North Carolina

North Carolina
This article is about the U.S. state of North Carolina.
For other uses, see North Carolina (disambiguation).
“The Old North State” redirects here. For the song of
the same name, see The Old North State (song).
North Carolina ( i /ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the
Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west,
Virginia to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.
North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th
most populous of the 50 United States. North Carolina is
known as the Tar Heel State and the Old North State.

The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway.

North Carolina is composed of 100 counties. North
Carolina’s two largest metropolitan areas are among
the top ten fastest-growing in the country: its capital,
Raleigh, and its largest city, Charlotte. In the past five
decades, North Carolina’s economy has undergone a transition from reliance upon tobacco, textiles, and furnituremaking to a more diversified economy with engineering,
energy, biotechnology, and finance sectors.[7][8]
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea
level on the coast to 6,699 feet (2,042 m) at Mount
Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US.[9] The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the
Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) Deer in the Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of
from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state North Carolina
has a subtropical highland climate.

1

Geography

Main article: Geography of North Carolina
North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the

View at end of Cherohala Skyway near Tellico Plains
North Carolina topographic map

of the South Atlantic States.

south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west,
Virginia on the north, and the Atlantic Ocean on the east.
The United States Census Bureau classifies North Carolina as a southern state, in the subcategory of being one

North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which occupies the eastern 45% of the state; the Piedmont region, which contains
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1

GEOGRAPHY

the middle 35%; and the Appalachian Mountains and
foothills. The extreme eastern section of the state contains the Outer Banks, a string of sandy, narrow barrier
islands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland waterways or “sounds": Albemarle Sound in the north and
Pamlico Sound in the south. They are the two largest
landlocked sounds in the United States.
So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the
area is known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic"; more
than 1,000 ships have sunk in these waters since records
began in 1526. The most famous of these is the Queen
Anne’s Revenge (flagship of the pirate Blackbeard), which
went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718.[10]
Immediately inland, the coastal plain is relatively flat,
with rich soil ideal for growing tobacco, soybeans, melons, and cotton. The coastal plain is North Carolina’s most rural section, with few large towns or cities.
Agriculture remains an important industry.
The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along
the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and
rivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is
the state’s most urbanized and densely populated section.
It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and
deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in
the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot
Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder’s Mountain, King’s Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the
South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300
to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over
1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid population growth in the Piedmont, a significant part of the
rural area in this region is being transformed into suburbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate offices. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. The
major rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin and
Catawba, tend to be fast-flowing, shallow, and narrow.

Cullasaja Falls in Macon County

Mexico (via the Ohio and then the Mississippi River). All
the others flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins, 11
originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four
are contained entirely within the state’s border – the Cape
Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico
basin.[12]

1.1 Climate
Main article: Climate of North Carolina
The geographical divisions of North Carolina are useful

The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian
Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains,
Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, and
Black Mountains. The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount
Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)[11] the highest point east
of the Mississippi River. Although agriculture still remains important, tourism has become a dominant industry in the mountains. Growing Christmas trees has recently become an important industry as well. Because of
the higher altitude, the climate in the mountains often differs markedly from that of the rest of the state. Winter
in western North Carolina typically features high snow- Snow in Old Fort, North Carolina caused by the 2009 Blizzard
fall and subfreezing temperatures more akin to those of a
midwestern state than of a southern state.
when discussing the climate of the state.
North Carolina has 17 major river basins. The basins
The climate of the coastal plain is influenced by the
west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of
Atlantic Ocean, which keeps conditions mild in winter

1.1

Climate

3
freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl
traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in
the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.

Graveyard Fields in autumn

A rainy day at Charlotte Motor Speedway

The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the
state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s °F (6–3 °C) for highs in the winter and falling into
the low 20s °F (−5 °C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above
80 °F (27 °C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds
30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more
than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over
a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow
in every month of the year.
Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. On
the average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade.
Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include
Hurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel,
the strongest storm to make landfall in the state, as a
Category 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands out as the
most damaging of the 21st century.[13] Tropical storms
arrive every 3 or 4 years. In addition, many hurricanes
and tropical storms graze the state. In some years, several hurricanes or tropical storms can directly strike the
state or brush across the coastal areas. Only Florida and
Louisiana are hit by hurricanes more often. Although
many people believe that hurricanes menace only coastal
areas, the rare hurricane which moves inland quickly
enough can cause severe damage; for example, in 1989,
Hurricane Hugo caused heavy damage in Charlotte and
even as far inland as the Blue Ridge Mountains in the
northwestern part of the state. On the average, North
Carolina has 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year,
with some storms becoming severe enough to produce
hail, flash floods, and damaging winds.

and moderate, although humid, in summer. The highest
coastal, daytime temperature averages less than 89 °F (32
°C) during summer months. The coast has mild temperatures in winter, with daytime highs rarely below 40 °F
(4 °C). The average daytime temperature in the coastal
plain is usually in the mid-50s °F (11–14 °C) in winter.
Temperatures in the coastal plain only occasionally drop
below the freezing point at night. The coastal plain averNorth Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per
ages only around 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow or ice annually,
year, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical
and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all.
storms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunderThe Atlantic Ocean has less influence on the climate storms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state.
of the Piedmont region, which has hotter summers and The western Piedmont is often protected by the mouncolder winters than in the coast. Daytime highs in the tains, which tend to break up storms as they try to cross
Piedmont often reach over 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer. over; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also a
While it is not common for the temperature to reach over weather phenomenon known as "cold air damming" of100 °F (38 °C) in the state, such temperatures, when they ten occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which can
occur, typically are found only in the lower-elevation ar- also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events
eas of the Piedmont and far-inland areas of the coastal in winter.[14]
plain. The weaker influence of the Atlantic Ocean also
In April 2011, the worst tornado outbreak in North Carmeans that temperatures in the Piedmont often fluctuate
olina’s history occurred. Thirty confirmed tornadoes
more widely than in the coast.
touched down, mainly in the Eastern Piedmont and SandIn winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with tem- hills, killing at least 24 people. Damages in the capital of
peratures usually averaging in the upper 40s–lower 50s Raleigh alone were over $115 million. Sanford and Fayet°F (8–12 °C) during the day and often dropping below teville received a similar degree of devastation.[15][16]
the freezing point at night. The region averages around
3–5 in (8–13 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte
area. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and

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2

HISTORY

History

Main article: History of North Carolina
Before A.D. 200, residents were building earthwork

Ceremony of Secotan warriors in North Carolina. Watercolour
painted by English colonist John White in 1585.
Dr. M.T. Pope (after whom the Pope House Museum was
named), a prominent citizen of Raleigh, 1900

A plaque to commemorate the first indigenous person who was
converted to Christianity, Manteo at the Roanoke Colony

mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious
purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the
ancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000
in the Piedmont, continued to build or add onto such
mounds. In the 500–700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities
and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region
included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the
coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico,
Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others,
who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoianspeaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw,

The North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh

Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.
Spanish colonial forces were the first Europeans to make
a permanent settlement in the area, when the Juan Pardoled expedition built Fort San Juan in 1567 at the site of
the Native American community of Joara, a Mississippian culture regional chiefdom in the western interior,
near the present-day city of Morganton. The fort lasted
only 18 months; the local inhabitants killed all but one of
the 120 men Pardo had stationed at a total of six forts in
the area.[22]
In 1718, after losing his ship and appealing to the governor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a

5
pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) Confederate states to declare secession from the Union,
was killed in an ambush by British soldiers.[23]
13 days after the Tennessee legislature voted for secesNorth Carolina became one of the English Thirteen sion. Some 125,000 North Carolinians served in the milColonies and with the territory of South Carolina was itary; 20,000 were killed in battle, the most of any state in
originally known as the Province of Carolina. The north- the Confederacy, and 21,000 died of disease. The state
ern and southern parts of the original province sep- government was reluctant to support the demands of the
arated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, national government in Richmond, and the state was the
sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented to- scene of only small battles.
ward subsistence agriculture, the colony lacked cities
or towns. Pirates menaced the coastal settlements,
but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed.
Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as
the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and
German immigrants. The colonists generally supported
the American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists was
smaller than in some other colonies.
During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as
the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which
served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed
in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the
new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as
both county seat and state capital, the city was named
after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the “lost
colony” on Roanoke Island.[24]

With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the
Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished
slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black
freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags
controlled state government for three years. The white
conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and
terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when
the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in
1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped
suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans
were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.

Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor’s
office, but the Populists attracted voters displeased with
them. In 1896 a biracial, Populist-Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor’s office. The Democrats
regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed
laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of pubNorth Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution
lic
facilities. Voters of North Carolina’s 2nd congresto the war of any state, as only 7,800 men joined the
sional
district elected a total of four African-American
Continental Army under General George Washington; an
congressmen
through these years of the late 19th century.
additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such
[25]
leaders as General Nathanael Greene. There was some Political tensions ran so high that a small group of white
military action, especially in 1780–81. Many Carolinian Democrats in 1898 planned to take over the Wilmington
frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains, into the government if their candidates were not elected. In the
Washington District (later known as Tennessee), but in Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, more than 1,500 white
1789, following the Revolution, the state was persuaded men attacked the black newspaper and neighborhood,
to relinquish its claim to the western lands. It ceded them killed numerous men, and ran off the white Republican
to the national government so that the Northwest Terri- mayor and aldermen. They installed their own people and
elected Alfred M. Waddell as mayor, in the only coup
tory could be organized and managed nationally.
[26]
After 1800, cotton and tobacco became important ex- d'état in United States history.
port crops. The eastern half of the state, especially the
Tidewater region, developed a slave society based on a
plantation system and slave labor. Many free people of
color migrated to the frontier along with their EuropeanAmerican neighbors, where the social system was looser.
By 1810, nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted
of free people of color, who numbered slightly more than
10,000. The western areas were dominated by white families, especially Scots-Irish, who operated small subsistence farms. In the early national period, the state became
a center of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy, with
a strong Whig presence, especially in the West. After Nat
Turner's slave uprising in 1831, North Carolina and other
southern states reduced the rights of free blacks. In 1835
the legislature withdrew their right to vote.

In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution,
with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter
registration which disfranchised most black Americans in
the state.[27] Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it
meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or
in any local office. After a decade of white supremacy,
many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had
thriving middle-class black Americans.[28] Black citizens
had no political voice in the state until after the federal
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965
were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It was
not until 1992 that another African American was elected
as a US Representative from North Carolina.

As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Carolina had become a one-party state, dominated by the
On May 20, 1861, North Carolina was the last of the Democratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the

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HISTORY

state continued with an economy based on tobacco, cotton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in the
east. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th
century in the western counties of the Piedmont, based
on cotton mills established at the fall line. Railroads were
built to connect the new industrializing cities. The state
was the site of the first successful controlled, powered
and sustained heavier-than-air flight, by the Wright brothers, near Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903. In the first
half of the 20th century, many African Americans left the
state to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Migration. Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas.
North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, but
the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers. After
World War II, the state’s economy grew rapidly, highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh,
and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh, Durham, and
Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle, a major area
of universities and advanced scientific and technical research. In the 1990s, Charlotte became a major regional
and national banking center. Tourism has also been a
boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to
the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville.

Map of the coast of Virginia and North Carolina, drawn 1585–
1586 by Theodor de Bry, based on map by John White of the
Roanoke Colony

near the Mississippi River.

Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina
region include the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes
of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke,
Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, and Cape Fear Indians,
who were the first encountered by the English; the
Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee, and Tuscarora
By the 1970s, spurred in part by the increasingly leftward of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as
tilt of national Democrats and rightward tilt of national the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.
Republicans, conservative whites began to vote for Re- Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met
publican national candidates and gradually for more Re- Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom
publicans locally although Democrats have held the gov- near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de
ernors office in all but three elections since 1901. The Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567
Greensboro Sit-ins played a crucial role in the Civil Rights Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area
Movement to bring full and equal equality to American for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to
blacks. Since the 1965 Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights protect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter base
Act under President Lyndon Johnson in which no Sena- at Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition built
tors or Congressmen from North Carolina voted in favor Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, while
for, black Americans have affiliated with and consistently Pardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned five other
elected officials of the Democratic Party.[29]
forts. He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on
Parris Island, South Carolina, then a center of Spanish
Florida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but one
2.1 Native Americans, lost colonies, and of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior,
including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Spanpermanent settlement
ish never returned to the interior, this effort marked the
See also: Native Americans in the United States, Joara first European attempt at colonization of the interior of
what became the United States. A 16th-century jourand Roanoke Island
North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years nal by Pardo’s scribe Bandera and archaeological findings
[30][31]
by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cul- since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement.
tures. Before 200 AD, they were building earthwork In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter
mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in
purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of
ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD Virginia).[32] It was the second American territory which
in the Piedmont, continued to build or add on to such the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established
mounds. In the 500–700 years preceding European con- two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed.
tact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities The fate of the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island remains
and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Its one of the most widely debated mysteries of American
largest city was Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois history. Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born

2.2

Colonial period and Revolutionary War

7

John White returns to find the colony abandoned.
Reconstructed royal governor’s mansion Tryon Palace in New

in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on Au- Bern
gust 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.
As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved
into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles
II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the
North American continent; it generally established North
Carolina’s borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his
father Charles I.[33] By 1665, a second charter was issued
to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing
to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to
split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter
became a crown colony in 1729.
In the 1700s, a series of smallpox epidemics swept the
South, causing high fatalities among the Native Americans, who had no immunity to the new disease (it had
become endemic in Europe).[34] According to the historian Russell Thornton, “The 1738 epidemic was said to
have killed one-half of the Cherokee, with other tribes of
the area suffering equally.”[35]

2.2

Colonial period and Revolutionary
War

See also: Province of Carolina, Province of North Carolina and American Revolutionary War
After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English
colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter
had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel
Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan River
and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655.[36] By
1663, this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was undergoing full-scale English settlement.[37] During the same
period, the English monarch Charles II gave the province
to the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who had
helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The new
province of “Carolina” was named in honor and memory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, North
Carolina became a separate colony. Except for the Earl
Granville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeen

years later.[38]
Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands,
affected the political, economic, and social life of the
state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by
immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called "cohee". Arriving during the midto late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today
Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant
group before the Revolution; English indentured servants
were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group prior to
the Revolution.[39][40][41][40][41][42] During the American
Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of
eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the
British Crown, because of longstanding business and
personal connections with Great Britain. The English,
Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North
Carolina tended to favor American independence from
Britain.
Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured
servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line
between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their
freedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most of
the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free
African or African-American men. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Many had
migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia.[43] As the flow of indentured laborers to
the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, and
the state’s legal delineations between free and slave status tightened, effectively hardening the latter into a racial
caste. The economy’s growth and prosperity was based

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2

HISTORY

on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco. had moved to the northern part of the state to combine
On April 12, 1776, the colony became the first to in- with General Greene’s newly recruited forces. Generals
struct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilfor independence from the British Crown, through the ford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15,
Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provin- 1781. Although the British troops held the field at the end
cial Congress. The dates of both of these events of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numeriare memorialized on the state flag and state seal.[44] cally superior Continental Army were crippling. FollowThroughout the Revolutionary War, fierce guerrilla war- ing this "Pyrrhic victory", Cornwallis chose to move to
the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to alfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and proBritish colonists. In some cases the war was also an low the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. This
decision would result in Cornwallis’ eventual defeat at
excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries. A major American victory in the war took place at King’s Yorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots’ victory
there guaranteed American independence.
Mountain along the North Carolina–South Carolina border; on October 7, 1780, a force of 1000 mountain men
from western North Carolina (including what is today the 2.3 Antebellum period
state of Tennessee) overwhelmed a force of some 1000
British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson. Most of On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the
the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. In 1840, it comCarolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown (they pleted the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing
were called “Tories” or Loyalists). The American vic- today. Most of North Carolina’s slave owners and large
tory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state.
who favored American independence, and it prevented Although North Carolina’s plantation system was smaller
the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the and less cohesive than that of Virginia, Georgia, or South
Tories.
Carolina, significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton, as well as suburban planters around the
cities of Raleigh, Charlotte, and Durham in the Piedmont.
Planters owning large estates wielded significant political
and socio-economic power in antebellum North Carolina,
which was a slave society. They placed their interests
above those of the generally non-slave-holding “yeoman”
farmers of western North Carolina. In mid-century, the
state’s rural and commercial areas were connected by the
construction of a 129-mile (208 km) wooden plank road,
known as a “farmer’s railroad”, from Fayetteville in the
east to Bethania (northwest of Winston-Salem).[38]

1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford

The road to Yorktown and America’s independence from
Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British
Army moved north from victories in Charleston and
Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the
Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet
them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over
the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the
Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and away
Map of the roads and railroads of North Carolina, 1854
from the latter’s base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as “The Race to the Dan” Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of
or “The Race for the River.”[38]
color in the state. Most were descended from free African
In the Battle of Cowan’s Ford, Cornwallis met resistance Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from
along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan’s Ford Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the
on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General descendants of unions in the working classes between
Morgan’s forces during a tactical withdrawal.[45] Morgan white women, indentured servants or free, and African

2.4

American Civil War

9

men, indentured, slave or free.[46] After the Revolution,
Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for
manumission of their slaves. The number of free people
of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after
the Revolution.[47]
On October 25, 1836, construction began on the
Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad[48] to connect the port
city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh. In
1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of
the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro,
High Point, and Charlotte. During the Civil War, the
Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be Union captures Fort Fisher, 1865.
vital to the Confederate war effort; supplies shipped into
Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to
more than any other state did. Approximately 40,000 of
the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.
those troops died: more than half of disease, the remainDuring the antebellum period, North Carolina was an der from battlefield wounds and from starvation. North
overwhelmingly rural state, even by Southern standards. Carolina also supplied about 15,000 Union troops.[54]
In 1860 only one North Carolina town, the port city Elected in 1862, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance tried to
of Wilmington, had a population of more than 10,000. maintain state autonomy against Confederate President
Raleigh, the state capital, had barely more than 5,000 res- Jefferson Davis in Richmond.
idents.
While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than
in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census,
more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population
of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans.[49] They
lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern
Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived
in the state.[49] They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until
1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat
Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing
of a slave in most cases.[50]

2.4

American Civil War

Main article: North Carolina in the American Civil War
Further information: American Civil War
In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which about
one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a
smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The
state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President
Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state,
South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state
to officially join the Confederacy. The title of “last to
join the Confederacy” has been disputed; although Tennessee’s informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded
North Carolina’s official secession on May 20,[51][52] the
Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until
June 8, 1861.[53]

Confederate soldier Silent Sam, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill by John Wilson

After secession, some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers in
the state’s mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly
supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North
in the war. Two additional Union Army regiments were
raised in the coastal areas of the state, which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerous
North Carolina was the site of few battles, but it provided slaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essenthe Confederacy with at least 125,000 troops, which is far tially free.

10

3 DEMOGRAPHICS

Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina
served in virtually all the major battles of the Army
of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy’s most famous
army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at
Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate
General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William
Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in
the spring of 1865.[38] In April 1865, after losing the
Battle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at
Bennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolina’s
port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to
fall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union won
the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defense
downriver.

eas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 7.4%
were born in another country.[56] As of 2011, 49.8%
of North Carolina’s population younger than age 1 were
minorities.[57]

3.1 Race and ethnicity
Demographics of North Carolina covers the varieties
of ethnic groups that reside in North Carolina, along with
the relevant trends.
The state’s racial composition in the 2010 Census:[58]
• White: 68.5% (65.3% non-Hispanic white, 3.2%
White Hispanic)
• Black or African American: 21.5%
• Asian American: 2.2%
• Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander: 0.1%
• Some other race: 4.3%
• Multiracial American: 2.2%
• Latino and Hispanic American of any race: 8.4%

Bennett Place historic site in Durham

The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War
was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the
Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment
participated in Pickett/Pettigrew’s Charge and advanced
the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate
regiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58th
North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other
regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining
Union forces from the battlefield. At Appomattox Court
House in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Carolina Regiment, a cavalry unit, fired the last shots of the
Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War.
For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted that
they had been “First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg and
Chickamauga, and Last at Appomattox.”

3

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of North Carolina
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of North Carolina was 9,943,964 on July 1, 2014,
a 4.28% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]
Of the people residing in North Carolina, 58.5% were
born in North Carolina, 33.1% were born in another US
state, 1.0% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island ar-

3.2 Languages
As of 2010, 89.66% (7,750,904) of North Carolina residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary
language, while 6.93% (598,756) spoke Spanish, 0.32%
(27,310) French, 0.27% (23,204) German, and Chinese
(which includes Mandarin) was spoken as a main language by 0.27% (23,072) of the population over the age
of five. In total, 10.34% (893,735) of North Carolina’s
population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other
than English.[62]

3.3 Religion
North Carolina residents, like those of other Southern
states, since the colonial era have historically been overwhelmingly Protestant, first Anglican, then Baptist and
Methodist. By the late 19th century, the largest Protestant denomination was the Baptist. After the Civil War,
black Baptists left white churches to set up their own independent congregations, and developed their own state
and national associations, to be free of white supervision.
While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and
whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the
country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in
North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As
of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members; the second largest was the United Methodist

11
Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches. The eas with populations of more than 1.6 million (U.S. Centhird was the Roman Catholic Church, with 428,000 sus Bureau 2012 estimates):[70]
members in 190 congregations. The fourth greatest was
the Presbyterian Church (USA), with 186,000 members
• Metrolina: Charlotte–Gastonia–Salisbury, North
and 710 congregations; this denomination was brought by
Carolina-South Carolina – population 2,452,619[70]
Scots-Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the
• The Triangle: Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, North
colonial era.[66]
Carolina – population 2,037,430[70]
The state also has a special history with the Moravian
• The Triad:
Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High
Church, as settlers of this faith (largely of German origin)
Point, North Carolina – population 1,611,243[70]
found a home in the Winston-Salem area in the 18th and
19th centuries. Presbyterians, historically Scots-Irish,
have had a strong presence in Charlotte and in Scotland
County.
4 Economy
Currently, the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants
from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity: the number of Roman Catholics and
Jews in the state has increased, as well as general religious
diversity. The second-largest Protestant denomination
in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism,
which is strong in the northern Piedmont, especially in
populous Guilford County. There are also a substantial
number of Quakers in Guilford County and northeastern North Carolina. Many universities and colleges in the
state have been founded on religious traditions, and some
currently maintain that affiliation, including:[67]
The state also has several major seminaries, including the
Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest, and the Hood Theological Seminary (AME Zion) in
Salisbury.

3.4

Major cities

In 2014, the US Census Bureau released 2013 population
estimate counts for North Carolina’s cities with populations above 70,000. Charlotte has the largest population,
while Raleigh has the highest population density of North
Carolina’s largest cities.[68]

Main article: Economy of North Carolina
See also: North Carolina locations by per capita income
According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the “Old North State” has gained many different industry sectors. See the following article summary:
science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, industries in the area surrounding North Carolina’s capital have
grown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-Cary at
No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country
where technology is booming. In 2010 North Carolina’s
total gross state product was $424.9 billion,[71] while the
state debt in November 2012, according to one source,
totalled US$2.4bn,[72] while according to another, was in
2012 US$57.8bn.[73] In 2011 the civilian labor force was
at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million.
The working population is employed across the major
employment sectors. The economy of North Carolina
covers 15 metropolitan areas.[74] In 2010, North Carolina
was chosen as the third-best state for business by Forbes
Magazine, and the second-best state by Chief Executive
Officer Magazine.[75]

5 Transportation
3.5

Largest combined statistical areas

Main article: Transportation in North Carolina
Transportation systems in North Carolina consist of air,
water, road, rail, and public transportation including intercity rail via Amtrak and light rail in Charlotte. North
Carolina has the second-largest state highway system in
the country as well as the largest ferry system on the east
coast.[76]
North Carolina’s airports serve destinations throughout the United States and international destinations in
Canada, Europe, Central America, and the Caribbean.
In 2013 Charlotte Douglas International Airport ranked
as the 23rd busiest airport in the world.[77]

North Carolina has a growing passenger rail system with
Amtrak serving most major cities. Charlotte is also home
to North Carolina’s only light rail system known as the
North Carolina has three major Combined Statistical Ar- Lynx.
Charlotte skyline

12

A North Carolina license plate.

7 EDUCATION
1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996. In the
early 2000s, Republican George W. Bush easily won the
state by over 12 points, but by 2008, demographic shifts,
population growth, and increased liberalization in heavily
populated areas such as the Research Triangle, Charlotte,
Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Fayetteville, and Asheville,
propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina,
the first Democratic win in the state since 1976. In 2012,
North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing
state, with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte. However, Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2-point win
in North Carolina, the only 2012 swing state that Obama
lost, and one of only two states (along with Indiana) to flip
from Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012.

In 2012, the state also elected a Republican Governor
(Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for
6 Government and politics
the first time in more than two decades, while also giving
the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State
Main articles: Government of North Carolina and Politics
House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several
of North Carolina
U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control,
The government of North Carolina is divided into three
with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats’
four.

7 Education
7.1 Primary and secondary education
See also: List of school districts in North Carolina and
List of high schools in North Carolina
Elementary and secondary public schools are over-

North Carolina State Legislative Building

branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. These consist of the Council of State (led by the Governor), the
bicameral legislature (called the General Assembly), and
the state court system (headed by the North Carolina
Supreme Court). The state constitution delineates the
structure and function of the state government. North
Carolina has 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representa- A lesson at Kituwah Academy on the Qualla Boundary in North
Carolina. The language immersion school, operated by the
tives and two seats in the U.S. Senate.
North Carolina’s party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the
2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral
Republican majority legislature for the first time in over
a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern
swing state in presidential races. Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter's comfortable victory in the state in
1976, the state had consistently leaned Republican in
presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008. In the 1990s, Democrat
Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, teaches the same curriculum
as other state primary schools, but the Native American Cherokee
language is the medium of instruction from pre-school on up and
students learn it as a first language. Such schools have proven instrumental in the preservation and perpetuation of the Cherokee
language.

seen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina
State Board of Education, but the board, rather than
the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for

7.2

Colleges and universities

making public education policy. In 2009, the board’s
chairman also became the “chief executive officer” for
the state’s school system.[98][99] North Carolina has 115
public school systems,[100] each of which is overseen
by a local school board. A county may have one or
more systems within it. The largest school systems in
North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Guilford County
Schools, Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, and
Cumberland County Schools.[101] In total there are
2,425 public schools in the state, including 99 charter
schools.[100] North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release
of the Pearsall Plan.

7.2

13

Duke Chapel at Duke University

Colleges and universities
Old Well at UNC-Chapel Hill

Further information: List of colleges and universities in
North Carolina and List of universities in North Carolina
by enrollment
In 1795, North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States—the University of North Carolina (now named the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the University
of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University, North
Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central
University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Memorial Bell Tower at NC State
Hill, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro,
East Carolina University, Western Carolina University,
Winston-Salem State University, the University of North
Carolina at Asheville, the University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, UNC Wilmington, Elizabeth City State University, and Fayetteville State University, UNC School of
the Arts, and Appalachian State University.[102] Along
with its public universities, North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently
North Carolina State University, with more than 34,000
students.[103] North Carolina is home to many excellent
universities as well as dozens of community colleges and
Wait Chapel at Wake Forest University
private universities.

14

8

SPORTS

8 Sports
Main article: Sports in North Carolina
North Carolina is home to three major league sports
franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National
Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the
Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National
Hockey League. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league
championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006.
Also included but not Majorly known would be the CharThe Joyner Library clock tower at East Carolina Univer- lotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse
sity
While North Carolina has no Major League Baseball
team, it does have numerous minor league baseball teams,
with the highest level of play coming from the AAAaffiliated Charlotte Knights and Durham Bulls. Additionally, North Carolina has minor league teams in other
team sports including soccer and ice hockey, most notably
the Carolina RailHawks and Charlotte Checkers, both of
which play in the second tier of their respective sport.

The New Quad at UNC Charlotte

The Fountain at University of North Carolina at Greensboro
North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities, including Duke University, Wake Forest University, Pfeiffer University,
Lees-McRae College, Davidson College, Barton College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University,
Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College,
Shaw University (the first historically black college or university in the South), Laurel University, Meredith College, Methodist University, Belmont Abbey College (the
only Catholic college in the Carolinas), Campbell University, University of Mount Olive, Montreat College,
High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (the only
Lutheran university in North Carolina) and Wingate University.

In addition to professional team sports, North Carolina
has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing, with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year. Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame, while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams, including Hendrick Motorsports, Roush Fenway Racing,
Richard Petty Motorsports, Stewart-Haas Racing, and
Chip Ganassi Racing. Numerous other tracks around
North Carolina host races from low-tier NASCAR circuits as well.
Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity, and North
Carolina has hosted several important professional golf
tournaments. Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst has hosted
a PGA Championship, Ryder Cup, and two U.S. Open
tournaments. The Wells Fargo Championship is a regular
stop on the PGA Tour and is held at Quail Hollow Club in
Charlotte, while the Wyndham Championship is played
annually in Greensboro.
College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with
18 schools competing at the Division I level. The
Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in
Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship
Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men’s Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North
Carolina. College basketball in particular is very popular, buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke,
North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest.
The Belk Bowl is a post-season college football game held
annually in Charlotte’s Bank of America Stadium, featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference. Additionally, the state has hosted the NCAA Men’s
Basketball Final Four on two occasions, in Greensboro in
1974 and in Charlotte in 1994.

15

9

Tourism

portion of the state, attracts many tourists along Pottery
Highway (NC Hwy 705). MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four-day music festival; and Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in
Greensboro is another attraction.
The Outer Banks and surrounding beaches attract millions of people to the Atlantic beaches every year.

10 Recreation

The Biltmore Estate, Asheville

Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several
million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge
Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are
the two most visited national park and unit in the United
States with over 25 million visitors in 2013.[104] The City
of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places
to visit and live in the United States, known for its rich art The Blue Ridge Mountains of the Shining Rock Wilderness Area
deco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activities, and liberal and happy residents.[105][106]
In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of
Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU,
Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum,
North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, Raleigh City
Museum, J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Joel Lane House,
Mordecai House, Montfort Hall, and the Pope House Museum. The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also
located in the city.
In the Charlotte area, amenities include the Carolina Panthers NFL football team and Charlotte Hornets basketball team, Carowinds amusement park, Charlotte Mo- A lone swimmer at Carolina Beach (2012)
tor Speedway, U.S. National Whitewater Center, and the
Discovery Place. Nearby Concord has the Great Wolf North Carolina provides a large range of recreational acLodge and Sea Life Aquarium.
tivities, from swimming at the beach[107] to skiing in the
In the Conover – Hickory area, Hickory Motor Speedway, mountains. North Carolina offers fall colors, freshwater
RockBarn Golf and Spa, home of the Greater Hickory and saltwater fishing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism,
Classic at Rock Barn; Catawba County Firefighters Mu- ATV trails, ballooning, rock climbing, biking, hiking,
seum, and SALT Block attract many tourists to Conover. skiing, boating and sailing, camping, canoeing, caving
Hickory which has Valley Hills Mall.
(spelunking), gardens, and arboretums. North Carolina
The Piedmont Triad, or center of the state, is home to has theme parks, aquariums, museums, historic sites,
elegant theaters, concert halls, and fine dinKrispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, the Lexington Bar- lighthouses,
[108]
ing.
becue Festival, and Moravian cookies. The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts
visitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collection
along five miles of shaded pathways in the world’s largestland-area natural-habitat park. Seagrove, in the central

North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing
numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14
national parks. National Park Service units include
the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge

16

11

ARTS AND CULTURE

11.1 Music
Main article: Music of North Carolina
North Carolina boasts a large number of noteworthy
jazz musicians, some among the most important in the
history of the genre. These include: John Coltrane,
(Hamlet, High Point); Thelonious Monk (Rocky Mount);
Billy Taylor (Greenville); Woody Shaw (Laurinburg);
Lou Donaldson (Durham); Max Roach (Newland); Tal
Farlow (Greensboro); Albert, Jimmy and Percy Heath
(Wilmington); Nina Simone (Tryon); and Billy Strayhorn
(Hillsborough).
Cape Hatteras National Seashore near Avon, NC

Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National
Historic Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains National
Park, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in
Greensboro, Moores Creek National Battlefield near
Currie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Site
in Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National Historic
Trail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill
Devil Hills. National Forests include Uwharrie National
Forest in central North Carolina, Croatan National Forest
in Eastern North Carolina, Pisgah National Forest in the
northern mountains, and Nantahala National Forest in the
Fiddlin' Bill Hensley, mountain fiddler, Asheville, 1937
southwestern part of the state.
North Carolina is also famous for its tradition of old-time
music, and many recordings were made in the early 20th
11 Arts and culture
century by folk-song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford.
Musicians such as the North Carolina Ramblers helped
Main article: Culture of North Carolina
solidify the sound of country music in the late 1920s,
while the influential bluegrass musician Doc Watson also
hailed
from North Carolina. Both North and South CarNorth Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuiolina
are
hotbeds for traditional rural blues, especially the
sine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates
style
known
as the Piedmont blues.
$1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina,
supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs Ben Folds Five originated in Winston-Salem, and Ben
and generating $119 million in revenue for local govern- Folds still records and resides in Chapel Hill.
ments and the state of North Carolina.[109] North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as The British band Pink Floyd is named, in part, after
the first major museum collection in the country to be Chapel Hill bluesman Floyd Council.
formed by state legislation and funding[110] and contin- The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known
ues to bring millions into the NC economy.[111] Also see center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk.[112] James
this list of museums in North Carolina.
Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song
in My Mind" has been called an unofficial
"Carolina
One of the more famous arts communities in the state
anthem
for
the state.[113][114][115] Other famous musiis Seagrove, the handmade-pottery capital of the U.S.,
where artisans create handcrafted pottery inspired by the cians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesame traditions that began in this community more than sar, Roberta Flack, Clyde McPhatter, Nnenna Freelon,
200 years ago. With nearly 100 shops and galleries Jimmy Herring, Michael Houser, Eric Church, Future
scattered throughout the area, visitors can find every- Islands, Randy Travis, Ryan Adams, Ronnie Milsap,
thing from traditional tableware to folk and collectible art Anthony Hamilton, and The Avett Brothers.
pieces and historical reproductions.

Metal and punk acts such as Corrosion of Conformity,

11.3

Cuisine and agriculture

17

Between the Buried and Me, and Nightmare Sonata are the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North
native to North Carolina.
Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington
EDM producer Porter Robinson hails from Chapel Hill. barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington,
home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which atNorth Carolina is the home of more American Idol fi- tracts over 100,000 visitors each October.[116][117] Eastnalists than any other state: Clay Aiken (season two), ern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-andFantasia Barrino (season three), Kellie Pickler (season red-pepper-based sauce and the “whole hog” is cooked,
five), Bucky Covington (season five), Chris Daughtry thus integrating both white and dark meat.
(season five), Anoop Desai (season eight), Scotty McCreery (season ten), and Caleb Johnson (season thirteen). Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores,
was started in North Carolina; the company’s headquarIn the mountains, the Brevard Music Center hosts choral, ters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first proorchestral, and solo performances during its annual sum- duced in 1898 in New Bern. A regional soft drink,
mer schedule.
Cheerwine, was created and is still based in the city
of Salisbury. Despite its name, the hot sauce Texas
Also, see the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.
Pete was created in North Carolina; its headquarters are
also in Winston-Salem. The Hardee’s fast-food chain
was started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain,
11.2 Shopping
Bojangles’, was started in Charlotte, and has its corporate
North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices. headquarters there. A popular North Carolina restauSouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in rant chain is Golden Corral. Started in 1973, the chain
the Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. Other was founded in Fayetteville, with headquarters located in
major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Raleigh. Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle ComCarolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Other pany was founded in Mount Olive in 1926. Fast casual
major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers, Shakes & Fries also makes
Winston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall, its home in Mount Olive. Cook Out, a popular fast-food
and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Center chain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in a
and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hol- wide variety of flavors, was founded in Greensboro in
low Mall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; Valley 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina.
Hills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint and Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a
Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prizeWilmington, NC.
winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally
prized cheeses (Ashe County), “L'institut International
aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les
11.3 Cuisine and agriculture
Truffes, January 15, 2010” international hub for truffles
(Garland Truffles), and beer making, as tobacco land has
been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV
from 6% to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while
Asheville recently won the recognition of being named
'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweries
per capita of any city in the United States. Recognized
and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include
Highland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother Earth
Brewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing,
Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Lonerider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.

2008 Lexington Barbecue Festival

A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue.
There are strong regional differences and rivalries over
the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue.
The common trend across Western North Carolina is the
use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only

Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop
after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco,
and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R.
J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J.
Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the
town. By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels
a year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company in
the U.S. (behind Altria Group). RJR is an indirect wholly
owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which in

18

11

turn is 42% owned by British American Tobacco.[118]

11.4

ARTS AND CULTURE

11.6 State symbols

Ships named for the state

Cardinal, North Carolina state bird

USS North Carolina on permanent display in Wilmington

Further information: USS North Carolina
Several ships have been named after the state. Most Dogwood, North Carolina state flower
famous is the USS North Carolina, a World War II Main article: List of North Carolina state symbols
battleship. The ship served in several battles against the
forces of Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater during the
war. Now decommissioned, it is part of the USS North
• State motto: Esse quam videri (“To be, rather than
Carolina Battleship Memorial in Wilmington. Another
to seem”) (1893)
USS North Carolina, a nuclear attack submarine, was
• State song: "The Old North State" (1927)
commissioned in Wilmington, NC, on May 3, 2008.[119]
• State flower: Dogwood (1941)
• State bird: Cardinal (1943)
• State colors: The red and blue of the N.C. and U.S.
flags (1945)

11.5

State parks

• State toast: "The Tar Heel Toast" (1957)
• State tree: Pine (1963)[120]

Main article: List of North Carolina state parks
The state maintains a group of protected areas known as
the North Carolina State Park System, which is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks & Recreation (NCDPR), an agency of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR).

• State shell: Scotch bonnet (1965)
• State mammal: Eastern gray squirrel (1969)
• State salt water fish: Red drum (also known as the
channel bass) (1971)
• State insect: European honey bee (1973)
• State gemstone: Emerald (1973)

19
• State reptile: Eastern box turtle (1979)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air StaState rock: Granite (1979)
tion (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp
Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay,
State beverage: Milk (1987)
makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors
State historical boat: Shad boat (1987)
in the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd
Marine Aircraft Wing. Located in Goldsboro, Seymour
State language: English (1987)
Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing
and 916th Air Refueling Wing. One of the busiest air
State dog: Plott Hound (1989)
stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the
State military academy: Oak Ridge Military Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City. Also stationed
Academy (1991)
in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny
Point in Southport.
State tartan: Carolina Tartan (1991)[121]

• State vegetable: Sweet potato (1995)
• State red berry: Strawberry (2001)

12 See also

• State blue berry: Blueberry (2001)

• Index of North Carolina-related articles

• State fruit: Scuppernong grape (2001)

• Outline of North Carolina – organized list of topics
about North Carolina

• State wildflower: Carolina lily (2003)
• State Christmas tree: Fraser fir (2005)
• State carnivorous plant: Venus flytrap (2005)
• State folk dance: Clogging (2005)
• State popular dance: Carolina shag (2005)
• State birthplace of traditional pottery: The Seagrove area (2005)
• State sport: NASCAR (2011)[122]

11.7

Armed forces installations

13 References
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[2] “North Carolina Climate and Geography”. NC Kids Page.
North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State.
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the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April
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[4] Median Household Income, from U.S. Census Bureau
(from 2007 American Community Survey), U.S. Census
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[5] “Elevations and Distances in the United States”. United
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[6] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of
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[7] “The Industrial History of North Carolina: A Research
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Troopers of the 82nd Airborne Division training on Fort Bragg,
March 2011

[8] “The Growth of Research Triangle Park” (PDF). Retrieved November 3, 2010.
[9] “Mount Mitchell State Park " History”. Retrieved November 7, 2010.

Fort Bragg, near Fayetteville and Southern Pines, is a
large and comprehensive military base and is the head- [10] “Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge Coming Back to
Beaufort”. Beach Carolina Magazine. March 30, 2011.
quarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps, 82nd Airborne Division, and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command. [11] “Elevations and Distances in the United States”. U.S GeServing as the air wing for Fort Bragg is Pope Field, also
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2006.

20

[12] “River Basin Interactive Map”. NC Office of Environmental Education. Archived from the original on April
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[13] John Hairr, The Great Hurricanes of North Carolina
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[14] “NOAA National Climatic Data Center”. Retrieved October 24, 2006.
[15] “NC residents band together after killer storms”. News &
Observer. April 21, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.

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[45] Stonestreet, Ottis C. IV, The Battle of Cowan’s Ford: General Davidson’s Stand on the Catawba River and its place
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[26] “Chapter 5”, 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission Report, North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources

[47] John Hope Franklin, Free Negroes of North Carolina,
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[50] Morris, Thomas D. (1999). Southern Slavery and the
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21

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[74] Economy at a Glance. For North Carolina. U.S. Bureau
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[54] “Civil War Facts About North Carolina”. Classbrain.com.
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[75] “Site Selection Rankings”. Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved
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[55] Resident Population Data. “Resident Population Data –
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[76] “NC Department of Transportation Article: North Carolina’s Future Rides on Us”. NC Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

[56] American FactFinder – Results

[77] World’s busiest airports by passenger traffic#2013 statistics

[57] Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). “Americans under age 1 now
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[64] Pewforum.org
[65] http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/
report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf
[66] “North Carolina: Religious Traditions”. State Membership Report. Association of Religious Data Archives.
2010. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013.
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[78] “2014 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
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Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December
10, 2014.
[82] “2008 Gubernatorial General Election Results”. Dave
Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
[83] “2008 Presidential General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
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10, 2014.
[84] “2008 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
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[67] Whitsell, Robin (February 26, 2008). “ReligiouslyAffiliated North Carolina Colleges”. Carolina Parent.
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[68] “City & Towns Totals: Vintage 2011 – U.S Census Bureau”. Census.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2012.

[87] “2004 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
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[69] “North Carolina (USA): State, Major Cities, Towns &
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July 13, 2015.
[70] “Population Estimates 2013 Combined Statistical Areas:
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[72] “Local & North Carolina state news from Raleigh, NC NewsObserver.com”. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
[73] statedatalab.org: “The 19th worst state”, Truth in Accounting

[88] “2002 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December
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[89] “2000 Gubernatorial General Election Results”. Dave
Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
[90] “2000 Presidential General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
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[91] “1998 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
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22

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[92] “1996 Gubernatorial General Election Results”. Dave [113] “Hey, James Taylor – You've got a ... bridge?". Rome
Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved DeNews-Tribune. May 21, 2002. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
cember 10, 2014.
[114] Hoppenjans, Lisa (October 2, 2006). “You must forgive
[93] “1996 Presidential General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
him if he’s ...”. The News & Observer. Retrieved June 28,
Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December
2009.
10, 2014.
[94] “1996 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s [115] Waggoner, Martha (October 17, 2008). “James Taylor
to play 5 free NC concerts for Obama”. USA Today.
Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December
Associated Press. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
10, 2014.
[95] “1992 Gubernatorial General Election Results”. Dave [116] Garner, Bob (2007). Bob Garner’s Guide to North CarLeip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved Deolina Barbecue. John F. Blair, Publisher. ISBN 978-0cember 10, 2014.
89587-254-8.
[96] “1992 Presidential General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s
Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December [117] Craig, H. Kent (2006). “What is North Carolina-Style
BBQ?". ncbbq.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
10, 2014.
[97] “1992 Senatorial General Election Results”. Dave Leip’s [118] Nannie M. Tilley, The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December
(2009)
10, 2014.
[98] “North Carolina Public Schools”. Ncpublicschools.org. [119] “USS North Carolina 'brought to life' again”. WRAL-TV.
May 3, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
Retrieved January 31, 2012.
[99] News & Observer: Perdue’s choice to lead state’s school [120] “General Assembly of North Carolina”. Retrieved Februsystem takes office
ary 5, 2015.
[100] “NC Public School Facts”. Ncpublicschools.org. Re[121] “Secretary of State of North Carolina”. Retrieved July 24,
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2011.
[101] North Carolina School District Demographics. Proximityone.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
[122] “NASCAR made North Carolina’s official state sport”.
SportingNews.com. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
[102] The University of North Carolina. “Our 17 Institutions”.
Retrieved January 5, 2012.
[103] NCSU. “About NC State:Discovery begins at NC State”.
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[104] https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%
20Specific%20Reports/Monthly%20Public%20Use?
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[105] http://www.ashevilleguidebook.com/asheville/
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[106] http://holykaw.alltop.com/
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[109] “North Carolina Arts Council”.
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14 Primary sources
• Lefler, Hugh (numerous editions since 1934).
North Carolina History Told by Contemporaries .
University of North Carolina Press.
• Jones, H. G. (1984). North Carolina Illustrated,
1524–1984. University of North Carolina Press.
• North Carolina Manual. Published biennially by the
Department of the Secretary of State since 1941.
• The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection.
A grant-funded project to provide digital access to
publications of and about religious bodies in North
Carolina. Partner institutions at Duke University,
UNC-Chapel Hill, and Wake Forest University contributed the largest portion of the items in this collection, but the collection is enriched by unique materials from libraries and archives throughout North
Carolina. The materials in this collection include local church histories, periodicals, clergy biographies,
cookbooks, event programs, directories, and much
more.

23

15

Further reading

• James, Clay; Orr, Douglas, eds. (1971). North Carolina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State.
• Christensen, Rob (2008). The Paradox of Tar Heel
Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press.
• Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds.
(2008). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
• Crow; Jeffrey J.; Tise, Larry E. (1979). Writing
North Carolina History. Online.

• Thuesen, Sarah Caroline. (2013). Greater Than
Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and
Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919-1965. Chapel
Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
• WPA Federal Writers’ Project (1939). North Carolina: A Guide to the Old North State. Famous WPA
guide to every town.

16 External links
General
• Wineries, Restaurants and Tourism in the state

• Eamon, Tom (2014). The Making of a Southern
• North Carolina at DMOZ
Democracy: North Carolina Politics from Kerr Scott
to Pat McCrory. Chapel Hill, NC: University of
History
North Carolina Press.
• Fleer, Jack D. (1994). North Carolina Government
& Politics. Online political science textbook.

• North Carolina State Guide, from the Library of
Congress

• Hawks, Francis L. (1857). History of North Carolina, Volumes I and II.

• The Guardian: “US nearly detonated atomic bomb
over North Carolina – secret document”

• Kersey, Marianne M.; Coble, Ran, eds. (1989). Government and education
North Carolina Focus: An Anthology on State Government, Politics, and Policy. 2d ed. Raleigh: North
• North Carolina state government
Carolina Center for Public Policy Research.
• North Carolina state library
• Lefler, Hugh Talmage (1963). A Guide to the Study
• Energy & Environmental Data for North Carolina
and Reading of North Carolina History. Online.
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific re• Lefler, Hugh Talmage; Newsome, Albert Ray
sources of North Carolina
(1954, 1963, 1973). North Carolina: The History
of a Southern State. Standard textbook.
• North Carolina facts from US Department of Agriculture ERS
• Link, William A. (2009). North Carolina: Change
• North Carolina Court System official site
and Tradition in a Southern State. History by leading
scholar.
• North Carolina facts from US Census Bureau
• Luebke, Paul (1990). Tar Heel Politics: Myths and
Realities.

• NC ECHO – North Carolina Exploring Cultural
Heritage Online

• Powell, William S. (1979–88). Dictionary of North
Carolina Biography. Vol. 1, A-C; vol. 2, D-G; vol.
3, H-K.

• North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

• Powell, William S. (1958). North Carolina Fiction,
1734–1957: An Annotated Bibliography.
• Powell, William S. (1989). North Carolina through
Four Centuries. Standard textbook.
• Powell, William S.; Mazzocchi, Jay, eds. (2006).
Encyclopedia of North Carolina.
• Ready, Milton. (2005). The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina.

• Green 'N' Growing: The History of Home Demonstration and 4-H Youth Development in North Carolina – hosted by NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center
• NC Office of Archives and History
• Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina
• Driving Through Time: The Blue Ridge Parkway in
North Carolina
• The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection

24
Other
• Geographic data related to North Carolina at
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 35°30′N 80°00′W / 35.5°N 80°W

16

EXTERNAL LINKS

25

17
17.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text

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Youandme, Mrwojo, Edward, Ubiquity, JohnOwens, Fred Bauder, Pnm, MartinHarper, Wapcaplet, Ixfd64, Gaurav, Sannse, Fwappler,
Looxix~enwiki, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, Angela, Jebba, Peter Kaminski, Big iron, Efghij, John K, Stephenw32768, Jengod, Smith03,
Jerwrog, Dysprosia, Lou Sander, WhisperToMe, Zoicon5, Selket, Steinsky, Radiojon, SatyrTN, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Nv8200pa, Ed
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DVdm, Drumex, Cornellrockey, Awbeal, Wasted Time R, YurikBot, Chanlyn, RattusMaximus, Jcam, Sceptre, Spartiate, StuffOfInterest,
RussBot, Bornyesterday, Crazytales, BTLizard, Epolk, DanMS, SpuriousQ, Thos Davis, RadioFan2 (usurped), Stephenb, Lord Voldemort, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Morphh, Wimt, Thane, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Swollib, Wiki alf, Bachrach44, LaszloWalrus, Cquan, Welsh, Yahya Abdal-Aziz, Rjensen, Howcheng, Aaron Brenneman, CrazyC83, Cholmes75, Krakatoa, Matticus78, Shepazu,
Ruhrfisch, Rmky87, Moe Epsilon, RL0919, Tony1, Syrthiss, Falcon9x5, Lockesdonkey, Gadget850, Denis C., Kewp, Cinik, Engineer
Bob, OxyMoronMinusOxy, Nlu, Wknight94, Ntropolis, PGPirate, Ross Feldman, Avraham, Cambion, AjaxSmack, FF2010, Zzuuzz, Ltwiki-bot, Ninly, J. Van Meter, Fang Aili, David Justin, Danielespo, JoanneB, Red Jay, Davidals, Dansig122, LeonardoRob0t, Scoutersig,
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• File:2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Old_Well_in_the_sun.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/2008-07-11_
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This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.

Original artist: Kurz & Allison
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• File:Blue_Ridge_NC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Blue_Ridge_NC.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0
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• File:CSA_FLAG_28.11.1861-1.5.1863.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_the_Confederate_
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• File:Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Charlotte_Skyline_
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• File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_110323-A-3108M-004_-_U.S._Army_paratroopers_participate_in_an_advanced_rifle_
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wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110323-A-3108M-004_-_U.S._Army_paratroopers_participate_
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• File:Dr._M.T._Pope.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Dr._M.T._Pope.jpg License: Public domain
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• File:Duke_Chapel_snow.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Duke_Chapel_snow.JPG License: Public
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