow for ventilation of feelings – catharsis Establish and provide adequate information services Help offenders to make decisions Define the situation: to think and to feel Assist in modifying the environment Help offenders to reorganize behavior patterns and Facilitate referrals
ROLES / TASKS PLAYED BY SOCIAL WORKERS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS i. Act as the officer of the court or other quasi – judicial body to investigate and report on the offender and his social situation, contributing the results of such social studies in an appropriate and meaningful way to the making of legal decisions. Supervise the client’s social activities in such a way that violations are perceived and reported, provided constructive social control plan Stimulates inner growth toward self – control Help the involuntary client to handle the stresses produced by the law enforcement and correctional process constructively Help to become motivated to ask for and use help in problem solving Help to modify the behavior in the direction of increasingly viable conformity with social expectations. As the formal authority person in the client’s life, work with other authorities associated with the client – parents, teachers, employees, social agencies, institutional personnel, in such a way that the problems of these authorities with the client are alleviated; the activities of the authorities support the client’s efforts toward satisfactory behavior and the client is more soundly linked with the resources of his groups and his community. Administer a caseload or group load in such a way that the decisions of other personnel in the administration of criminal justice are respected, implemented and appropriately influenced by the social worker’s knowledge. The emergencies in the lives of clients are met with full attention to their significance for change. Enact a role in a multidisciplinary agency involving shared decisions and teamwork personnel in the same role as his but with other educational backgrounds; personnel with sub-professional assignments and backgrounds; personnel from other agencies in the administration of criminal justice and personnel in other correctional agencies who have served the client or will in the future. Take a responsible part in the social change of his agency and in the development of the field of service to which his agency belongs, contributing from his professional knowledge and experience to the determination of policy. Contribute to the developing professional knowledge of social work in corrections Investigations and surveillance for the purpose of securing information about the client’s failures and or success in meeting the legal obligations
ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi. xii.
xiii. xiv. xv.
Uses controls to modify clients behavior Acts a legal authority in the clients life with responsibility for value change and Correctional decision making
AIMS OF SOCIAL WORK IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1) To help the offered not to retaliate or to punish him 2) To utilize the knowledge and skills in a corrective manner 3) To rehabilitate the individual 4) T o help to help himself so that he can return to and become a part of his society. 5) To guide him toward becoming comfortable with himself and his associates.
6) To help the offender to change his behavior patterns so that he can relate
constructively to others and become socially acceptable.
7) Redirecting and reeducating the clients who have demonstrated anti-social and
illegal behavior.
8) Encourages the offender to talk about his problems, to feel about them and to
come to an insightful understanding of himself, accompanied by socially constructive behavior.
9) Help the offender to bolster his abilities to accept and withstand the pressures
and or assist in bringing about changes which alleviate inadequate housing or diet a family where no one cares, inadequate vocational training or job placement and economic stresses.
10) Attempts to achieve socially desirable objectives within institutional and
non-institutional settings.
11) Endeavors to establish a meaningful relationship with the individual and to
help him after his behavior patterns so as prepare his return to society as a contributing member. 12) Attempts to establish a relationship which frees the individual to express his feelings in a cathartic manner, master his ego strengths, change some of his values and become a law-abiding citizen. 13) Accepts the clients, understands, and respect him and makes the client to develop feelings towards him and share his ideas, emotions and problems
14) Society worker is non-judgmental warm sensitive to his needs, and conveys
feelings of respect for the integrity and individuality of the client regardless of his questionable conduct.
15) Social worker in intuitions meets more often with the clients through
interviewing helps him in achieving goals.
16) Outside intuitions’ gives support and assistance to the offender, focusing on
treatment rather than punishment reform then rather punitiveness
17) Acts as a catalytic agent who makes it possible for an offender to understand
himself better, feel about him and to strength his ability to interact with others constructively.
18) Helps him to tap his own strengths brining about better harmony within
himself and in his associations with other and 19) Effectively work during intake, when emergencies occur, in preparing for release and in after care treatment. Social work methods in correctional settings.
SOCIAL WORK PROCESSES INVOLVED IN CORRECTIOANL SETTINGS The following are process of social work involved in a correctional setting. 1. Social study – finding facts 2. Diagnosis – defining and evaluating the problems and 3. Treatment – solving SOCIAL WORK METHODS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1. CASEWORK Case work is the process of assisting and individual or family on a personal face-to-face basis to consider and solve their problems.
2. GROUPWORK Group work utilizes the group as the main tool in the helping process, assisting youth to face their problems and to something about them. Among groups of probationers, many groups meet together advantageously to consider their problems and solutions.
3. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Community organization is the inter group method in which an attempt is made. To tap community resources for solving and helping with social problems that affects a large number of people. It includes family life educations, community welfare councils, etc.,
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1. Relationship to help clients to help themselves
2. Never condemn or moralize, accept as he is and his behavior regardless of
what has been in the past. 3. Respect his right of self-determinations – do not make decisions for him
4. Recognize him to study and understand normal as well as anti-social behavior
in order to comprehend the “why” of delinquency and criminality and what should be done about them. 5. Provides a security- giving firmness, non-physical punishment and
6. Uses the authority in a positive manner to help offender to help himself face
his problems and readjust his thinking and behavior.
FIELDS / AREAS OF SOCIAL WORK IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1) Police department 2) Courts
3) Intuitions such as industrial schools, detention homes, reformations and
prisons and 4) Parole activities and prevention services such as counseling, camps, etc
INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORK Social work fro labour welfare aims to look after the interests of the workers. Labour welfare means “the efforts to make life worth living for the workmen” Social worker works as labor welfare officers, personnel managers, human resources executives, “manager-human resources, manager- personnel and industrial relations, etc., One labour welfare officers for an organization where 500+ employees are employed and 300+ employees in plantations.
FUNCTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORKERS
1) Advise and assists management to secure welfare amenities like canteen,
crache, rest room, recreation hall, etc., for the workers. 2) Establishes liaison with government agencies on health and safety of workers.
3) Attempts to provide those facilities which help them in raising the level of
education and standard of livings 4) Sees that various enactments are enforced in the establishment 5) Tries to strengthen satisfactory and productive relationship between the management and the workers. 6) Helps workers to adjust to their working environment
7) Advises workers against going on an all illegal shrikes.
8) Advises management against declaring illegal lock-out.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL WORK FUNCTIONS IN INDUSTRY a. Industrial social services and b. Industrial social work INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL SERVICES 1. Compliance of various basis acts pertaining to health and welfare, of workers preparation and submission of required reports, returns and statistical data
2. Management of industrial health services-first aid, dispensary ambulance and
hospitalization
3. Management of company schools and workers education classes 4. Management of canteens and middy meals etc., 5. Administration of housing estates and workers housing schemes. 6. Promotion and management of recreational measures – sports tournaments
welfare centers, cinema shows, tours, etc. 7. Supervision of provident fund, employees state insurance scheme work and
8. Administration of financial benefits schemes – loans, grants, etc. and
cooperative societies.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORK
1. Orientation and induction to new employees 2. Communicating company policies to workers individually and providing them
with correct interoperation and communicating workers opinions and feelings to the management. 3. Exit interviews
4. Care of young persons, women and workers nearing superannuation
MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK Medical and psychiatric social work brings about adjustments between the patient and his environment. Medical and psychiatric social work is an individualized services which the physical is expected to give to his patient through the help of a social workers, who tries to understand the patients a social being with his needs, emotion, circumstances and factors bearing on his illness and thus interprets the patient to the physician.
MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK Medical social work is also of a social work which is especially interested in the social and emotional problems of the physically ill and is carried on in a medical.
FROMS OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK a. Unorganized services b. Lady almoners c. Aftercare of insane d. Nursing care and e. Training of medical students
UNORGANISED FORMS OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK a. Friends and relatives lending help hands to the needy and b. Religious leaders as non-profession medical social workers. LADY ALMONERS
a. Increased social ease of hospital patients by caring in informal ways for their
social problems.
b. Worked as a means of solving poor patients problems by rendering part paid
free medical treatment c. Referred the patients to which ever local social work or medical agency could best help him d. Assigned the responsibility of carrying on liaison with the social work and medical resources of the community.
AFTERCARE OF THE INSANE
a. England society for after care of poor persons, discharged and recovered from
in same asylums.
b. Worked under the general supervision of medical superintends of mental
hospitals. c. Helped in placement of homeless mental patients in foster homes and in convalescent institutions and d. Guided the discharges patients in their attempts to orient themselves satisfactorily to their communities.
NURSING CARE
a. Emotional and social character of nurses maintained personal relationship and
care with hosp[ital patients b. Helped them to feel free and ask about their problems
c. Devoted full time with private home patients and d. Direct contact and knowledge of the personal difficulties of patients
TRANINIG OF MEDICAL STUDENTS
a. The first instruction in medical social work for perspective doctors was at the
medical schools of johns Hopkins university b. Not only class room instruction but also field work experience and c. Visit families in their homes as there is an intimate relationship between physical illness and the home environment. CURRENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK IN HOSPITALS It is mainly familiarizing the community not only with the social services of the hospital, but also with all the services of the hospital.
PROBLEMS OF A MEDICAL SOCIAL WORKER 1. Administrative problems can be eliminated if there is high degree of administrative coordination among the executives of the various departments of the hospital.
2. Making social services department as an integral part of the hospital
without special financing or outside supervision.
3. The patients who never intended to speck with a social worker but
intended to secure medical treatment. They have to be given as much attention as the work-load permits and 4. They hospital requires the teamwork of scientifically oriented workers as they are a constant stimulus to medical social workers in the attainment. ROLE OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORKER IN COMMUNTIY MENTAL HEALTH
I.
Represents one of several disciplines in a country, municipal, state or regional origination such functions as program, organization and development, supervision and consultation. Serve as educational specialist and mental health consultants. Stimulate program interest and development Consultation to other agencies Mental health education in the community In-service training of appropriate groups Research in mental health including a special aid in community planning through surveys of needs and program recommendations.
II.
III.
IV. V. VI.
VII.
PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK Psychiatric social work is the social work practiced in direct and responsible working relations with psychiatry at hospitals, clients or in other psychiatric auspices with an aim of serving people with mental or emotional disturbances. CHARACTERS OF PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS – JESSI TAFT 1. Maternal sort of person
2. Have genuine liking for people and their troubles
3. With warmth and spontaneity 4. A whole-hearted interest that renders the making of good contacts simple. Natural ands inevitable. SCOPE OF PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK
1. Ancillary to medicine
2. Autonomous psychiatric teams, hospital and clinics 3. Child guidance clinics and 4. Psychiatric nursing FUNCTIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS
1) Students observe and appraises the problems bought to the hospital or clinic
by the individual.
2) Evaluates the role of the family
3) Assesses the meaning of the findings resulting from the study
4) Helps the individual and his family to use the treatment of the services
organization. 5) Assists them in solving their problems
6) Carries responsibility in relation to both the patient and his family through all
phases of diagnosis, care treatment and rehabilitation.
7) Collaborates with members of other professions in the treatments program
recommended for the patient.
8) Assists the patient and or his family to understand the meaning of the patient’s
illness and their reaction to it. 9) Assists to accept the need for treatment as a corrective measure.
10) Assists to determine and work toward the resolution of specific problems
11) Stresses in the environment which impede treatment or interferes with adequate social functioning
12) Helps to develop healthy, satisfying interpersonal relationships 13) Helps to modify undesirable and unrealistic attitudes. 14) Helps to facilities use of the patients own assets to strengthen his efforts
toward a more satisfying adjustments.
15) Helps the individual family or the community in meeting needs in ways
which will result in improves individual performance at home, within family unit, on the job, in the community and in other social situations and 16) Help the patient to become oriented to the hospital and ease the pain of separation.
PSYCHIATRIUC SOCIAL WORK IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS
1. To assist in interpretation of the hospital’s facilities and program to the patient
and his family.
2. Assistance to the family
with problems arising from the patients administration to the hospital, amelioration of the family anxieties in relation to the threat of having a mentally ill relative, interpretation to the family of the hospital treatment procedures.
3. Formulation of plans with the assistance of other community social agencies,
which might admission less urgent or occasionally prevent unnecessary or illadvised admission and
4. Establishing a relationship with the family which will encourage them to
maintain a positive, non-rejecting attitude through out the point of care, and ultimately help them to receive the returning patient with understanding and acceptances.
SOCIAL WORK IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS 1. Make interpretations of the functions of the clinic, complete intakes., etc. 2. Make studies of individuals in family situations. 3. Assist with diagnosis and treatments
4. Helps patient to decide whether to use the clinic, whether something more
appropriate might be the answer to his problem and whether the clinic services fit his needs
5. Coordinates for the patient and his privacy, dignity and independence of the
individual.
6. Coordinates for the patient and his family the medical and other services set in
motion within and outside the psychiatric clinic. 7. Serves on boards of agencies 8. Gives talks and interprets the needs for services for the mentally ill. 9. Represents their particular area of competence on the clinical team.
10. Maintain their profession identify thorough the staff development programs,
professional associations and other contacts within the profession. 11. Attends local, regional and national meetings and conferences in the field of social work. 12. Helps to perpetuate his work by his contribution to training, education, writing, and research.
13. Assists in the training of other psychiatric social workers as a staff members a
field instructor of trainees, or by affiliating with a school of social work. 14. Provides staff for supervision, office space and other facilities needed in training and 15. Engages in scientific studies and social work research.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORERS IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS
1. Promotion and organization of community mental health programs and
activities.
2. Integrates psychiatric programs with community health and welfare programs 3. Provides consultation to community health, education and welfare services
and 4. Educates the community in mental health concept.
SOCIAL WORK METHODS USED IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICE 1) Casework 2) Administration 3) Consultation 4) Community organization and 5) Research
AREAS OF MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK 1. Public health programs
2. Maternity and child welfare centers
3. Venereal disease clinics 4. Children wards 5. Infirmities
6. Mental hospital and psychiatric clinics
7. General hospitals 8. Rural health units 9. T B Sanatoria 10. Unwed mothers institutions and 11. Destitute, cancer, leprosy patients and physically handicapped persons
CHANGING ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKER IN PSYCHIATRIC SETTINGS
i. ii. iii.
iv.
Psychiatry and social work are moving out of the hospitals into the community General practitioner in medicine is practicing more and more psychiatry The community which opposed the return of a patient extend its welcome Programs are being developed for ex – patients and for patients who are border line and not in need of hospitalization but who can be treated in the community. Establishment of emergency psychiatric services, mental health consultation, psychiatric section in general hospitals, open hospitals interaction prescription, member-employee work homes, sheltered workshops and foster family care programs. Greater importance of social work for the family, the community and the impact of one upon the other enhanced. The promises of each of these discoveries are not fulfilled. Manpower shortage in the field Lack of adequate knowledge and Lack of improvement in the efforts to expand research and training.
v.
vi. vii. viii. ix.
x.
SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK PROBLEMS REQUIRING SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION 1) Indiscipline 2) Violence 3) Drugs 4) Cheating and 5) Valuelessness SOCIAL WORK PARTICE SCHOOLS a. To help all children succeed in school b. To make provision for help in specific areas with vulnerable groups, such as, minorities, limited English students, those with disabilities and the economically disadvantages. c. To provide interdisciplinary training for social workers with others on the professional helping team. d. To change students approach to specific problems
e. To make it possible for learning to occur f. To identify problems areas and possible solutions. g. To help formulate school policy that would address such problems h. To help parents to being about better lines of communication, helping both child and parent gain understanding and acceptance of each other. i. To act as agents of change in relation to the school and community
j.
To maintain a liaison between social agencies and the legal practice and to become a catalyst in the evolving patterns of social structure.
TECHINIQUES OF SOCIAL WORK IN SCHOOLS a. Behavior modification b. Reinforcement theory c. Skill development theory, especially skills of helping, confidentially, acceptance, understanding, trustworthiness and caring d. Preventive measures for drug addicts and alcoholics and e. Counseling.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OR COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK COMMUNITY Community means a group of people living in a common geographical area, sharing common interest and having a sense belongingness. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Community organization means the efforts to direct social resources effectively towards the specific or total welfare needs of any geographical area. Its performance may involve such activities as fact-finding coordination, improving standards, interpretation, developing welfare programs, changing patters of social work and promoting social legislation. STEPS IN COMMUNTIY ORGANIZATION 1) Informal or systematic survey of the community 2) Identify its social needs and priorities them 3) Find out methods and techniques of meeting them 4) Discover the existing resources to fulfill them
5) Find out financial, technical and man power resources from within or outside the community
6) Eliminate and prevent the social ills and disabilities standing in the way of
welfare programs 7) Create consciousness for needs and resources. 8) Coordinate the work of various agencies 9) Staff and budget for welfare 10) Articulate needs and resources and constant readjustment of the resources as per the changing needs and 11) Continues evaluation of the work done and follow-up of the services developed in the community. METHODS AND TECHNIQOES 1. Case work and group work 2. Survey, research and maintaining records 3. Meeting key persons 4. Discussions, groups meetings, lectures and debates 5. Films shows and celebration of local festivals
6. Dramas, dances, folk songs, puppet shows, kirtan bhajam mandalis
7. Use of flash cards and flannel or khadi graph stories. 8. Use of notice boards, bulletin boards, charts, posters, booklets and newspapers 9. Arranging exhibitions and demonstrations
10. Literacy and social education classes
11. Inter group and inter agency consultations and coordination
12. Promotion of social action and social legislation and
13. Visit the places where the program was successful
AREAS REQUIRING COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK a. Economic b. Education c. Health
d. Housing and roads e. Recreation f. Cultural activities g. Social service and
h. Community life
UNIT – V EMERGING AREAS OF SOCIAL WORK SOCIAL WORK IN ENVIRONMNTAL PROTECTION DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT The team environment implies all the external factors, both living, material and non-material which surround man. Environment is an aggregate of all external condition inclusive of both internal and external factors that are influencing or affecting the life and development o fan organism, human behavior or society. In modern society it includes not only the water, air, and soil that form our environment but also the social and economics conditions under which we live. It includes intra-psychic processes, metabolic and organic functioning, adaptive capacity and the physical conditions. All the environments together form a dynamic matrix of interaction that shapes an individuals behavior. COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
1. Physical : water, air, soil, housing, wastes, radiation, etc.
2. Biological: plant and animals life including bacteria, viruses, insects, rodents and animals etc. 3. Psychosocial: customs, culture, habits, income, occupation, religion, etc.
CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXXPLOITATION 1) Change in the physical constitution of environment, 2) Disturbance in different links in life chain. 3) Depletion of natural resources 4) Degradation of life support systems and
5) Pollution of different types such as water pollution, air pollution, nose pollution and soil pollution etc.,
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKERS IN PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMNET
1) Providing scientific knowledge concerning the delicate relationship of human
beings to the rapidly changing physical and social environment. 2) Enabling people to understand varied kind of events and behavioral patterns in the context of various types of influences and variables that platy a determining role in creation of these events and behavioral patterns
3) Motivating them to focus on the adaptive balances that may exists between
living beings and their environment. 4) Assisting them to appraise consistencies, strength and complements as also various inconsistencies, discrepancies and conflicts as they affect the quality of life. 5) Developing a healthy relationship between man and his environment.
6) Strengthening the right kind thinking, attitudes and behavioral patterns among
people.
7) Providing information required for correct understanding of different aspects
of environment as also problems that emanate farm it and the measures that can ne adopted to tackle them. 8) Presenting facts before people to enable them to take right decisions.
9) Developing such attitudes and values in the personality of the people as may
develop and sustain the feeling of respect for environment for various types of gifts that it has made available to mankind and refrain them from taking any such action that any lead to exploitation and abuse of environment.
10)
Substituting the existing harmful values of materialism and hedonism leading to environmental degradation by propagating and developing the values of plain and simple living.
11) Motivates man to adopt a friendly behavior towards environment.
12) Mobilizing and organizing people to give a united challenge to those who
indulge in varied kinds of activities detrimental to the conversation and development of environment.
13) Persuading and preparing people to take all such like promotion of a
forestation and restraint on deforestation restriction on emission of various pollutants that pollute water, air, soil, etc.
14) Impressing upon the policy-makers to formulate such polities and enact such laws as may be conducive to promotion of cordial relationship between man and his environment.
15) Urging and motivating the people associated with enforcement of various
policies and legal enactments to implement their various provisions sincerely and to ensure that penalties stipulated for their violations are imposed upon those who glaringly violate them.
16) Helping in fixing the responsibility of those employees of the enforcement
machinery who deliberately ignore the infringement of legal provisions or shows slackness in dealing with the law breakers and can ensure that suitable action is taken against such irresponsible and recalcitrant (disobedient) employees.
17) Appealing and preparing people in general in the community to lend their
maximum possible cooperation in the task of environment conversation and development not only by observing various do’s and don’t in their personal lives but also by initiating all sorts of suitable organized social action including specific work-oriented projects in a sustained manner that may be requires in this regard.
18) In collaboration with other disciplines may undertake scientific researches to
explore various unexplored aspects of environment, especially to highlight its realities and their impact upon mankind and to suggest measures that ought to be taken to recreate a friendly relationship between man and environment.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT DEFINITION OF DISASTER Any event that causes great loss or harm to the human life can be known as disaster.
TYPES OF DISASTER 1. Natural and 2. Man- made
NATURAL DISASTERS Any ecological disruption which exceeds the community’s capacity of adjustments so that outside assistance is needed in known as Natural disaster, Eg. Earthquakes floods, volcanic eruption etc., MAN-MADE DISASTES
Human action results in the disruptions of living conditions with a considerable number of deaths casualties. They are distinct from natural disasters in that they are sometimes predictable and preventable. Eg. Wars, industrial accidents, stampedes (mass movements) etc. ADVANCE MEASURES POSSIBLE TO AVOID MAN-MADE DISASTERS 1. Appropriate engineering or other technological measures. 2. Early waning if appropriate and 3. Protection against human errors.
PHASES OF DISASTER 1. PRE – DISASTER PHASE It is otherwise known as inter-disaster phase. It is the time for prevention and preparedness. It is increasingly recognized that the appropriate management of natural disaster requires advance planning. To ensure that health services in order to determine hazards amenable to prevention and mitigation. In all disaster-prone countries, there should be multi-disciplinary planning for disasters in which the health aspects should be fully integrated, hospitals from adjacent or more accessible areas therefore should be linked into a network, with appropriate and autonomous means of communication and transport. 2. PRE-IMPACT PHASE This corresponds to the period during which indications of an imminent disaster are accumulating. Many but not all disasters are prepared by preliminary signs. This is the time for warnings based on appropriate predication techniques. Time of the warning is al important. 3. IMPACT PHASE This is the period during which the disaster strikes. Destruction and deaths occur in this phase. It may last for a few seconds. (eg. Earthquake) to weeks (eg floods). A number of observations indicated that external said, however prompt it might be, comes too late to have a significant impact on the prevention of early deaths and that insufficient use is made of local resources for resuce and immediate relief in the affected community. To be effective immediate resuce and relief for natural disasters should be a part of primary health care. This calls for decentralized pre-disaster planning at the community level and education of the community in preparedness for disasters.
4. .RELIEF PHASE This phase begins when assistance from outside starts to reach the disaster area. This stage is often characterized by the intervention of ill formed and unprepared personnel. Immediate aid indeed be rather un-specific, calling for resuce materials, shelters and survival items. But, subsequently relief should be more carefully directed. An immediate assessment of needs and damage is vital. Including the number, type and localization of causalities, the risk of transmissible disease, environmental hazards, as well as an inventory of preserved structures, facilities, supplies, and manpower. It should be stressed that such an evaluation is necessary for effective relief.
5. REHABILITATION PHASE The final phase in a disaster should lead to the restoration of pre-disaster conditions. The health management of disaster has thus definitely moved beyond resuce and short term relief, to encompass the whole disaster process, from predisaster planning and preparedness to long term rehabilitations. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER NATURAL DISASTERS Communicable diseases are triggered through
1. Increasing in transmission of local pathogens through a. Increase in promiscuity of conditions and
b. Deterioration in sanitary of refugee camp
c. A partial or total disruption of control programs
2. Changing receptivity of the population 3. Introduction of a new pathogen due to a widespread migration of population over long distances.
DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN EMERGENCIES
SANITARY MEASURES Proper accommodation for refugees in Camps and newer settlements safe water
MEDICAL MEASURE less long-term impact – should not be undertaken
Supply, proper vector- control Measures, etc.,
without good reason. vaccination campaigns are Frequently resorted to but new massive campaigns should not be encouraged.
HIV / AIDS AIDS, means the Acquired Immuno – Deficiency Syndrome. It is also known as “Slim Disease”. It is a fatal illness caused by a retrovirus known as the human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the body’s immune system, leaving the victim vulnerable to a host of life – threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders, or unusual malignancies. The term AIDS refers only to the last stage of the HIV infection. AIDS can be called our modern pandemic, affecting both industrialized and developing countries.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF AIDS 1. AGENT FACTORS Agent Reservoir of infection and Source of infection 2. HOST FACTORS Age Sex High risk groups Immunology MODE OF TRANSMISSION 1. Sexual transmission 2. Blood contact and 3. maternal – foetal transmission CONTROL OF AIDS
There are four basic approaches to the control of AIDS. They are 1. Prevention a. Education and b. Prevention of blood borne HIV transmission 2. Antiretroviral treatment a. combination therapy b. post exposure prophylactic treatment 3. Specific Prophylaxis 4. Primary health care EDUCATION Enables people to make life saving choices, such as avoiding indiscriminate sex, using condoms etc ii. To educate the importance of avoiding the use of shared razors and toothbrushes iii. To educate that the share of intravenous needles and syringes involve special risk iv. To make the HIV affected and high risk women to avoid becoming pregnant since the infection can be transmitted to the unborn or newborn PREVENTION OF BLOOD BORNE HIV TRANSMISSION i. ii. iii. iv. v. People of high risk should be urged not to indulge in blood donation, donation of body organs, sperm donation or other tissues donation etc All blood donors should be screened for HIV 1 and HIV 2 before transmission Strict sterilization practices should be ensured in hospitals and clinics Presterilised disposable syringes and needles should be used as far as possible One should avoid injections unless they are absolutely necessary i.
ANTIRETROVIAL TREATEMENT The administration of the antiviral chemotherapy is known as antiretroviral treatment. Though it is not useful in curing, but found useful in prolonging the life of severely ill patients.
COMBINATION THERAPHY Combination therapy means the administration of combination of drugs so that it decrease the viral load and allows suppression of HIV RNA.
SPECIFIC PROPHYLAXIS
Specific prophylaxis means the opposite of combination therapy, i.e., giving specific drugs suitable to the type and source of infection. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Because of the wide-range of health implications associated with HIV/AIDS, the primary health care systems are closely integrated with AIDS control programs.
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAM (1987) In 1985 the Government of India constituted a task force to look into the spread of AIDS. The activities began by pilot screening program of high-risk population. National AIDS Control Program was launched in 1987. In the year 1992, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare set up a National AIDS Control Organization as a separate wing to implement and closely monitor the various components of the program. The government of India launched a 5 year HIV/AIDS Control Project from September 1992 to September 1997 as 100 percent centrally sponsored project for all states / UTs. The project was later on extended up to March 1999.
The second phase was launched in 1999. It is being implemented by the National, AIDS Control Organization with the support of World Bank, USAID and the Department for International Development. The main objective of this phase is restricting the future spread of the infection to very minimum level, ie., 1 percent.
COMPONENTS OF NACP 1. Establishment of surveillance centres to cover the whole country 2. Identification of high risk groups and their screening 3. Issuing specific guidelines for management of detected cases and their followup 4. Formulating guidelines for blood product manufacturers, blood banks, blood donors, and dialysis units 5. Information, education and communication activities by involving mass media 6. Research, reduction of personal and social impact of the disease and 7. Control of sexually transmitted disease and control program AIMS OF NACP 1. To prevent further transmission of HIV 2. To decrease morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection and 3. To minimize the socio – economic impact resulting from HIV infection I PHASE FEATURES / PROGRAMS OF NACP 1. Blood safety
2. Policy on HIV testing 3. STD control program 4. Condom promotion 5. HIV surveillance 6. HIV sentinel Surveillance and 7. Information, education, communication and social mobilization II PHASE FEATURES / PROGRAMS OF NACP 1. Raising the level of awareness on STD/HIV in rural areas and other vulnerable groups of population 2. Encouraging health seeking behavior in general population for reproductive tract infections and STD 3. Making people aware about services available in the public health system for the management of RTI/STD 4. Provision of facilities for early detection and prompt treatment and 5. Implementing focused IEC strategy GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK DEFINITION OF GERENTOLOGY The study of the physical and psychological changes which are incident to old age is called Gerontology. The study of the causes and medical treatment of ill health associated with old age is called Clinical Gerontology or Geriatrics.
HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE AGED (THREE) 1. General Problems of Aged • Poverty • Loneliness and • Illhealth etc 2. Problems Due to the Ageing Process • Senile cataract • Glaucoma • Nerve deafness • Bony changes affecting mobility • Emphysema • Failure of special senses and • Changes in mental outlook etc 3. Problems Assoicated with Long – Term and Chronic Diseases • Degenerative diseases of cardio vascular diseases, ie., disease of heat and blood vessels • Cancer • Accidents • Diabetes
Diseases of locomotor system; eg.Myositis, fybrositis, neuritis, gout, osteoarthiritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis of spine etc., • Respiratory illnesses; Eg Chronic bronchitis and asthma • Genitor-urinary system of enlarged prostate, dysuria, nocturia, frequency and urgency of micturition, etc 4. Psychological Problems • Mental changes, eg.Impaired memory (Dementia), rigidity of outlook, dislike of changes etc. • Sexual maladjustments such as inactivity which leads to irritability, jealousy etc and • Emotional disorders etc
•
HEALTH MEASURES FOR THE AGED CARE 1. Health Promotional Measures Good housing Balanced diet Reduction of physical and mental strain Intellectual activity and Social welfare measures 2. Specific Preventive Measures Avoidance of injuries and fall Careful dieting and reduction of obesity and Periodic medical check-up 3. Efficient Geriatric Health service for early diagnosis Prompt treatment Disability limitation and Rehabilitation SOCIAL WELFARE MEASURES AND SERVICES FOR THE AGED CARE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. National Assistance Supplementary Pensions Home Services Home Care Services Meals on Wheels Services Old Folk’s Homes Sitters-Up Services Provision for Services of Health Visitors etc
PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR THE AGED WELFARE 1. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES
Health habits such as smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, nutrition and sleep related services Services concentrating coronary heat disease risk factors Immunization Pneumovax Tetanus Injury prevention Latrogenesis prevention and osteoporosis prevention 2. SECONDARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES • Screening services for …. Hypertension Diabetes Periodontal disease Dental caries Sensory impairment Medication side effects Colo-rectal cancer Breast cancer Cervical cancer Prostatic cancer Nutritionally induced anaemia Depression and stress Urinary incontinence Podiatric problems Fall risk Tuberculosis Syphilis Stroke prevention Myocardial infarction 3. TERTIARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES • Rehabilitation for Physical deficits Cognitive deficits Functional deficits Caretaker support Introduction of support necessary to prevent loss of autonomy SOCIAL WORKERS ROLE IN GERIATRIC CLINIC 1. Maintenance of security and dignity and reinforcement of independence to the fullest extent appropriate to the patient’s condition 2. Maintenance of the patient’s orientation to his name, his place, clock, Calendar, and daily schedule in a convenient location 3. Encouragement of friendship and communication with staff and other patients
4. Arrangements for patients with visual defects to have assistance for safety 5. Should speak clearly, slowly and firmly to patients with hearing loss 6. If the patient suffers a painful condition, be especially sensitive to the need for Medication to relative pain 7. Special attention to depression that may reach a stage of suicide risk when personal or health crisis occurs 8. Observation of eating habits, especially for food likes and dislikes difficult in chewing or any fixed ideas about food; report these to the dietitian 9. Report complaints about dentures so that patients can be seen by a dentist. Provide opportunity for women to visit a market 10. Care patients dress and grooming and praise on any accomplishment. Keep promises to patients faithfully HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL WORK FOUNDATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Right to equality Right to freedom Right against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Religion Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Property And Right to Constitutional Remedies
DEFINITION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS NON – GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (HRNGO) HRNGO is a private association which devotes significant resources to the promotion and protection of HR, which is independent of both government and political groups that seek direct political power and which does not itself, seek such power.
TYPES OF NGOs IN HR TWO a) Specializing in particular area of work, i.e., children’s rights, refugees, women’s rights and prisoner’s rights etc and b) Focusing in a particular geographical area or region ROLE OF NGO / SOCIAL WORKERS IN PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS i. To develop new HR standards ii. To ensure the facts surrounding HR Problems to public iii. To protect and promote HR iv. To investigate, monitor and highlight HR abuses v. To safeguard HR against governmental infringement vi. To influence the deliberations of intergovernmental HR bodies vii. To organize campaigns to mobilize public opinion and
viii. Attempt to affect the foreign policy of some countries with respect to their relations with other countries that regularly commit HR violations ix. To carry out activities like information gathering and fact finding, etc x. To record and present allegations of HR abuses xi. Because of grassroot contacts they can most effectively identify HR violations xii. Articulate and seek redressal from the commission xiii. Because of the deeper root in the public, they can assist HRC of helping its staff as well as undertake investigation of violations on behalf of the HRC xiv. Undertake research and serious studies on specific problems and issues in view of their specialized knowledge xv. Organizes seminars, training programs in spreading HR awareness and xvi. Tries to enlarge the scope of social law to improve the living conditions of the masses THE END LEVELS OF SOCIAL WORK Horejsi, has classified Social, Work intervention on the basis of the size of the client system as beneficiary, into 3 levels. They are, i. ii. iii. Micro level Macro level and Mezzo level
MICRO LEVEL SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Micro level social work practice focuses on a person’s most intimate interactions such as exchanges between husband and wife, parent and child, close friends and family members. Interpersonal helping, direct practice and clinical practice are some of the types of social work practices at micro level.
MACRO LEVEL SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Working with an organization, community or even society as a whole is called macro level social work practice. It deals with interpersonal relations such as interactions between people who represent organizations or who are members of a work group such as an agency, committee or inter-agency task force. Administration, fund-raising, testifying on proposed legislation, policy analysis, class advocacy and social resource development are the techniques involved in macro level social work.
MEZZO LEVEL SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Mezzo level social work practice deals with interactions, less intimate than familial relationships more personal and meaningful than organizational or institutional interactions. It also includes relationships among individuals in a self-help or therapy group, among peers at school or work and among neighbours. SOCIAL WORK IN RELATION TO HUMANISM Human reclaims dignity and a central position for the human beings (Explain Social Work here) Comprehensive humanism understands the totality of human nature and recognizes human beings as the author of ethical, political and social judgments (Explain Social Work here) Creating fear – complex and over emphasizing the success of the science are not the aims of humanism (Explain Social Work here). It Teaches that Moral obligations are to be discharged voluntarily by every person. (Explain Social Work here) The humanists hold an “Organic View of Life” and believe that “Main is a part of Nature and that he has emerged as the result of a “continuous process” (Explain Social work here)
IMPACK OF GLOBALISATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY GLOBALISATION Globalization is a process of promoting minimum interference of government and also considering market as the sole social regulator. COMPONANTS OF THE VISION OF GLOBALISATION (KORTEN) 1) The world’s money, technology and markets are controlled and managed by gigantic global corporations 2) A common consumer culture unifies all people in a shared quest for material gratification 3) Corporations are free to act solely on the basis of profitability, without regard to national or local consequences 4) Relationships, both of individual and corporations, are defined entirely by the market and 5) There are no loyalties to place and community PROCESS OR PRACTICE OF GLOBALISATION 1) Produce products where costs are lowest
2) Sell them where markets are more lucrative and 3) Shift the resulting profits to where tax rates are least burdensome IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION Weakens the bargaining power of any given locality Shifts the balance power from the local human interest to the global corporate interest Weakens the community to free the market Eliminates livelihood to create wealth, and Destroys life to increase unneeded and often unsatisfying consumption IMPACT OF LIBERLISATION The process of debureacratisation of economic activity, downsizing government, and promoting the entrepreneurship and individual initiative is liberalization.
AIMS OF LIBERALISATION 1. Increases productivity, eliminates social waste, enables the utilization of advances in science and technology and creates new wealth and 2. Enables utilization of the vast potential of the global market for creative and hard working individuals, enterprises, and knowledge workers if India. ASPECTS AND STEPS OF LIBERALIZATION THREE Liberalization has got three steps. They are, 1. Those which directly impinge on the poor and increase the incidence and acuteness of poverty in the country 2. Those which are poverty neutral: i.e. the step does not affect the condition of the poor one way or the other and 3. Those which have a beneficial effect on poverty alleviation and improves the social justice. WESTERNIZATION ON INDIAN CULTURE WESTERNIZATION Westernization means, “the process of adopting western culture, pattern of life, dress, diet and speech towards secular caste system”.
IMPACT OF WESTERNISATION ON INDIAN CULTURE 1. Changes in appearance and dress
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Gradual weakening of ideas regarding ritual purity Adoption of all occupations Towards general secularization Implies certain value preferences Implies an active concern for the welfare of all human beings irrespective of caste, economy, religion, age and sex i.e., humanitarianism 7. Includes introduction of changes and fundamental changes in institutions and 8. Implies mobility outside the framework of caste MODERNISATION ON INDIAN CULTURE MODERNISATION Modernization is, “a process of adopting the modern ways of life and values” It is a process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies”. Modernization also means “the appreciation of modern science to human affairs”. It is transformation “from change – resistant sacred outlook to the change – ready secular outlook”. It also implies transformation from status – based relations to contract – based relations.
IMPACT OF MODERNISATION ON INDIAN CULTURE 1) Increase in reason and rationalism 2) Increase in secularism 3) High aspiration and achievement orientation but not in success 4) Overall transformation of attitudes, norms and values 5) Creation of new functional institutions 6) Increase in investment in human resources 7) Rise in national interest 8) Rise of an open society 9) Rise in a mobile person 10) Increase in social unrest 11) Remarkable increase in geographic, social and occupational mobility 12) Remarkable spread in scientific and technical education 13) A transition from ascribed status to achieved status 14) An increase in material standard of living 15) High production of working force in secondary and tertiary services / production 16) High expectancy of life at birth 17) Grater measure of public participation in the polity; democracy 18) Uneven structural changes
19) Conflict between institutions 20) Role Vs.value conflict, i.e.,change Vs.unchanged conflict and 21) Cultural lag
UNIT V Family and child welfare, correctional social work, industrial social work, medical and psychiatric social work, school social work and community social work. UNIT I CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WORK “social work is a professional service, based on scientific knowledge and skill in human relations, which assists individuals, alone or in groups, to obtain social and personal satisfaction and independence”. Friedlander
“social work is the art of bringing various resources bear on individual, group and community needs by the application of a scientific method of helping people to help themselves”. Stroup
social work is “a welfare activity based on humanitarian philosophy, scientific knowledge and technical skills for helping individuals or groups or community, to live a rich and full life”. -Indian conference of social work Social work is, “a help rendered to any person or group, who or which is suffering from any disability, mental, physical, emotional or moral, so that the individual or group so helped is enable to help himself or itself”. Moorth and Rao
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL WORK 1. To solve psycho-social problems. 2. To fulfill humanitarian needs. 3. To solve adjustments problems. 4. To create self-sufficiency. 5. To strengthen and make harmonious social relations
6. To make provision of corrective and recreation services.
7. To develop democratic values 8. To provide opportunity for development and social progress. 9. To conscientise the community. 10. To change the environment in favor of individuals growth and development. 11. To bring change in social system for social development and to provide socio-legal aid. PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK A. Responsibility for decisions B. Enhancing personal welfare C. Avoiding harm D. Valuing truth over ignorance and prejudice. E. Avoiding criticism of ideas while problem solving.
F. Not making decisions on the basis of data, ignoring the gap between personal beliefs and available problems related knowledge. G. Use of the least restrictive methods. H. Clients should be fully informed and involved in decisions. I. Professionals should have problem-related knowledge and skills.
J.
Practice decision are well reasoned
K. Critical discussion and testing L. Decisions are data based as well as theory based
M. Individual difference are valued and respected
N. Self-knowledge that contributes to making well-reasoned practice decisions is sought and
used and O. Words correspond to actions. SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK Depends upon the special needs and problems of each society which are constantly changing because of various socio-economic factors. So, there is no such definite and uniform basis for its scope. But, can be explained with the purpose and practice of social work in different fields of it as follows. • • • • • Child welfare Women welfare Youth welfare Social defense Community development • • • • Welfare of handicapped Services for the aged Medical and psychiatric social work Labour welfare, etc.
SOCIAL WORK CONCEPTS SOCIAL WELFARE Social welfare means providing financial assistance and other services to the poor and the disadvantaged. It also refers to the collective responsibility to meet the needs of all the people in general.
“including those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recognized as basis to the well-being of the population and the better functioning of the social order”. VARYING FORMS OF THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. From the residual to the institutional concept 2. Charity to citizen right
3. Special to universal
4. Minimum to optimum 5. Individual to social reform 6. Voluntary to public (by Government) 7. From welfare for the poor to a welfare society. FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1) SOCIAL PROVISIONS Public Assistance, social insurance, Public housing, medical care, etc. for social security and social justice are the setting of social provisions of social welfare administration. 2) SOCIAL SERVICES Social services through social welfare are concerned with the people change. Developmental, remedial, supportive and substitutive settings are the social services of social welfare. 3) SOCIAL ACTION Social action is concerned with the system change. Altering structure of roles and the distribution of power, preventing problems, expanding opportunity enhancing the quality of life are the activities of social action through social welfare administration.
SOCIAL SERVICE Social service are organized activities that are primarily and directly concerned with the conversation, the protection and the improvement of human resources. They are the efforts to restore, maintain and enhance the social functioning of individuals and families through 1. Enabling social resources and
2. Processes that enhance the capacity of individual and families to cope with
stress and with the normal demands of social life. Social services is helping the helpless. SOCIAL REFORM Social Reform is a change or replacement in the institutions. Which have become functionally irrelevant (totally or partially) to the contemporary social order causing loss of equality of life, deprivations, unrest and misery to sizeable sections of the society. It is also a movement motivated by an urge to uproot traditional values of social life and institution and bring instead new values and pattern of social life. GROUP WORK COYLE: defines social group work as “a type of educational process carried on in voluntary groups during leisure time and with the assistance of a group leader.” KONOPKA defines social group work method as “a method of social work which helps individuals to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences and to cope more effectively with their personal, group or community problems.” It aims •
•
At the growth and development of individuals through the group experience. At the use of the group but its members for social purposes which they consider desirable.
Social group work is a method of personality development in which, the group itself is utilized as a chief tool. It is a systematic way in which the social workers affects social and group process to achieve specific objectives. SOCIAL GROUP WORK PROCESS SGWP refers to the group process when consciously by the workers toward specific ends. COMPONENTS OF SOCAIL GROUP WORK PROCESS
A) Interrelationships of member, of worker with members and group as – a –
whole, B) Members ‘and groups’ reactions, activities and experience.
C) The workers professional responsibility and D) Judgments are the components of social group work process
SOCIAL GROUP WORK AS A FIELD OF SERVICE
As a field of service it encompasses the settlement house, the neighborhood house, the YWCA, YWCA, the girl scouts are group activities in hospitals, detention homes and other host agencies.
AIMS OF SGM
a. To being about solution of personal, family and community problems through
the use of the group as the tool, and with the assistance of professionally trained persons to help, directly or indirectly, in guiding and providing an opportunity for solving of these problems. b. To prevent problems as well to provide services and to solve problems
c. To utilize the power of interaction of human beings for their own benefits in
solving social problems and in enriching living. Facilitating interaction and relationships through planned group programs and or activities.
d. Affords opportunity for intimate relationships which can play a role in the
process of human maturation. e. Group experience is used as supplements to other relationships. GOALS OF GROUP WORK a. Enhancements of social functioning b. Enhancement of social work functions such as provision, prevention and restoration. GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK METHOD a. Understanding of and commitment, to the attainment of social work goals, through use of group work method.
b. Familiarity with and appreciation of the bases for establishing ultimate,
long range and proximate goals for services groups and their members.
c. Understanding and acceptance of characteristics and attributes of groups
as units of social work services.
d. Understanding of and commitment in social work functions as they obtain
in the practice of group work.
e. Understanding and appreciation of persons as the users of social work
services.
f. Awareness and acceptance of the agency as the organ of providing social
work services.
g. Understanding of, commitment to, and ability to execute with moderate
skill,
the social work activities
such as assessment planning,
implementation and evaluation in problems solving through group work services.
h. Understanding and acceptance of, and ability to observe, interpret and to
share responsibility in performance of, a variety of procedures such as intake and registration, grouping, referral and termination which are requires in carrying out social work activities through group work services.
i.
Familiarity with and acceptance of the community as the matrix of social work service.
j. Understanding and appreciation of and ability to observe responsibility psycho-dynamics of individual and group behavior.
k. Understanding and appreciation of the variety of relationships within and
peripheral to the service group. Ability to observe the nature and qualities of relationships; to respond with both empathy and maintenance of the worker role and to interpret appropriately and communicate the significance of interaction.
l.
Appreciation of group member’s roles in other positions, with accompanying understanding of and commitment to the social work functions. communication skills used in providing group work services.
m. Understanding and appreciation of ability participate with a range of n. Understanding acceptance of ability to participate in personnel processes
and procedures such as supervision in service, training, etc.which are employed in provision of group work services, with appreciation for respective roles of participants. o. Familiarity with resources for program media and understanding of criteria for selection of media and evaluation of program experience
p. Awareness, appreciation and ability to observe facilities and interpret
communication through program activities. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK a. Individualization b. Development of a sense of belongingness
c. A basic development of the capacity to participate
d. Increase the capacity to contribute to decisions on grounds of rational thinking and through group deliberation e. Increased respect for different among people. f. Development of warm and accepting social climate.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCAIL GROUP WORK a) Principle of planned group formation b) Specific objectives c) Purposeful work group relationship d) Continuous individualization e) Guided group interaction
f) Democratic group self-determination
g) Flexible functional organization h) Progressive program experiences i) Resource utilization and j) Evaluation PURPOSE OF SOCAIL FROUP WORK a. To help group members learn to participate actively in group life as experience in developing a sense of responsibility for active citizenship and for improving participation in social action.
b. To provide for personal enhancement of members, bringing fulfillment of the
individual’s potential and enrichment of life. c. To allow for moral growth and extension of effective social functioning of the group members. d. To prevent social breakdown of group members e. To provide corrective experiences where there has been social breakdown in group members or in their social situations. AREAS OF SOCAIL GROUP WORK Correction Courts Hospitals Psychiatric setting Schools Public welfare and Marriage and family
TRENDS IN SOCAIL GROUP WORK
1) Trained group worker using his best skills and techniques become acquainted
and friendly with young people who are “tough and unreachable” and
2) Use of volunteers are trained by social group workers to deal with clients,
patients and other who are receiving help in various kinds of agencies or and institutional settings. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION “Community organization is the process of bringing about and maintaining adjustment between social welfare needs and social welfare resources in a geographical area or a specific field services.” Dunha m
Community organization means, “Assisting a group of people to recognize their common needs and helping them to meet these needs.” Pattit
“community organization is the process by which people of communities, as individuals, citizens r as representative of groups, join together to determine social welfare needs, plan ways of meeting them and mobilize the necessary resources.” -McNeil Community organization is a process by which a community identifies its needs or objectives, ranks these needs or objectives, develops the confidence and will to work at those needs or objectives, finds the resources (internal and / or external) to deal with these needs or objectives, takes action in respect of them, and in so doing extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the communities. Community organization is the inter-group process which utilizes community agencies and resources to search out its social sores and take appropriate action to remove them. CHARACTERISTICS / MODELS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Locality development Community planning and Social action AIMS / OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1) Analyzing resource – services available to meet needs 2) Gaining facts about human needs
3) Synthesis, correlation and testing of facts
4) Relating to facts about needs and available services
5) Bringing into participation in all phases of the process, individual and
representative of group concerned.
6) Foresting interaction of attitudes and representative view points with the
objectives of reaching agreement through mutual understanding.
7) Stimulating citizen interest in social problems and creating motivation for
action through participation priorities. 8) Determining priorities 9) Developing and improving standards of service 10) Identification of gaps or duplication of service 11) Adjusting or eliminating existing services of developing new services to meet needs 12) Enhanching community understanding through education and 13) Mobilizing support – moral and financial PURPOSES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
1) provide the community with the opportunity to mobilize resources such as,
citizens, social agencies and social work profession to meet social problems and prevent them
2) provide means of interaction between segments such as, variety of citizens
and groups, specialization, practitioners and leaders, institutions and political community of the community.
3) Provide social welfare planning services through the development of
social welfare plans, affecting these plans, influencing social welfare policies and other public policies and assisting in the mobilization of adequate financing, governmental and voluntary. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1. Resources are means to community organization and welfare and growth are the ends of community organization. 2. Individualization 3. Right to self-determination 4. Social need is the base 5. Community welfare should be given first consideration to determine the programs coordination
6. Coordination 7. Simple structure 8. Equal distribution of services 9. Respect diversity in programs
10. Broad representation of inter-agency bodies
11. Balance between centralization and decentralization 12. Break down the barriers to communication and 13. Principle of professional help 14. Enriching human life by bringing and maintaining the adjustment between social welfare needs and resources 15. Accepting the community as it is 16. Representation of all interests and elements and full and meaningful participation 17. Accept the concept of purposeful change and the philosophy of “everenduring process of perfecting, maturing and refining”. 18. Consider the community as the primary client 19. Accept the truth of interdependence of a single community to others and 20. Use the knowledge of social work methods STEPS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Consciousness of needs Spread the consciousness of need Project it Develop the emotional pulse to meet the needs quickly Present other solutions Conflict of solutions understand Investigate Open discussion Integrate solutions and Compromise on the basis of tentative progress
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PRACTICE METHODS
1. Generic social work methods and community organization elements 2. Facilitating processes 3. Educational processes 4. Research methods 5. Social action and reform 6. Consultation 7. Fund raising 8. Publicity and public relations and 9. Negotiation and arbitration
1) GENERIC SOCIAL WORK ORGANIZATION ELEMENTS
METHODS
AND
COMMUNITY
The generic social work methods and community organization elements result in changes toward meeting health and welfare needs more adequately and more cooperative and effective means of accomplishing these goals.
2) FACILITATING PROCESSES Facilitating processes such as administration: board development, budgeting, policy making and supervision (both formal and inforaml0 and other coordinating techniques result in facilitating communication, coordination, development of appropriate structure, control channels, intra-agency, intraagency and intercommunity.
3) EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES Educational processes such as conferences, forums, workshops, in-service training, interdisciplinary understanding and coordination, teaching, student filed work and committee projects result in change in values, extension of knowledge, gained understandings, professional improvement, informed citizen leadership improved programs and service standards.
4) RESEARCH METHODS Research methods such as systematic studies, fact-gathering will result in providing answers to questions posed, and to provide basis for decisionmaking and courses of action.
5) SOCIAL ACTION AND REFORM Result in effective changes in legislation in social policy and in community structure.
6) CONSULTATION Consultation makes knowledge, advice, experiences available to others under their auspices and responsibility choose to use and implement.
7) FUND RAISING Fund raising programs and recruitment and training leadership, developing campaign structure, methods, techniques and financial accounting to donor public result in providing money and p\leadership for health and welfare causes.
8) PUBLICITY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS AND Publicity and public relations result in developing the climate and understanding necessary for community support and interest in health and welfare programs.
9) NEGOTIATION AND ARBITRATION Negotiation and arbitration result in strategic changes in community or agency power structure toward improved health and welfare programs. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES a. Organization programs b. Leadership and promotional activities c. Bringing coordination d. Budgeting e. Administration f. Research g. Development of community consciousness h. Structuring
i. Social action management j. Formal study k. Expert consultation l. Education and promotion m. Demonstration and n. Preparation for plans ABILITIES NEEDED FOR A COMMUNITY ORGANISER 1) Ability to related people and to facilities positive relationship among individuals and groups. 2) Ability to analyse a problem and see its potentials 3) Ability to locate and utilize resources effectively. 4) Ability to organize effective structure, committee and help it function 5) Ability to understand and accept the reality of the situation and yet to see the potential for change.
6) Ability to handle oneself professionally, in many different roles, with various
types of people and handle criticism and praise
7) Ability to organize one’s job, to work under pressures, to establish priorities in
terms of time and intensiveness. 8) Ability to relate and differentiate the various situations within one’s own job and within the agency and the community. 9) Ability to fulfill and facilitate the agency’s purposes and functions to perform skills necessary to the task and
10) Capacity to use knowledge, to apply theory to practice in a integrated way
ROLES OF SOCAIL WORKERS IN COMMUNITY ORGANISATION 1) Mobiliser 2) Channeliser 3) Leader 4) Advocate 5) Planner 6) Enabler 7) Initiator
8) Helper 9) Advisor 10) Interpreter 11) Guide and 12) Informant SKILLS OF A COMMUNITY ORGANISER 1) Analytical 2) Planning 3) Educating 4) Conference and committee functioning 5) Communication 6) Public relations 7) Conflict resolution 8) Consultation and 9) Negotiation
AGENCIES / AREAS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1) Community welfare councils
To improve total services in the community through better cooperation and coordination Focus on health, welfare and recreation, collects facts and information regarding community problems and plans of action Disseminates information to help the public and citizens in the community increase their understanding of community problems and solution to them Formulates plans of action for the eliminations of community problems and for supplying community needs Coordinates community services Raises standards of community interdisciplinary committees. services through various
Helps facilities referral services to the people who need social services Helps providing training services for both professional and lay leaders the community.
2) Federated financial drives and 3) Community coordinating councils SOCAIL WELFARE ADMINSTRATION “Social welfare administration means the process of transforming social policy into social services.” Social welfare administration means “supporting or facilitating activities which are necessary and incidental to the giving of direct service by a social agency.”
ACTIVITIES OF SOCAIL WELFARE ADMINSTRATION
1) Translation of social mandates into operational polities and goals to guide
organizational behavior.
2) Design of organization structures and process through which the goals can be
achieved.
3) Securing of resources in the form of materials, staff, clients and societal
legitimating necessary for goal attainment and organization survival 4) Selection and engineering of the necessary technology
5) Optimizing organizational behavior directed toward increased effectiveness
and efficiency and 6) Evaluation of organizational performance to facilitate systematic and continuous problems solving.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCAIL WELFARE ADMINSTRATION a. Formulating the agency’s objectives
b. The provision of a formal structure
c. The promotion of cooperative efforts d. Finding and developing resources and e. P- Planning O- Organisms S- Staffing
D- Directing CO – Coordinating R – Reporting B – Budgeting
SOCIAL ACTION Social action means ‘mass betterment through propaganda and social legislation”. OBJECTIVES a. Proper shaping and development of socio-cultural environment in which a richer and fuller life may be possible for all citizens. b. Prevention of needs c. Solution of mass problems d. Improvement in mass condition
e. Influencing institutions: policies and practices
f. Introduction of new mechanisms or programs g. Redistribution of power resources (human, material and moral) h. Decision-making i. Effects on thoughts and action structure and j. Improvement in health, education and welfare
TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION i. Action initiated and conducted by the elites for the benefits of the masses ii. Popular social action iii. Legislative action iv. Sanction models v. Direct physical models vi. Conscientisation models vii. Dialectical models – promote conflicts and viii. Direct mobilization
PRINCIPLES OF SOCAIL ACTION a. Principle of credit building b. P of legitimization c. P of dramatization d. P of multiple strategies
e. P of dual approach ( counter system and traditional systems) and
f. P of manifold programs
STAGIES OF SOCAIL ACTION a. Collaboration, b. Competition and c. Disruption
PROCESS OF SOCIAL ACTION 1. Developing awareness 2. Organization 3. Strategies and 4. Action SOCAIL WORK RESEARCH
FOUR STAGES
“The systematic critical investigation of questions in the social welfare field with the purpose of yield answers to problems of social work and of extending and generalizing social work knowledge and concepts is known as social work research.” OBJECTIVES OF SOCAIL WORK RESEARCH 1. To achieve a better fit between human needs and welfare goals. 2. To increase the likelihood that these goals can be attained
3. To improve and enlarge the techniques of diagnosis and treatment as they are
Fletche r
used in social work practice.
4. To develop the efficiency and define the function of social work agency as the
medium through which social work is practices. 5. To appraise and measure the community’s needs for social work service
6. To add to the general knowledge of the etiology of social pathology so that
social action can be directed toward the prevention of problems that might later require social treatment. TYPES OF SOCAIL WORK RESEARCH a. Studies to establish, identify and measure the need for service b. Studies to measure the services offered as they relate to needs.
c. Studies to test gauge and evaluate results of social work operations. d. Studies to test the efficacy of specific techniques of offering service and
e. Studies in methodology of research
FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Child development 2. Rural development 3. Industrial development 4. Health
SOCIAL ACTION Social action is an organized efforts to change or improve social and economics institutions. Social action covers movements of political reform, industrial democracy, social legislation, racial and social justice, religious freedom and civil liberty. Social action also refers to organized and legally permitted activities designed to mobilization public opinion, legislation and public administration in favour of objectives believed to be socially desirable. “Social action makes social work in speed’
TECHNIQUES OF SOCAIL ACTION
1. Research and data collection 2. Planning solution and arousing public opinion 3. Meeting key persons, group and agencies 4. Public meetings 5. Social education 6. Propaganda and public information 7. Discussions 8. Enlisting public support 9. Coordinating the work of different groups and agencies 10. Presentation of the proposal to those in authority 11. Use of press and meeting members of legislature 12. Social legislation 13. Enforcement of legislation 14. Functional literacy / social education and 15. Case work Eg. Dowry prohibition eradication of purdah system, untouchability, prostitution and zamindari system, literacy through compulsory primary education, removal of any major religious dogma, superstitions, prejudices, child marriage abolition, restrictions of widow remarriage etc., METHODS OF SOCAIL WORK SOCIAL CASE WORK Social case work means social treatment of a maladjusted individual involving and attempt to understand his personality, behavior and social relationships and to assist him in working out better social and personal adjustments. In short it a method of social work which helps others to help themselves through one-to-one relationship.
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK • • • To strengthen and solve the internal problems of the individual To strengthen his ego power To get remedy for his problems in social functioning
•
To develop resources in order to enhance social functioning.
TOOLS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK Tools are the means of contact with something or the means of access to something. They are also the means for transmitting energy of force towards or force towards something. a) Listening b) Observation c) Interview d) Home visits and e) Relationship
TECHNIQUES OF SOCAIL CASEW WORK i. Acceptance ii. Assurance iii. Facilitation of expression of feeling
iv. Relieving aggressive feelings
v. Accrediting
vi. Building of self- confidence
vii. Encouragement and reassurance viii. Being with the client ix. Emotional support x. Action oriented support xi. Advocacy xii. Counseling: reflective discussion, motivation, advice, clarification, correcting perception, modeling, anticipatory guidance, role play, reality orientation, removing guilt feeling, using guilt feeling constructively,
partialisation, interpretation, universalisation, setting limits, confrontation, reaching out, renewing family links and improving communication patterns.
AREAS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK a) Juvenile delinquency b) Rehabilitation and diversional therapy for TB and VD or others c) Beggary d) Unwed mothers e) Family maladjustments f) Marriage guidance g) Youth counseling and h) Medical and psychiatric social work
STAGES/ PROCESS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK a) Case study b) Diagnosis and c) Treatment
COMPANENTS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK a. The person b. The problem c. The place d. The process e. The case workers and client relationship
f. The problem solving work
PRINCIPLES OF SOCAIL CASE WORK Individualization
Purposeful expression of feelings.
Controlled emotional involvement Acceptances Non-judgments / non- condemning attitude Participation Client-self determination Confidentiality
SCOPE OF SOCIAL CASE WORK 1) Family counseling 2) Child welfare 3) Health and medical settings 4) Mental hygiene 5) Correctional settings 6) Youth leisure time activities 7) Veterans services 8) Employment service 9) Housing services 10) Community welfare, etc. 11) Mental health 12) Education 13) Social defense 14) Family planning 15) Mental retardation 16) Social development 17) Environment
SOCIAL WORK IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
The service organized by the central social welfare board for the welfare of children is the forms of social work in child development. Institution for the protection, educations and rehabilitation of the socially handicapped children, temporary homes for the sick children suffering from tuberculosis and skin diseases, children’s home, infants home, balbari, nursery or preprimary schools, day care centers, recreational and cultural centers and holiday homes for the children of the families of economically weaker section, child health centers, child guidance clinic and schools for mentally retarded deaf and dumb children, etc are the settings.
SOCIAL WORK IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT Government has launched the following rural development programs: 1. Integrated rural development program (IRDP) 2. National rural employment program (NREP) 3. Rural landless employment guarantee program (RLEGP)
4. Training of rural youth for self employment (TRYSEM) 5. Development of women and children in rural area (DWCRA)
6. Minimum need program (MNP) 7. Drought prone area program (DPAP) 8. Desert development program (DDP) 9. 20-point program and 10. Jawahar rojgar yojuna (JRY), etc.
SOCIAL WORK IN THE HEALTH 1. Nutrition education 2. Water sanitation 3. Waste and excreta disposal 4. Control of insects 5. Personal hygiene 6. Health education 7. Immunization campaign
8. School health services 9. Marriage counseling and 10. Recreational facilities
SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL DEFENSE Social defense means the protection of society through the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders. Social defense is carried out through correctional administration
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WORK Social development means a macro strategy of planned intervention to improve the capacity of existing systems to cope with the demands of change and growth. Social work aims at removing social injustice, relieving distress, preventing suffering and assisting the weaker members of society to rehabilitate themselves and their families, etc. thus, facilitates results in social development.
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCAIL WORK Environment means an aggregate of all external conditions. Influence affection the life and development of a organism, human behavior or society. Proper understanding of environment and proper acquisition of change in human behavior pattern according to the environment is possible only through social work.
UNIT II TRENDS OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN INDIA 1) PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION After independence professional education for social work in India was started and offered in the Sir Dorabji Tata graduate school of social work in Bombay in 1963 for the first time in India. Initially offered only Diploma in social
service administration. Till 1947 it was the only institution providing professional training in social work. Kashi Vidyapeeth: Varanasi, College of Social Service: Gujarat and Vidyapeth: Ahmadabad were established in 1947. Delhi School of Social work came into existence in 1948 as the first school as a part of the university. Baroda School of Social work - 1949, Department of Social work, Lucknow Unversity – 1949, Social Work Education in Agra – 1955.
Medieval period the training and education is imparted in Bombay, Agra, Chennai , Patna, Lucknow, Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Calcutta, Udaipur, Bhagalpur, Bangalore, Mangalore, Indore, Dharwar, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Pondicherry.
At present the number of professional training institutions is more than 60 those who are offering Bachelor’s / Master’s degree, Certificate Course, Diplomas and Doctorate.
2) SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Researches are in progress Every school of social work provides the knowledge of human behavior, environment, culture, urbanization, industrialization, social development etc.,
Not much development in the field of systematic and empirical knowledge relating to typical problems situations and ways of handling them.
The specialized knowledge of social work is also still limited.
3) CODE OF ETHICS The Association of Schools of Social Work in India was established in 1960. It works for the promotion of social work education by i. ii. iii. Laying down and maintaining proper standards in professional social work education and promoting the profession on scientific lines. Providing opportunity to faculty members to meet and exchange their ideas Arranging seminars and refresher courses for faculty members
iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
Encouraging and coordinating researches and promoting publication of literature on different subjects relating to social work. Disseminating information pertaining to social work education and Working as a national forum on all matters concerning to social work education A code of ethics exclusively for Indian Social Workers is not yet developed No clear-cut definition of role social work in many fields Its difficult to find social workers justifying themselves in agencies and organizations. Even in meaning of social work still there is a confusion
4) SOCIAL APPROVAL i. ii. iii. iv. Gains approval slowly in both organizations government and non government
Except labour field, there is no job / duty exclusively for social work professionals in particular. Except labour field, there is no job / duty exclusively for social work professionals in particular But spreads in the field of medical and health, child welfare, family welfare, women welfare and rural development.
5) PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS i. The Indian Association of the Alumni of the Schools of Social Work was formed in 1951 and it was again renamed as Indian Association of Trained Social Workers in 1964 with branches at Bombay, Chandigrah, Coimbatore, Belhi, Dhawar, Hyderabad, Indore, Jamshedpur, Chennai, Nagpur, Trivandrum, Udaipur, Varanasi and lucknow. The Association of Schools of Social Work in India was established in 1960. It works as a non-official organization for the promotion of social work education.
ii.
CHARACTERISTICS OR PROFESSIONAL TRAITS OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Systematic and Scientific Knowledge 2. Skills, Techniques and Tools 3. Social Work Education
4. Professional Organizations 5. Social Approval and 6. Code of Ethics PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK 1. PRINCIPLE OF MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIP A meaningful relationship is needed between the social worker and the client not only for perfection but also for the essence of the profession Such professional relationship contains a. A mutual process of shared responsibilities b. Recognition of other’s rights c. Acceptance of difference d. With the goal e. Not of isolation f. But of socialized attitudes and g. Behavior stimulating growth through interaction The good relationship is the professional one which serves the purpose of problem solving DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP a. Social relationship is open ended in duration but professional relationship ends when the problem ends / is solved b. Social relationship has no objective and restrictions to meet individuals, but professional relationship is dependent on time, the needs of the client and the objective of the professional involvement c. Social relatives are invited for personal get together, but in professional relationship clients are not invited for personal get together and they are seen in respective institutions and / or their homes. d. Social relationship has no focus of the relationship, but professional relationship focuses on the client’s needs and wide aspects of client’s life and feeling are brought into attention and e. Social relationship is mutual but professional relationship is not mutual it is a helper – helped relationship
2. PRINCIPLE OF CLIENT’S SELF – DETERMINATION a. Learn to accept the unique – personality of the client with his own right of self-realisation and self – determination b. Stimulate the client to think through the problem
3. PRINCIPLE OF ACCEPTANCE a. Accept the individual and he is, and with all his limitations b. Acceptance is the crux of all help c. Legal condemnation, isolation, avoidance, nagging, etc, are the opposite mechanisms of social control which failed in solving the client’s problem, so acceptance as a new positive approach only is used in social work d. Independently and rationally so that he can arrive at his own decision e. Assess the client’s ability to understand and analyse the forces operating the problems, then determine what course of action he would take
f. Help the client to move away from superstitions beliefs and primitive
concepts
4. PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATION a. Create an environment in which the client feels comfortable in expressing his feelings b. The two important factors involved in such atmosphere is the client’s trust and confidence in the worker and the worker’s acceptance of the client c. Two types of comforts involved in the communication are, i. ii. Physical comfort and Emotional comfort
The elements of emotional comforts are Time Warm A focus on the client and The skills to meet particular communication needs d. The two fold purpose of an effective communication in social work is
i. ii.
Relieving pressures and tension and Strengthening the client by affording specific individual relationship
5. PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL FUNCTIONING a. Social functioning means the functioning of people in their social relationships and roles, with emphasis on their relations to the environment. It focuses not on the behavior of people but on the exchange between them and their environment b. Two sub-concepts of social functioning are: 1) Task and 2) Coping c. “task” means the demands of life situations d. “coping” means the relative mastery of the tasks in the situation e. Social work focuses on social functioning consists of orientation towards people involved in the situation, use of social work values and the combined body of social work values and knowledge for working with individuals, group, social organizations directly and through collaborative action.
6. PRINCIPLE OF TUNING BEHAVIOUR a. Medical sciences and other sciences have the proficiency to tune the body and intellect of the man b. Social work profession only has the proficiency to tune the mind of man by tuning of the behavior to face challenging life situations
7. PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL LEARNING a. Means arousing and focusing attention and concern
b. Organizing and evaluating the problem and planning further action
8. PRINCIPLE OF CONFIDENTIALLY a. Client should be primary source of information
b. Client’s information should be revealed only to those persons concerned only
when necessity warrants. c. Other agencies and clients should be consulted only with the clients consent and only within the limits of that consent and d. Only such consented information should be recorded and used. TYPES OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION INVOLVED IN SOCAIL WORK.
1. The natural secrets which would defame the person 2. The promised secrets (not to reveal the facts) and 3. The entrusted secrets based on contracts.
VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION VALUES “values are formulations of verified behavior held by individuals or social groups. They imply a usual preference for certain means, ends and conditions of life, often being accompanied by strong feeling”. -Muriel Pumphrey
TYPES OF VALUES 1) ULTIMATE VALUES Ultimate values are mostly abstract and tended to be those most easily agreed upon by large groups of people. They also include such values as liberty, worth and dignity of people, progress and justice. 2) PROXIMATE VALUES Proximate values are more specific as to desired end state. E.g The right to punish one’s child in a specific manner. Disagreements are possible. 3) INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Instrumental values are that specify the desired means to the ends; they are modes of conduct. Eg. Self-determination and confidentially
VALUES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK The council of social work Education, kons, konopka, fiedlander, misre R.Ahmad have listed out so many values of social work. They are, 1. The worth and dignity of man 2. The capacity of human nature to achieve full human potential 3. Tolerance of differences
4. Satisfaction of basis human needs 5. Liberty 6. Self-direction and
7. Non-judgmental attitude
FACTORS INFLUENCING VALUES 1. Cultural heritage 2. Group membership of individual 3. Personal experience and 4. The views of the individuals about others and their surroundings 5. Construction of social cooperation 6. Importance of work and constructive use of leisure 7. Protection of one’s existence from the dangers caused by man and nature 8. Mutual dependence of individuals and responsibility towards each other according to their abilities. 9. Firm belief in equal opportunity for all 10. Organized labour should be acceptance as constructive rather than destructive 11. Social justice 12. Removing economics imbalance 13. No condoning of behavior which hurts others and 14. Limited freedom, etc.
ETHICS OF SOCIAL WORK National association of social workers (NASW) has formulated certain ethics for the social work profession into 6 parts as follows: 1. THE SOCIAL WORKERS CONDUCT AND COMPORTMENT AS SOCAIL WORKER
1) The social worker should maintain high standards of conduct in the
capacity of a social workers 2) Should try to be proficient in professional practice and functions
3) Should regard service as important obligation 4) Should act according to the high standards of professional integrity and 5) Should abide by conventions of scholarly inquiry in research and studies. 2. THE SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO CLIENTS 1) Social worker’s prime responsibility is to clients 2) Make every effort possible to foster self- determination in clients mind 3) Should respect the privacy of clients and maintain fullest confidentiality 4) Set reasonable, commensurate, fair and considerate fees.
3. THE SOCIAL WORKERS RESPONSIBILITY TO COLLEAGUES
1) Treat colleagues with respect courtesy fairness and good faith and
2) Related the colleagues clients with full professional consideration
4. THE
SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYING ORGANIZATION
TO
1) Should adhere to commitments made to the management of the employing organization.
5. THE SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO THE WORK PROFESSION 1) Should uphold and advance the values, ethics, knowledge and mission of the profession 2) Should assist the profession in making social services available to the general public and
3) Should take responsibility for indentifying, developing and fully utilizing
knowledge for professional practice.
6. THE SOCIAL WORKERS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCAIETY 1) Should promote the general welfare of the society
GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK
1. The enhancement of social functioning whenever the need for such enhancement is either socially or individually perceived and 2. The understanding of social functioning such as the patterns, directions, quality and outcomes of man’s social interactions in the performance of his various roles.
APPROACHES AND MODELS OF SOCIAL WORK Approaches are also known as strategies. Approach means “an orchestrated attempt to influence persons or systems in relation to some goals”. The approaches or strategies may be called theories or models of practice when they result in an expected way. They are 21 in number as follows: 1. BEHAVIOUR / SOCIAL BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY PROPUNDER: BASIS THEORY : Edwin Thomas Behavioral Psychology : all behaviors are learned, they are controlled by consequences and Controlled by stimuli. PRACTICE : assessment specifies behaviors: defines Baselines and specifics stimulus, Antecedents and consequences: Frequency magnitude and direction of Problem behaviors are monitored during And following intervention. Goals are Very specific to behavioral changes. PRACTICAL USE : where behavioral changes is the goal. 2. COGNITVE / RATIONAL THERAPY
PROPUNDERS
:
Adler, Ellis, Gasser and Werner and a Alternate to Freudian psychotherapy.
BASIS
:
Cognitive Theory.
THEORY
:
behavior is determined by a person’s thoughts and willingness.
PRACTICE
:
Assessment focuses on present thinking, Feeling, and behavior. The goal is to Changes the clients consciousness.
USAGE
:
Used with individual, groups, family and Communities where problems Solving is a focus, should be used for Phobic treatment addictions or psychosis.
3. COMMUNICATIVE / COMMUNICATIVE – INTERCTIVE / FAMILY THERAPY.
PROPUNDERS BASIS :
:
Don Jackson and Haley
broad communication and transactional Base. Emphasizes on improved family Functioning particularly improves Communication.
PRACTICE
:
analyses family functioning with an emphasis on role functioning. Rules and communication modes. Workers acts as a therapist and modeler of Communication. Building self-esteem, Making explicit roles and rules and Pointing out non-verbal communication Are the techniques use by a social Worker.
USAGE
:
with family groups where Communication is problematic.
4. CRISIS INTERVERNTION / RELIEF MODEL
PROPUNDERS BASIS :
:
Erich Linderman and Gerald Caplan
ego psychology and stress theory. Goal is the restoration of social functioning and enhancement of coping capacity.
PRACTICE
:
assesses clients personality structure basis defenses, habitual adaptive patterns, the nature of the upset, potential for adaptive response and resources available. Reduces client’s tension and anxiety. Gives hopes and support and helps in crisis situation. It is a short – term service.
USAGE
:
where development or situational crisis limits adequate. Social functioning. Used with individuals, groups. Families in crisis.
5. DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
PROPUNDERS BASIS :
:
Coyle
existential – humanistic philosophy. Human beings are seen as free, responsible and capable of selfrealization (actualization).
PRACTICE
:
release feelings, provides support for Individual from the group, provides Reality orientation and workers use of Self, etc. are the techniques involved.
USAGE
:
in voluntary situation with peer groups or Formed groups.
6. ECOLOGICAL / LIFE MODEL
PROPUNDERS BASIS PRACTICE :
:
Carel B Germain
Ecological theory. : Enhances positive forces in client and Environment. Attempts to remove Environmental obstacles and changes Negative transaction. Focuses on life transactions, unresponsiveness of environments. Crisis events, and communication – relationship difficulties, facilitates group functioning and influence organizational structure social networks and physical settings.
USAGE
:
for problem in social functioning.
7. EXISTENTIAL MODEL PROPONUDER : Krill
BASIS
:
Philosophy and existential psychology And psychiatry.
PRACTICE
:
assesses only what is going on between People. Helps individual to make Commitments. Brings suffering into the Open for understanding and acceptance.
USAGE
:
where the clients is willing to develop self-awareness.
8. FEMINIST MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : Mary Bricker - Jenkins
Non –sexist and / or women’s issues orientation.
PRACTICE
:
uses a range of conventional and nonconventional approaches. Works for open and collegial relationship with clients.
USAGE
9.
:
All kinds of settings especially women.
FUNCTIONAL MODEL PROPONUDER THEORY : : Jessie trft and Virgina Robinson sees individual as defending self from Himself, from external conditions of life. PRACTICE : Focuses on release of power of for social functioning. Principles used are diagnosis use of time phases in process, use of agency function, use of structure and use of relationships. USAGE : used with individuals families, groups and communities.
10. GESTALT THERAPY
PROPONUDER BASIS :
:
Fritz Perls
Holistic, organization theory. Believes on the development of self-through awareness and responsibility.
PRACTICE
:
Assesses what the clients experiencing and what client wants.
PROCESS
:
lay groundwork, establish contact, negotiate consensus between client and therapist, grading, experiment with client’s ability. surface clients awareness: locate clients energy: generate selfsupport: generate themes. Choice of experiment: enact experiment insight and completion.
USAGE
:
to develop self-knowledge and to engage in self-exploration: most effective in over socialized, restrained, constricted individuals.
11. INTEGRATIVE / SYSTEMS MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : Aekerman
Psychoanalystic fraeme of reference on the basis of ego psychology and role theory. Systems theory small group theory. Family development tasks and communication concepts.
PRACTICE
:Assesses family structure, functioning and history with emphasis on placement
of current problems. GOALS : To modify or changes aspect of the family relationship system that are not functional. TECHNIQUES : used are advice, education and guidance. Encourages appropriate role development, communication patterns, decision making and family responsibility. USAGE : where there is a parent-child or marital problems. 12. LOCALITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : William W. Biddle
sociology, psychology and anthropology are the base, sees community as eclipsed and lacking relationship.
PRACTICE :
Assesses problem solving with citizens. Process includes exploration, organization of community persons, discussion of problems, action, new projects, continuation. Workers acts as An enabler, catalyst, coordinator, and Teacher. Problem solving is prime Concern and focus.
USAGE
:
to involve a total community in Discovering and solving problems.
13. MEDIATING MODEL
PROPONUDER BASIS :
:
William Schwartz
Social systems theory symbolic interaction game theory and smallgroup theory.
PRACTICE :
Focussses on an individual in interaction, group process and impinging environment: helps the clients reach out for what he or she needs, demands work, mobilizes healing powers of human association and mutual aid.
USAGE
:
helping people negotiate difficult Environment.
14. ORGANIZATIONL / REMEDIAL – GROUP / CLINICLA / PREVENTIVE / REHABILITATIVE MODEL. PROPONUDER BASIS : : Robert Vintner
Social role theory, social behavior theory, ego psychology, group dynamics, systems theory and organizations theory.
PRACTICE :
Assesses the relationship between clients problems. Personality and environment and individual performance in the group process. Processes involved are intake, group evaluation and termination.
GOALS
:
Changing individuals as a remedy for social dysfunctioning.
USAGE
:
to help malperforming individuals Achieve a more desirable state of social Functioning.
15. PRONLEM SOLVING MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : H H Pearlman
it is a blend of psychosocial and functional model. Ego psychology, rational problem solving theory, role theory and symbolic interaction theory.
PRACTICE : USAGE
Case Work : With individuals motivated to use help in a cognitive and interactive process.
16. PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL PROPONUDER BASIS : : Florence Hollis
Psychoanalytic theory. Communications theory, social systems theory. It also combines clinical and relief models of social work.
PRACTICE :
Concerned with personality, etiology and psychiatric. Classifications of disorders: makes the individual adjusted, though change in perception, response and communication.
USAGE
:
with clients willing to commit long-term Involvement and with a desire for selfKnowledge or insight.
17. SOCIAL ACTION MODEL PROPONUDER : Florence Hollis
BASIS
:
Community is seen as made of conflicting interest that are not easily reconcilable and as having scarce resources.
PRACTICE :
work plays the role of an advocate, Agitator, negotiator and partisan. Clients is seen as victim and employer of Worker: manipulates mass organization And political processes.
USAGE
:
when individuals are seen as victims of An unjust systems.
18. SOCIAL PLANNING MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS : : Government
it is a conventional community organization in planning and funding organizations and government planning agencies. Rationality objectivity and professional purposefulness. Sees the community as an entity with many interacting systems. Emphasizes on decision making, power control and the agency systems.
PRACTICE
:
Assessment identifies social problems its causes and its possible resolution. The process includes study and assessment of problematic situation. Determining
preferences goals and strategies and their consequences. Selection of goals strategies and programs, obtain commitments to desired change, and designing and implementing a feedback evaluative system. Workers acts as a fact gather and analyst, program desirer, implementer and facilitator. USAGE : Where rational planning toward the alleviation of social problem is desired. 19. SOCIALISATION MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS PRACTICE USAGE 20. TASK MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS PRACTICE USAGE : : : : William J Reid and Laura Epstein General systems theory, communication theory, role theory, psychoanalytic theory and learning theory Helps client carryout task as necessary. Uses communication to explore, structure, enhance awareness and direct for time-limited treatment of problems of living about passive resistance, demonstrations, strikes and political and social activism. : : : : Elizabeth McBroom Anthropology, Psychology and sociology. Concepts are meaning and selfhood in the process of interaction, cognitive process, systems theory, etc. Assessment locates client in milieu, looks for his competence and barriers to competent functioning; increase competence in areas of work and parenting Who have not learned basic socialization and skills and who need help of a concrete nature.
21. RADICAL MODEL PROPOUNDER BASIS PRACTICE : : : Payne Marxist theory Social distress arises from the oppression of the working class by the capitalist elites, the most effective way to achieve goals of equality and solutions to the social problems is to the social problem is to eliminate or make major changes in
the existing institutions USAGE : To bring about a change in the conventional systems of the society FIELD WORK IN SOCIAL WORK Refers to training and education A dynamic process of observing, amassing (collecting) and implementing creative and innovative ideas is known as field work. It is learning through doing. It is way to transform theory / knowledge certain skills and techniques into action. It is a supervised practice of student social worker under the guidance of trained social work educator or field personnel. An educationally sponsored attachment of social work students to an institution, agency, or a section of community in which they are helped to extend their knowledge, understand and experience the impact of human needs. Such an experience is deliberately arranges on a whole or part time basis. OBJECTIVES OF FIELD WORK Social Review Committee (1978) on Social Work Education in India has listed out the following objectives. a. To develop professional skills b. To apply acquired knowledge for the study of relevant facts, analysis of the problems and selection of appropriate means of solutions towards the problems. c. To develop the skills for solving the problems in work at the micro level (individual) family, groups and communities and the change at macro level in social institutions and processes d. To provide concurrent opportunity for the integration of class room learning, in field practice and vice versa (feeback mechanism for both field and class) e. To develop professional attitudes FIELD WORK SUPERVISION Field Work supervision is a helping process, in which the supervisor helps the students in doing their assigned work and helps. They increase their abilities and capacities to serve poor, needy, helpless and sufferers. It is also an education, administrative and helping process which is concerned with enabling, teaching, and guiding a supervise to develop professional skills, knowledge and attitudes, based on the objectives of an educational program and the needs of the supervisor.
IMPORTANCE OF SUPERVISION • To provide an opportunity to the students to learn, social work techniques in practical situations in different fields and to meet the needs of professional education. To organize and accelerate the process of learning practical aspects of social work theories and philosophies in the different fields of social work To facilitate achievements of learning goals especially practical use of principles and philosophies, skill and techniques in social work practice To enable the students to enhance their practical knowledge and to develop their art of dealing with human beings in various situations To help the students acquire professional skills and develop their social attitudes To help the students to asses their strengths and weakness in proper perspective To assist the students in developing their social perspective and social awareness involving impartiality and non-judgmental attitudes. To develop professional values and commitments, such as respect for human dignity and worth, to the right of participation and self-determination compatible with a better society To develop an awareness of self and one’s professional ideas To offer purposeful learning experience to students through interaction with life situations Under supervisory guidance for professional growth in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes To foster attitudes in the students towards professional growth To develop in students the required skills in helping the needy through organizational work, use of social work techniques, i.e., listening, participation, observation, interaction, communication and so on. To develop students to develop deepen their capacity to relate theory to practice and also to relate experience to theory.
• • • • • • •
• • • • •
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PROBLEMS OF PROFESSIONALISATION 1. For most of the social workers their work is also a source a source of earning their livelihood
2. There is assumption that dedication can not be paid in salary
3. Social workers dedication is inconsistent with a desire to improve one’s salary
4. There is an assumption that the professional social worker should live a
simple life; but, professionals may not think it necessary and 5. A profession requires a local and regional context and language orientation, bit Indian professional in social work do not write, or not get published or marketed. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN INDIA 1) Social work practice has got reduced to its methods of social case work, social group work and community organization and service delivery systems 2) Practice, social science research and education in social work are fragmented 3) Professionalization has led to elitism and ideology has taken a back seat in social work
4) Social work is depoliticized, so social action is neglected
5) Inter-face of social work with social movements / campaigns is weak 6) Social work is not concerned with a specific work which may be called the field of social work 7) The behavior and the skills of social workers are not unique and specific 8) There is no difference between the trained social work and an untrained one 9) The work ‘help’ can not be called a profession, because it can be performed by any person 10) Training has not impact in creating attitudinal change, mainly because it is influenced by family background and psychological make-up 11) Social workers have failed in developing self – image as professionals
12) Because the scientific knowledge and practice of the social work profession
are borrowed from other sciences, professionals feel helplessness in using them into practice 13) Professional organizations are not performing their roles effectively; thus social approval is not up to the mark. NEED FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE FOR PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORKERS
1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Ego psychology, crowd behavior, public opinion,
propaganda, deviance, personality, perception, attitude etc 2. ECONOMICS: money, importance of money, employment, trade demands and human wants etc 3. STATISTICS AND RE SEARCH: finding and analysis of facts, relationship of facts, solutions etc for problems, issues etc
4. PHILOSOPHY: concept of duty, worth of man, self-help concept, yoga, selfactualization, bhuddhism, controlled emotional involvement, etc 5. SOCIOLOGY: man, society, marriage, family, economical roles, education, politics, procreation, culture, civilization etc 6. HISTORY: history of man, his development, recent trends in his positions etc 7. ANTHROPOLOGY: primitive man, his culture, his growth and the impact of external forces in his development to modern man 1. (concept of duty behind any relationship, such as employer – employee relationship, parent – child relationship, husband – wife relationship – derived from philosophy (Gita) 2. Human value; innate dignity of man and self-help are also derived from philosophy (Gita) 3. The concept of relationship derived from “Yoga” and “Bhuddism” calls for a maturity of mind a capacity not to retaliate even when opposed by the client (s). 4. The concept of controlled involvement a detached attachment derived from Freudian theory of Ego-centrism 5. Control of impulses and ego psychology: the combination of id, ego and super ego and their functionings with impulses are derived from ego psychology) HISTORY OF THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS The first professional social worker is Mary Richmond in the United States of America. She became the Assistant Treasurer of Baltimore Charity Organization Society then became practitioner, teacher, and theoretician of charity organization movement. In 1897 in the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Toronto. She advocated for the establishment of a Training School for Professional Social Workers. In 1898 when the Charity Organization Society of New York started a training course for prospective social workers, she was appointed as a teacher. Then New York School of Philanthropy was started. Now it is known as Columbia University School of Social Work. At the same time another group of social workers were associated with the Settlement House Movement. Hane Adams, Florance Kelly, Edith, etc., felt that the legislation be made to improve working conditions and organization of neighbor house in slum areas to demand more amenities. This group focused mainly on the reform activities of the society which was different from that the Charity Organization Society. But the Charity Organization Society was focused on the reform of individual and his family.
Then in 1901 the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy was established and soon it got affiliated to the University of Chicago. Thus, it was first got recognized a s a part of general university education. The third school of social work was established in Simmons College in Boston. This was the pioneer in the development of medical social work. Dr.Robert Clot did pioneer work in relation to medical care through this effort. Then the American Association of Schools of Social Work was founded in 1919 with an aim of facilitate communication among the schools of social work. So it was the first professional association for social work.
SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ABROAD 1. Charity Organization Society 1869 2. Settlement House Movement / Toynbee Hall, 1867 3. The poor Law Commission 1905 4. The Inter-Departmental Commission of Social Insurance and Allied Services, 1941 SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA 1. Brahmo Samaj 2. Prarthana Samaj 3. Arya samaj, 1875 4. Theosophical Society, 1881 5. Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 and The Bombay Widow Association 6. Bengal Hindu Widows Association 7. Indian National Social Conference 8. The servants of India Society, 1905 9. Atmiya Samaj, 1815 10. Sree Ramakrishna Mission, 1897 11. Indian National Social Conference 1887 12. Christian Missionaries 13. Apprentices Act, 1850 and Commission for Apprentices 14. Reformatory School Act, 1870 and schools Remarriage
15. Children Act, 1920 and Children Organizations 16. Movement for Abolition of Sati, 1829 17. Movement for Abolition of Salvery, 1843 18. Movement for Abolition of Female Infanticide and Human Sacrifice, 1870 19. The Factories Act, 1881 and 20. Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work, Bombay, 1936 now it is known as Tata Institute of Social Sciences FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK ORGANIZATIONS 1. Extending financial assistance to poor and needy
2. Extending outdoor relief to poor sick people
3. Establishing alm houses and work houses 4. Protecting the interests and properties of widows and orphas 5. Providing burial for deceased countrymen 6. Protecting immigrants from dangers 7. Care of children and patients through mental and general hospitals, orphanages and schools 8. Protection of children’s rights 9. Prohibition of child labour 10. Relief to special group people, such as blind, deaf and dumb, and juvenile delinquents etc 11. Providing maternity services to unwed mothers 12. Prevention of poverty 13. Social action in relation to housing, health, child labour, and sanitation problems 14. Health, education, science, research, international peace, social welfare, and civic improvement
15. Growing public parks, playgrounds and programs for the conservation of
natural resources and the protection of cultural and the protection of cultural and recreational interests 16. Providing disability compensation for military personnel 17. Providing insurance and compensation against the death of military personnel
18. Establishing sanatoria, asylums, convalescent and rest homes, infant welfare clinics. 19. Programs on public health, nursing, social hygiene, and sex education 20. Special institutions for crippled children 21. Programs for social, mental, moral and vocational rehabilitation of handicapped 22. Out patient clinics for feeble minded 23. Establishment of juvenile courts, homes, reformatory schools 24. Providing employment, education, counseling medical encouragement for creative plans for the poor and needy 25. Public welfare administration 26. Developing consciousness towards social and health problems 27. Social and old age insurance 28. Public assistance 29. Comprehensive free health and rehabilitation services 30. Maintenance of full employment 31. Rehabilitation of commercial sex workers
32. Protecting the welfare of prisoners
treatment and
33. Rural development 34. Abolition and regulation of prostitution 35. Securing the public utilities like roads, rest houses for travelers, wells etc 36. Prohibiting social evils such as infanticide, crime, violence, child marriage, child labour, dowry etc 37. Spreading awareness on women education, women employment, child education, aids, healthy and clean environment, political rights, importance of savings, importance of family planning, etc and 38. Upliftment of tribes and downtrodden
CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD • Created by a resolution of the Ministry of Education and set up by central government in 1953
•
First service was Grant-in-aid to voluntary social service organizations for strengthening, improving and extending the existing activities in the field of social welfare and developing new programs and carrying out pilot projects Durgabai Deshmukh was the founder chairman of the board
•
FUNCTIONS • •
•
To assist the improvement and development of social welfare activities To cause a survey to be made of the needs and requirements of social welfare organizations To evaluate the programs and projects of the aided agencies. To coordinate assistance extended to social welfare activities by various ministries in central and state government. To promote the setting up of social welfare organization on voluntary basis in places where no such organization exist. To render financial aid, when necessary, to deserving organizations or institutions on terms to be prescribed by the board.
• • •
COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD
•
Initially constituted for one with 7 non-officials including 5 women social workers. 1 representative each of the lok sabha and Rajya sabha and 4 exofficio nominees of the central ministries of education, health, labour and finance. Then with the manifold increase in its functions the strength of its general body has been raised to 51 on the recommendation of Ranade Committee. Comprises of all chairpersons of state and union territory boards 30 in number, 5 professionals, 1 each from the fields of law, medicine, nutrition, social work education and social developments, 3 eminent persons with extensive experience in social work, 1 representative each of ministries of welfare, rural development, health, education, labour, finance and the planning commission, 2 members of the lok sabha and 1 of the rajya sabha, chairman of the board and executive director of the board as members secretary all nominated by the ministry of welfare. It is a policy making body Mets every year to pass the budget: to discuss the annual report and reports of the executive committee etc.
• •
•
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COMPOSITION OF THE EXECTIVE COMMITTEE • Consists of 15 members nominated from among the members of the board by the government of India.
•
It includes the chairman of the board, chairpersons of 4 states advisory boards and 1 chairperson union territory administration by rotation, representatives of t he ministries of welfare health finance rural development and education, 2 professionals and executive director. Meets once in 2 months The chairman is its chief executives The executive director functions directly under the CE The ED is responsible for all aspects of the working of the board and performs many managing and advisory functions.
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ORGANISATIONAL AND ADMINSTRATIVE DIVISION OF CSWB 1) Industrial program administrative division 2) Welfare program administration division 3) Administrative division 4) Finance and accounts division and
5) Planning, monitoring and co-ordination division.
1) INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM ADMINSTRATIVE DIVISION
•
Deals with socio-economics programs of the are which are meant to provide opportunities to needy women and physically handicapped to engage themselves in production activities and thus to enable them to become economically rehabilitated. Grants are sanctioned to VOs for setting up various types of units such as production units of small industries, unions as ancillary to large industries, handicraft units, coir spinning and weaving units, handloom units, khadi and village industries services oriented units, self –employments units, agro-based units such as dairy piggery, goat rearing, sheep breading and poultry etc. The state division advisory board invites applications and forward them to the CSWB with their recommendations. Then this division examines them, approves them for grants, releases the grants and audits the expenditure. It also examines inspection repots received from welfare officers and assistant’s projects officers. Prepares annual budget
•
•
•
•
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Estimates and formulates annual and five year plans, Attends to parliament questions and Maintains liaison with ministries of industries, khadi commission and the concerned state government. 2) WELFARE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION DIVISION • It is divide into 3 sections
1. General grants section deals with sanctioning of grants to VOs, mahila mandals, welfare extension projects, working women hostels, and examines the applications recommended by the state welfare advisory boards, issues the grants and monitor their utilization. 2. Child welfare section is concerned with the nutrition program, crèches for working mothers, holiday camps, integrated pre-schools projects, demonstration projects and family and child welfare projects.
3. Condensed course section is concerned with condensed course of education of
2 years duration, 1 year courses for failed candidates and vocational training.
3) ADMINSTRATION DIVISION • Carries out personnel functions such as recruitment, placement, transfer, promotions, conduct of rules and discipline, motivation and incentives. Services functions such as record maintenance property management, transportation, procurement and supply printing tabulation and machines operation and Advisory functions such as indentifying long and short range personnel needs of the boards, procedural changes, etc. Deals with the reconstitution of state welfare boards, their budgets their budgets and annual repots. Also responsible for the administration function pertaining to the publications of 2 magazines, i.e. social welfare and samaj kalian which are meant to acquaint the people with the board and its programs so that their cooperation may be harness in the execution of its policies and programs Also carries out public relations work.
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•
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4) FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS DIVISION
•
Ensure the proper maintenance of accounts records and registers of the board as per general government financial rules and commercial system of accounting making budget, releasing of funds to the establishments, obtaining figures of expenditure incurred by the state boards under various programs and exercising supervision and control over various financial transaction of the board. Headed by an internal financial adviser-cum-chief accounts officer supported by a pay and accounts officers and 2 accounts officers and supporting staff.
•
5) PALNNING, MONITORING AND CO-ORDINATION DIVISION • •
It carries out overall planning of social welfare programs Helping the government in implementing government policies, supplying necessary information about determining priorities, conducting research and surveys in various fields of social welfare. Evaluating the efficiency of various welfare programs and their impact of voluntary organizations aided by the board. Providing counseling and advice to them Assessing the needs of the weaker sections of the society in different region of the country. Suggesting projects and programs to meet them Assisting the overall coordination of welfare activities of different agencies, department and ministries.
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• •
PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE BOARD 1) General grants-in-aid to VOs 2) Welfare extension projects (WEP) 3) WEP replaced by mahila mandals
4) Balwadis in selected community development blocks 5) Supplementary nutrition program 6) Crèche workers training program
7) Holiday camps program
8) Hostel for working women 9) Awareness generation projects for rural and poor women 10) Condensed courses of education for adult women and vocational training. 11) Socio-economics program for women and disabled (income generation programs by VOs)
12) Voluntary action bureau (for the amicable settlement of family problems)
STATE SOCIAL WELFARE ADVISORY BOARDS (SSWAB) • •
• •
Set up under CSWB to help it in carrying out its programs and activities. For the purpose of better coordination between the institutions in the state For a wider coverage and intensive study of the working of the institutions in the states and To follow up frequently their programs and activities.
COMPOSITION OF SSWAB • •
•
Half of its members are nominated by state governments/union territories Another half by the CSWB The chairman of the boards should be a woman social worker selected by the state government in consultation with the CSWB The same staff structure of CSWB is adopted for SSWAB also The chairperson is the chief executive authority. She is supported by the secretariat headed by a secretary and the secretariat staff, inspectorate staff of the central board, functional committee at the block level constituted staff of the central board, functional committee at the block level constituted by the state government and the project staff. The members do not enjoy a fixed term, they change as and when the state government changes.
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FUNCTIONAL OF SSWAB
1. Render advice to the CSWB in respect of welfare programs of Vos and other
institution in their respective jurisdictions.
2. Invite and scrutinize applications from registered VOs for grants-in-aid 3. Determine the eligibility to recommend them to CSWB
4. Supervise the working of the VOs and report to the CSWB for appropriates
action. 5. Advice and assist CSWB in sponsoring new welfare programs and activities.
6. Encourage and promote the growth of VSWFO especially in the uncovered
fields and areas. 7. Assisting the board in providing field counseling services for aided VOs 8. Achieving coordination among VOs and statutory agencies at the state and local levels and between various department for the state government. 9. Avoid duplication and overlapping of the activities 10. Implementing the programs on behalf of the CSWB with the funds placed at their disposal by it and 11. Understanding such programs as may be entrusted to them by any department of the central and state government. UNIT – V FIELDS / SOCIAL WORK SETTINGS Social work is a profession which focuses particular on helping people to solve their personal, family and community problems through enhancing social functioning. It also aims at improving and enhancing social functioning of individuals singly and in groups. SOCIAL WORK IN CHILD AND FAMILY WELFARE SETTINGS. FAMILY WELFARE FAMILY Union of two spouses with or without children or either of the spouses with child or children.
SERVICES TO FAMILIES Casework Counseling Special services to
i) People away from home ii) Travelers and Migratory families: such as the Indians, recent immigrants, provision of legal aid. HOW TO STUDY A FAMILY Social worker should ask about the family on the basis of the following areas by questions: a. living environment b. composition and extended network c. family stresses d. family strengths / resources e. communications styles and interaction patterns f. rules, beliefs and values and g. power KINDS OF COUNSELING SERVICES 1) PREMARITAL COUNSELING -in regard to marriage martial plans and problems -assist people in preparing for marriage and -Also assist them to move toward or away from marriage depending on the individual situation in a mature manner. 2) MARRIAGE COUNSELING -Concerned with husband – wife relationships, plans and problems - to strengthen marriages, to separate and move toward other meaningful relationships. 3) FAMILY COUNSELING - Includes the husband –wife-children constellation -Problems relating to child discipline, money, education, communication, etc., may require assistance of a social worker. METHODS AND APPROACHES a. Role theory
b. Exchange theory c. Translational analysis d. Gestalt therapy e. Systems theory f. Family theory g. Behavior modification h. Psychoanalytical approach i. Reality therapy and j. Bioenergetics KINDS OF FAMILY WELFARE SERVICE AGENCIES 1) Welfare department 2) Family courts 3) Universities and colleges
4) Private family counseling centers, etc.
PROBLEMS REQUIRING FAMILY WELFARE SERVICES 1. Marriage break-up 2. Premarital concerns 3. Broken and single parent families 4. Unwed parents 5. Drug abuse 6. Alcoholism 7. Foster home placements 8. Adoption and
9. Community problems
CHILD WELFARE The efforts to promote the physical, mental and social well-being of all children any youth are the child welfare services. Generally the child welfare services are of the following nature 1) Provisions for children in their own homes, in substitute family homes,
2) Placement of children in foster care and children’s institutions
3) Day nurseries and day care centers,
4) Supervision of foster families and adoptions 5) Protective service to prevent maladjustments and asocial behavior 6) Infant and pre-school children care 7) Schools social services and child labour protection, etc., A comprehensive program of child welfare seeks to promote the physical mental and social well-being of all the nations’ youth and those who are, 1. Department 2. Neglected 3. Delinquent 4. In danger of having social economics or and behavior problems 5. Incapacities and conflicts in family and social relationships 6. Birth out of wedlock 7. Need for custody, guardianships or adoption
8. Affected
by agricultural or industrial migration, discriminations with respect to minority groups.
prejudice
and
9. Socially and economically depressed neighbours and
10. Child labour and inadequate educational or employment facilities.
AIMS OF SOCIAL WORK IN CHIOLD AND FAMILY WELFARE SETTINGS 1. Aid to families with department children, adoption services 2. Services to the unwed mothers 3. Foster home care 4. Protective services 5. Homemaker and day care services 6. Shapes and directs child welfare practice
7. Describes various services development in response to existing conditions and
needs.
8. Stresses the importance of children, their uniqueness and the great
significance of the various stages in their lives.
9. Helps children to become individuals to mature and to grow independent.
10. Case work services to children in their own home, complementary services,
services to children in foster care 11. Helping parents in voluntary placement of children with relatives 12. Community planning to strength family
13. Neighborhood and community life for all children
14. Deal with the problems of special concern to parents and children receiving public assistance 15. Strengthening the family 16. Empowering and 17. Building upon existing resources TECHNIQUES OR CLINICAL METHODS USED IN CHILD WELFARE SERVICES Parenting training Active listening Contracting Values clarification Congnitive-behaviour strategies and Problem management techniques
LEVELS OF CHILD WELFARE SERVICES • • • • Family level Extended family level Community level and Family intervention team level
TYPES OF CHILD WELFARE SERVICES 1) Institutional and 2) Non-institutional
SETTINGS OF INSTITUTIOANL SERVICES 1. Foundling homes (unknown parenting) 2. Homes for the destitute children 3. Short-stay homes
4. Foster homes
5. Homes and placement services for children of unwed mothers 6. Homes and residential schools with(out) sheltered workshops for delinquent children 7. Homes or night shelters for the care of vagrant children and
8. Residential treatment centres for emotionally disturbed children
SETTINGS OF NON-INSTITUTIONAL SERVICES a. SERVICES FOR THE NORMAL CHILDREN Crèches Pre-primary schools Day-care centres Balwadis Anganwadis Recreation and hobby clubs Library facilities Holiday homes School health services School social work services and Child guidance clinic
b. CHILDREN NEED OF SPECIAL CARE Schools for the mentally retarded children Nurseries and schools for the handicapped children
Audiology centers and hearing classes Allowances to children of destitute women maintained in their own homes Adoption services for destitute children and Infant health centres and children’s hospitals etc SOCIAL WORKER IN ADOPTION SERVICES i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Interview the applicants for adoption Make home visits Determines the suitability of the applicants Secures medical history to ascertain the general state of physical and mental health of applicants Determines whether they are free of communicable diseases and debilitating illness Helps to screen applicants and secure reports on their ability to love, nurture, rear and educate a child Evaluates the age of the applicant, motivation and interest Examines the suitability of the child under consideration for the applicants Matches the child with the adoptive parents across the factors such as race, native endowment, physique, intellect and religion Protects the interest of the patients by a through investigation into the background of a child, by safeguards established to assure confidentiality and by sound legal procedures. Facilitates the total process of adoption Facilitates placement of the right child with right parents Helps adoptive parents to better understand themselves, their child and adoption procedures and processes.
xi. xii. xiii.
SOCIAL WORKER IN FOSTER CARE FOSTER CARE is a treatment of choice for the infant and for the small child where the emotional tie to an adult is the main dynamic of growth. i. ii. Evaluates the family across standards within the field and selects the home Assess the ability of the family to provide adequate physical care – food, clothing, shelter and of the community to provide schooling, recreation and religious training
iii.
Assesses the family harmony, the emotional climate of the home and interaction among family members, interests and motivation in the caring for a homeless child Makes and effort to place the child in a home suitable for him Knows of the services for the children, their existence, their legal structure and about their organization and function Trained to bring the need together with the provision in the interest of rehabilitation, protection and prevention of social break down and disorganization Helps children to find suitable expression of their legitimate interest and rights
iv. v. vi.
vii.
SOCIAL WORKER IN PROTECTIVE SERVICES i. ii. iii. iv. v. Protect children from the neglect – to which they would subjected – from day care centres Physical and mental abuse is avoided Modern juveniles court restoration Punishment is minimized Provide specialized services to neglected, abused, exploited Children or rejected philosophy stresses protection, treatment and otherwise be
DAY CARE SERVICES
i.
Stimulates increased cooperation between voluntary agencies and pools well qualified resources for needed day care – center – of children Facilitates continued close collaboration and coordination between the children’s Bureau and the Bureaux of family services in child welfare and public assistance programs Expands counseling services Works to improve the quantity and quality of care in these centres Helps to develop and maintain the standards for the meeting needs of all children in foster family day care centres Works in getting grants for special projects for training personnel in the fields of child welfare and Encourages and conducts research in day care practices
ii.
iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
OTHER CHILD WELFARE SERVICES i. Establishing and maintaining adequate standards of practices
ii. iii.
Getting license and regulating the social agencies of child welfare and Coordinates services, plans cooperation among the agencies
COORECTIONAL SOCIAL WORK CORRECTION is the total process of helping persons who have violated the law to be rehabilitated. AREA REQUIRING CORRECTION SERVICES Vandalism – willful damage to things, fighting, violation of laws, drug crimes, bodily injuries and homicides among youth and young adults of different ages are the areas requiring correctional services.
AGENCIES CARRYING OUT CORRECTIONAL SERVICES i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Police department Juvenile courts Prisons Schools Churches Community Probation Parole Youth services Half – way homes etc
CORRECTIONAL PROCESSES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEPARTMENT a. Law enforcement b. Prosecution and defuse c. Judicial process and d. Corrections
1) LAW ENFORCEMENT Law enforcement is concerned with the collection of evidence about reported offenses and with the detection and arrest of suspected offends.
2) PROSECUTION AND DEFENSE Prosecution and defense are the preparation and presentation of criminal cases before the court.
3) JUDICIAL PROCESS Judicial process is concerned with the legal determination of guilt and the assignment of penalties.
4) CORRECTIONS Corrections are responsible for administering the assigned penalties. METHODS OF CORRECTION a. Incarceration – imprisonment b. Parole – release before the completion of punishment c. Probation – observation of official d. Educational programs and e. Social services FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORKERS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Assist boys and girls who are in trouble with the law is basically rehabilitated rather than to punish them Help them to understand themselves their relationship with others, and what is expected of them as members of the society in which they live Help to strengthen motivation Allow for ventilation of feelings – catharsis Establish and provide adequate information services Help offenders to make decisions Define the situation: to think and to feel Assist in modifying the environment Help offenders to reorganize behavior patterns and Facilitate referrals
ROLES / TASKS PLAYED BY SOCIAL WORKERS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS i. Act as the officer of the court or other quasi – judicial body to investigate and report on the offender and his social situation, contributing the results of such social studies in an appropriate and meaningful way to the making of legal decisions. Supervise the client’s social activities in such a way that violations are perceived and reported, provided constructive social control plan Stimulates inner growth toward self – control Help the involuntary client to handle the stresses produced by the law enforcement and correctional process constructively Help to become motivated to ask for and use help in problem solving Help to modify the behavior in the direction of increasingly viable conformity with social expectations. As the formal authority person in the client’s life, work with other authorities associated with the client – parents, teachers, employees, social agencies, institutional personnel, in such a way that the problems of these authorities with the client are alleviated; the activities of the authorities support the client’s efforts toward satisfactory behavior and the client is more soundly linked with the resources of his groups and his community. Administer a caseload or group load in such a way that the decisions of other personnel in the administration of criminal justice are respected, implemented and appropriately influenced by the social worker’s knowledge. The emergencies in the lives of clients are met with full attention to their significance for change. Enact a role in a multidisciplinary agency involving shared decisions and teamwork personnel in the same role as his but with other educational backgrounds; personnel with sub-professional assignments and backgrounds; personnel from other agencies in the administration of criminal justice and personnel in other correctional agencies who have served the client or will in the future. Take a responsible part in the social change of his agency and in the development of the field of service to which his agency belongs, contributing from his professional knowledge and experience to the determination of policy. Contribute to the developing professional knowledge of social work in corrections Investigations and surveillance for the purpose of securing information about the client’s failures and or success in meeting the legal obligations
ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi. xii.
xiii. xiv. xv.
Uses controls to modify clients behavior Acts a legal authority in the clients life with responsibility for value change and Correctional decision making
AIMS OF SOCIAL WORK IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1) To help the offered not to retaliate or to punish him 2) To utilize the knowledge and skills in a corrective manner 3) To rehabilitate the individual 4) T o help to help himself so that he can return to and become a part of his society. 5) To guide him toward becoming comfortable with himself and his associates.
6) To help the offender to change his behavior patterns so that he can relate
constructively to others and become socially acceptable.
7) Redirecting and reeducating the clients who have demonstrated anti-social and
illegal behavior.
8) Encourages the offender to talk about his problems, to feel about them and to
come to an insightful understanding of himself, accompanied by socially constructive behavior.
9) Help the offender to bolster his abilities to accept and withstand the pressures
and or assist in bringing about changes which alleviate inadequate housing or diet a family where no one cares, inadequate vocational training or job placement and economic stresses.
10) Attempts to achieve socially desirable objectives within institutional and
non-institutional settings.
11) Endeavors to establish a meaningful relationship with the individual and to
help him after his behavior patterns so as prepare his return to society as a contributing member. 12) Attempts to establish a relationship which frees the individual to express his feelings in a cathartic manner, master his ego strengths, change some of his values and become a law-abiding citizen. 13) Accepts the clients, understands, and respect him and makes the client to develop feelings towards him and share his ideas, emotions and problems
14) Society worker is non-judgmental warm sensitive to his needs, and conveys
feelings of respect for the integrity and individuality of the client regardless of his questionable conduct.
15) Social worker in intuitions meets more often with the clients through
interviewing helps him in achieving goals.
16) Outside intuitions’ gives support and assistance to the offender, focusing on
treatment rather than punishment reform then rather punitiveness
17) Acts as a catalytic agent who makes it possible for an offender to understand
himself better, feel about him and to strength his ability to interact with others constructively.
18) Helps him to tap his own strengths brining about better harmony within
himself and in his associations with other and 19) Effectively work during intake, when emergencies occur, in preparing for release and in after care treatment. Social work methods in correctional settings.
SOCIAL WORK PROCESSES INVOLVED IN CORRECTIOANL SETTINGS The following are process of social work involved in a correctional setting. 1. Social study – finding facts 2. Diagnosis – defining and evaluating the problems and 3. Treatment – solving SOCIAL WORK METHODS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1. CASEWORK Case work is the process of assisting and individual or family on a personal face-to-face basis to consider and solve their problems.
2. GROUPWORK Group work utilizes the group as the main tool in the helping process, assisting youth to face their problems and to something about them. Among groups of probationers, many groups meet together advantageously to consider their problems and solutions.
3. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Community organization is the inter group method in which an attempt is made. To tap community resources for solving and helping with social problems that affects a large number of people. It includes family life educations, community welfare councils, etc.,
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1. Relationship to help clients to help themselves
2. Never condemn or moralize, accept as he is and his behavior regardless of
what has been in the past. 3. Respect his right of self-determinations – do not make decisions for him
4. Recognize him to study and understand normal as well as anti-social behavior
in order to comprehend the “why” of delinquency and criminality and what should be done about them. 5. Provides a security- giving firmness, non-physical punishment and
6. Uses the authority in a positive manner to help offender to help himself face
his problems and readjust his thinking and behavior.
FIELDS / AREAS OF SOCIAL WORK IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS 1) Police department 2) Courts
3) Intuitions such as industrial schools, detention homes, reformations and
prisons and 4) Parole activities and prevention services such as counseling, camps, etc
INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORK Social work fro labour welfare aims to look after the interests of the workers. Labour welfare means “the efforts to make life worth living for the workmen” Social worker works as labor welfare officers, personnel managers, human resources executives, “manager-human resources, manager- personnel and industrial relations, etc., One labour welfare officers for an organization where 500+ employees are employed and 300+ employees in plantations.
FUNCTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORKERS
1) Advise and assists management to secure welfare amenities like canteen,
crache, rest room, recreation hall, etc., for the workers. 2) Establishes liaison with government agencies on health and safety of workers.
3) Attempts to provide those facilities which help them in raising the level of
education and standard of livings 4) Sees that various enactments are enforced in the establishment 5) Tries to strengthen satisfactory and productive relationship between the management and the workers. 6) Helps workers to adjust to their working environment
7) Advises workers against going on an all illegal shrikes.
8) Advises management against declaring illegal lock-out.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL WORK FUNCTIONS IN INDUSTRY a. Industrial social services and b. Industrial social work INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL SERVICES 1. Compliance of various basis acts pertaining to health and welfare, of workers preparation and submission of required reports, returns and statistical data
2. Management of industrial health services-first aid, dispensary ambulance and
hospitalization
3. Management of company schools and workers education classes 4. Management of canteens and middy meals etc., 5. Administration of housing estates and workers housing schemes. 6. Promotion and management of recreational measures – sports tournaments
welfare centers, cinema shows, tours, etc. 7. Supervision of provident fund, employees state insurance scheme work and
8. Administration of financial benefits schemes – loans, grants, etc. and
cooperative societies.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORK
1. Orientation and induction to new employees 2. Communicating company policies to workers individually and providing them
with correct interoperation and communicating workers opinions and feelings to the management. 3. Exit interviews
4. Care of young persons, women and workers nearing superannuation
MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK Medical and psychiatric social work brings about adjustments between the patient and his environment. Medical and psychiatric social work is an individualized services which the physical is expected to give to his patient through the help of a social workers, who tries to understand the patients a social being with his needs, emotion, circumstances and factors bearing on his illness and thus interprets the patient to the physician.
MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK Medical social work is also of a social work which is especially interested in the social and emotional problems of the physically ill and is carried on in a medical.
FROMS OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK a. Unorganized services b. Lady almoners c. Aftercare of insane d. Nursing care and e. Training of medical students
UNORGANISED FORMS OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK a. Friends and relatives lending help hands to the needy and b. Religious leaders as non-profession medical social workers. LADY ALMONERS
a. Increased social ease of hospital patients by caring in informal ways for their
social problems.
b. Worked as a means of solving poor patients problems by rendering part paid
free medical treatment c. Referred the patients to which ever local social work or medical agency could best help him d. Assigned the responsibility of carrying on liaison with the social work and medical resources of the community.
AFTERCARE OF THE INSANE
a. England society for after care of poor persons, discharged and recovered from
in same asylums.
b. Worked under the general supervision of medical superintends of mental
hospitals. c. Helped in placement of homeless mental patients in foster homes and in convalescent institutions and d. Guided the discharges patients in their attempts to orient themselves satisfactorily to their communities.
NURSING CARE
a. Emotional and social character of nurses maintained personal relationship and
care with hosp[ital patients b. Helped them to feel free and ask about their problems
c. Devoted full time with private home patients and d. Direct contact and knowledge of the personal difficulties of patients
TRANINIG OF MEDICAL STUDENTS
a. The first instruction in medical social work for perspective doctors was at the
medical schools of johns Hopkins university b. Not only class room instruction but also field work experience and c. Visit families in their homes as there is an intimate relationship between physical illness and the home environment. CURRENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK IN HOSPITALS It is mainly familiarizing the community not only with the social services of the hospital, but also with all the services of the hospital.
PROBLEMS OF A MEDICAL SOCIAL WORKER 1. Administrative problems can be eliminated if there is high degree of administrative coordination among the executives of the various departments of the hospital.
2. Making social services department as an integral part of the hospital
without special financing or outside supervision.
3. The patients who never intended to speck with a social worker but
intended to secure medical treatment. They have to be given as much attention as the work-load permits and 4. They hospital requires the teamwork of scientifically oriented workers as they are a constant stimulus to medical social workers in the attainment. ROLE OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORKER IN COMMUNTIY MENTAL HEALTH
I.
Represents one of several disciplines in a country, municipal, state or regional origination such functions as program, organization and development, supervision and consultation. Serve as educational specialist and mental health consultants. Stimulate program interest and development Consultation to other agencies Mental health education in the community In-service training of appropriate groups Research in mental health including a special aid in community planning through surveys of needs and program recommendations.
II.
III.
IV. V. VI.
VII.
PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK Psychiatric social work is the social work practiced in direct and responsible working relations with psychiatry at hospitals, clients or in other psychiatric auspices with an aim of serving people with mental or emotional disturbances. CHARACTERS OF PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS – JESSI TAFT 1. Maternal sort of person
2. Have genuine liking for people and their troubles
3. With warmth and spontaneity 4. A whole-hearted interest that renders the making of good contacts simple. Natural ands inevitable. SCOPE OF PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK
1. Ancillary to medicine
2. Autonomous psychiatric teams, hospital and clinics 3. Child guidance clinics and 4. Psychiatric nursing FUNCTIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS
1) Students observe and appraises the problems bought to the hospital or clinic
by the individual.
2) Evaluates the role of the family
3) Assesses the meaning of the findings resulting from the study
4) Helps the individual and his family to use the treatment of the services
organization. 5) Assists them in solving their problems
6) Carries responsibility in relation to both the patient and his family through all
phases of diagnosis, care treatment and rehabilitation.
7) Collaborates with members of other professions in the treatments program
recommended for the patient.
8) Assists the patient and or his family to understand the meaning of the patient’s
illness and their reaction to it. 9) Assists to accept the need for treatment as a corrective measure.
10) Assists to determine and work toward the resolution of specific problems
11) Stresses in the environment which impede treatment or interferes with adequate social functioning
12) Helps to develop healthy, satisfying interpersonal relationships 13) Helps to modify undesirable and unrealistic attitudes. 14) Helps to facilities use of the patients own assets to strengthen his efforts
toward a more satisfying adjustments.
15) Helps the individual family or the community in meeting needs in ways
which will result in improves individual performance at home, within family unit, on the job, in the community and in other social situations and 16) Help the patient to become oriented to the hospital and ease the pain of separation.
PSYCHIATRIUC SOCIAL WORK IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS
1. To assist in interpretation of the hospital’s facilities and program to the patient
and his family.
2. Assistance to the family
with problems arising from the patients administration to the hospital, amelioration of the family anxieties in relation to the threat of having a mentally ill relative, interpretation to the family of the hospital treatment procedures.
3. Formulation of plans with the assistance of other community social agencies,
which might admission less urgent or occasionally prevent unnecessary or illadvised admission and
4. Establishing a relationship with the family which will encourage them to
maintain a positive, non-rejecting attitude through out the point of care, and ultimately help them to receive the returning patient with understanding and acceptances.
SOCIAL WORK IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS 1. Make interpretations of the functions of the clinic, complete intakes., etc. 2. Make studies of individuals in family situations. 3. Assist with diagnosis and treatments
4. Helps patient to decide whether to use the clinic, whether something more
appropriate might be the answer to his problem and whether the clinic services fit his needs
5. Coordinates for the patient and his privacy, dignity and independence of the
individual.
6. Coordinates for the patient and his family the medical and other services set in
motion within and outside the psychiatric clinic. 7. Serves on boards of agencies 8. Gives talks and interprets the needs for services for the mentally ill. 9. Represents their particular area of competence on the clinical team.
10. Maintain their profession identify thorough the staff development programs,
professional associations and other contacts within the profession. 11. Attends local, regional and national meetings and conferences in the field of social work. 12. Helps to perpetuate his work by his contribution to training, education, writing, and research.
13. Assists in the training of other psychiatric social workers as a staff members a
field instructor of trainees, or by affiliating with a school of social work. 14. Provides staff for supervision, office space and other facilities needed in training and 15. Engages in scientific studies and social work research.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORERS IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS
1. Promotion and organization of community mental health programs and
activities.
2. Integrates psychiatric programs with community health and welfare programs 3. Provides consultation to community health, education and welfare services
and 4. Educates the community in mental health concept.
SOCIAL WORK METHODS USED IN PSYCHIATRIC CLINICE 1) Casework 2) Administration 3) Consultation 4) Community organization and 5) Research
AREAS OF MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK 1. Public health programs
2. Maternity and child welfare centers
3. Venereal disease clinics 4. Children wards 5. Infirmities
6. Mental hospital and psychiatric clinics
7. General hospitals 8. Rural health units 9. T B Sanatoria 10. Unwed mothers institutions and 11. Destitute, cancer, leprosy patients and physically handicapped persons
CHANGING ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKER IN PSYCHIATRIC SETTINGS
i. ii. iii.
iv.
Psychiatry and social work are moving out of the hospitals into the community General practitioner in medicine is practicing more and more psychiatry The community which opposed the return of a patient extend its welcome Programs are being developed for ex – patients and for patients who are border line and not in need of hospitalization but who can be treated in the community. Establishment of emergency psychiatric services, mental health consultation, psychiatric section in general hospitals, open hospitals interaction prescription, member-employee work homes, sheltered workshops and foster family care programs. Greater importance of social work for the family, the community and the impact of one upon the other enhanced. The promises of each of these discoveries are not fulfilled. Manpower shortage in the field Lack of adequate knowledge and Lack of improvement in the efforts to expand research and training.
v.
vi. vii. viii. ix.
x.
SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK PROBLEMS REQUIRING SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION 1) Indiscipline 2) Violence 3) Drugs 4) Cheating and 5) Valuelessness SOCIAL WORK PARTICE SCHOOLS a. To help all children succeed in school b. To make provision for help in specific areas with vulnerable groups, such as, minorities, limited English students, those with disabilities and the economically disadvantages. c. To provide interdisciplinary training for social workers with others on the professional helping team. d. To change students approach to specific problems
e. To make it possible for learning to occur f. To identify problems areas and possible solutions. g. To help formulate school policy that would address such problems h. To help parents to being about better lines of communication, helping both child and parent gain understanding and acceptance of each other. i. To act as agents of change in relation to the school and community
j.
To maintain a liaison between social agencies and the legal practice and to become a catalyst in the evolving patterns of social structure.
TECHINIQUES OF SOCIAL WORK IN SCHOOLS a. Behavior modification b. Reinforcement theory c. Skill development theory, especially skills of helping, confidentially, acceptance, understanding, trustworthiness and caring d. Preventive measures for drug addicts and alcoholics and e. Counseling.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OR COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK COMMUNITY Community means a group of people living in a common geographical area, sharing common interest and having a sense belongingness. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Community organization means the efforts to direct social resources effectively towards the specific or total welfare needs of any geographical area. Its performance may involve such activities as fact-finding coordination, improving standards, interpretation, developing welfare programs, changing patters of social work and promoting social legislation. STEPS IN COMMUNTIY ORGANIZATION 1) Informal or systematic survey of the community 2) Identify its social needs and priorities them 3) Find out methods and techniques of meeting them 4) Discover the existing resources to fulfill them
5) Find out financial, technical and man power resources from within or outside the community
6) Eliminate and prevent the social ills and disabilities standing in the way of
welfare programs 7) Create consciousness for needs and resources. 8) Coordinate the work of various agencies 9) Staff and budget for welfare 10) Articulate needs and resources and constant readjustment of the resources as per the changing needs and 11) Continues evaluation of the work done and follow-up of the services developed in the community. METHODS AND TECHNIQOES 1. Case work and group work 2. Survey, research and maintaining records 3. Meeting key persons 4. Discussions, groups meetings, lectures and debates 5. Films shows and celebration of local festivals
6. Dramas, dances, folk songs, puppet shows, kirtan bhajam mandalis
7. Use of flash cards and flannel or khadi graph stories. 8. Use of notice boards, bulletin boards, charts, posters, booklets and newspapers 9. Arranging exhibitions and demonstrations
10. Literacy and social education classes
11. Inter group and inter agency consultations and coordination
12. Promotion of social action and social legislation and
13. Visit the places where the program was successful
AREAS REQUIRING COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK a. Economic b. Education c. Health
d. Housing and roads e. Recreation f. Cultural activities g. Social service and
h. Community life
UNIT – V EMERGING AREAS OF SOCIAL WORK SOCIAL WORK IN ENVIRONMNTAL PROTECTION DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT The team environment implies all the external factors, both living, material and non-material which surround man. Environment is an aggregate of all external condition inclusive of both internal and external factors that are influencing or affecting the life and development o fan organism, human behavior or society. In modern society it includes not only the water, air, and soil that form our environment but also the social and economics conditions under which we live. It includes intra-psychic processes, metabolic and organic functioning, adaptive capacity and the physical conditions. All the environments together form a dynamic matrix of interaction that shapes an individuals behavior. COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
1. Physical : water, air, soil, housing, wastes, radiation, etc.
2. Biological: plant and animals life including bacteria, viruses, insects, rodents and animals etc. 3. Psychosocial: customs, culture, habits, income, occupation, religion, etc.
CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXXPLOITATION 1) Change in the physical constitution of environment, 2) Disturbance in different links in life chain. 3) Depletion of natural resources 4) Degradation of life support systems and
5) Pollution of different types such as water pollution, air pollution, nose pollution and soil pollution etc.,
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKERS IN PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMNET
1) Providing scientific knowledge concerning the delicate relationship of human
beings to the rapidly changing physical and social environment. 2) Enabling people to understand varied kind of events and behavioral patterns in the context of various types of influences and variables that platy a determining role in creation of these events and behavioral patterns
3) Motivating them to focus on the adaptive balances that may exists between
living beings and their environment. 4) Assisting them to appraise consistencies, strength and complements as also various inconsistencies, discrepancies and conflicts as they affect the quality of life. 5) Developing a healthy relationship between man and his environment.
6) Strengthening the right kind thinking, attitudes and behavioral patterns among
people.
7) Providing information required for correct understanding of different aspects
of environment as also problems that emanate farm it and the measures that can ne adopted to tackle them. 8) Presenting facts before people to enable them to take right decisions.
9) Developing such attitudes and values in the personality of the people as may
develop and sustain the feeling of respect for environment for various types of gifts that it has made available to mankind and refrain them from taking any such action that any lead to exploitation and abuse of environment.
10)
Substituting the existing harmful values of materialism and hedonism leading to environmental degradation by propagating and developing the values of plain and simple living.
11) Motivates man to adopt a friendly behavior towards environment.
12) Mobilizing and organizing people to give a united challenge to those who
indulge in varied kinds of activities detrimental to the conversation and development of environment.
13) Persuading and preparing people to take all such like promotion of a
forestation and restraint on deforestation restriction on emission of various pollutants that pollute water, air, soil, etc.
14) Impressing upon the policy-makers to formulate such polities and enact such laws as may be conducive to promotion of cordial relationship between man and his environment.
15) Urging and motivating the people associated with enforcement of various
policies and legal enactments to implement their various provisions sincerely and to ensure that penalties stipulated for their violations are imposed upon those who glaringly violate them.
16) Helping in fixing the responsibility of those employees of the enforcement
machinery who deliberately ignore the infringement of legal provisions or shows slackness in dealing with the law breakers and can ensure that suitable action is taken against such irresponsible and recalcitrant (disobedient) employees.
17) Appealing and preparing people in general in the community to lend their
maximum possible cooperation in the task of environment conversation and development not only by observing various do’s and don’t in their personal lives but also by initiating all sorts of suitable organized social action including specific work-oriented projects in a sustained manner that may be requires in this regard.
18) In collaboration with other disciplines may undertake scientific researches to
explore various unexplored aspects of environment, especially to highlight its realities and their impact upon mankind and to suggest measures that ought to be taken to recreate a friendly relationship between man and environment.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT DEFINITION OF DISASTER Any event that causes great loss or harm to the human life can be known as disaster.
TYPES OF DISASTER 1. Natural and 2. Man- made
NATURAL DISASTERS Any ecological disruption which exceeds the community’s capacity of adjustments so that outside assistance is needed in known as Natural disaster, Eg. Earthquakes floods, volcanic eruption etc., MAN-MADE DISASTES
Human action results in the disruptions of living conditions with a considerable number of deaths casualties. They are distinct from natural disasters in that they are sometimes predictable and preventable. Eg. Wars, industrial accidents, stampedes (mass movements) etc. ADVANCE MEASURES POSSIBLE TO AVOID MAN-MADE DISASTERS 1. Appropriate engineering or other technological measures. 2. Early waning if appropriate and 3. Protection against human errors.
PHASES OF DISASTER 1. PRE – DISASTER PHASE It is otherwise known as inter-disaster phase. It is the time for prevention and preparedness. It is increasingly recognized that the appropriate management of natural disaster requires advance planning. To ensure that health services in order to determine hazards amenable to prevention and mitigation. In all disaster-prone countries, there should be multi-disciplinary planning for disasters in which the health aspects should be fully integrated, hospitals from adjacent or more accessible areas therefore should be linked into a network, with appropriate and autonomous means of communication and transport. 2. PRE-IMPACT PHASE This corresponds to the period during which indications of an imminent disaster are accumulating. Many but not all disasters are prepared by preliminary signs. This is the time for warnings based on appropriate predication techniques. Time of the warning is al important. 3. IMPACT PHASE This is the period during which the disaster strikes. Destruction and deaths occur in this phase. It may last for a few seconds. (eg. Earthquake) to weeks (eg floods). A number of observations indicated that external said, however prompt it might be, comes too late to have a significant impact on the prevention of early deaths and that insufficient use is made of local resources for resuce and immediate relief in the affected community. To be effective immediate resuce and relief for natural disasters should be a part of primary health care. This calls for decentralized pre-disaster planning at the community level and education of the community in preparedness for disasters.
4. .RELIEF PHASE This phase begins when assistance from outside starts to reach the disaster area. This stage is often characterized by the intervention of ill formed and unprepared personnel. Immediate aid indeed be rather un-specific, calling for resuce materials, shelters and survival items. But, subsequently relief should be more carefully directed. An immediate assessment of needs and damage is vital. Including the number, type and localization of causalities, the risk of transmissible disease, environmental hazards, as well as an inventory of preserved structures, facilities, supplies, and manpower. It should be stressed that such an evaluation is necessary for effective relief.
5. REHABILITATION PHASE The final phase in a disaster should lead to the restoration of pre-disaster conditions. The health management of disaster has thus definitely moved beyond resuce and short term relief, to encompass the whole disaster process, from predisaster planning and preparedness to long term rehabilitations. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER NATURAL DISASTERS Communicable diseases are triggered through
1. Increasing in transmission of local pathogens through a. Increase in promiscuity of conditions and
b. Deterioration in sanitary of refugee camp
c. A partial or total disruption of control programs
2. Changing receptivity of the population 3. Introduction of a new pathogen due to a widespread migration of population over long distances.
DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN EMERGENCIES
SANITARY MEASURES Proper accommodation for refugees in Camps and newer settlements safe water
MEDICAL MEASURE less long-term impact – should not be undertaken
Supply, proper vector- control Measures, etc.,
without good reason. vaccination campaigns are Frequently resorted to but new massive campaigns should not be encouraged.
HIV / AIDS AIDS, means the Acquired Immuno – Deficiency Syndrome. It is also known as “Slim Disease”. It is a fatal illness caused by a retrovirus known as the human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the body’s immune system, leaving the victim vulnerable to a host of life – threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders, or unusual malignancies. The term AIDS refers only to the last stage of the HIV infection. AIDS can be called our modern pandemic, affecting both industrialized and developing countries.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF AIDS 1. AGENT FACTORS Agent Reservoir of infection and Source of infection 2. HOST FACTORS Age Sex High risk groups Immunology MODE OF TRANSMISSION 1. Sexual transmission 2. Blood contact and 3. maternal – foetal transmission CONTROL OF AIDS
There are four basic approaches to the control of AIDS. They are 1. Prevention a. Education and b. Prevention of blood borne HIV transmission 2. Antiretroviral treatment a. combination therapy b. post exposure prophylactic treatment 3. Specific Prophylaxis 4. Primary health care EDUCATION Enables people to make life saving choices, such as avoiding indiscriminate sex, using condoms etc ii. To educate the importance of avoiding the use of shared razors and toothbrushes iii. To educate that the share of intravenous needles and syringes involve special risk iv. To make the HIV affected and high risk women to avoid becoming pregnant since the infection can be transmitted to the unborn or newborn PREVENTION OF BLOOD BORNE HIV TRANSMISSION i. ii. iii. iv. v. People of high risk should be urged not to indulge in blood donation, donation of body organs, sperm donation or other tissues donation etc All blood donors should be screened for HIV 1 and HIV 2 before transmission Strict sterilization practices should be ensured in hospitals and clinics Presterilised disposable syringes and needles should be used as far as possible One should avoid injections unless they are absolutely necessary i.
ANTIRETROVIAL TREATEMENT The administration of the antiviral chemotherapy is known as antiretroviral treatment. Though it is not useful in curing, but found useful in prolonging the life of severely ill patients.
COMBINATION THERAPHY Combination therapy means the administration of combination of drugs so that it decrease the viral load and allows suppression of HIV RNA.
SPECIFIC PROPHYLAXIS
Specific prophylaxis means the opposite of combination therapy, i.e., giving specific drugs suitable to the type and source of infection. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Because of the wide-range of health implications associated with HIV/AIDS, the primary health care systems are closely integrated with AIDS control programs.
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAM (1987) In 1985 the Government of India constituted a task force to look into the spread of AIDS. The activities began by pilot screening program of high-risk population. National AIDS Control Program was launched in 1987. In the year 1992, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare set up a National AIDS Control Organization as a separate wing to implement and closely monitor the various components of the program. The government of India launched a 5 year HIV/AIDS Control Project from September 1992 to September 1997 as 100 percent centrally sponsored project for all states / UTs. The project was later on extended up to March 1999.
The second phase was launched in 1999. It is being implemented by the National, AIDS Control Organization with the support of World Bank, USAID and the Department for International Development. The main objective of this phase is restricting the future spread of the infection to very minimum level, ie., 1 percent.
COMPONENTS OF NACP 1. Establishment of surveillance centres to cover the whole country 2. Identification of high risk groups and their screening 3. Issuing specific guidelines for management of detected cases and their followup 4. Formulating guidelines for blood product manufacturers, blood banks, blood donors, and dialysis units 5. Information, education and communication activities by involving mass media 6. Research, reduction of personal and social impact of the disease and 7. Control of sexually transmitted disease and control program AIMS OF NACP 1. To prevent further transmission of HIV 2. To decrease morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection and 3. To minimize the socio – economic impact resulting from HIV infection I PHASE FEATURES / PROGRAMS OF NACP 1. Blood safety
2. Policy on HIV testing 3. STD control program 4. Condom promotion 5. HIV surveillance 6. HIV sentinel Surveillance and 7. Information, education, communication and social mobilization II PHASE FEATURES / PROGRAMS OF NACP 1. Raising the level of awareness on STD/HIV in rural areas and other vulnerable groups of population 2. Encouraging health seeking behavior in general population for reproductive tract infections and STD 3. Making people aware about services available in the public health system for the management of RTI/STD 4. Provision of facilities for early detection and prompt treatment and 5. Implementing focused IEC strategy GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK DEFINITION OF GERENTOLOGY The study of the physical and psychological changes which are incident to old age is called Gerontology. The study of the causes and medical treatment of ill health associated with old age is called Clinical Gerontology or Geriatrics.
HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE AGED (THREE) 1. General Problems of Aged • Poverty • Loneliness and • Illhealth etc 2. Problems Due to the Ageing Process • Senile cataract • Glaucoma • Nerve deafness • Bony changes affecting mobility • Emphysema • Failure of special senses and • Changes in mental outlook etc 3. Problems Assoicated with Long – Term and Chronic Diseases • Degenerative diseases of cardio vascular diseases, ie., disease of heat and blood vessels • Cancer • Accidents • Diabetes
Diseases of locomotor system; eg.Myositis, fybrositis, neuritis, gout, osteoarthiritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis of spine etc., • Respiratory illnesses; Eg Chronic bronchitis and asthma • Genitor-urinary system of enlarged prostate, dysuria, nocturia, frequency and urgency of micturition, etc 4. Psychological Problems • Mental changes, eg.Impaired memory (Dementia), rigidity of outlook, dislike of changes etc. • Sexual maladjustments such as inactivity which leads to irritability, jealousy etc and • Emotional disorders etc
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HEALTH MEASURES FOR THE AGED CARE 1. Health Promotional Measures Good housing Balanced diet Reduction of physical and mental strain Intellectual activity and Social welfare measures 2. Specific Preventive Measures Avoidance of injuries and fall Careful dieting and reduction of obesity and Periodic medical check-up 3. Efficient Geriatric Health service for early diagnosis Prompt treatment Disability limitation and Rehabilitation SOCIAL WELFARE MEASURES AND SERVICES FOR THE AGED CARE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. National Assistance Supplementary Pensions Home Services Home Care Services Meals on Wheels Services Old Folk’s Homes Sitters-Up Services Provision for Services of Health Visitors etc
PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR THE AGED WELFARE 1. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES
Health habits such as smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, nutrition and sleep related services Services concentrating coronary heat disease risk factors Immunization Pneumovax Tetanus Injury prevention Latrogenesis prevention and osteoporosis prevention 2. SECONDARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES • Screening services for …. Hypertension Diabetes Periodontal disease Dental caries Sensory impairment Medication side effects Colo-rectal cancer Breast cancer Cervical cancer Prostatic cancer Nutritionally induced anaemia Depression and stress Urinary incontinence Podiatric problems Fall risk Tuberculosis Syphilis Stroke prevention Myocardial infarction 3. TERTIARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES • Rehabilitation for Physical deficits Cognitive deficits Functional deficits Caretaker support Introduction of support necessary to prevent loss of autonomy SOCIAL WORKERS ROLE IN GERIATRIC CLINIC 1. Maintenance of security and dignity and reinforcement of independence to the fullest extent appropriate to the patient’s condition 2. Maintenance of the patient’s orientation to his name, his place, clock, Calendar, and daily schedule in a convenient location 3. Encouragement of friendship and communication with staff and other patients
4. Arrangements for patients with visual defects to have assistance for safety 5. Should speak clearly, slowly and firmly to patients with hearing loss 6. If the patient suffers a painful condition, be especially sensitive to the need for Medication to relative pain 7. Special attention to depression that may reach a stage of suicide risk when personal or health crisis occurs 8. Observation of eating habits, especially for food likes and dislikes difficult in chewing or any fixed ideas about food; report these to the dietitian 9. Report complaints about dentures so that patients can be seen by a dentist. Provide opportunity for women to visit a market 10. Care patients dress and grooming and praise on any accomplishment. Keep promises to patients faithfully HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL WORK FOUNDATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Right to equality Right to freedom Right against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Religion Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Property And Right to Constitutional Remedies
DEFINITION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS NON – GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (HRNGO) HRNGO is a private association which devotes significant resources to the promotion and protection of HR, which is independent of both government and political groups that seek direct political power and which does not itself, seek such power.
TYPES OF NGOs IN HR TWO a) Specializing in particular area of work, i.e., children’s rights, refugees, women’s rights and prisoner’s rights etc and b) Focusing in a particular geographical area or region ROLE OF NGO / SOCIAL WORKERS IN PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS i. To develop new HR standards ii. To ensure the facts surrounding HR Problems to public iii. To protect and promote HR iv. To investigate, monitor and highlight HR abuses v. To safeguard HR against governmental infringement vi. To influence the deliberations of intergovernmental HR bodies vii. To organize campaigns to mobilize public opinion and
viii. Attempt to affect the foreign policy of some countries with respect to their relations with other countries that regularly commit HR violations ix. To carry out activities like information gathering and fact finding, etc x. To record and present allegations of HR abuses xi. Because of grassroot contacts they can most effectively identify HR violations xii. Articulate and seek redressal from the commission xiii. Because of the deeper root in the public, they can assist HRC of helping its staff as well as undertake investigation of violations on behalf of the HRC xiv. Undertake research and serious studies on specific problems and issues in view of their specialized knowledge xv. Organizes seminars, training programs in spreading HR awareness and xvi. Tries to enlarge the scope of social law to improve the living conditions of the masses THE END LEVELS OF SOCIAL WORK Horejsi, has classified Social, Work intervention on the basis of the size of the client system as beneficiary, into 3 levels. They are, i. ii. iii. Micro level Macro level and Mezzo level
MICRO LEVEL SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Micro level social work practice focuses on a person’s most intimate interactions such as exchanges between husband and wife, parent and child, close friends and family members. Interpersonal helping, direct practice and clinical practice are some of the types of social work practices at micro level.
MACRO LEVEL SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Working with an organization, community or even society as a whole is called macro level social work practice. It deals with interpersonal relations such as interactions between people who represent organizations or who are members of a work group such as an agency, committee or inter-agency task force. Administration, fund-raising, testifying on proposed legislation, policy analysis, class advocacy and social resource development are the techniques involved in macro level social work.
MEZZO LEVEL SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Mezzo level social work practice deals with interactions, less intimate than familial relationships more personal and meaningful than organizational or institutional interactions. It also includes relationships among individuals in a self-help or therapy group, among peers at school or work and among neighbours. SOCIAL WORK IN RELATION TO HUMANISM Human reclaims dignity and a central position for the human beings (Explain Social Work here) Comprehensive humanism understands the totality of human nature and recognizes human beings as the author of ethical, political and social judgments (Explain Social Work here) Creating fear – complex and over emphasizing the success of the science are not the aims of humanism (Explain Social Work here). It Teaches that Moral obligations are to be discharged voluntarily by every person. (Explain Social Work here) The humanists hold an “Organic View of Life” and believe that “Main is a part of Nature and that he has emerged as the result of a “continuous process” (Explain Social work here)
IMPACK OF GLOBALISATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY GLOBALISATION Globalization is a process of promoting minimum interference of government and also considering market as the sole social regulator. COMPONANTS OF THE VISION OF GLOBALISATION (KORTEN) 1) The world’s money, technology and markets are controlled and managed by gigantic global corporations 2) A common consumer culture unifies all people in a shared quest for material gratification 3) Corporations are free to act solely on the basis of profitability, without regard to national or local consequences 4) Relationships, both of individual and corporations, are defined entirely by the market and 5) There are no loyalties to place and community PROCESS OR PRACTICE OF GLOBALISATION 1) Produce products where costs are lowest
2) Sell them where markets are more lucrative and 3) Shift the resulting profits to where tax rates are least burdensome IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION Weakens the bargaining power of any given locality Shifts the balance power from the local human interest to the global corporate interest Weakens the community to free the market Eliminates livelihood to create wealth, and Destroys life to increase unneeded and often unsatisfying consumption IMPACT OF LIBERLISATION The process of debureacratisation of economic activity, downsizing government, and promoting the entrepreneurship and individual initiative is liberalization.
AIMS OF LIBERALISATION 1. Increases productivity, eliminates social waste, enables the utilization of advances in science and technology and creates new wealth and 2. Enables utilization of the vast potential of the global market for creative and hard working individuals, enterprises, and knowledge workers if India. ASPECTS AND STEPS OF LIBERALIZATION THREE Liberalization has got three steps. They are, 1. Those which directly impinge on the poor and increase the incidence and acuteness of poverty in the country 2. Those which are poverty neutral: i.e. the step does not affect the condition of the poor one way or the other and 3. Those which have a beneficial effect on poverty alleviation and improves the social justice. WESTERNIZATION ON INDIAN CULTURE WESTERNIZATION Westernization means, “the process of adopting western culture, pattern of life, dress, diet and speech towards secular caste system”.
IMPACT OF WESTERNISATION ON INDIAN CULTURE 1. Changes in appearance and dress
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Gradual weakening of ideas regarding ritual purity Adoption of all occupations Towards general secularization Implies certain value preferences Implies an active concern for the welfare of all human beings irrespective of caste, economy, religion, age and sex i.e., humanitarianism 7. Includes introduction of changes and fundamental changes in institutions and 8. Implies mobility outside the framework of caste MODERNISATION ON INDIAN CULTURE MODERNISATION Modernization is, “a process of adopting the modern ways of life and values” It is a process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies”. Modernization also means “the appreciation of modern science to human affairs”. It is transformation “from change – resistant sacred outlook to the change – ready secular outlook”. It also implies transformation from status – based relations to contract – based relations.
IMPACT OF MODERNISATION ON INDIAN CULTURE 1) Increase in reason and rationalism 2) Increase in secularism 3) High aspiration and achievement orientation but not in success 4) Overall transformation of attitudes, norms and values 5) Creation of new functional institutions 6) Increase in investment in human resources 7) Rise in national interest 8) Rise of an open society 9) Rise in a mobile person 10) Increase in social unrest 11) Remarkable increase in geographic, social and occupational mobility 12) Remarkable spread in scientific and technical education 13) A transition from ascribed status to achieved status 14) An increase in material standard of living 15) High production of working force in secondary and tertiary services / production 16) High expectancy of life at birth 17) Grater measure of public participation in the polity; democracy 18) Uneven structural changes
19) Conflict between institutions 20) Role Vs.value conflict, i.e.,change Vs.unchanged conflict and 21) Cultural lag
