Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ANONDHO WIJANARKO
Chemical Engineering Study Program The University of Indonesia

Development Sector Project The 3rd Batch Retooling Program for Un / UnderEmployed Graduates of Chemical Engineering and Related Discilines

Occupational Safety and Health

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Definitions
Safety: Strategy of Accident Prevention
Loss Prevention: Prevention of accidents which result in injury to humans, damage to the environment, loss of production, damage to equipment, or loss of inventory.

Occupational Safety and Health

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Safety Goals
Prevent:  Death/injury to workers  Death/injury to the general public
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 

Damage to the facility Damage to surrounding property Damage to the environment

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LATAR BELAKANG KESELAMATAN KERJA

KECELAKAAN INDUSTRI KIMIA
Occupational Safety and Health 4

   

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Many potential dangerous chemical substances (risk) Death or personal injury High potential magnitude of the occured explosion Financial loss occured after disaster accident (loss, damage or destruction of property other than the product itself) Health-care – continuous exposure to error (impact)
$1.35BN

INDUSTRI KIMIA

$1.4BN $1.2BN
$950M

$1BN
$800M $600M $400M $200M $0
$110M $440M $300M

'98

'99

'00

'01
$150M $ 75M $ 70M

'02*

* 02 Loss Exceeding $50M include: Gas, plant fire, Kuwait Refinery fire, Japan Power station flood, Washington State

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Occupational Safety and Health

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Chemical Hazards

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Definitions
Hazard: An inherent physical or chemical characteristic of a material, system, process or plant that has the potential for causing harm.
Chemicals provide additional hazards due to the toxic, flammable, explosive, and reactive hazards. Risk: For episodic events, risk is a function of probability and consequence.

Risk Analysis: Quantitative estimate of risk
Risk Assessment: Results of risk analysis are used to make decisions.
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Statistics
OSHA Chemical Industry Steel Industry Coal Mining Agriculture Staying at Home Travelling by Car Rock Climbing 20 Cigarettes / day Struck by Meteorite Struck by Lightning Fire Run over by Car
OSHA FAR FR Occupational Safety & Health Administration Fatal Accident Rate Fatality Rate
incidence rate per 100 worker years = 200,000 h exposure fatalities per 1000 employees and entire life = 108 h exposure per person per year (exposure poorly defined)

FAR 4 8 40 10

FR

0.49 1.54 2.22 4.53

*

3 57 4000

17 x 10 4 x 10 -5 -5 500 x 10
6 x 10 -7 1 x 10 150 x 10 -7 -7 600 x 10
-11

-5

* 50% by chemical exposure

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Statistics
US Accident Fatalities:
Auto: Total Industry:

1990
47,000 6,217

1999
40,800 6,026

Walking across street:
Bicycles: Trains:

6,475
642 601

5,220

Airlines:
Home: Chemical Industry:

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22,500 22
10

30,800

Occupational Safety and Health

Chemical Plant Accidents
Risk Fire Explosion Toxic Release High Intermediate Low Hazard Fatalities Low Intermediate High Hazard Economic Loss Intermediate High Low Explosions

1

Disabled Injury Property Damage None

100
500 10.000

Accident Pyramid
Occupational Safety and Health

vapor cloud
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Nature of Accidents
arson & sabotage

CAUSES FOR LOSS
design error natural hazard process upset unknow n operational error m echanical failure 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

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Nature of Accidents
gages pum ps com pressors tow ers valves heat exchangers holding tanks reactor piping storage tanks unknow n piping system s 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

HARDWARE INVOLVED

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Defeating Accidents
STEP Step Initiation DESIRED Desired Effect EFFECT
Diminish

PROCEDURE
Grounding, bonding Inerting Explosion proof electrical Guardrails and guards Maintenance procedures Hot-work permits Human factors design Process design Awareness properties chemicals Emergency material transfer Reduce inventories of flammables Equipment spacing and layout Nonflammable construction materials Emergency shut-off valves Firefighting Relief systems Sprinklers Emergency shut-off valves

Propagation

Diminish

Termination

Increase

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FLIXBOROUGH, UK (1974) C

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FLIXBOROUGH, UK (1974) C

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FLIXBOROUGH, UK (1974) C

Visualization of the EXSIM computer model implementation of the Flixborough plant.

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FLIXBOROUGH, UK (1974)
vapour cloud explosion

(28 deaths, 104 injured 3000 evacuated)

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Bhopal, India (1984) Methylisocyanate

Toxic release

(2500 deaths 200‟000 injured, $3500 Million
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BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY (2 & 3 Dec. 1984)
 40 t methyl isocyanate (mic) leaked  Worst industrial accident  8000 people died immediately and over 500,000 people suffered from injuries  Many died due to delayed medical treatment (union carbide withheld toxological information)
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PIPER ALPHA

Off-shore oil platform explosion

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PIPER ALPHA

$2 Billion in losses
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PIPER ALPHA (1988) (167 deaths)

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PHILLIPS 66, PASADENA, TX, 1989 (ISOBUTANE L

(23 deaths, 125 injured 1300 evacuated)

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Pérdida en cañerías, Nigeria, 1998 Explosión, 650 personas muertas
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Incident Description
On April 9, 1998, at approximately 11:28 pm, an 18,000gallon propane tank exploded at the Herrig Brothers Feather Creek Farm (the farm) in Albert City, Buena Vista County, Iowa. The explosion killed two volunteer fire fighters and injured seven other emergency response personnel. Several buildings were also damaged by the blast.
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CONCEPT SCIENCES (1999) - KOH + NH2OH (5 deaths)
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Incident Description On February 19, 1999, a process vessel containing several hundred pounds of hydroxylamine exploded at the Concept Sciences Inc. production facility near Allentown, Pennsylvania. Employees were distilling an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine and potassium sulfate, the first commercial batch to be processed at the facility. After the distillation process was shut down, the HA in the process tank and associated piping explosively decomposed, most likely due to high concentration and temperature. Four CSI employees and a manager of an adjacent business were killed. Two CSI employees survived the blast with moderate-to-serious injuries. Four people in nearby buildings were injured. The explosion also caused significant damage to other buildings in the Lehigh Valley Industrial Park and shattered windows in several nearby homes.
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Dormagen / Alemania, 1999 Explosión al cargar 2000 ton de gasolina 3 Heridos
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Mina Al-Ahmedhi Refinery,KPCL,Kuwait, June 2000
  

Leak led to flammable vapor release and explosion 7 people killed, 50 injured $400 Million in losses

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Petrobras, Brazil, March 2001
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Off-shore oil platform explosion 10 people killed, $5 Billion in losses Platform sank into the Atlantic Ocean

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Ammonium Nitrate Explosion in Toulouse - France 21 September 2001 • 31 People Killed • 2442 Injured • Losses in Hundreds of millions dollars

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AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLOSION, TOULOUSE,

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Incident Description On July 17, 2001, an explosion occurred at the Motiva Enterprises LLC Delaware City Refinery (DCR) in Delaware City, Delaware. Jeffrey Davis, a boilermaker with The Washington Group International, Inc. (WGI), the primary maintenance contractor at DCR, was killed; eight others were injured. A crew of WGI contractors was repairing grating on a catwalk in a sulfuric acid storage tank farm when a spark from their hot work ignited flammable vapors in one of the storage tanks. The tank separated from its floor, instantaneously releasing its contents. Other tanks in the tank farm also released their contents. A fire burned for approximately one-half hour; and sulfuric acid reached the Delaware River, resulting in significant damage to aquatic life.
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Incident Description On April 25, 2002, an explosion occurred at Kaltech Industries, a sign manufacturer in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City, injuring 31 people seriously enough to seek hospital treatment, including 14 members of the public. The explosion, which was the result of a reaction between waste chemicals, originated in the basement of a mixed-use commercial building and caused damage as high as the fifth floor.
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Incident Description
On October 13, 2002, a violent explosion occurred in a chemical distillation tower at First Chemical Corporation in Pascagoula, Mississippi, sending heavy debris over a wide area. No one was seriously injured or killed in the incident, which occurred early on a Sunday morning. One nitrotoluene storage tank at the site was punctured by explosion debris, igniting a fire that burned for several hours.
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Incident Description On December 11, 2002, one maintenance employee was overcome when he inhaled hydrogen sulfide gas from a waste processing vessel at Environmental Enterprises, a hazardous waste treatment company in Cincinnati, Ohio. No other injuries or damage were reported, and the injured worker was subsequently pulled to safety.
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Incident Description On January 13, 2003, a vapor cloud fire erupted at the BLSR Operating Ltd. oilfield waste disposal facility near Rosharon, Texas, south of Houston. The fire occurred as two vacuum trucks were delivering flammable gas condensate waste for disposal at the facility. Two BLSR employees and one truck driver were fatally burned. Two other workers suffered serious burns but survived. Occupational Safety and Health 40

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Incident Description
On January 29, 2003, an explosion and fire destroyed the West Pharmaceutical Services plant in Kinston, NC, causing six deaths, dozens of injuries, and hundreds of job losses. The facility produced rubber stoppers and other products for medical use. CSB investigators have found that the fuel for the explosion was a fine plastic powder used in producing rubber goods. Combustible polyethylene dust accumulated above a suspended ceiling over a manufacturing area at the plant and was ignited by an unknown event. Occupational Safety and Health

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Incident Description At 7.30 am February 20, 2003, an explosion and fire damaged the CTA Acoustics manufacturing plant in Corbin, KY. 44 workers were injured, 12 were flown to critical care hospitals, and 7 died. The facility produced fiberglass insulation for the automotive industry. CSB investigators have found that the explosion was fueled by resin dust accumulated in a production area, likely ignited by flames from a malfunctioning oven. The resin involved was a phenolic binder used in producing fiberglass mats.
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Incident Description On the morning of April 11, 2003, one worker was killed at the D.D. Williamson food additive plant in Louisville, KY, when a process vessel became overpressurized and failed catastrophically. The failure caused a release of aqueous ammonia as well as extensive damage to the plant, which manufactures caramel coloring.
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Incident Description On July 20, 2003 there was a release of chlorine gas from the Honeywell chemical plant in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The accident resulted in the hospitalization of four plant workers and required about 600 nearby residents to shelter in their homes. Several residents also sought medical evaluation. The plant manufactures refrigerants using chlorine and other potentially hazardous materials.
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Seveso, Italy (1976) – herbicide plant, runaway reaction, chemical release, 447 injured, long term health problems, $50,000,000 Bhopal, India (1984) - pesticide plant, chemical release, 2,500 dead, 200,000 injured, $250,000,000

Chernobyl, USSR (1986) – nuclear reactor, 31 dead, 237 injured, long term health problems, $3,000,000,000. Basle, Switzerland (1986) – chemical warehouse fire, 0 dead, 0 injured, environmental damage.
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Regulatory Concerns
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Force of law with respect to on-site workplace hazards / accidents.

OSHA 1910.119 - Process Safety Management
- Must identify hazards

- Must train and certify workers - Safe work system
- Management of Change - Accident investigations - Process Info / Documentation - Contractor safety - Operating procedures - Mechanical integrity - Others
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EPA - Environmental Protection Agency Handles releases outside of plant.

EPA RMP - Risk Management Plan - Considers offsite impacts due to fires / explosions / toxic release - Must perform risk assessment - Must perform consequence analysis

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ACCIDENTAL PREVENTION

CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

As Rinard (1990) has poignantly noted, “The regulatory control system affects the size of your paycheck; the safety control system affects whether or not you will be around to collect it.”
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Overview of Control System Design
1. Safety. It is imperative that industrial plants operate safely so as to promote the well-being of people and equipment within the plant and in the nearby communities. Thus, plant safety is always the most important control objective. Environmental Regulations. Industrial plants must comply with environmental regulations concerning the discharge of gases, liquids, and solids beyond the plant boundaries. Product Specifications and Production Rate. In order to be profitable, a plant must make products that meet specifications concerning product quality and production rate. Economic Plant Operation. It is an economic reality that the plant operation over long periods of time must be profitable. Thus, the control objectives must be consistent with the economic objectives Stable Plant Operation. The control system should facilitate smooth, stable plant operation without excessive oscillation in key process variables. Thus, it is desirable to have smooth, rapid set-point changes and rapid recovery from plant disturbances such as changes in feed composition.
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2.

3.

4.

5.

Process Safety and Process Control
• Primary concern of the process industries. • Increased public awareness of potential risks, stricter legal requirements, and the increased complexity of modern industrial plants.

Overview of Process Safety
Process safety is considered at various stages in the lifetime of a process: 1. 2. 3. 4. Preliminary process design. At the final stage of the design stage hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies, failure mode, and fault tree analysis are used. After plant operation begins, HAZOP studies are conducted on a periodic basis in order to identify and eliminate potential hazards. Proposed plant or operating conditions changes require formal approval. This considers the potential impact of the change on the safety, environment, and health of the workers and the nearby communities (may require governmental approval, e.g., pharmaceutical industry). After a serious accident or plant “incident”, a thorough review is conducted to determine its cause and to assess responsibility.
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5.

Multiple Layers

Protection

• In modern plants, process safety relies on the principle of multiple protection layers; Typical layers of protection in a modern chemical plant (CCPS 1993). • Each layer of protection consists of a grouping of equipment and/or human actions, shown in the order of activation.

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• Basic process control system (BPCS) is augmented with two levels of alarms and operator supervision or intervention. • An alarm indicates that a measurement has exceeded its specified limits and may require operator action. • Safety interlock system (SIS) is also referred to as a safety instrumented system or as an emergency shutdown (ESD) system. • The SIS automatically takes corrective action when the process and BPCS layers are unable to handle an emergency, e.g., the SIS could automatically turn off the reactant pumps after a high temperature alarm occurs for a chemical reactor.

• Rupture discs and relief valves provide physical protection by venting a gas or vapor if over-pressurization occurs (also flares for combustibles).
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Types of Alarms
Type 1 Alarm: Equipment status alarm. Pump is on or off, or motor is running or stopped. Type 2 Alarm: Abnormal measurement alarm. Measurement is outside of specified limits. Type 3 Alarm: An alarm switch without its own sensor. When it is not necessary to know the actual value of the process variable, only whether it is above (or below) a specified limit. Type 4 Alarm: An alarm switch with its own sensor. This serves as a backup in case the regular sensor fails. Type 5 Alarm: Automatic Shutdown or Startup System.

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A general block diagram for an alarm system.

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Two flow alarm configurations.
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Two interlock configurations

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Safety Interlock System (SIS)
• The SIS in CCPS 1993 serves as an emergency back-up system for the BPCS.
• The SIS automatically starts when a critical process variable exceeds specified alarm limits that define the allowable operating region (starting or stopping a pump or shutting down a process unit). • Only used as a last resort to prevent injury to people or equipment. • SIS must function independently of the BPCS; (e.g., due to a malfunction or power failure in BPCS). Thus, the SIS should be physically separated from the BPCS and have its own sensors and actuators.

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PERATURAN KESELAMATAN KERJA
UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970 PERATURAN MENTERI TENAGA KERJA Per.05/MEN/1996 TENTANG SISTEM MANAJEMEN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA ILO CODE OF PRACTISE, PREVENTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

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Duty Re-Safety
 Employer

must exercise reasonable care to provide for the safety of employees
 safe


place of work system of work

physical environment
method of performing work

 safe


 suitable


equipment
co-workers
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provision & maintenance

 competent

PREVENTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
Geneva, International Labour Orgasnization, 1991 ISBN 92-2-107101-4

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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE


Peraturan/standar ILO berupa panduan praktis yang ditetapkan di industri dalam upaya mencegah terjadinya kecelakaan-kecelakaan besar seiring dengan kenaikan produksi, penyimpanan dan penggunaan bahan berbahaya  Tujuan panduan praktis adalah untuk memberikan arahan tentang pengaturan administasi, hukum dan sistem teknis untuk pengendalian instalasi bersiko tinggi yang dilakukan dengan memberikan perlindungan kepada pekerja, masyarakat dan lingkungan dengan mencegah terjadinya kecelakan besar yang mungkin terjadi dan meminimalisasikan dampak dari kecelakaan tersebut  Penerapan panduan praktis dilakukan pada instalasi beresiko tinggi yang diidentifikasikan dengan keberadaan zat-zat berbahaya yang membutuhkan perhatian tinggi.

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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
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Instalasi beresiko tinggi berdasarkan jenis dan kuantitasnya menurut panduan praktis:
      

Industri kimia dan petrokimia Industri penyulingan minyak Instalasi penyimpanan gas alam cair (LNG) Instalasi penyimpanan gas dan cairan yang mudah terbakar Gudang bahan-bahan kimia Instalasi penyulingan air bersih dengan menggunakan klorin Industri Pupuk dan Pestisida

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Instalasi beresiko tinggi berdasarkan jenis dan kuantitasnya diluar cakupan panduan praktis:
 

Instalasi Nuklir Pangkalan Militer (instalasi persenjataaan)

biologi, nuklir dan kimia serta pusat

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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
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Instalasi beresiko tinggi adalah instalasi industri permanen atau sementara, yang menyimpan, memproses atau memproduksi zatzat berbahaya dalam bentuk dan jumlah tertentu menurut peraturan yang berlaku yang berpotensi menjadi penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan besar.  Identifikasi bahan berbahaya menurut jenis dan tingkat kuantitas ambang terjadinya kecelakaan besar  Bahan kimia sangat beracun : methyl isocyanate, phosgene  Bahan kimia beracun: acrylonitrile, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon disulphide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, sulphur trioxide  Gas dan cairan mudah terbakar  Bahan peledak: ammonium nitrate, nitroglycerine, C4, PETN, TNT

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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
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Alur informasi pada instalasi beresiko tinggi  Manajemen keseluruhan instalasi beresiko tinggi harus melaporkan secara rinci aktifitasnya kepada pihak yang berwenang  Laporan keselamatan kerja instalsi beresiko tinggi harus disiapkan oleh manajemen dan berisi informasi teknis tentang disain dan cara kerja instalasi, penjelasan rinci manajemen keselamatan kerja dalam instalasi, informasi tentang bahaya dari instalasi secara sistematis, teridentifikasi dan terdokumentasi serta informasi tentang bahaya kecelakaan dan ketentuan keadaan darurat yang akan mengurangi dampak dari kecelakaan yang akan terjadi.  Semua informasi khususnya yang berkenaan dengan instalasi beresiko tinggi harus disediakan bagi para pihak yang berkepentingan.  Informasi keselamatan kerja yang tepat khususnya pada instalasi beresiko tinggi dikomunikasikan melalui pelatihan kepada pekerja, dan dapat digunakan untuk persiapan pekerjaan dan pengendalian dalam keadaan darurat.
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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
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Audit Instalasi beresiko tinggi  Instalasi beresiko tinggi diaudit oleh manajemen audit yang ditunjuk pemegang otoritas sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di wilayah instalasi itu berada  Audit mencakup identifikasi kejadian tidak terkendali yang memicu timbulnya kebakaran, ledakan atau terlepasnya zat-zat beracun  Audit mencakup estimasi potensi bahaya sebagai konsekuensi dari ledakan, kebakaran maupun terlepasnya zat-zat beracun  Audit mempertimbangkan potensi efek lanjutan yang terjadi pada instalasi beresiko tinggi lainnya yang ada disekitarnya  Audit mempertimbangkan kesesuaian pengukuran keselamatan kerja yang digunakan dalam identifikasi kemungkinan terjadinya bahaya untuk menjamin validitas hasil audit itu sendiri  Audit memperhitungkan analisa resiko secara menyeluruh dari keterkaitan antara kecelakaan besar yang mungkin timbul dengan letak instalasi beresiko tinggi itu sendiri.
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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
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Manajemen pengendalian resiko kecelakaan dan pengamanan pada instalasi beresiko tinggi meliputi:  Disain, fabrikasi dan penginstalasian pabrik yang aman, termasuk penggunaan komponen peralatan bermutu tinggi  Pemeliharaan pabrik secara rutin  Pengoperasian pabrik sesuai prosedur yang berlaku  Pengelolaan keselamatan lingkungan kerja secara baik  Inspeksi secara rutin terhadap keseluruhan instalasi yang diikuti dengan perbaikan atau penggantian komponen peralatan yang dibutuhkan  Pengawasan rutin terhadap keamanan dan sistem pendukungnya  Ketersediaan dan inspeksi rutin peralatan keselamatan kerja yang dapat digunakan dalam kondisi darurat  Analisa bahaya dan resiko yang terjadi akibat kerusakan komponen peralatan, pengoperasian instalasi yang abnormal, faktor kesalahan manusia dan manajemen, pengaruh kecelakaan yang terjadi di sekitar instalasi, bencana alam, tindakan kejahatan dan sabotase  Analisa komprehensif terhadap modifikasi peralatan dan instalasi baru  Penyebaran informasi dan pelatihan keselamatan kerja bagi setiap pekerja pada instalasi tersebut  Penyebaran informasi secara berkala kepada masyarakat yang tinggal atau bekerja di sekitar lokasi instalasi industri
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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE



Analisa Bahaya dan Resiko meliputi:  Identifikasi bahan beracun, reaktif dan eksplosif yang disimpan, diproses atau diproduksi  Identifikasi kegagalan potensial yang dapat menyebabkan kondisi pengoperasian abnormal dan menimbulkan kecelakaan  Analisa konsekuensi dari kecelakaan yang terjadi terhadap pekerja dan masyarakat sekitar  Tindakan pencegahan terhadap terjadinya kecelakaan

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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE
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HAZOP (an example of Hazard and Risk Analysis)  Identifikasi penyimpangan/deviasi yang terjadi pada pengoperasian suatu instalasi industri dan kegagalan operasinya yang menimbulkan keadaan tidak terkendali  Dilakukan pada tahap perencanaan untuk instalasi industri baru  Dilakukan sebelum melakukan modifikasi peralatan atau penambahan instalasi baru dari instalasi industri lama  Analisa sistematis terhadap kondisi kritis disain instalasi industri, pengaruhnya dan penyimpangan potensial yang terjadi serta potensi bahayanya  Dilakukan oleh kelompok para ahli dari multi disiplin ilmu dan dipimpin oleh spesials keselamatan kerja yang berpengalaman atau oleh konsultan pelatihan khusus

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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE


Perencanaan Keadaan Darurat
  

Bertujuan untuk melokalisasi bahaya dan meminimalisasi dampaknya Identifikasi jenis-jenis kecelakaan yang potensial On site emergency
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Perencanaan keadaan darurat didasarkan pada konsekuensi yang timbul dari kecelakaan besar yang potensial Penanganan keadaan darurat dilakukan tenaga penanggulangan kecelakaan dalam jumlah yang cukup Perencanaan keadan darurat merupakan uji dan pengidentifikasian kelemahan instalasi industri yang akan secepatnya diperbaiki Antisipasi bahaya dengan memperhatikan: kekerapan terjadinya kecelakaan, hubungan dengan pihak berwenang di luar lokasi, prosedur menghidupkan tanda bahaya, komunikasi internal dan eksternal instalasi serta lokasi dan pola pengaturan dari pusat pengelola gawat darurat Fasilitas penanganan keadaan darurat: telepon, radio dan alat komunikasi internaleksternal yang memadai, peta yang menunjukan keberadaan bahan berbahaya, alat penunjuk arah dan pengukur kecepatan angin, alat penyelamatan diri, daftar lengkap pekerja, ... Perencanaan disiapkan oleh dan merupakan otoritas yang kompeten yang diatur melalui kebijakan, peraturan atau perundangan. Perencanaan ini merupakan antisipasi dari bahaya dalam skala besar dan penanganannya terkait dengan otoritas lokal penanggulangan kecelakaan Perencanaan didasarkan pada informasi atas konsekuensi yang timbul dari kecelakaan besar yang potensial

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Off site emergency
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ILO CODE OF PRACTISE


Konsultan Keselamatan Kerja Tugas dan wewenang:


Membuat analisa bahaya dan resiko serta mempersiapkan laporan keselamatan kerja bekerjasama dengan manajemen audit

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Menetapkan garis besar disain dan operasi instalasi industri yang aman, serta pengaplikasiannya dalam desain peralatan, proses kendali, pengoperasian secara manual, ... Menganalisa konsekuensi dari kecelakan potensial dengan permodel dampak potensialnya Menetapkan penanganan keadaan darurat on site dan perencanaan keadaan darurat off site Melakukan pelatihan pada pekerja

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UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970

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UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970


3 unsur keberlakuan UU  Tempat dimana dilakukan pekerjaan bagi suatu usaha.  Adanya tenaga kerja yang bekerja disana.  Adanya sumber-sumber bahaya kerja di tempat itu.



Pengawasan Keselamatan Kerja  Pengawasan secara langsung dilakukan pegawai pengawas dan ahli keselamatan kerja.  Pengawasan secara tidak langsung termasuk oleh manajemen puncak yang hanya melakukan audit terhadap usaha perbaikan dari hasil pelaporan pegawai pengawas dan ahli keselamatan kerja.

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73

UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970


UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA mengatur keselamatan kerja disegala tempat kerja baik itu di darat, laut dan udara dalam wilayah NKRI UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA bertujuan untuk mengurangi kecelakaan, mengurangi adanya bahaya peledakan, memaksa peningkatan kemampuan pekerja dalam memberikan pertolongan pertama pada kecelakaan dan pemberian alat-alat pelindung kepada pekerja terutama untuk pekerjaan yang memiliki resiko tinggi serta membantu terciptanya lingkungan kerja yang kondusif seperti penerangan tempat kerja, kebersihan, sirkulasi udara serta hubungan yang serasi antara pekerja, lingkungan kerja, peralatan dan proses kerja.



Occupational Safety and Health

74

UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970



Sumber bahaya kerja diidentifikasikan terkait erat dengan:  Kondisi mesin, pesawat, alat kerja serta peralatan lainnya  Bahan berbahaya (Explosive, Flameable, Poison)  Lingkungan  Sifat pekerjaan  Cara kerja  Proses produksi

Occupational Safety and Health

75

UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970

UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA berisi petunjuk teknis mengenai apa yang harus dilakukan oleh dan kepada pekerja untuk menjamin keselamatan pekeja itu sendiri, keselamatan umum dan produk yang dihasilkan karena begitu banyak proses yang dilakukan dengan memperhatikan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang menyebabkan perubahan resikko pekerjaan yang dihadapi pekerja di tempat kerjanya.

Occupational Safety and Health

76

UNDANG-UNDANG KESELAMATAN KERJA No. 1 Tahun 1970



Pengawasan Keselamatan Kerja  Monitoring dan pengambil keputusan tindakan perbaikan keselamatan kerja  Tindakan perbaikan keselamatan kerja (Continuous Improvement) seperti perbaikan cara dan proses kerja, pemeriksaan rutin kesehatan pekerja, retribusi keselamatan kerja.

Occupational Safety and Health

77

HAZARD MANAGEMENT

Occupational Safety and Health

78

Latar Belakang


Kecelakaan industri terutama disebabkan oleh HUMAN FAILURE, di mana sering ditemukan faktor manusia dalam penelusuran sebab terjadinya kecelakaan. Pencegahan kecelakaan harus menempati perhatian yang khusus dalam fungsi manajerial secara keseluruhan. Bagian manajemen kekhususan (insinyur, teknisi, perancang, field operator, lembaga pelatihan) sering kurang menghargai kebutuhan untuk mengaplikasikan prinsip-prinsip pencegahan terhadap kecelakaan di dalam lingkup kerja mereka. Metode yang tidak aman merupakan proporsi tertinggi dari penyebab terjadi kecelakaan. Keselamatan harus menjadi bagian yang integral dari pelaksanaan industri manapun, dan harus menjadi bahan pertimbangan sejak tahap perancangan, tahap perencanaan produksi, serta pelatihan operator.



Occupational Safety and Health

79

Human Failure Action

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80

Types of Human Error (Reason, 1990)
Failure of attention
Intrusion Omission Reversal Misorder / Mistime step

Slip Unintended actions
Human activity

Lapse Mistake

Failure of memory
Omit step Lose place Forget intention Wrong procedure

Intended actions

Rule breaking

Violation Sabotage

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81

Human Error
Easy to cite human error as a cause for a disaster. Old View – Human Error is a major cause of accidents (70%). Complex systems fine if it wasn’t for unreliable people (bad apples)
To explain failure investigators seek human failure – look for error Today looking at human factors (ergonomics) issues that cause „human error‟ Disasters and human error Paddington, Southall, Bhopal, Zeebrugge, Three Mile Island, Kegworth, Kings Cross Fire, Chernobyl, Camelford, Piper Alpha, Hillsborough..... Smaller scale accidents account for > 200 deaths and 180000 injuries each year
Occupational Safety and Health 82

Human Error
Labels such as situation awareness, attention, complacency, stress, workload – all human error Lack of situation awareness suggests we know what happened at the time – they didn’t and made an error Human Error or systems failure – not a choice Human error is connected to system Human error is the starting point Need to find enduring features of the operational environment that led to behaviour Human error symptom of trouble in system Don’t explain failure by finding where people went wrong Investigate how people’s actions made sense at the time given the circumstances around them Identify patterns of failure across sequences of events.
Occupational Safety and Health 83

Recommendations


To protect systems from human behaviour recommendations include:  Tighten procedures = less room for error  Often a mismatch between rules & reality  More technology to monitor/replace human work  Relocates or changes potential for human error  Punish those making errors

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84

Hindsight
 Able

to look back on sequence of events that led to outcome you already know  Unlimited access to true nature of situation at the time  Allows peoples errors to be spotted  Hindsight biased towards items now known to be important  An external perspective

Occupational Safety and Health

85

TANGGUNG JAWAB MANAJEMEN
KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA
Tanggung jawab manajemen sebuah perusahaan yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan kerja dalam kegiatan industri
Tanggung jawab Ekonomi Biaya kecelakaan akibat kecelakaan dalam pabrik berimbas langsung pada hasil produksi dan keselamatan pekerja lapangan, merugikan perusahaan, penanam saham, karyawan secara keseluruhan dan pelanggan. Biaya memperkenalkan dan mempertahankan organisasi keselamatan kerja untuk mengurangi serta mengeliminasi kecelakaan. Tanggung jawab terhadap Sumber Daya Manusia Kewajiban untuk menyediakan lingkungan kerja yang aman dan sehat, menyediakan proses kerja yang aman dalam rangka produksi maksimal. Kewajiban untuk mengambil langkah-langkah eliminasi kondisi tidak aman yang dapat berakibat terjadinya luka, kematian, stress, dan hal lainnya yang terjadi pada setiap karyawan maupun keluarganya Tanggung jawab Legislatif Memastikan terpenuhinya undang-undang mengenai kecelakaan industri, keamanan terhadap kesehatan dan kebakaran. Undang-undang ini terutama untuk melindungi karyawan dan masyarakat secara umum, dan tidak hanya untuk melindungi bisnis yang dijalankan perusahaan.
Occupational Safety and Health 86

ANALISA KESELAMATAN KERJA
Hazard Material Communication Pengenalan bahan bahaya kepada para pekerja sehingga mampu melakukan tindakan yang sesuai untuk menanganinya. Analisa HIRA (Hazard Identification and Risk Assesstment) Identifikasi bahaya dan kajian resiko kegiatan dalam proses operasi dan produksi dipilah-pilah menjadi sub kegiatan yang lebih kecil dan spesifik. JSA (Job Safety Analysis) Varian dari analisa HIRA, JSA dilakukan apabila suatu aktivitas melakukan pemasangan terhadap suatu peralatan tertentu dalam fasilitas operasi sebuah pabrik/industri proses.

Analisa HAZID (Hazard Identification) Proses pengidentifikasian terhadap bahaya yang mungkin terjadi secara umum pada fasilitas operasi sebuah pabrik/ industri.
Analisa HAZOP Identifikasi keselamatan, bahaya & masalah operasi yang berhubungan dengan proses yang secara langsung mengancam keselamatan pekerja produksi/penyebab masalah operasi. Menentukan keseriusan dampak masalah teridentifikasi. Identifikasi secara engineering & procedural safeguards yang sebelumnya telah dibuat. Evaluasi kelayakan engineering & procedural procedural safeguards. Rekomendasi safeguards atau prosedur operasi tambahan jika diperlukan.
Occupational Safety and Health 87

ASPEK PENTING KESELAMATAN KERJA DALAM KEGIATAN INDUSTRI
KESELAMATAN KERJA SANGATLAH PENTING DALAM INDUSTRI, KARENA BEBERAPA ASPEK BERIKUT: Produktivitas Kecelakaan dalam industri akan menghambat produksi atau bahkan menghentikannya. Dengan demikian, akan terjadi loss of man-hour dan loss of material. Investasi Kecelakaan dalam industri akan berakibat terhadap infrastruktur maupun mesin dan peralatan yang ada di dalamnya. Dengan demikian, akan terjadi loss of asset, di mana aset yang semula diharapkan dapat membantu produksi hingga jangka waktu lama akan berkurang atau habis. IMEJ PERUSAHAAN Kecelakaan dalam industri menimbulkan masalah kepercayaan terhadap lingkungan serta proses industri yang dijalankan perusahaan. Masalah ini berkaitan dengan kepercayaan investor untuk tetap menanamkan modalnya, kepercayaan pelanggan untuk tetap membeli, serta kepercayaan karyawan terhadap manajemen perusahaan.
Occupational Safety and Health 88

AN ACCIDENT
 Can
 an

be defined in several ways

unplanned release of chemical warfare agent into environment at levels which exceed those permitted by state or federal regulations  more conservative definition is any unplanned event that could lead to the release of chemical warfare agent

Occupational Safety and Health

89 CA59

SIZE OF ACCIDENT


Important to know amount of material accidentally released  Amount of material released called “source term”  Source term and weather conditions at time of release determine
 

how far downwind hazardous materials will travel concentration of chemical warfare agent to which people could be exposed

Occupational Safety and Health

90 CA60

PROXIMITY TO POTENTIAL ACCIDENT SITE
 Also

important to know how close people might be to a potential accident site and their location with respect to airborne agent plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community

Occupational Safety and Health

91 CA61

ACCIDENT LIKELIHOOD


Most likely accidents are small ones that do not pose a threat except to someone in very close proximity to accident  Large accidents (source terms large enough to pose a threat to community) have much lower probability of occurring  Unlikely that an accident will cause injury or death to anyone

Occupational Safety and Health

92 CA62

WHAT IS MEANT BY UNLIKELY?






Engineers and scientists systematically studied different ways accidents could occur and estimated how likely events were that caused an accident They estimated probabilities of many different accidents and calculated number of fatalities that could occur for each accident They calculated the consequences of each accident

Risk =
Probability of Accident

X
(Times)

Consequences

∑
(Summed)

For all Events

Calculation of risk

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93 CA63

POTENTIAL ACCIDENT TYPES AND HAZARDS


If accident large enough to pose threat to public, dominant hazard is from breathing air in which agent exists as vapor  Paths for liquid chemical warfare agent to travel from accident to off-site are limited and relatively easy to block therefore people offsite unlikely to encounter liquid agent

Occupational Safety and Health

94 CA64

THREE BASIC TYPES OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS
1. Spill 2. Explosion 3. Fire

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95
CA65

SPILL
 Onto

ground or other surfaces  Resulting puddle of agent (liquid deposition) can evaporate into vapor and drift downwind

Example of a plume resulting from a spill

(not to scale) 96 CA66

Occupational Safety and Health

EXPLOSION


Causes droplets of agent to be formed  Larger, heavier droplets quickly fall to ground (deposition)  Releases vapors and aerosols (smaller droplets and particles) that can travel greater distances

Example of a plume resulting from an explosion

(not to scale) 97 CA67

Occupational Safety and Health

FIRE


Both aerosols and vapors are formed  Vapors and aerosols lifted higher into air because of heat from fire  Hazard similar to those of an explosion

Example of a plume resulting from a fire

(not to scale) 98 CA68

Occupational Safety and Health

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROSOLS AND VAPORS


Think of a chemical agent release in terms of hair spray coming from a spray can:
 





when spray is release, it is an aerosol larger particles and/or droplets are deposited near point of release particles quickly fall out of air onto hair and skin person across room can smell hair spray from breathing vapors released
99 CA69

Occupational Safety and Health

WHAT IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS?
 It

is very unlikely the public would be exposed to droplets and aerosols  Particles will mostly fall out of plume (via deposition) by time plume reaches installation boundary

Occupational Safety and Health

100 CA70

VAPOR HAZARD
 For

most accidents, the primary health hazard comes from vapors when they are breathed in or come in contact with skin or eyes  Agent vapors pose greatest hazard when inhaled because they are rapidly absorbed by lung tissues  Lethal dosage for agent vapor breathed in is several times lower than lethal dosage for vapor contact with skin
Occupational Safety and Health 101 CA71

ACCIDENT CATEGORIES


Selection of protective action strategies contingent on characteristics of accident  Accident categories are group of accident scenarios bound together by common source terms and meteorological conditions  Designed to support grouping of large number of protective action strategies  Each installation has set of accident categories

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CA72

CHEMICAL EVENT EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEM


Standard chemical accident notification  Provides a common language between installation and off-site emergency responders  Fosters clear understanding and ready reference for emergency response actions  Off-site response consists of 4 levels
 

nonsurety (does not involve chemical warfare agents) limited area, post-only, and community emergencies (involve chemical warfare agents)
Occupational Safety and Health 103
CA73

NON-SURETY EMERGENCY
 General

interest to public  Poses no chemical surety hazard  Action: Notification to IRZ designated Army Installation Boundary points of contact
Limited Area Boundary

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community

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104

CA74

LIMITED AREA EMERGENCY
 

Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage does not extend beyond chemical limited area Action: Notification of IRZ and State points-of-contact  IRZ emergency response officials may go to level of readiness
Army Installation Boundary

Limited Area Boundary Plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community

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105

CA75

POST-ONLY EMERGENCY


Declared when predicted chemical agent noeffects dosage extends beyond chemical limited boundary but not installation boundary  Not expected to present danger to off-site public  Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, Army Installation Boundary and State-designated points-of-contact
 

IRZ response organizations mobilize precautionary protective actions may be initiated in nearby areas

Limited Area Boundary

Plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community
CA76

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106

COMMUNITY EMERGENCY


Declared when predicted chemical agent noeffects dosage extends beyond installation boundary  Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, and State-designated Army Installation Boundary points-of-contact



all emergency response organizations mobilize IRZ and affected PAZ areas implement specified protective actions

Limited Area Boundary Plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community

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107

CA77

PENGENALAN BAHAN BERBAHAYA

Occupational Safety and Health

108

Occupational Safety and Health

109

4 CLASSES OF HEALTH HAZARDS:

2. Physical Hazards…

1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Chemical Hazards…

Chemical Physical Ergonomic Biological

 Noise
 Vibration  Temperature extremes  Electromagnetic Radiation A. Ionizing (X-rays) B. Non-ionizing (Lasers, infrared and radio waves microwaves,)  Illumination

 Generally represent majority of exposures.  Can be substances your processes; or used

the in

 Purchased chemicals outside sources.

from

3. Ergonomic Hazards…
 Physical Stressors such as repetitive motion, heavy lifting, awkward or static postures, fatigue, excessive force, direct pressure and overexertion.  Psychological Stressors such as monotony, perceptual confusion or overload.

 Can exist in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts, fumes and vapors.

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4. Biological Hazards
 Microbiological, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, molds, and protozoa;  Macrobiological, such as insects, parasites, plants and animals.  On occasion, this hazard involves a…

 Fourth route = of entry:

Parenteral (via injection)

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The Three States of Hazard Matter Solid Solids have a definite shape and volume. Particles can be solid or liquid. Hazardous solid particles include silica, asbestos, lead, fumes, bacteria, fungi, fiberglass, wood, beryllium, phosphorus, and miscellaneous dusts. Liquids have an indefinite shape and take on the shape of the container in which they are contained. Liquid particles vary in size from aerosols, to mists and the much larger drops. Aerosols are an inhalation hazard. Larger particles are a skin absorption or ingestion hazard. Hazardous liquids or liquid particles include solvents such as turpentine, benzene, and alcohol. Flammable or combustible liquids, and numerous organic and inorganic compounds such as paint thinners, coatings, paints, dry cleaning liquids, and pesticides. Gases take on both the shape and volume of their containers. Gases are materials whose physical state is a gas at normal temperature (All materials exist in the gas phase if the temperature is high enough). Vapors are gases formed when liquid evaporates. Hazardous simple asphyxiant gases include helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane. Hazardous chemical asphyxiant gases include carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide. The hazards of other gases is determined by their health and toxic effects. Some of these include hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and ozone.

Liquid

Gas

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112

Chemicals are present in the form of liquids, solids, vapors, gases, dusts, fumes and mists. The hazard potential presented by a chemical depends on which form it takes, as well as characteristics such as solubility, particle size and toxic properties.

Fumes  Volatilized solids that condense when they contact air.  Very small, solid particles created when hot vapor reacts with the air to form an oxide.  Often associated with welding operations

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Gas vs. Vapor  Gases are materials whose physical state is a gas at room temperatures.  Commonly formed by arc-welding and internal combustion engines  Exist where gases such as chlorine and are being used in a working process. fluorine

 Vapors are gases formed when liquid evaporates.

 Organic molecules such as gasoline, benzene and solvents are commonly observed examples.
 Solvents with low boiling points form vapors eadily at room temperature.
Occupational Safety and Health 114

PHYSICAL STATE-TERMS TO DESCRIBE CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Dusts
 Solid particles generated by handling, crushing grinding, impacting, detonation and breaking apart by heating organic or inorganic materials.  Respirable dust means the particles are in a size range that permits them to penetrate deep into the lungs upon inhalation. Mists/Aerosols  Suspended liquid droplets created when vapor condenses back to a liquid, or during splashing and atomizing.  Examples include acid mists from electroplating, oil mist produced during cutting and grinding, and mists from spray-finishing operations.

Fibers

 Solid particles having a slender, elongated shape several times as great as their diameter.  Commonly found in construction, mining, friction products and insulation materials.

 Examples include asbestos, fiberglass and fibrous talc.
Occupational Safety and Health 115

US Department of Transportation Regulation

Hazardous Material
Materials that were flammable, explosive, corrosive, toxic, radioactive or if it readily decomposes to oxygen at elevated temperatures.

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116

DEFINITION OF A HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
 ANY

MATERIAL WHICH BECAUSE OF ITS QUANTITY, CONCENTRATION, PHYSICAL OR INFECTIOUS CHARACTERISTICS MAY POSE A SUBSTANTIAL HEALTH HAZARD TO HUMANS OR THE ENVIRONMENT WHEN RELEASED OR SPILLED

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117

HEALTH HAZARD


HEALTH HAZARDS ARE THOSE WHICH MAY CAUSE MEASURABLE CHANGES IN THE BODY SUCH AS DECREASED PULMONARY FUNCTION

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118

HEALTH HAZARD
ACUTE
HEALTH HAZARDS ARE LISTED IN TWO BROAD CATEGORIES

and
CHRONIC
Occupational Safety and Health 119

ACUTE
ACUTE

EFFECTS MAY OCCUR RAPIDLY AS A RESULT OF “SHORT TERM” EXPOSURE

Occupational Safety and Health

120

CHRONIC
 CHRONIC

EFFECTS GENERALLY OCCUR AS A RESULT OF “LONG TERM” EXPOSURE

Occupational Safety and Health

121

HEALTH HAZARD


In addition to the aforementioned definition of ACUTE and CHRONIC the following pages also fall into the category of HEALTH HAZARD

Occupational Safety and Health

122

CARCINOGEN
A carcinogen is a chemical that causes cancer in humans or has the potential to cause cancer (found causes cancer in laboratory animals)

Occupational Safety and Health

123

CORROSIVE
A corrosive chemical is one that causes visible destruction of or IRREVISBLE alterations in living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact

Occupational Safety and Health

124

Hazard Assessment: Chemical Reactivity

Occupational Safety and Health

125

US Department of Transportation Regulation

Corrosive Materials


Materials that evoke a chemical process which converts minerals and metals into unwanted products
 Acidity

(HCl, H2SO4, ClSO3H, HF, HCOOH, CHCOOH) Oxidizing agent (HClO4, H2SO4 , HNO3) Hygroscopic (H2SO4), Alkalis (KOH, NaOH)
Occupational Safety and Health 126

Corrosive Materials
 Chemical

substances that, by direct chemical action, are injurious to living tissues or corrosive to metal surfaces  The degree of hazard associated with a corrosive material is greatly dependent upon its physical state (solid, liquid, gas)  Minor corrosive injury = irritation

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127

Corrosive Liquids
 Most

common cause of corrosive injury  Corrosive liquids will destroy any living tissue but the most frequently injured organs are the skin and eyes. Corrosive vapors can also escape from some solutions (check out the interior of any acid cabinet). Fuming acids are particularly hazardous
Occupational Safety and Health 128

Corrosive Liquids: Bases


Concentrated alkalies are more damaging to tissues than most strong inorganic acids  Alkaline solutions gelatinize and saponify tissues, producing deeply penetrating, painful burns  Even weak alkaline solutions can dissolve skin fats and weaken the epidermis, making the skin more permeable to other agents  Initial contact may not be painful – poor warning property!
Occupational Safety and Health 129

Corrosive Liquids: Acids
 Chemical

action of acids is different from that of bases. Acids burn largely due to thermal action with moisture in tissues. When acids come into contact with skin, the acid reacts to form a (very slightly) protective barrier, whereas bases dissolve proteins.

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130

Corrosive Liquids: organic solvents
A

corrosive liquid need not have a very high or low pH to be capable of causing corrosive injury. Many organic solvents can cause severe irritation of skin and mucus membranes by defatting tissues, which paves the way for secondary infections.

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131

Corrosive Liquids: hydrofluoric acid


HF and gaseous hydrogen fluoride merit special discussion. These are easily the most hazardous corrosive materials encountered in the laboratory  HF is extremely dangerous not only because it is an acid but because the fluoride ion is capable of traveling through layers of tissue on its way to the bone, producing severe, slow healing burns  Always store/use HF solutions and hydrogen fluoride gas in a chemical fume hood – never on the lab bench!
Occupational Safety and Health 132

Corrosive Gases


Most seriously hazardous of all corrosive materials! Readily absorbed into the body by dissolution in tissue moisture (e.g. in skin and/or respiratory tract and/or eyes).  Severity of the corrosive effect and the region o the respiratory tract affected by exposure is greatly dependent upon the aqueous solubility of the chemical (see table on next slide).  Always use/store corrosive gases in a chemical fume hood – never ever on the bench!
Occupational Safety and Health 133

Corrosive Gases
Highly water soluble (upper respiratory tract) Medium aqueous solubility (upper respiratory tract and bronchi) Bromine Chlorine Iodine Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus trichloride Low aqueous solubility (easily reaches alveoli, causing delayed pulmonary edema Phosgene Nitrogen dioxide Ozone

Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Formaldehyde Sulfonyl chloride

Thionyl chloride

Sulfur dioxide
Occupational Safety and Health 134

Improper Acid Storage
• Flammables and acids must be segregated • Oxidizing acids must be stored separate from all other chemicals, including other acids • Must be stored to prevent contact with bare metal/wood

• Must be stored on a plastic liner/tray to minimize potential contamination/spills
Occupational Safety and Health 135

HIGHLY TOXIC
A chemical which has the median lethal dose of:  50 mg per kg when administered orally  200 mg per kg by continuous contact for 24 hrs A chemical which has the median lethal concentration of:  200 parts per mil of gas or vapor or 2 mg per L of mist, fume or dust when continuously inhaled for one hour IN THE ABOVE DESCRIPTIONS DEATH OCCURS WITHIN THE TIME FRAME DESCRIBED IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

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136

IRRITANT
An irritant chemical is one which is not corrosive but which causes a REVERSIBLE inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact
Occupational Safety and Health 137

SENSITIZER
A chemical which causes a substantial portion of exposed people to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical
Occupational Safety and Health 138

DEFINITION OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE
ANY HAZARDOUS LIQUID, SOLID OR GASEOUS MATERIAL WHICH IS NO LONGER USABLE FOR ITS ORIGINAL INTENDED PURPOSE OR WHICH HAS BEEN CONTAMINATED BY A FOREIGN SUBSTANCE.

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139

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

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140



Flammable and combustible liquids are potential fuel sources for fires and are present in almost every workplace.  It is actually the vapor created by flammable and combustible liquids that ignites and burns.  It is important to understand what materials in your work area are flammable and combustible so that you may properly store and isolate them from ignition sources.
Occupational Safety and Health 141

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Lacquer thinner Gasoline Toluene Isopropyl alcohol Acetone

Methyl formate
Kerosene Ethyl ether MEK Diethyl ether

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142

How do I tell what‟s flammable?


NFPA classification system


The NFPA diamond is an easy way to determine the safety risks associated with hazardous materials. To determine a For example, An NFPA diamond onthe a red section of the materials flammability refer to can of gasoline A would have 3 in the will indicate the diamond. number in a this section red section indicating that gasoline flammability rating of the material. could ignite at normal working  The following numbering system is used to temperatures.

indicate flammability
0- will not burn 1- must be preheated to burn 2-ignites when moderately heated 3-ignites at normal temperature 4-extremely flammable
Occupational Safety and Health

NFPA Diamond
143

Flammable Liquids
 Flammable

liquids can cause a fire or explosion, and like many other substances, they can also cause serious health effects from overexposure.

3
Note: On the NFPA diamond label, a fire hazard rating of 3 or 4 denotes a flammable liquid.
Occupational Safety and Health 144

Flammable Liquids
 The

vapors of flammable liquids often present the most serious hazard.

 The

vapors can easily ignite or explode.  Flammable liquid vapors are heavier than air and may settle in low spots, or move a significant distance from the liquid itself.
Occupational Safety and Health 145

Explosive Limits
 The

explosive concentration of vapors in air has a lower and upper limit.
 The

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration that will ignite.  The Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) is the highest concentration that will ignite.  If the vapor concentration is between the LEL and UEL, there is serious risk of fire or explosion.
Occupational Safety and Health 146

Explosive Limits
Above the Upper Explosive Limit, the mixture is too rich to burn UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT Explosive Range LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

Below the Lower Explosive Limit, the mixture is too lean to burn
Occupational Safety and Health 147

Flammability Relationships
Vapor Pressure Curve
Vapor pressure / concentration

UFL

Liquid Gas
LFL

Auto-ignition zone

Flash Point

AIT

Ambient Temperature

Temperature

Occupational Safety and Health

148

NFPA Classification System Continued...


Where can I find NFPA diamonds? The flashpoint of a liquid is the  Product labels lowest temperature at which the  Material Safety Data Sheets (ask your supervisor liquid for them)gives off enough vapor to be ignited. The lower the flashpoint, the  How do I determine the flammability of greater the risk for ignition. chemicals that don‟t use the NFPA classification system?


The flashpoint of a chemical may be used to determine its flammability. Flashpoint information may be found on product What’s a labels or MSDS sheets.

Flashpoint?
Occupational Safety and Health 149

Flammable and Combustible Liquids Continued...


Flammable liquids are considered flammable because their flashpoints are < 100ºF. This means that flammable liquids burn easily at normal working temperatures.  Combustible liquids have a flashpoint at or above 100ºF. These liquids are less hazardous than flammable liquids but still pose a risk.  The volatility of flammable and combustible liquids requires special storage and handling 150 requirements. Occupational Safety and Health

Classification


Flammable and combustible liquids are classified according to their flashpoints.
This is important to know because the quantity of flammable/combustible liquids that can be stored in any one location is determined by the class of the liquid.
Occupational Safety and Health 151

Flammable Liquids
Class 1A Liquids having flashpoints below 73°F and having a boiling point below 100°F. Liquids having flashpoints below 73°F and having a boiling point at or above 100°F. Liquids have flashpoints at or above 73°F and below 100°F.

Class 1B

Class 1C

Occupational Safety and Health

152

Combustible Liquids
 A combustible

liquid is any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100°F.

Note: Check your Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) sheet for the characteristics or classification of a particular liquid.

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153

Combustible Liquids
Class II
Class III Class IIIA Class IIIB

Liquids with flashpoints at or above 100°F and below 140°F.
Liquids with flashpoints at or above 140°F Those with flashpoints at or above 140°F and below 200°F. Those with flashpoints at or above 200°F.
Occupational Safety and Health 154

Area Exempt Amounts
 There

are certain amounts of flammable and combustible liquids stored in each control area that are considered exempt.
 If

these amounts are exceeded, then the area or building may have to be reclassified as a Hazardous Use Group under the building code.

Occupational Safety and Health

155

Storing Flammable and Combustible Liquids
  



Flammable liquids must be stored away from ignition sources in cool, well ventilated areas away from incompatible materials Limit the amount of flammable and combustible liquids to the minimum amount necessary. As a general rule, No more than 10 gallons of flammable materials should be outside of approved flammable liquid storage cabinets or approved storage rooms. Room storage limits of flammable and combustible materials depend on various factors such as sprinklers, and storage cabinets. Refer to the table on the following slide for storage guidelines.
Occupational Safety and Health 156

Storage Areas


Flammables should be stored in an approved cabinet in a cool, well ventilated area to avoid pressure buildup and vaporization.

Occupational Safety and Health

157

Storage Areas
 There

should be at least one fire extinguisher in the area.
 Large

storage areas should have a fire protection system installed and must be approved for this use.

Occupational Safety and Health

158

Storage Cabinets
 Use

flammable liquid storage cabinets where greater quantities of liquids are needed.

Contrary to popular belief, these cabinets are not designed to contain a fire, but to prevent an outside fire from reaching the contents for a period of 10 minutes – enough time to evacuate the area.
Occupational Safety and Health 159

Flammable Liquid Exempt Amounts (in gallons)
Condition
Inside; unprotected by sprinklers or cabinets. Within approved cabinet; unsprinklered structure. Not in approved cabinet; sprinklered structure. In approved cabinet; sprinklered structure. Outside storage.

IA
30 60 60 120 60
Occupational Safety and Health

IB
60 120 120 240 120

IC
90 180 180 360 180
160

Combustible Liquid Exempt Amounts (in gallons)
Condition
Inside; unprotected by sprinklers or cabinets. Within approved cabinet; unsprinklered structure. Not in approved cabinet; sprinklered structure. In approved cabinet; sprinklered structure. Outside storage.

II
120 240 240 480 240

IIIA
330 660 660

IIIB
13,200 26,400
unlimited

1,320 unlimited 660
unlimited
161

Occupational Safety and Health

Limitations on Storage
The maximum storage of flammables and combustibles in any one area under the Virginia Fire Prevention Code is 60 gallons of flammables and 120 gallons of combustibles.
These quantities must be in an approved storage area, i.e. a flammables cabinet or other acceptable means.
Occupational Safety and Health 162

There are also limitations on quantities stored in individual containers.

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163

Storage Containers
 Containers

should be tightly sealed when

not in use.  Approved safety cans are recommended for smaller quantities.
 The

spring-loaded safety cap prevents spillage, prevents vapors from escaping, acts as a pressure vent if engulfed in fire, prevents explosions and rocketing of the can!
Occupational Safety and Health 164

Flammable Liquid Limitations (in gallons)
Container
Glass or approved plastic Metal (other than DOT drum) Safety cans Metal drums (DOT specifications) Approved portable tanks

IA

IB

IC 1 5 5 60 660

1 pt. 1 qt. 1 2 60 660 5 5 60 660

Occupational Safety and Health

165

Combustible Liquid Limitations (in gallons)
Container Glass or approved plastic Metal (other than DOT drums) Safety Cans Metal drums (DOT specifications) Approved portable tanks II 1 5 5 60 660 III 1 5 5 60 660

Occupational Safety and Health

166

Precautions
 The

unsafe use, storage, dispensing, or disposal of flammable materials can be a prime source of fires and explosions.
 Read

labels of all spray cans to identify those with flammable gas-propellants.

Ex. Butane and Propane
Occupational Safety and Health 167

Precautions
 Some

flammable liquids have a tendency to accumulate a static electric charge, which can release a spark that ignites the liquid.
 Always

bond metal receiving containers pouring.

dispensing and together before

Occupational Safety and Health

168

Precautions
 To

bond containers, each container is wired together and one container is connected to a good ground point to allow any charge to drain away safely.
 Because

there is no easy way to bond plastic containers, their use should be limited to smaller sizes (no more than 4L).
Occupational Safety and Health 169

Precautions
 Overexposure

to flammable liquids may present health hazards.  Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) on the material you will be using to identify health hazards and protective measures to be taken.
Occupational Safety and Health 170

Precautions
 Effects

of overexposure to flammable liquids includes:
 Inhalation:

Irritation to respiratory passages, nausea, headaches, muscle weakness, drowsiness, loss of coordination, disorientation, confusion, unconsciousness, and death.

Occupational Safety and Health

171

Precautions
 Skin

Contact: irritated, dry, cracked skin, rashes, dermatitis.  Eye Contact: burning, irritation, eye damage.  Ingestion: irritated digestive tract, poisoning, death.

Occupational Safety and Health

172

I.S.U. Flammable Liquid Storage Limits
Table 1. Room Storage Limits for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Class of Liquid Flash point (°F)
<73 °F <73 °F > 73 & <100 °F >100 & <140 °F >140& <200°F

Boiling point (°F)
<100 °F >100 °F NA NA NA

Non Sprinkled Building
10 gal. 10 gal. 10 gal. 30 gal. 50 gal.

Non Sprinkled Bldg. & Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinet
20 gal. 40 gal. 60 gal. 60 gal. 100 gal.

Sprinkled Building

Sprinkled Bldg./Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinet
40 gal. 80 gal. 120 gal. 90 gal. 150 gal.

Class 1A, Flammables Class 1B Flammables Class 1C Flammable Class II Combustibles Class III-A Combustibles

10 gal 10 gal 10 gal 60 gal. 100 gal.

Note: Containers other than safety cans shall not be greater capacity than one (1) gallon. The number of two (2) gallon safety cans shall not exceed five (5). The number of one (1) gallon safety cans in use outside storage cabinets shall not exceed ten (10).

Occupational Safety and Health

173

FIRE BEHAVIOR

Occupational Safety and Health

174

Law of Conservation of Mass
 Mass

and Energy are neither created nor destroyed, only changed in state  Why Fire Load is a crucial part of scene size up

Occupational Safety and Health

175

Fire vs. Combustion
 Combustion

Self-sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy or products that cause further reactions of the same kind  Fire rapid, self sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensities

Occupational Safety and Health

176

Ignition Temperature
 Minimum

temperature to which a fuel, in air, must be heated to start self-sustained combustion without a separate ignition source.

Occupational Safety and Health

177

Fire Triangle
Appropriate Model for Smoldering Fires

Heat

Fuel

Oxygen
Occupational Safety and Health 178

Fire Tetrahedron
Reducing Oxidizing Agent Agent (Fuel) Chemical Chain React. Heat

Occupational Safety and Health

179

Oxidizing Agent
 O2

or materials that yield oxidizing gasses
Oxygen Concentration
31% Nomex Burns 21% Normal Concentration at 70 F 17% Some Impairment of Coordination 14% at 70 F lowest point of Combustion 9% Unconsciousness 6% Death within a few minutes 2% can support combustion if temp is high enough
Occupational Safety and Health 180

Reducing Agent (Fuel)
 Now

fuel must normally be in a gaseous state to burn, putting solids and gasses into this state requires energy.  Pyrolosis – When a solid is heated, the combustible materials are driven from the material

Occupational Safety and Health

181

Notes on Solid Fuels
 

The surface to mass ratio is inversely proportional to the amount of energy needed for ignition Placement of fuel (Horizontal vs. Vertical) Gasses are created by vaporization rather than pyrolosis Require less energy to convert to gas than pyrolizing solids Rate of evaporation is influenced by the material and the temperature

Notes on Liquid Fuels
  

Notes on Gaseous Fuels


These tend to be the most dangerous, because no energy is necessary to convert them for ignition.
Occupational Safety and Health 182

FLAMMABLE LIMITS
Too Rich, nothing burns

Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)
Flammable Range Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) Too Lean, nothing burns
Occupational Safety and Health 183

HEAT
 Causes

pyrolosis, vaporization, or production of ignitable vapors  Provides the energy necessary for ignition  Causes the continuous production and ignition of vapors so that the reaction can continue.
Occupational Safety and Health 184

Types of Heat
Chemical – Most Common. When combustible is in contact with oxygen oxidation occurs and heat is generated.  Electrical – include resistance heating, overcurrent/overload, arcing, static, lightning etc.  Mechanical – Heat of friction (causing a belt on a pulley to burn), or heat of compression (why SCBAs are hot following filling)  Nuclear

Occupational Safety and Health 185

Self Sustained Chemical Reaction
 The

complex reaction that causes each of the other parts of the system to combine in precisely the right amounts and at the right times to continue

Occupational Safety and Health

186

Products of Combustion
   

Heat Light Smoke Fire Gasses  CO (Carbon Monoxide)  HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide)  CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)  N2 (Nitrogen)  And MANY others

Occupational Safety and Health

187

LAW OF HEAT FLOW
 Heat

tends to flow from a hot substance to a cold substance

Occupational Safety and Health

188

CONDUCTION
 Occurs

when a body is heated as a result of direct contact with a heat source  Primary cause for fire spread early in fires  Fire spread by heating a pipe in one room and starting a fire in another room

Occupational Safety and Health

189

CONVECTION
 Transfer

of heat energy by movement of heated liquids or gasses  Heat you feel when your hand is above a candle/match  Produces thermal layering  Also can cause fire extension between floors

Occupational Safety and Health

190

RADIATION
 Transfer

of heat energy w/o intervening

medium  Holding you hand to the side of a candle  Major problem. This is frequently what causes fire extension to other buildings

Occupational Safety and Health

191

How is this fire transferring?

Occupational Safety and Health

192

PHASES OF FIRE
 Incipient  Rollover  Steady

Phase

State Burning (Free Burning)  Flashover

Occupational Safety and Health

193

Hot Smoldering Phase
 After

Steady State  Minimal Flames  High Temp  Ventilation Limited (>15% 02)  May be “pre backdraft”

Occupational Safety and Health

194

Backdraft
 Low

O2, High Heat, Smoldering Fire, High Fuel vapor concentrations  Pressurized smoke exiting small openings  Dense, gray yellow smoke  Little or no visible flame  Smoke stained windows  Improper ventilation leads to explosion
Occupational Safety and Health 195

Thermal Layering

Extreme Heat Moderate Heat

Occupational Safety and Health

196

Extinguishment Theory


Remove any part of the Tetrahedron and the fire goes out
Reducing Oxidizing Agent Agent (Fuel) Chemical Chain React.
Heat

Occupational Safety and Health

197

Maintaining Fire Barriers


Fire doors need occasional maintenance and repairs to function properly and should be periodically checked. To test a fire door:
 



Open the door fully and allow it to swing shut. The door should close and latch completely by itself. Give the door a push after it closes to ensure that the latch has engaged. If the door is not operating properly contact FP&M for repairs. All areas should be properly sealed to prevent the escape of fire, heat and smoke. Common penetrations include holes in walls, around ducts, pipes, etc. These types of penetrations should be sealed with appropriate fire-stopping material.



Ceiling, Floor, Wall Penetrations




Occupational Safety and Health

198

Compartmentalization




 

Buildings are designed to prevent fire, heat, and smoke from spreading beyond locations of origination. Building elements such as fire walls, fire dampers, and fire doors, are designed to seal off one location from the next. This system is called compartmentalization. Compartmentalization increases the safety of evacuating building occupants because smoke and fire are not able to escape into exit passageways. Containment of fire and smoke reduces property damage and prevents small fires from growing into large fires. In order for compartmentalization efforts to be effective fire barriers must be maintained.
Occupational Safety and Health 199

What‟s A Fire Door?


Fire doors are designed to withstand fire, heat and smoke for a period of 20-minutes to 3 hours.  Did you know that corridor office doors are fire doors and should have a 20 minute rating?  Corridor laboratory doors should have a 60 minute rating.  Fire Doors are required to:




Be Self Closing: fire doors should have a door closure that pulls doors completely shut after the door has been opened Have Positive latching: a positive latch locks a door in place so can open swing open freely.
Occupational Safety and Health 200

4 Reasons Not to Wedge Open Fire Doors
1

For the safety of your buildings occupants.


3

If a fire occurs in a location where the fire door has been wedged, smoke and heat will travel freely into exit corridors hindering or preventing occupant evacuation. Periodically Iowa‟s State Fire Marshal inspects our campus and issues numerous citations for wedging or blocking open doors.

To reduce or prevent damage to property, research, personal belongings, etc.
-

Keeping your door shut will keep out smoke or fire originating in other locations.

4

2

It‟s State Law


To hold open your door you may have an electromagnetic device installed.
-

This device releases a fire door upon activation of the fire alarm allowing it to close and latch.

Occupational Safety and Health

201

US Department of Transportation Regulation

Toxic Materials
 Materials

which, upon entering an human body is capable of producing disease or death Toxicity factor consist of
(1) The quantity of the material (2) The rate and extent to which the material is absorbed into the bloodstream via intravenous, inhalation, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral or cutaneous (3) The rate and extent to which the material is biologically transformed in the body to breakdown product.

Occupational Safety and Health

202

Transportation Regulation

Toxic Materials
 HEAVY

METAL POISONS AGENT (BIOHAZARD)

(Arsenic, Lead, Mercury salts)
 DISEASE

Botulinum Toxin, Ricin toxin, Epsilon toxin, Staphlococcus enterotoxin B, Shigella toxin (Shigella dysenteriae toxin or Stx , CAS # 75757-64-1), Shigellalike toxins produced by Escherencia coli O 157(Shigalike toxin 1, verotoxin 1, or Stx-1, and Shiga-like toxin 2, verotoxin 2 or Stx-2 )
 TOXIC

GASES

 Asphyxiant

(CO, HCN, NO),  Irritant (NO2, H2S, SO2)  Anesthetic (diethyl eter, N2O2)


ORGANIC PESTICIDES
Occupational Safety andParathion, Health 203 INSECTICIDE Aldrin, DDT, Chlordane,

TOXIC CHEMICALS
 All

substances are intrinsically toxic (hazard)  whether or not the inherent toxicity will become a risk depends on the Dose

received and the Recipient‟s sensitivity to the chemical concentration  The Dose received and the Recipient‟s sensitivity can be combined in a dose/response curves to examine the response of a population to different levels of a toxin
Occupational Safety and Health 204

TOXIC CHEMICALS

Occupational Safety and Health

205

CHEMICALS
 The

dose/response curve shows that some exposure is necessary before most individuals respond.  Hence, toxic effects of chemicals are concentration dependent

Occupational Safety and Health

206

CHEMICALS: Major Types of Toxicity


Acute toxicity: It involves lethal concentrations and short-term exposures  Acute effects of a toxin appear immediately after exposure.  The end point is usually death, hence it is used to derive LD50  An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that kills half of the population.  LD50 is obtained by plotting, for a given dose the proportion of the population that responded to that dose and all lower doses
Occupational Safety and Health 207

CHEMICALS: Major Types of Toxicity

Occupational Safety and Health

208

CHEMICALS: Major Types of Toxicity
 Chronic

toxicity: It involves Sub-lethal concentration and long-term exposure  Chronic toxicity test is used to derive Effective Dose (ED50): Is the dose by which half of the population has been affected  Effect could be anything but death  ED50 is obtained by plotting, for a given dose the proportion of the population that responded to that dose and all lower doses  Chronic effects of a toxic response can last a long time or be permanent.
Occupational Safety and Health 209

CHEMICALS: Major Types of Toxicity
 The

end points of chronic toxicity could be:  biochemical  physiological  These ends points may lead to responses at organism level (e.g. behavioral and production changes)  Responses at organism level could lead to effects on population which could have implications at the community level  Responses at community level could also be implicated at ecosystem level.
Occupational Safety and Health 210

CHEMICALS: Major Types of Toxicity


Under chronic conditions the organism survives but production or gene frequency could be affected.  This is the level (sublethal) of interest in ecotoxicology.  Typical example is the effect of DDT on egg shell thinning in birds.  Here the birds survived DDT exposure but their reproduction mechanisms was affected  Unlike transient pollution which has a passing effect on gene frequency, chronic pollution changes the environment.
Occupational Safety and Health 211

Intentional Poisoning*
Advantages
Silent Precise targeting Depersonalized Safe for attacker

Gender
Male Female Unknown 46% 39% 16%

Profile
Caucasian Male Average or above intelligence Underachiever Personality defect Cowardly, nonconfrontational Nonathletic Neat and orderly, meticulous Careful planner Loner

Background
Public Physician Political Nurse Other Unknown 71% 8% 4% 4% 5% 9%

*Source: Criminal Poisoning (2000) J. H. Trestrail, Humana Press 212

Occupational Safety and Health

Properties of Ideal Poison
Undetectable by senses Soluble Delayed effect Easily obtained Not traceable Symptoms mimic actual disease Chemically stable (?) Undetectable by instrumentation Potent

Occupational Safety and Health

213

“The dose makes the poison”

Potencies of Poisons
Agent
Botulinum toxin Ricin

Lethal dose
0.05 mg 0.5 mg

Strychnine
Sodium arsenite Sodium cyanide

100 mg
200 mg 250 mg

Thallium

1000 mg

NB: A dime is 2300 mg
Occupational Safety and Health 214

Sources of Poisons
Commercial

Laboratories
Underground catalogs Antique drug collections

Hobbies/natural sources (e.g., plants)

Occupational Safety and Health

215

Pesticide Poisons of Note
Synthetic – Organophosphates Carbamates Paraquat Fluroacetate (1080 bait)

Plant-derived – Oleander Poison hemlock Mushroom Ricin Atropine/belladonna Nicotine Strychnine Cyanogenic glycosides
Occupational Safety and Health 216

Poison plants readily available from nurseries, arboreta, backyards, wild areas

Foxglove purpurea digitalis

Datura

Oleander Autumn Poison Lantana crocus hemlock cardiac colchicine coniine glycosides

Ricinus communis (Castor bean) ricin

atropine

lantadene

Not visible: Lupine (lupanine)

Occupational Safety and Health

217

Top 5 Homicidal Poisons
Agent
Arsenic
Cyanide Strychnine Morphine Chloroform

Frequency
31%
9% 6% 3% 2%

Target
Energy generation
“ Nervous system “ “

Occupational Safety and Health

218

Toxin Background Analysis
Evidence in vicinity of victim Pill bottle, drug paraphernalia Food, beverage leftovers Symptoms Acute Chronic Sampling Organs, fluids Accessory material Detection Analytical instrumentation HPLC, GC, Mass Spec Motivation Love, money, power Disguised as random
Occupational Safety and Health 219

Poison Symptoms
Constricted/dilated pupils (opioids, organophosphates)
Breath odor (arsenic – garlic) Hair loss (thallium)

Convulsions (strychnine)
Paralysis (botulism) Coma (depressants, hypnotics)

Skin color (CO – cherry red; nitrites – blue)
Skin appearance (arsenic – hyperkeratosis, warts) (dioxin – chloracne)
Occupational Safety and Health 220

Occupational Safety and Health

221

Arsenic
 Can

be used as pesticide  Affects skin, liver, nervous system  Is a risk factor for lung cancer  History and physical exam  Urine test (can be affected by seafood consumption)

Occupational Safety and Health

222

Arsenic As
 Abundance

at. No 33 m.p. 613o

& Use
wood

 relatively rare, no nutritional role  uses include pesticides, pigments,

preservatives, marine paint  found in WI H20, added to chicken feed
 Pharmacology
 toxicity:


As+3 > As+5 > organic (shellfish)

salts > oxides

 efficiently

absorbed from gut  excreted in urine, does not accumulate  binds to SH groups
Occupational Safety and Health 223

 Effects
 arsine

gas = hemolysis/renal failure  G.I. = bloody vomiting & diarrhea  renal & vascular necroses--gangrene  alopecia, mees lines, bronzing, garlic odor
 Assessment
 urine,

hair semi-reliable  measured by AA, ICP, colorimetry  treated with dimercaprol (BAL), DMSA

Occupational Safety and Health

224

Arsenic Trioxide

 

1 to 2.5 mg/kg - potentially fatal dose binds to cellular proteins containing sulfhydryl groups decrease in glutathione


necessary for the metabolic detoxification of arsenic Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting,malaise Neuropathies Pancytopenias Hepatitis Peripheral vascular disease Cardiovascular collapse



Common toxidrome:
     

Occupational Safety and Health

225

Arsenic Trioxide


>500 years use in traditional Chinese medicine  1970‟s investigators in China reported its use in APL but were ignored by mainstream medicine  Dual apoptotic and differentiation inducing properties  Doses 0.06-0.2 mg/kg (~1/3 fatal dose)  CR rates ~90% in de-novo APL

Occupational Safety and Health

226

And if you change your mind?
……the earlier the better  Chelation therapy

 

Dimercaprol (BAL) DMSO pre-existing renal disease, pregnancy, concurrent use of iron, G6PD
Occupational Safety and Health 227



Contraindications


Cadmium Cd
 Abundance
 found

at. No 48 m.p. 321o

& Use

w/Zn in 1:70 ratio  no nutritional role  used in electroplating, batteries, solder, plastics
 Pharmacology
 biological

1/2 life >10 years  toxicity inhaled > ingested
strong emetic  “internal metallothionen chelation”


 substitutes

forOccupational Zn in enzymes Safety and Health

228

 Effects
 emphysema  nephrotoxicity,

increased Ca excretion  osteomalacia, itai-itai disease, kidney stones
 Assessment
 blood,

urine, urinary proteins  measured by AA, ICP  Zn administration confers protection  chelation may increase bioavailability
Occupational Safety and Health 229

Occupational Safety and Health

230

Dioxins
 



Dioxins What are they?  Dioxin is a general term for hundreds of chemicals formed by burning chlorine based compounds with hydrocarbons (www.ejnet.org/dioxin, 2002) What do they do?  They get into the air, then soil and water, and then our food chain  They attach and accumulate in our fat cells  Dioxin is passed onto our children • Through placenta, and breastfeeding  We have no defense because it is not metabolized in our bodies  It can cause serious health problems at parts per trillion (www.acereport.org,2003)

Occupational Safety and Health

231

(www.ejnet.org/dioxin,2002)
Occupational Safety and Health 232

Harmful Effects of Dioxin
Causes cancer  Disrupts hormones  May shrink penis size and sperm count  Miscarriage, reproductive disorders, birth defects, low birth weight  Learning disabilities  Short term memory and attention span  Damage to nervous and immune systems (www.acereport.org,2003)

Occupational Safety and Health 233

TCDD (dioxin) – Chloracne
Poisoning of Victor Yushchenko just before Ukraine presidential election

Occupational Safety and Health

234

Dioxin (TCDD) Sensitivities
Species
Guinea pig Rat Monkey Human Mouse Rabbit Hamster

LD50 (µg/kg)
2 40 50 ? 130 200 4000

Occupational Safety and Health

235

Autopsy samples
Organs (brain, liver, kidney, muscle) Blood (heart, peripheral) Vitreous humor Bile (insoluble metabolites) Urine (soluble) Gastric contents (alkaloids)
Hair Bone Maggots
Occupational Safety and Health 236

Environmental/Accidental Contamination
Differential diagnosis Accidental death or homicide? Compensable injury or carelessness? Background that could confound interpretation Verify authenticity/natural source or show adulteration How did the mass poisoning occur? Substitution of inferior/contaminated component? Track source of environmental contamination Environmental justice for underserved? Safeguards not enforced Children often victims Which companies are breaking the law?
Occupational Safety and Health 237

Marine Toxins in Food
Pufferfish
Delicacy in Japanese restaurants Gives tingling of lips when properly prepared Tetrodotoxin concentrated in liver and ovary (removed) Blocks sodium channel in nerves Fatal in excess (lethal dose 1 mg)

Shellfish Tainted by Red Tide (3 examples)
Saxitoxin – Paralytic shellfish poison (blocks sodium channel), potentially fatal Domoic acid – Amnesic shellfish poison (glutamate neurotransmitter analog) Disorientation, loss of short term memory at moderate doses Fatal excitotoxin activity at higher doses Okadaic acid – Diarrhetic shellfish poison (phosphatase inhibitor), nonfatal

Harmful Algal Blooms
Thought increasing due to coastal pollution, ocean warming Of 4,400 known algal species, >1% produce toxins Known causes of wildlife epidemics Marine mammal mortality off California coast from domoic acid
Occupational Safety and Health 238

Accidental Food Contamination
Iraq 1972: 5-6,000 people hospitalized, 10% died. Seed grain donated with methyl mercury antifungal agent. Distributed 100,000 tons to farmers, improperly identified. Grain (wheat, barley) mistakenly used to make bread. Michigan 1973: Nearly 2 million livestock destroyed. Several hundred pounds PBBs mixed with dairy feed. Coverup by company and state officials compounded problem. Spain 1981: 11,000 people hospitalized, >500 died. Industrial rapeseed oil from France containing aniline refined. Refining process produced toxic components. Resold fraudulently as cooking oil (59 tons) after mixing olive oil. Adulturation of vegetable oils (soybean/canola in olive) frequent. Biochemical components becoming available for detection.
Occupational Safety and Health 239

Mercury
 Used

as pesticide, pigment or preservative  Can cause central nervous system, behavioral and renal effects  History, physical exam  Urine testing

Occupational Safety and Health

240

Mercury Hg
 Characteristics

at. No 80 m.p. -39o

& Use  liquid at RT, high vapor pressure  Good electrical conductor  All forms toxic  many uses
dental amalgams  seed, paint, wood preservative (mostly banned)  lamps, switches, thermometers  industrial catalyst  medicines (mostly historical)

Occupational Safety and Health 241

Hg Chemistry & Pharmacology
 Chemical
 all

form important

toxic, but:  effects and pharmacology differ  influences best samples for assessment
 Metallic

mercury Hgo

 inhaled

vapor ~80% absorbed  ingestion is nontoxic  excreted in urine (& respired air)  urine best test sample
Occupational Safety and Health 242

Hg Chem & Pharm, cont‟
 Inorganic
 G.I.

mercury (Hg salts) Hg++

absorption 2-38%  excreted in bile and urine  test urine or blood
 Organic
 nearly

mercury Ch3Hg+

100% G.I. absorbed  possible dermal absorption  excreted in bile, some reabsorbed  test blood or hair
Occupational Safety and Health 243

Sources of Hg
 Natural

sources = 33-50% of total
of mercury-containing rocks

 volcanoes
 weathering

 Anthropogenic

sources = 50-67% of

total
 mining


and smelting of coal 80%

cinnibar ore, HgS

 combustion

anthro  waste incineration  Other municipal/industrial releases
Occupational Safety and Health 244

Hg Exposure Pathways
 Hg

vapor precipitates, enters waterways  Sediment bacteria methylate  Methylmercury biomagnifies in fish

 Dietary

intake biggest exposure source
Occupational Safety and Health 245

Commercial Activity - Mercury
A woman holds a victim of "Minamata Disease", or mercury poisoning, in Minamata, Japan, in 1973. The girl has a malformed hand, like many victims of the disease who suffer from physical deformities and mental retardation. Chisso Corporation, a Japanese fertilizer, petrochemical and plastics company, dumped an estimated 27 tons of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay between 1932 and 1968. Up to 10,000 people were affected by eating seafood from the bay. Many sources of mercury exist, either natural (fish) or associated with human activity (chloralkali plants, gold mines, effluent from power plants). Elemental form is methylated by micro-organisms in the environment.
Occupational Safety and Health

246

Hg Exposure Pathways, cont‟
 Hg

vapor from household products

Occupational Safety and Health

247

Hg Health Effects
 Metallic

Hg

 primarily affects CNS, kidneys, & lungs  tremor, personality changes, delerium  fatigue, anorexia, excess salivation  acrodynia, “pink disease”  effects often reversible

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248

•Inorganic Hg
–G.I. tract necrosis
•cramps, bloody diarrhea, circulatory collapse

–renal failure –tooth & jaw necrosis, black gum lines –no major CNS effects

Occupational Safety and Health

249

Hg Health Effects, cont‟
 Effects Ch3Hg+
 potent

neurotoxin  parasthesias, esp. lips and fingers  ataxia, slurred speech, blurred vision  confusion & agitation  penetrates skin and latex

Occupational Safety and Health

250

Commercial Activity - Lead
Targets: Blood cells (anemia), kidney (gout), sperm (infertility) Nervous system most sensitive target Adults: Occupational exposures Lead smelters, battery factories, lead additives Painters got peripheral neuropathy (wrist drop)

Children: Colic (acute) and mental retardation (chronic) Legacy of leaded paint and gasoline • Eating peeling paint (many inner cities) • Playing in contaminated yards (e.g., Oakland)

Occupational Safety and Health

251

Commercial activity – Acrylamide
Sweden 1997: Hallandsas tunnel construction halted. Acrylamide used in grouting to prevent water seepage. 20 workers experienced neurological symptoms (reversible). Several cows grazing nearby showed severe neural effects. Dead fish found in hatchery supplied by water from tunnel. Acrylamide found in ground water near tunnel. Sensitive methods developed to detect acrylamide showed high background levels in humans.

Surprisingly high levels found in fried foods (potato chips).
Potential exposures in typical labs using acrylamide gels (including DNA identification labs).
Occupational Safety and Health 252

Asbestos
 Used

in plaster, fire retardants, taxidermy  Can can pulmonary fibrosis  Can result in lung cancer  OSHA Asbestos Standard:
 Annual

exam and termination exam  History, physical  Pulmonary function study  Periodic chest x-ray

Occupational Safety and Health

253

Solvents
 Used

to clean and thin paints  Can affect skin, liver, blood (benzene), peripheral and central nervous systems  History and physical exam  Urine for metabolites  Carbon monoxide in exhaled air, or carboxyhemoglobin in blood for methylene chloride

Occupational Safety and Health

254

Intracellular Targets of Neurotoxins
Ion channels – Signal conduction
Sodium Potassium Calcium Chloride

Synaptic region – Neurotransmitter processing
Release Reuptake of excess Receptor response (stimulate, block)

Channels and receptors - multigene families
Located in different parts of the nervous system Responsible for differential effects
Occupational Safety and Health 255

Psychoactive/Psychedelic
Marijuana
Short term use – relaxation; Long term – loss of motivation Loss of coordination, slow reaction time, disordered thought Legalized for medical use in some states (controversial) Sometimes contaminated with herbicide paraquat

LSD
Strong hallucinogen, vivid colors Flashbacks common

PCP/Ketamine
At first, feelings of strength, invulnerability, detachment Then confusion, agitation, depression Long term – depression, suicide, schizophrenia

Natural sources
Cacti (peyote) – mescaline Safety and Health Mushrooms – psilocybin,Occupational ibotenic acid
256

Depressants
Alcohol
Responsible for about half of traffic deaths Poor job performance and disrupted family life Health problems: Cirrhosis, Fetal alcohol syndrome

Barbiturates (sedatives)
Sleep inducing, can induce dependence Especially dangerous when used with alcohol

Tranquilizers (anxiolytics)
Benzodiazepines (Valium, Librium) among most used Variants not approved include Rohypnol Causes loss of short term memory Used for personal attacks
Occupational Safety and Health 257

Drugs of Abuse
Opioids, Amphetamines, Cocaine Scope of problem in USA
Half a million heroin addicts Six million cocaine users Personal tragedies common among users Families adversely affected (vicious circle of poverty, crime) 75% of crime lab evidence is drug related Impurities always suspect

Features
Stimulation of reward center: Euphoria (like endorphins) Increase dopamine in nucleus accumbens Tolerance: Require increasing doses (100x, previously fatal) Continued use can lead to psychoses (paranoid schizophrenia) Withdrawal: Dysphoria, depression, craving
Occupational Safety and Health 258

Opioid Action as Analgesic
Codeine not attractive as street drug (low potency) Maintenance: Methadone prevents withdrawal, no euphoria Said to obviate need for marijuana as painkiller Research to find derivatives with only analgesic action Only partially successful: Oxycontin used by 1 million patients with chronic pain, 25% abuse use Illicit syntheses often attempted, often consequences tragic. Poor technique → dangerous derivatives (Parkinson‟s)

Cocaine derivatives in clinical use
Lidocaine, procaine successful as local anesthetics Result from blocking neuronal sodium channels
Occupational Safety and Health 259

Uses of Amphetamines and Derivatives
Treatment for narcolepsy - 1930‟s

Maintaining military alertness - 1940‟s
Occupational alertness (students, truckers) – 1950‟s Appetite suppressant Suppress childhood attention deficit disorder Dietary supplement (ephedrine) as “natural energizer”

Occupational Safety and Health

260

US Department of Transportation Regulation

Toxic Materials
PROTECTION :
(1) Recirculating oxygen (2) Demand compressed air/O2 (3) Recirculating self generating oxygen (4) Suits wear that made of material impervious to the toxic material

Occupational Safety and Health

261

O2 Requirement

Oxygen content (suffocation)
% O2 in air
19.5 – 23.5 15 – 19 12 – 17 10 – 12

Signs and Symptoms
Recommended level for safe operation Decreased ability to work strenuously, May impair coordination, early symptoms in persons with circulatory problems Loss of balance, dizziness. Respiration deeper, increased pulse rate, impaired coordination, perception and judgment. Heavy breathing and high pulse rate, performance failure, giddiness, poor judgment, lips blue, possibly brain damage Mental failure, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips. 8 minutes: 100% fatal, 6 minutes: 50% fatal, 4 – 5 mins: recovery with treatment, brain damage possible

8 – 10

4

Coma in 40 secs, convulsions, respiration ceases, death.

Occupational Safety and Health

262

CHEMICAL THREATS
 Chemical

warfare agents (CWAs)  Mustard (HD)  Nerve agents (G, V)  Have seen previous terrorist use (Aum Shinrikyo)

 Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)
 Large array of materials  Reasonably accessible  Accidents have caused numerous casualties (Bhopal)

 Non-traditional agents (NTAs)
 Not TICs
Occupational Safety and Health 263

BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTER

Occupational Safety and Health

264

Occupational Safety and Health

265

BIOHAZARD
DEFINITION 1. A biological agent, such as an infectious microorganism, or a condition that constitutes a threat to humans, especially in biological research or experimentation. 2. The potential danger, risk, or harm from exposure to such an agent or condition. MEANING 1. any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare 2. hazard to humans or the environment resulting from biological agents or
Occupational Safety and Health 266

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD SIGNS.

The biological hazard warning shall be used to signify the actual or potential presence of a biohazard and to identify equipment, containers, rooms, materials, experimental animals, or combinations thereof, which contain, or are contaminated with, viable hazardous Occupational Safety and Health 267 agents.

Bacillus anthracis

Smallpox

day 1

day 2

ChickenpoxGram strain of Yersinia pestis
Occupational Safety and Health 268

“THE COWPOCK” BY JAMES GILRAY, 180

Occupational Safety and Health

269

ASSIGNMENT OF PATHOGENS TO BIOHAZARD RISK LEVELS 1-4 Biohazard Risk Level 1: E. coli Unlikely pathogenicity to humans No community risk Biohazard Risk Level 2: Possible pathogenicity to humans Hep. A Unlikely community risk Biohazard Risk Level 3: YF, Hep. C* Serious pathogenicity to humans Moderate community risk Usually prophylaxis / treatment Ebola, Biohazard Risk Level 4: Serious pathogenicity to humans smallpox High risk of spreading to community No available treatment or prevention
Occupational Safety and Health 270

BIOTERRORISM THREATS
 Anthrax  Plague  Tularemia  Venezuelan

equine

 Smallpox
 Brucellosis Q

encephalitis  Ebola, Lassa, Marburg  Botulinum toxin  Staphylococcus enterotoxin B

fever  Cholera
Occupational Safety and Health 271

HIGH CONSEQUENCE THREATS
Engineered organisms Smallpox Anthrax Bulk Food Contam Cutaneous Anthrax Salmonella Food poisoning Agro Terror

Occupational Safety and Health

272

ANTHRAX

Occupational Safety and Health

273

–The dormant spore -- the vehicle •spreads by air •extremely resistant to many challenges •can survive in the environment for decades •Ingested by animals (herbivores) while grazing •Humans are infected –through contact with infected animals and their products –because of human intervention •Spores are not made inside the living body
Occupational Safety and Health 274

•The anthrax bacteria live in two forms The growing bacterium -- the weapon • causes disease because it produces ver potent toxins (poisons)

ANTHRAX

Bacteria make the poison
  

Name: Bacillus anthracis
Bacteria multiply inside the body Bacteria produce toxins (poisons) that cause disease

Occupational Safety and Health

275



Spores are infectious -- but they are not made in a living body  Spores are extremely sturdy  Bacteria are made in the body and they produce the killing poisons  Spores must have a certain, small size to reach the lower part of the respiratory tree -- they tend to  Spores, once clump deposited, tend to stay on the ground  It takes ~ 10,000 spores to initiate an infection

Occupational Safety and Health

IMPORTANT POINTS  Anthrax is not transmitted from person to person  Spores can sustain lots of stresses, withstand vigorous manipulation, last for very long time  Antibiotics block bacteria, but not the poison. Therefore, antibiotics must be given soon after exposure  suspected Very challenging to produce large stocks of spores of small size to “optimize” infection (so-called  weapon-grade) Risk of air-borne infection from deposited spores is low  Anthrax tends to be rare, even where soil is contaminated
276

HOW CAN A PERSON INFECTED WITH ANTHRAX
 Spores

GET

are inhaled
anthrax

 Inhalation

 Spores
 Skin

enter skin through small lesions
are ingested
(GI) anthrax

(cutaneous) anthrax

 Spores

 Gastro-intestinal

Occupational Safety and Health

277

INHALATION ANTHRAX -- BY AIR

Occupational Safety and Health

278

INHALATION ANTHRAX -SYMPTOMS


Initial symptoms usually appear a week from exposure  Illness begins with non-specific, flu-like symptoms  malaise, fatigue, fever, chest discomfort, dry cough  Abrupt appearance of respiratory distress  severe breathing problems and shock  Chest radiograph may show swelling of the soft tissues in the middle of the chest, and fluid in the chestOccupational cavity Safety and Health 279

INHALATION ANTHRAX -- A CHEST X-RAY

Occupational Safety and Health

280

Inhalation outcome
 

anthrax

--

the

As of 11/21/2001, six of 11 patients with inhalation anthrax have survived Prompt recognition of the early features of inhalation anthrax is important If untreated, the disease is generally fatal within 24 to 36 hours after the onset of severe symptoms



Source: Centers for Disease Control
Occupational Safety and Health 281

SKIN ANTHRAX


most comm Anthrax by contact  Usually affects least common exposed skin areas,such as arms, hands, face, neck  About 20% of untreated cases of skin anthrax result in death  Deaths are rare Occupational Safety and Health following appropriate

282

Skin Anthrax
Lesions usually appear within a week from exposure  Starts as a raised itchy bump that develops into a vesicle and then a painless ulcer  The main characteristic is the black area at the center of the ulcer  The skin lesion is Occupational Safety and Health 283


Gastrointestinal Anthrax


Anthrax by consumption of contaminated food  Initial symptoms are nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, and fever  Later symptoms are abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea  In some cases, symptoms are swelling and gland enlargement in the neck, accompanied by difficulty to swallow and to breath  About 25%-60% of untreated cases result in Occupational Safety and Health 284 death

How can we tell …..
 that

it is anthrax?

 By

recognizing clinical signs and symptoms  By recovering spores from nasal swabs  By identifying anthrax bacteria from nasal swabs, infected tissues or body fluids
 that

person A and person B have been infected by the same/different strain of anthrax?
 By

using the genetic material of bacteria as Occupational Safety and Health

285

WHAT CAN DOCTORS DO TO CONTROL ANTHRAX?
 Use

antibiotics (after suspected exposure) a vaccine (usually before exposure)

 Use

Occupational Safety and Health

286

Antibiotics and anthrax
 There

are three types of antibiotics approved for anthrax
 Ciprofloxacin

(fluoroquinolone)  Doxycyclin (tetracycline)  Amoxicillin (penicillin)
Source: Food and Drug Administration
Occupational Safety and Health 287

POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
 

Indicated to prevent inhalation anthrax after a confirmed or suspected aerosol exposure

Initial therapy with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended for all adults and children  Use of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in children has adverse effects  As soon as penicillin susceptibility of the organism has been confirmed, prophylactic therapy for children should be changed to amoxicillin  No evidence that one drug is more or less effective than the other for prevention of anthrax infection Occupational Safety and Health 288

THE ANTHRAX VACCINE  The current US vaccine for human use is a cellfree filtrate vaccine, i.e., it contains no dead or live bacteria  Multiple immunizations are required  Six doses: 0-2-4 weeks and 6-12-18 months  Yearly boosters are given to maintain immunity  Limited information on efficacy (how protective)  Limited information on safety (side effects)  with production quality control  Problems In the US, anthrax vaccinationand is recommended for reported  People who work directly with the organism in the laboratory  Veterinarians who handle potentially infected animal products  All U.S. military personnel (since 1998)  Pregnant women should be vaccinated only if absolutely necessary Occupational Safety and Health 289

SMALLPOX, Variola major

Occupational Safety and Health

290

 Clinical Orthopox virus symptoms  DNA virus  Acute  Brick-shaped structure 200  Fever nm in diameter  Heada  Incubation 8-16 days che  Mortality 30% Smallpox - Rash  Vomitin  Rash g  Begins on face, hands, forearms & spreads to lower extremities within  7Backac he days  Synchronous progression: Lesions on palms & soles of feet maculesvesicles pustules Occupational Safety and Health 291 scabs 

SMALLPOX, Variola major

Smallpox, disease

Occupational Safety and Health

292

Smallpox, disease

Occupational Safety and Health

293

Smallpox, disease

Occupational Safety and Health

294

PLAGUE Yersinia pestis
 Distribution

in 4 corners area – Western states  Prairie dog population
 Highest

Occupational Safety and Health

295

PLAGUE Yersinia pestis


Transmission –  Inhalation  Direct contact  Fleas

Occupational Safety and Health

296

PLAGUE, Clinical presentations
 Bubonic
 Flu-like

 Septicemic
 Similar

with painful buboes (lymph nodes)

to bubonic  No swelling of lymph nodes

Occupational Safety and Health

297

PLAGUE
 Pneumonic
 Highest  Rapid

mortality

transmission  Fever  Hemoptosis  Lymphadenopath y  Cough
Occupational Safety and Health 298

BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM Biological Agents POTENTIAL of Highest Concern
Category A Agents Botulinum toxin (Botulism, BOTOX)

Biological Toxins of 2nd Highest Concern
Category B Agents Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor bean) Epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens Staphlococcus enterotoxin B
Occupational Safety and Health 299

Clostridium Botulinum


C. botulinum spores found in soil worldwide  Toxin causative agent of botulism  Types A-G; A,B&E most commonly associated with human disease  Most potent toxin known (lethal dose 1ng/kg)  Inactivated by chlorine (~20min) and sunlight (1-3hrs); destroyed by heat (5min at 85C)  Absorbed into circulation via mucosal surface or wound, not intact skin  Interferes with nerve transmission  paralysis
Occupational Safety and Health 300

BOTULISM, ENVIRONMENTAL
DECONTAMINATION
Botox (botulism) is a white crystalline substance in its pure form. The route of exposure and subsequent decay rates determine the environmental decontamination required. Aerosolized botox is susceptible to environmental factors such as sunlight, humidity, and Occupational Safety and Health form, botox is 301 temperature. In aerosolized

BOTULISM AND BIOTERRORISM


Weaponized by former U.S. and Soviet offensive BW programs  Iran, Iraq, N. Korea, Syria believed to have developed/be developing toxin as a weapon  Therapeutic botox impractical BT weapon  Licensed vial of type A only 0.3% estimated human lethal inhalational dose  Aerosol use or food supply sabotage most likely
Occupational Safety and Health 302

BOTULISM, CLINICAL FORMS


Food-borne  Toxin produced anaerobically in improperly processed or canned, lowacid foods contaminated by spores  Wound  Toxin produced by organisms contaminating wound  Infant  Toxin produced by organisms in intestinal tract *3 accidental cases in veterinary personnel, W. Ge  Inhalation botulism Occupational Safety and Health 303  No natural* occurrence, developed as

Clostridium botulinum, EPIDEMIOLOGY


Approximately 100 reported cases botulism/year in the U.S.  Infant most common (72%)  Food-borne not common  Incubation (food-borne): 12-72 hrs (range 2hr-8d)  Dose dependent  Could be less following a BT attack  No person-to-person transmission  Death 60% untreated; <5% treated
Occupational Safety and Health 304

BOTULISM: CASE DEFINITION


Ingestion of botulinum toxin results in an illness of variable severity. Common symptoms are diplopia, blurred vision and bulbar weakness. Symmetric paralysis may progress rapidly.  Laboratory* criteria for diagnosis:  Detection of botulinum toxin in serum, stool or patient‟s food (food-borne) or other clinical specimen (“botulism, other”) OR  Isolation of Clostridium botulinum from *Assaystool available at CDC & some state clinical (food-borne) or other public health labs specimen MMWR 1997;46(RR-10)
Occupational Safety and Health 305

BOTULISM: CASE CLASSIFICATION  Botulism, Food-borne
 Probable:

Clinically compatible with an epidemiologic link  Confirmed: Clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed or that occurs among persons who ate the same food as persons who have laboratory-confirmed botulism  Botulism, Other  Confirmed: Clinically compatible case that *age parameter may not apply in in BT is laboratory confirmed a patient  1 yr* who has no history ofMMWR ingestion of suspect 1997;46(RR-10 food and has no wounds
Occupational Safety and Health 306

Clostridium Botulinum,
PATHOGENESIS
 Toxin

absorbed into circulation via mucosal surface or wound, not intact skin acetylcholine receptor irreversibly and blocks release of acetylcholine into neuromuscular junction

 Binds

Occupational Safety and Health

307

BOTULISM, CLINICAL
PRESENTATION


Acute, afebrile, symmetric descending flaccid paralysis  Always begins in bulbar musculature --> cranial nerve palsies  Skeletal muscle paralysis follows  Respiratory failure can occur in as little as 24 hours  Clear sensorium: sensation and mental status normal  Afebrile patient
Occupational Safety and Health 308

BOTULISM, CLINICAL
PRESENTATION


Gastrointestinal symptoms  May precede neurological symptoms in food-borne botulism  Thought to be secondary to other substances contaminating the food  May not occur in BT attack



Autonomic effects – dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention
Occupational Safety and Health

ileus,

309

BOTULISM, SYMPTOMS
 Diplopia  Blurry  Fatigue  Dizziness  Dyspnea  GI

vision

 Dysphagia  Dysarthria

symptoms
310

Occupational Safety and Health

BOTULISM, SIGNS
 Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelids)  Gaze  Fixed  Diminished

gag

reflex
 Tongue

paralysis or dilated

weakness

pupils
 Facial

 Arm

and leg weakness
311

palsies

Occupational Safety and Health

BOTULISM, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Features that distinguish Condition
Guillain-Barre and variants condition from botulism H/o antecedent infection; paresthesias; often ascending paralysis, early areflexia; eventual CSF protein increase; EMG* findings Recurrent paralysis; EMG findings; sustained response to anticholinesterase therapy Paralysis often asymmetric; abnormal CNS image
Source: Arnon et al. JAMA 2001;285:1059-1070

Myasthenia gravis

Stroke

*Electromyogram

Occupational Safety and Health

312

BOTULISM, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Condition
Intoxication with depressants Lambert Eaton syndrome

Features that distinguish condition from botulism
H/o exposure, excessive drug levels in body fluids Increased strength with sustained contraction; Evidence of lung carcinoma; EMG findings similar to botulism Paresthesias; ascending paralysis; tick attached to skin

Tick paralysis

Occupational Safety and Health

313

BOTULISM, DIAGNOSIS
 Exclusionary

tests to rule out

other causes
 Normal

CSF  Edrophonium (“Tensilon test”)  Reverses paralysis in myasthenia gravis  May have false positive with botulism  Normal imaging Occupational Safety and Health  Evaluate for presence of ticks

314

BOTULISM, TREATMENT


Ventilatory assistance and supportive care  Recovery depends on regeneration of new motor axons and may take weeks to months  Botulinum antitoxin  Most effective if given early: does not reverse action of already-bound toxin  Trivalent equine product against types A,B, and E currently available from CDC
Occupational Safety and Health

315

BOTULISM, TREATMENT


Botulinum antitoxin  Single 10ml vial per patient, diluted 1:10 in 0.9% saline & administered by slow IV infusion  Screen for hypersensitivity before administering equine antitoxin and desensitize if necessary  Monitor closely during treatment  Diphenhydramine and epinephrine on hand to treat hypersensitivity reactions  Antibiotics for secondary infection
Occupational Safety and Health 316

BOTULISM, TREATMENT


Ventilatory assistance and supportive care  Standard precautions  Botulinum antitoxin  Most effective if given early: does not reverse effect of toxin already bound to nerve receptor  Trivalent equine product against types A,B, and E currently available from CDC  Heptavalent (A-G) antitoxin - 317 Occupational Safety and Health

BOTULISM, PROPHYLAXIS


Pre-exposure  Prophylaxis for at-risk lab workers and military with investigational vaccine  No pre-exposure prophylaxis recommended for general public  Post-exposure: close monitoring of those exposed; treat with antitoxin at first signs of illness
Occupational Safety and Health 318

BOTULISM,
DECONTAMINATION
 Wash

exposed soap and water.

surfaces

with

 Decontaminate

environmental surfaces with 0.1% bleach solution, if necessary.
 Without

intervention, toxin will degrade or dissipate over hours to days.
Occupational Safety and Health 319

BOTULISM, SUMMARY OF
KEY POINTS 1. Botulism presents as symmetric bilateral weakness or paralysis with cranial nerve abnormalities and a clear sensorium. 2. Inhalational botulism does not occur naturally, and any potential cases suggest a deliberate source of infection. 3. Gastrointestinal symptoms may not occur with inhalational botulism or with food-borne botulism (e.g., resulting from deliberate contamination of the food supply). 4. A careful dietary and activity/travel history is important when evaluating potential botulism cases. 5. An outbreak occurring with a common geographic factor, but with no common food exposure, would suggest a deliberate aerosol exposure. 6. Botulinum antitoxin must be administered as soon as
Occupational Safety and Health 320

Ricin


The castor bean plant,  Ricinus communis, is a "native of tropical Africa cultivated in several varieties for the oil found in its leaves and for its bold foliage  Poisoning by ingestion of the castor bean is due to ricin in the bean  Extracted castor oil does NOT contain ricin  Perhaps just one milligram of ricin can kill an adult.Occupational Safety and Health

321

Occupational Safety and Health

322

RICIN POISONING


Accidental exposure to ricin is highly unlikely.  Exposure  Inhalation.  Contamination of water or food.  Injection  If injected as little as 500 mg could kill an adult.  A 500-microgram dose of ricin would be about the size of the head of a pin.  Much more Occupational needed Safety and Health to kill if inhaled

323

RICIN POISONING


The symptoms are:  abdominal pain  vomiting  diarrhea, sometimes bloody.  Within several days there is:  severe dehydration,  a decrease in urine,  and a decrease in blood pressure.  If death has not occurred in 3-5 days, the victim usually recovers. Occupational Safety and Health  Children are at high risk

324

MANAGEMENT OF RICIN POISONING


Decontamination  Supportive medical care depending on route of exposure  Ventilation  Intravenous fluids  Management of seizure and low blood pressure  Activated charcoal if the ricin very recently ingested  Flushing eyes if irritated
Occupational Safety and Health 325

South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium

Disease

SUMMARY - CATEGORY A CRITICAL AGENTS
Transmit Man to Man Infective Dose* (Aerosol) Incubation Period Duration of Illness

Approx. case fatality rate

Inhalation anthrax Pneumonic Plague Tularemia Smallpox

No High

8,000-50,000 spores 100-500 organisms 10-50 organisms Assumed low (10-100 organisms) 1-10 organisms 0.001 g/kg is LD50 for type A

1-6 days 2-3 days

3-5 days (usually fatal if untreated) 1-6 days (usually fatal) > 2 weeks 4 weeks

High High unless treated within 1224 hours Moderate if untreated High to moderate

No High

2-10 days (average 3-5) 7-17 days (average 12) 2-21 days

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Botulism

Moderate

Death between 7-16 days Death in 24-72 hours; lasts months if not lethal

No

1-5 days

High for Zaire strain, moderate with Sudan High without respiratory support

ious dose may be less in certain circumstances Modified from: USAMRIID‟s Medical Management of Biolo
Occupational Safety and Health 326

Summary Category A Critical Agents


Decontamination of exposed persons  Showering or washing thoroughly with soap and water adequate for most; bleach not necessary
Infection control  Standard precautions – all cases  Airborne and contact precautions – smallpox and viral hemorrhagic fevers  Droplet precautions – pneumonic Occupational Safety and Health



327

Explosion
Definition: A reaction that produces a change in the state of matter that results in a rapid and violent release of energy. Types: - Mechanical - Chemical - Nuclear

Occupational Safety and Health

328

Explosive
Definition: A material (chemical or nuclear) that can be initiated to undergo a very rapid, self propagating decomposition, resulting in: a. formation of more stable materials b. the liberation of heat c. development of a sudden pressure effect.

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329

Explosions - Definitions
Explosion: A very sudden release of energy resulting in a shock or pressure wave. Shock, Blast or pressure wave: causes damage. Pressure wave that

Deflagration: Reaction wave speed < speed of sound. Detonation: Reaction wave speed > speed of sound.
Speed of sound: 344 m/s, 1129 ft/s at ambient T, P.

Deflagrations are the usual case with explosions involving flammable materials.

Occupational Safety and Health

330

US Department of Transportation Regulation

Explosive Materials


Materials in the form of compound or mixture of compound which suddenly undergoes a very rapid chemical transformation with the simultaneous production of large quantities of heat and gases (CO, CO2, N2, steam, O2) and always accompined by a vigoros shock and an associated noise (brisance)
 Nitroglycerin,

TNT, lead trinitroresorcinate (lead styphnate), lead azide Pb(N3)2, mercury fulminate (Hg(CNO)2, cyclonite (RDX), tetryl, pentraerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), dynamite
Occupational Safety and Health 331

Dust


Dusts of most combustible solids are an explosion hazard
   

Sufficiently small particle size Sufficient concentration dispersed in air Ignition source Secondary explosions often exceed initial explosion

Occupational Safety and Health

332

THE ORIGIN OF EXPLOSIONS

First experimental proof: Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Russian, 1896-1986) Investigation (1926) of the phosphorus vapouroxygen reaction. Explosion occurs, if the partial pressure of O2 is between two limits. Interpretation via a branching chain reaction.

Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (English, 1897-1967) Investigation (1927) of the H2O2 reaction. discovery of the 1st and 2nd explosion limits

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956: Semenov and Hinshelwood: "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Occupational Safety and Health 333

Chemical Explosive Reaction.
For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:

 Formation

of Gases.  Evolution of Heat.  Rapidity of Reaction.  Initiation of Further Reaction. (Chain Reaction)
Occupational Safety and Health 334

Chain reactions
Chain carriers (also called chain centres, i.e. reactive intermediates) are generated in the initiation steps.

In the chain propagation steps the chain carriers react with the reactants, produce products and regenerate the chain carriers.
In the inhibition step the chain carriers react with the product, reactants are reformed, and there is no reduction in the number of chain carriers.

In the branching step two or more chain carriers are produced from a single chain carrier.
In the termination steps the chain carriers are consumed.

Occupational Safety and Health

335

The two basic types of chain reactions
Open chain reactions Chain reactions without branching steps Examples: H2 + Br2, reaction,, alkane pyrolysis and polimerisation reactions

Branched chain reactions Chain reactions that include branching reaction steps Examples: H2+O2 reaction, hydrocarbonair explosions and flames

Occupational Safety and Health

336

EXPLOSIVE REACTION

Occupational Safety and Health

337

Blast Wave

Occupational Safety and Health

338

Categories of Explosives






Low Explosives  Normally employed as propellants.  Burn rapidly (up to 400 m/s). High Explosives  Detonate (1000 - 8500 m/s).  Differentiated by Sensitivity:  Primary - Extremely sensitive to impact, friction & heat.  Secondary - Less sensitive. (May burn in small, unconfined quantities; otherwise will detonate.) No sharp line of demarcation between low & high explosives.
Occupational Safety and Health 339

Two types of explosions
Branched chain explosions:
rapid increase of the concentration of chain carriers leads to the increase of reaction rate and finally to explosion Another possibility: (i) exothermic reaction, (ii) hindered dissipation of heat and (iii) increased reaction rate with raising temperature, then higher temperature  faster reactions  increased heat production

 thermal explosion
Presence of a chain reaction is not needed for a thermal explosion. Branched chain reactions are • exothermic and fast • dissipation of heat is frequently hindered  most branched chain explosions are also thermal explosions

Occupational Safety and Health

340

Detonation accident

Occupational Safety and Health

341

BLEVE
BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSION
Cryogenenic fluids that have a high expansion rate of vaporazation (LNG around 630 times)

Occupational Safety and Health

342

BLEVE
BLEVE: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

Vapor Liquid

Vessel with liquid stored below its normal boiling point

Below liquid level - liquid keeps metal walls cool. Above liquid level - metal walls overheat and lose strength. After vessel failure, a large amount of superheated liquid is released, which will flash explosively into vapor. If the liquid is flammable, a fireball may result.
Occupational Safety and Health 343

The train derailment emergency near Belleville, Ontario in February 2003 set a world record in distance for BLEVE of a propane tank car.•

Occupational Safety and Health

344

MEXICO DISASTER
19th NOVEMBER 1984 leak in LPG Storage facility BLEVE occurred, 500 Deaths, Loss US$ 100 Millions

Occupational Safety and Health

345

FEYZIN DISASTER

January 4th, 1966, France 18 killed, 81 injured. Leak in 1200 m3 propane sphere BLEVE further sphere toppled Adjacent petrol tank caught fire 48 hrs to gain control Sampling removable spanner (I) open fully upper valve (Ii) adjust small drain-off rate by operating the lower valve/20mm sample valve
Occupational Safety and Health 346

U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEE

Occupational Safety and Health

347

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)


A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is designed to provide both workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedures for handling or working with a particular substance. MSDS's include information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, flash point etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures. These are of particular use if a spill or other accident occurs.

U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health 348

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
 Purpose:

Prepared by Chemical Manufacturers or Importers to describe characteristics of the product and to provide information concerning potential hazards

U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Heal

Occupational Safety and Health

349

Sections of an MSDS and Their Significance
OSHA specifies the information to be included on an MSDS, but does not prescribe the precise format for an MSDS. A nonmandatory MSDS form (see OSHA Form 174 on page 6 of this manual) that meets the Hazard Communication Standard requirements has been issued and can be used as is or expanded as needed. The MSDS must be in English and must include at least the following information.
U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health 350

SECTIONS OF AN MSDS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
SECTION I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY  SECTION II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS  SECTION III. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  SECTION IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA  SECTION V. REACTIVITY DATA  SECTION VI. HEALTH HAZARDS  SECTION VII. PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health  SECTION VIII. CONTROL MEASURES
Occupational Safety and Health 351



MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT NAME(S) PRODUCT CODE : : 5 STAR Acetone #5910 (GALLON) SECTION I - MANUFACTURER IDENTIFICATION MANUFACTURED FOR ADDRESS EMERGENCY PHONE INFORMATION PHONE D.O.T. Hazardous Class : : : : : 5-Star Autobody Products 9419 E. San Salvador Drive \x{2013} Suite 4 Scottsdale, AZ 85258 Chemtrec (800)424-9300 (480) 451-4451 Paint, Flammable Liquid UN 1090

SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS REPORTABLE COMPONENTS *ACETONE CAS NUMBER 67-64-1 VAPOR PRESSURE mm Hg @ temp 185mm Hg @ 68 F 100% *Indicates toxic chemical(s) subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III and of 40 CFR 372. WEIGHT PERCENT

Occupational Safety and Health

352

SECTION III - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS PHYSICAL FORM COLOR ODOR ODOR THRESHOLD : : : : LIQUID COLORLESS ACETONE 13 ppm

SPECIFIC GRAVITY @ 20C/68F (WATER=1)
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1 EVAPORATION RATE (n-butyl acetate=1 EVAPORATION RATE (diethyl ether=1) BOILING POINT MELTING POINT Ph SOLUBILITY IN WATER FLASH POINT (TAG CLOSED UP) LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT AT 25C/77F UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT AT 24C/75F AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE (ASTM D 2155) SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL IMPACT : SENSITIVITY TO STATIC DISCHARGE

:
): ): : : : : : : : : : INSENSITIVE :

0.79
2.0 5.7 2.1 56C/133F. -94C/-137F. NOT APPLICABLE Complete -20C/-4F 2.8 VOLUME % 13.2 VOLUME % 538C/1000F MATERIAL IS UNLIKELY TO ACCUMULATE A STATIC CHARGE WHICH COULD ACT AS

AN IGNITION SOURCE Occupational Safety and Health

353

SECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA FLASH POINT(Closed cup) -20oC/-4oF. APPROXIMATE FLAMMABLE LIMITS: 2.8%-13.2% EXTINGUISHING MEDIA : Water Spray, Dry Chemical, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Alcohol Foam

SPECIAL FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing. USE WATER WITH CAUTION. The fire could easily be spread by the use of water in an area where the water could not be contained. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water may be ineffective in fighting the fire.
HAZARDOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Extremely flammable. Vapors may cause a flash fire or ignite explosively. Vapors may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Prevent backup of vapors or gases to explosive concentrations. SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA STABILITY INCOMPATIBILITY HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION : Stable : Material can react violently with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. : Will not occur

Occupational Safety and Health

354

SECTION VI - HEALTH HAZARD DATA EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE: Extensive human experience and animal data indicate that acetone is of low toxicity. However, ingestion of very large amounts or inhalation of extremely high vapor concentrations can cause irritation, nausea, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, convulsions and coma with possible liver and kidney injury. Based on animal data and structure-activity relationships, this product is NOT expected to cause nervous system damage. INHALATION HEALTH RISKS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: High vapor concentrations may cause drowsiness and irritation. SKIN AND EYE CONTACT HEALTH RISKS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: Eyes: Causes ittitation to the eyes. However, immediate flushing of the eyes with water will minimize any irritative effect. High vapor concentrations may cause irritation to the eyes. Shin: Prolonged or repeated contact may cause drying, cracking or irritation.

INGESTION HEALTH RISKS AND SYPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard.
CARCINOGENICITY CLASSIFICATION: International Agency for Research on Canser (IARC): Not Listed American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Not Listed National Toxicology Program (NTP): Not Listed

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA): Not Listed
Chemical(s) subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 or Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization ACT (SARA) of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372: NONE SARA (USA) Sections 311 and 312 hazard classification(s): Fire hazard, immediate (acute) health hazarad. MEDICAL CONDITIONS GENERALLY AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE: Do not use this product if you have chronic lung or breathing problems.

EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES:
Inhalation: Move to fresh air. Treat symtomatically. Get medical attention if symptoms persist. Eyes: Immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If easy to do, remove contact lenses. Get medical attention. In case of irritation from airborne exposure, move to fresh air. Get medical attention if symptoms persist. Skin: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Ingestion: Seel medical advice.

Occupational Safety and Health

355

SECTION VII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED: Remove all sources of ignition(sparks, flames, and hot surfaces). Avoid breathing vapors. Ventilate area. Remove with an inert absorbent and nonsparking tools. WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD: Disposed in accordance with state, federal and local regulations. Do not incinerate closed containers. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORING: Keep containers tightly closed in a cool, dry well ventilated area away from all possible ignition sources. Store large quantities of material in buildings designed for the storage of flammable liquids. OTHER PRECAUTIONS: Employees should be trained in safety measures that should be taken when using this product. SECTION VIII - CONTROL MEASURES RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Avoid breathing vapors or spray mist. Wear a properly fitted respirator approved by NIOSH/MSHA (TC-23c)for use with paints during application and until all vapors are exhausted. In confined areas, or where continueuous spray operations are typical, or proper respirator fit is not possible, wear a positive-pressure supplied air respirator (TC-19c). In all cases follow respirator manufactures directions for respirator use. Do not allow anyone without protection in the area. VENTILATION: Provide sufficient ventilation to keep contaminates below applicable OSHA requirements. PROTECTIVE GLOVES: Neoprene gloves impervious to organic solvents recommended. EYE PROTECTION: Use safety eyewear designed to protect against liquid splash. OTHER PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR EQUIPMENT: Impervious coveralls recommended. WORK/HYGIENIC PRACTICES: Eye wash and safety showers in the work place are recommended. Wash hands before eating and smoking. Occupational Safety and Health 356

SECTION IX - DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this safety data sheet is information from our suppliers and other sources. It is believed to be reliable. This data is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which this company assumes legal responsibility. We appreciate your interest in 5 Star Autobody Products! For more information about these and other 5 Star Autobody Products or for the location of the 5 Star Distributor nearest you, contact us at: 5 STAR AUTOBODY PRODUCTS 9419 E. San Salvador Drive Suite #104 Scottsdale, AZ 85258 Phone: 480-451-4451

Occupational Safety and Health

357

PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

Occupational Safety and Health

358

Personal Protective Equipment

Occupational Safety and Health

359

Pelindung mata Pelindung muka

Helm Kerja PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

Occupational Safety and Health

360

Eye Protection


When working with chemicals, when working near someone working with chemicals, when working around chemicals, but not directly with chemicals themselves, Please! – always wear some form of eye protection!

Occupational Safety and Health

361

Types of Eye Protection
Regular safety glasses provide submaximum protection, and can allow splashes and chemical vapors to reach eyes.

Prescription safety glasses have corrective lenses, but provide only the same degree of protection as regular safety glasses.
Occupational Safety and Health 362

Types of Eye Protection
Goggles provide the most protection, forming a seal against the face.

Laser goggles have wavelength-specific lenses and opaque non-lens components.
Occupational Safety and Health 363

Sarung tangan kerja

Respirator

Pelindung alat pendengaran

Obat P3K

Pelindung tungkai bawah

Pelindung lengan
Occupational Safety and Health 364

Hand Protection








Glove materials (PVA nitrile, butyl, PVC) show different degrees of resistance to chemicals Heavier gloves = greater chemical resistance, but less dexterity Thin exam gloves (esp. latex) provide almost NO chemical resistance See MSDS for proper glove selection
365

Occupational Safety and Health

OSHA Standard Respirator Use

Occupational Safety and Health

366

Sepatu kerja PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA Alat Pelindung Kaki (foot guard)
Occupational Safety and Health 367

PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

COVERALLS/JACKET

Pelindung Tubuh menyeluruh

Occupational Safety and Health

368

Labcoats






Labcoats provide extremely limited but critical protection from chemical splashes Useful when working with small (i.e., research sized) quantities of hazardous chemicals Heavily contaminated, wellworn labcoats must either disposed of or laundered, before they become sources of exposure themselves
Occupational Safety and Health 369

Peralatan kerja di ketinggian

PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

Alat bantu Angkat
Occupational Safety and Health 370

KESELAMATAN KERJA Alat pemadam kebakaran Selimut tahan api

Tandu

Shower Pelindung api

Shower mata

Obat luka bakar

Occupational Safety and Health

371

What should personnel do in the event of a spill?


If a chemical has splashed on working member, immediately wash it off with copious amounts of water, for at least 15 minutes.  Call for medical attention only after washing.
Occupational Safety and Health 372

Chemical splash in the eyes!

•Flood eyes with copious amounts of water at eyewash for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.
Occupational Safety and Health 373

WARNA LANTAI ATAU BAGIAN MESIN DI TEMPAT KERJA Secara umum warna mengidentifikasikan kondisi tempat kerja, MERAH untuk tombol stop, mematikan mesin dalam keadaan darurat. ORANYE untuk bagian mesin yang berbahaya atau terdapat kemungkinana bahaya listrik. KUNING untuk daerah dimana pekerja harus berhati-hati. HIJAU menunjukkan tempat dimana peralatan keselamatan kerja terdapat seperti kotak P3K, peralatan pelindung.

Occupational Safety and Health

374

An Introduction to “Fire Extinguishers”

Occupational Safety and Health

375

Legal Basis for this Training
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health Standards

29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart “L” - Fire Protection Standard 1910.157 “Portable fire extinguishers”
Occupational Safety and Health 376

1910.157(b)(1)
Where the employer has implemented a written fire safety policy which requires the immediate and total evacuation of employees from the workplace …and which includes an emergency action plan and fire prevention plan…and when extinguishers are not available in the workplace, the employer is exempt from all requirements of this section unless a specific standard in Part 1910 requires that a portable fire extinguisher be provided.
Occupational Safety and Health 377

1910.157 (g)(1)
Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers… the employer shall provide an educational program to familiarize employees with general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting.

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378

OBJECTIVES:
After this training you should be able to:

 IDENTIFY 3 common classes of fires  SELECT the proper type of extinguisher

 EVALUATE when it is safe to

fight an “early-stage” fire, and;
 APPLY the “P.A.S.S. method to

operate a portable extinguisher.
Occupational Safety and Health 379

UNTRAINED PEOPLE Cannot use a fire extinguisher safely because they are:
UNABLE to evaluate a fire

UNAWARE of DANGER due to...
 LACKING JUDGEMENT regarding:
 Safe

and correct use of, and
of portable extinguishers
380

 Limitations

Occupational Safety and Health

WHY UNTRAINED PEOPLE
Can’t use a fire extinguisher safely
(continued):

INEXPERIENCED
know about the proper type of extinguisher  Don’t know how to make a “Fight or Flight” analysis  Unfamiliar with the “P.A.S.S. method”
 Don’t
Occupational Safety and Health 381

COMMON FIRE CLASSIFICATIONS
“Ordinary” combustibles Paper, wood, rubber, plastics
and textiles. “Flammable liquids” Oil, gasoline, solvents

“Energized circuits”
Electrical equipment and computers

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382

HOW THEY WORK:

 Works by cooling.  Numerical rating indicates amount of agent,

duration, and range of discharge on test fires.  Area of Class A fire which a “non-expert” can extinguish, with proper training
 

1-A is equivalent on Class-A fire to five liters of water. 2-A contains has twice as much extinguishing agent.
Occupational Safety and Health 383

HOW THEY WORK:

 Works by blanketing the fuel.  Interrupts chemical reaction at fuel surface.  Class B ratings signify the area in square feet

of flammable liquid fire a unit will extinguish when used, by a trained, “non-expert.”
Occupational Safety and Health 384

HOW THEY WORK:

 Class “C” units have no numerical rating.
 A Class “C” rating doesn’t

imply any capacity.  Only indicates that the extinguishing agent is non-conductive, safe on energized equipment.  Works by displacing oxygen, smothering fire.
Occupational Safety and Health 385

Portable Fire Extinguishers
 Can be CARRIED to a fire  Weigh from 5 to 30 pounds

 NFPA Class and Rating
 Arabic

numerals according to efficiency - 4A extinguishes
twice as much Class A fire as 2A

Occupational Safety and Health

386

Portable Fire Extinguishers
LIMITED IN:
 Capacity

- 1.5 to 25 lbs.

of

extinguishing agent

 Range - Typically 3 to 15 feet  Duration - Discharge their
contents in only 5 to 30 seconds!

Occupational Safety and Health

387

Extinguisher Common features
Locking pin  Carrying handle / operating lever  Pressure gauge  Label :

 




Type (Water, C02, Dry Chemical) Classification (A, B, C) NFPA capacity Rating Instructions



Discharge nozzle or horn
Occupational Safety and Health 388

COMMON TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
WATER
DRY

CHEMICAL CO2 and Halon
Occupational Safety and Health 389

WATER
 Water

+ CO2 propellant  ONLY for Class fires wood / paper, etc.  Spreads burning liquids!  DANGER of electric shock if used on on live circuits!
Occupational Safety and Health 390

MULTI-PURPOSE RATED
Either Or

DRY CHEMICAL

Best
A

for general use:
risk of re-ignition
range of 6 ft. to 15 ft.
Occupational Safety and Health 391

 Reduced
 Effective

10 lb. unit empties in 8-10 secs.

C02  Best

Rated

on burning liquids / electrical  SHORT range - 3 to 8 ft.  10- pound unit empties in 5 to 10 seconds!  Use short spurts!
 DISPERSES
 Continue

QUICKLY!

applying after the fire is out!

 Unit gets VERY cold - hold properly
Occupational Safety and Health 392

Halon
 Best

for computers / electronics

 Weight-for-weight TWICE as effective as C02

 No residue, easy clean-up
 VERY SHORT range, 3 to 6 ft.  Like C02, Discharges QUICKLY!  Like C02,

Disperses QUICKLY!
after flames are extinguished
Occupational Safety and Health 393

 Continue

In case of burning odor or smoke:
 Call

911 First!  Disconnect Equipment
 Remove

combustibles, if you can do so without danger to yourself

 Notify
 and

Floor Monitors

Emergency Safety Coordinator

Occupational Safety and Health

394

REACT
upon discovery of fire or smoke

Remove persons in immediate danger! Ensure doors are closed! (confine fire/smoke) Activate the building alarm ! Call the Fire Department ! Treat ALL fires as DANGEROUS!
 

Continue a complete building evacuation Do not attempt to fight a fire UNLESS you are OSHA certified in use of a fire extinguisher !
Occupational Safety and Health 395

Use a portable extinguisher ONLY if the:

 

Building is being evacuated (Fire alarm has been pulled)
Fire Department has been called (Dial 911!) Fire is NOT spreading (small and contained) Proper extinguisher is at hand, and...
 You


 EXIT IS CLEAR (fight fire with your back to an exit )


have been trained and know how to use it!

You use “Buddy System” - have someone back you up!  Get assistance BEFORE trying to fight a fire!
Occupational Safety and Health 396

Remember the PASS word:
1) Keep your back to a clear escape route, 2) Stand back 6 to 8 feet from the fire, 3) Then

P.A.S.S.

PULL AIM

SQUEEZE SWEEP
Occupational Safety and Health 397

>>:

PULL the pin

Occupational Safety and Health

398

AIM
LOW at the base of the fire

Occupational Safety and Health

399

SQUEEZE
the lever

Occupational Safety and Health

400

SWEEP
from side to side

Occupational Safety and Health

401

OK, It’s out… Now What?
 WATCH the fire area
 If

the fire flares up again repeat!  If you can’t control the fire, LEAVE immediately!
 Call the fire department to inspect the scene!
 Recharge or replace any used fire extinguisher!
Occupational Safety and Health 402

DISASTERS ACCIDENTAL LIST

Occupational Safety and Health

403


  



Earthquakes Floods, flash floods Fires: wildland, urban,suburban, industrial, hazardous materials DISEASE:Human/Animal/Vegetation epidemic; food-, water- or air-borne, vector spread, occupational, infectious, contagious, fatal, quarantine response, vaccination issues TERRORISM: Agri-, Bio-, Cyber-, attempted, assassination, threats, hoaxes, domestic vs. international, “weaponized” planes, trains, automobiles, trucks, boats, cargo containers, mail...

Occupational Safety and Health

404

Crowd incidents: civil unrest, marches, riots, protests  Structure Collapse: bridges, buildings, dams, highways, tunnels, pipelines, underwater tubes  Highway/roadway/transit route incidents: multivehicle accidents, jack-knife tractor trailers, spills, lost loads  Maritime incidents: collision, explosion, fire, sinking, grounding  Mass Transit incidents: collisions, fires  Nuclear incidents: power plant, theft, waste transport, weapons accident


Occupational Safety and Health

405



    

Hazardous Material: airborne release, spill, explosion, fire, nuclear, radiological, waste removal and transport, medical waste Railroad incidents: collisions, derailments, fires, explosions Mine incidents: explosions, fires, collapse Hijacking: air, train, boat, bus, other conveyance Aviation incidents: crash, collision, space flight accident Critters: insect infestation, cicadas, crickets, ticks, vermin, etc.

Occupational Safety and Health

406

Economic collapse, genuine and non-genuine destabilization of your currency  Landslides/mudslides  Mass Murder/Mass Suicide  Strike, sick outs, work stoppage  School Shootings  Seiches  Smog, air pollution, air quality, ozone depletion  Drought  Heat waves


Occupational Safety and Health

407

Utility Failure: water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, cable  Sniper incidents  Storm: rain, severe thunderstorm, hail, wind, snow  Tornado  Tsunami, tidal wave  Volcanic Eruption  Extra-terrestrial incidents: meteors, space debris, UFO’s  Other disasters as assigned…


Occupational Safety and Health

408

“Traditional” Emergency Service Agencies
Scout of PKS  Indonesian Red Crescent  PKPU  FPI  Government  Indonesian Red Cross  Military (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, etc.)  Fire Departments  Police Departments  Offices of Emergency Services


Are they the best messengers or experienced service providers for special needs communities?
Occupational Safety and Health 409

How Are They Similar?
       

Top-down command structure Response-driven Inherent bureaucracy issues “Father Knows Best” syndrome Success depends on compliance, standardization, shared protocols, etc Infrastructure maintenance is critical Challenged by change Exclusionary appearance/practices

Occupational Safety and Health

410

EMERGENCY PLANNING

Occupational Safety and Health

411

Desastres químicos
Emergencias tecnológicas

Emergencias con materiales peligrosos

Emergencias ambientales

Occupational Safety and Health

412

Desigualdad en la División Internacional de los Riesgos
Países industrializados  Regulaciones ambientales e industriales muy severas  Costos laborales altos  Movimientos “verdes” Países en desarrollo  Política industrializadora  Regulaciones industriales y laborales, deficientes o ausentes  Bajo costo laboral  Desempleo  Moneda local débil

Occupational Safety and Health

413

Estrategias de acción en las distintas etapas
Prevención (amenaza)

Seguimiento

Respuesta

Investigación

Rehabilitación
414

Occupational Safety and Health

Gerenciamiento de los riesgos
Emergencia

Reducción de las frecuencias Prevención

Reducción de las consecuencias Protección

Gerenciamiento de los riesgos
Occupational Safety and Health 415

Gerenciamiento de las emergencias
Prevención Intervención

Identificación de peligros Evaluación de la emergencia Evaluación de los riesgos Reducción de los riesgos Comunicación Movilización Respuesta Recuperación
Occupational Safety and Health 416

Plan de emergencia
Entrenamiento

IDENTIFICAR RESPONSABLES Y POSIBLES ACTORES

ESTADO

EXPERTOS

INDUSTRIA

COMUNIDAD

Occupational Safety and Health

417

Coordinación intersectorial
Plan de Gestión de Sustancias Químicas

GOBIERNO

INDUSTRIA COMUNIDAD

Occupational Safety and Health

418

PLAN DE RESPUESTA A EMERGENCIAS INTEGRADO A LA COMUNIDAD

Industria

PROCESO
APELL

Gobierno Local
Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies on Local Level

Comunidad

APELL

Occupational Safety and Health

419

Emergency plan
A

series of procedures for handling sudden unexpected situations.  Objectives is reduce the possible consequences of the emergency by
 Preventing

facilities and injuries  Reducing damage to buildings, stock and equipment  Accelerating the resumption of normal operations

Occupational Safety and Health

420

Vulnerability Assessment


Prediction of emergencies occurence with some degree of certainity by following steps:
 



Find which hazards pose a threat to any specific enterprise Records of past incidents and occupational experience are not only sources of valuable information Broad the knowledge of both technological and natural hazard by consulting with fire departments, insurance companies, engineering consultants and goverment departments.

Occupational Safety and Health

421

Technological Hazards


Fire  Explosion  Building collapse  Spills of flamable liquid  Accidental release of hazardous biological agents or toxic material  Other terrorist activities  Exposure to ionizing radiation  Loss of electrical power  Loss of water supply  Loss of communication
Occupational Safety and Health 422

Natural Hazards
 Floods  Earthquake  Tornados  Other

severe wind storms  Snow or ice storms  Severe extremes in temperature (cold or hot)  Pandemic diseases
Occupational Safety and Health 423

World’s costliest property catastrophe insurance losses, 1970 to 2001
Insured Loss ($millions)
1 States 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Caribbean 12 13 Britain 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40-60 BN* 20,185 16,720 7,338 6,221 6,164 5,990 4,674 4,323 4,293 3,833 3,150 2,994 2,872 2,551 2,508 2,440 2,144 2,019 @2,000

Date
11/9/01 23/8/92 17/1/94 27/9/91 25/1/90 25/12/99 15/9/89 15/10/87 25/2/90 22/9/99 20/9/98 5/6/01 6/7/88 17/1/95 27/12/99 10/9/99 1/10/95 10/3/93 11/9/92 Aug „02

Event Country
Terrorist attack on WTC, Pentagon United Hurricane Andrew United States, Bahamas Northridge Earthquake United States Typhoon Mireille Japan Winterstorm Daria France, GB, B Winterstorm Lothar France, CH Hurricane Hugo Puerto Rico, United States Storms and floods Europe Winterstorm Vivian Western/Central Europe Typhoon Bart Japan Hurricane Georges United States, Tropical Storm Allison United States Piper Alpha oil platform explosion Great Great Hanshin earthquake, Kobe Japan Winterstorm Martin France, Spain, CH Hurricane Floyd, flooding United States Hurricane Opal United States, Mexico Blizzard, tornadoes United States Hurricane Iniki United States European Floods

Source: Swiss Re, Sigma. At 2001 prices •WTC property losses alone estimated at $19BN.

Occupational Safety and Health

424

Occured Hazards
The possibility of one event triggering others must be considered  An explosion may start a fire and caused faliure  An earthquake might initiate all the event noted in the list of chemical and physical hazards

Occupational Safety and Health

425

Identified major impact
 Sequential  Evacuation  Casualties

events (ex. fire after explosion)

 Damage

to plant infrastructure  Loss of vital records or documents  Damage to equipment  Disruption of work
Occupational Safety and Health 426

Required actions


Declare emergency  Sound the alert  Evacuate danger zone  Close main shutoffs  Call for exernal aid  Initiate rescue operations  Attend to casualties  Fight fire
Occupational Safety and Health 427

Needed resources consideration


Medical supplies  Auxiliaries communication equipment  Power generators  Respirators  Chemical and radiation detection equipment  Mobil equipment  Emergency protective clothing  Fire fighting equipment  Ambulance  Rescue equipment  Trained Personnel
Occupational Safety and Health 428

Elements of Emergency Plan
 All

possible emergencies, consequences, required action, written procedures and the resources available  Detailed list of personnel including their home telephone numbers, their duty and responsibilities  Floor plans  Large scale maps showing evacuation routes and service condults (such as gas and water lines)
Occupational Safety and Health 429

General guidelines for workplace emergency plan


Objectives, a brief summary consists the purpose of plans:
  



To reduce human injury and damage to property in an emergency To specifies staff members who may put the plan into action To identifies clearly whose staff members must be on the site at all times when the premises are occupied To indicated clearly the extent of authority of above personnel

Occupational Safety and Health

430

Emergency Organization


Emergency organization lead by an emergency coordinator  Appointed and trained individual act as Emergency Coordinator as key in ensuring that prompt and efficient action is taken to minimize loss, and have possibility to recall off duty employees to help  Specific duties, responsibilities, authority and resources of emergency organization must be clearly defined.

Occupational Safety and Health

431

Responsibilities of Emergency Organization
          


  



Reporting the emergency Activating the emergency plan Assuming overal command Establishing communication Alerting staffs Ordering evacuation Alerting external agencies Confirming evacuation complete Alerting outside population of possible risk Requesting external aid Coordinating activities of various group Advising relatives of casualties Providing medical aid Ensuring emergency shut offs are closed Sounding the all – clear Advising media Occupational Safety and Health

432

Available assisted external organizations
 Fire

departments  Mobile rescue squads  Ambulance services  Police department  Telephone company  Hospitals  Utility companies  Industrial neighbours  Goverment agencies
Occupational Safety and Health 433

Pre-planned Coordination


Pre-planned coordinating simulation is necessary to avoid conflicting responsibilities such as fire brigades, police, ambulance service, rescue squads and first aid team which must be on the scene simultaneously. An a pre-determined chain of command in such situation is required to avoid organizational difficulties. Under certain circumstances an outside agency can assume command

Occupational Safety and Health

434

Communication
 Planning

an emergency control center with alternate communication facilities  Providing all personnel with alerting or reporting responsibilities with current list of phone number and addresses of those people which may have to contact  Maintain communication between key personnel during emergency situation

Occupational Safety and Health

435

Emergency Procedures


Comprehensive plan procedures for handling emergencies toward preventing disaster  Determining factors of needed emergency procedures
     

The degree of emergency The size of organization The capabilities of the organization in an emergency situation The immediately response of outside aid The physical layout of the premises The number of structures determine procedures that are needed
Occupational Safety and Health 436

Common Elements of Procedures
 Pre-emergency

preparation  Provisions for alerting  Evacuating staffs  Handling casualties  Relocation of personnel with special skills for emergency handling

Occupational Safety and Health

437

Evacuation Order


Identified evacuation routes, alternate means of escape, make these known to all staffs, keep the routes unobstructed  Specify safe location for staff to gather for head counts to ensure that everyone has left the danger zone. Assign individuals to assist handycapped employees in emergency  Carry out treatment of the injured and search for the missing simultaneously with efforts to contain the emergency  Provide alternate sources of medical aid when normal facilities may be in danger zone  Containing the extent of the property loss should begin only when the safety of all staff and neighbours at risk has been clearly established
Occupational Safety and Health 438

Procedure Testing and Revision
   

 

Exercise and drills may be conducted to practise all or critical portions such as evacuation of the plan An annual full scale exercise will help in maintaining a high level of profiency Knowledge of individual responsibilities can be evaluated through paper tests or interview A thorough and immediate review after each exercise, drill or after an actual emergency will point out areas that require improvement Revise when shortcoming have become known, and should be reviewed at least annualy Changes in plant infrastructure, processes, material used and key personnel are occasions for updating plan

Occupational Safety and Health

439

IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI BAHAYA DAN RESIKO

Occupational Safety and Health

440

BAHAYA


Situasi fisik yang berpotensi menyebabkan kecelakaan pada manusia, kerusakan pada aset, kerusakan pada lingkungan dan kombinasi yang terjadi diantaranya

Occupational Safety and Health

441

RESIKO


RESIKO ADALAH KOMBINASI DARI EFEK BAHAYA DAN TINGKAT KEMUNGKINANNYA

Resiko = Efek Bahaya x Tingkat Kemungkinan Bahaya


Efek bahaya bersifat tetap terdiri atas HIGH, MEDIUM dan LOW  Tingkat kemungkinan bahaya terdiri atas HIGH, MEDIUM dan LOW
Occupational Safety and Health 442

Parameter dalam memperhitungkan KEMUNGKINAN BAHAYA (contoh)
PARAMETER Frekuensi timbulnya bahaya Frekuensi timbulnya efek bahaya HIGH Setiap kali pekerjaan itu dilakukan Hampir setiap kali pekerjaan dilakukan MEDIUM

TINGKAT

LOW Satu kali selama pekerjaan itu dilakukan Sekali dalam 100 atau lebih Berpengalaman, memiliki kemampuan yang baik dan sering melakukan pekerjaan itu
443

Sekali dalam 10 s/d 100 Sekali dalam 10 s/d 100

Tingkat kemampuan pelaksana pekerjaan

Tanpa pengalaman, tidak pernah melakukan pekerjaan sebelumnya

Kurang berpengalaman

Occupational Safety and Health

Parameter dalam memperhitungkan EFEK BAHAYA
PARAMETER
Sumber Daya Manusia

HIGH
Kematian Cacat, disfungsi tubuh Luka berat Kerusakan besar pada peralatan Produksi terhenti

MIDDLE
Luka menengah, tubuh masih dapat melakukan kerja
Kerusakan yang menyebabkan menurunnya tingkat Produksi

LOW
Luka ringan Kerusakan kecil, tidak mempengaruhi produksi

Aset

Alat Proteksi

Alat proteksi tidak ada Berada dalam lingkungan dengan keberadaan zat mudah terbakar

Alat proteksi minim

Alat proteksi tersedia dengan cukup, instalasi terisolasi dengan baik

Ketersediaan waktu evakuasi

Kurang dari 1 menit

Antara 1-30 menit

Lebih dari 30 menit
444

Occupational Safety and Health

HAZARD ANALYSIS


The identification of undesired event, that leads to the materialisation of the hazard  The analysis of the mechanisms by which those undesired event could occur  The estimation of the extent, magnitude and relative likehood of any harmful effects

Occupational Safety and Health

445

HAZARD ANALYSIS
Hazard Analysis
HIRA
Hazard Identification and Risk Assesment

HAZID
Hazard Identification

HAZOP
Hazard and Operability Study

Daily and Special Activity

Whole Plant Application

Plant Operation Application

Occupational Safety and Health

446

HIRA




Identifikasi Bahaya dan Kajian Resiko (Hazard Identification and Risk Assesment), analisa yang dilakukan pada AKTIVITAS HARIAN DAN KHUSUS suatu instalasi industri Tahapan HIRA
     

Pemilahan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan menjadi sub kegiatan yang lebih kecil dan spesifik Identifikasi potensi bahaya untuk setiap sub kegiatan Determinasi resiko yang mungkin terjadi (efek bahaya dan tingkat kemungkinannya) Determinasi cara pencegahan dan penanggulangan terhadap resiko bahaya Kesimpulan potensi bahaya dan resiko yang dihadapi untuk setiap kegiatan Kesimpulan untuk keseluruhan pekerjaan

Occupational Safety and Health

447

PT Pertamina (Persero)

Kilang UP VI Balongan

Residue Catalytic Cracking (RCC) Unit

Occupational Safety and Health

448

HIRA pada Kilang UP VI Balongan
Jenis Kegiatan Potensi Bahaya Efek Bahaya Patah tulang, disfungsi tubuh dan kematian Tingkat Efek Bahaya Tingkat Kemungkinan Resiko Penanggulangan dan pencegahan Pemakaian safety helm Pemakaian tali pengaman Resiko Akhir

Pemeliharaan reaktor dan kolom utama pada RCC Pengisian katalis ke catalyst storage

terjatuh

H

H

H

M

Katalis tumpah dan tercecer

Pencemaran lingkungan

M

L

M

SOP yang jelas dan pekerja yang terlatih Inspeksi dan monitoring rutin pada perpipaan dengan indikator baik. Sistem pemadam kebakaran yang baik di sekitar unit

L

Pengambilan kerosene dari DTU dan/atau ARHDM

Kebocoran pipa

Pencemaran lingkungan, kebakaran dan ledakan

H

H

H

M

Occupational Safety and Health

449

HAZID


Identifikasi bahaya (Hazard Indentification), analisa pencegahan terjadinya bahaya pada instalasi industri/pabrik yang DILAKUKAN DENGAN

MEMPERHATIKAN KESELURUHAN ASPEK YANG ADA DIDALAMNYA


Keseluruhan aspek dari instalasi industri/pabrik itu adalah:  Data informasi instalasi industri (PFD, P&ID, Lay Out, data meteorologi, data sosial kultural masyarakat sekitar, catatan peristiwa)  Lokasi (fasilitas operasi, fasilitas pendukung)  Resiko (SDM, lingkungan, aset, image)  Faktor Pemicu Bahaya (proses operasi, transportasi, geografis dan meteorologi, sosial kultural)  Potensi Bahaya (kebakaran dan ledakan besar, tenggelam, pencemaran lingkungan)
Occupational Safety and Health 450

Parameter HAZID dalam memperhitungkan EFEK BAHAYA
PARAMETER
Sumber Daya Manusia

MINOR
Tidak ada kecelakaan

MAJOR
Kecelakaan tidak fatal Kerugian diantara US$ 100’000 s/d 1’000’000

SEVERE
Kecelakaan fatal
Kerugian lebih besar dari US$ 1’000’000

Aset

Kerugian lebih rendah dari US$ 100’000

Lingkungan

Tidak ada kerusakan lingkungan

Kerusakan kecil pada lingkungan

Kerusakan besar pada lingkungan

Occupational Safety and Health

451

Parameter HAZID dalam memperhitungkan FREKUENSI

BAHAYA (TINGKAT KEMUNGKINAN BAHAYA)
MOST
Frekuensi Bahaya Lebih dari 10 kali dalam 10 tahun

LIKELY
Diantara 1 s/d 10 kali dalam 10 tahun

UNLIKELY
Kurang dari 1 kali dalam 10 tahun

Occupational Safety and Health

452

PT PUPUK SRIWIJAYA

PUSRI-II Urea Plant

Occupational Safety and Health

453

HAZID pada Urea Plant PUSRI
LOKASI DESKRIPSI PENYEBAB
Tekanan dan suhu terlalu tinggi pada proses operasi Tekanan dan suhu terlalu tinggi pada proses operasi Tekanan dan suhu terlalu tinggi pada proses operasi Tekanan dan suhu terlalu tinggi pada proses operasi Tekanan dan suhu terlalu tinggi pada proses operasi Kebocoran Proses Operasi

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKUENSI BAHAYA

PENCEGAHAN
Pengadaan unit pemadam kebakaran, pengadaan alat detektor kebakaran Pengecekan secara rutin Pengadaan indikator tekanan dan suhu Pengecekan secara rutin Pengadaan indikator tekanan dan suhu Pengecekan secara rutin Pengadaan indikator tekanan dan suhu Pengecekan secara rutin Pengadaan indikator tekanan dan suhu

Perumahan karyawan

Tempat tinggal karyawan PUSRI yang terletak di luar area Pabrik

Ledakan besar, kebakaran

Severe

Likely

Unit Ammonia

Unit pembuatan NH3 dan CO dari udara, gas alam dan steam

Ledakan besar, kebakaran

Severe

Likely

Unit Urea

Unit pembuatan Urea dari NH3 dan CO

Ledakan besar, kebakaran

Severe

Likely

Unit Gas Turbine Generator

Unit pemenuhan kebutuhan tenaga listrik untuk pabrik, kantor dan perumahan Unit penghasil steam utama untuk berbagai proses, digunakan pada ammonia, urea dan utility plant Unit tempat pengolahan limbah cair hasil proses produksi

Ledakan besar, kebakaran

Severe

Likely

Unit Pembangkit Steam Unit Pengolahan Limbah

Ledakan besar, kebakaran

Severe

Likely

Pencemaran lingkungan

Severe

Likely

Pengecekan secara rutin

Occupational Safety and Health

454

HAZOP


Hazard Operability Study  Identifikasi penyimpangan/deviasi yang terjadi pada pengoperasian suatu instalasi industri dan kegagalan operasinya yang menimbulkan keadaan tidak terkendali  Dilakukan pada tahap perencanaan untuk instalasi industri baru  Dilakukan sebelum melakukan modifikasi peralatan atau penambahan instalasi baru dari instalasi industri lama  Analisa sistematis terhadap kondisi kritis disain instalasi industri, pengaruhnya dan penyimpangan potensial yang terjadi serta potensi bahayanya  Dilakukan oleh kelompok para ahli dari multi disiplin ilmu dan dipimpin oleh spesials keselamatan kerja yang berpengalaman atau oleh konsultan pelatihan khusus

Occupational Safety and Health

455

PUSRI Urea Plant Ammonia Unit 101-B Primary Reformer
Karbondioksida Urea Plant Udara

Air Compressor

Secondary Reformer

101-B
Methanator

Primary Reformer Furnace Shift Converter

Absorber Regenerator

Steam

P-27

Occupational Safety and Health

456

HAZOP pada Urea Plant PUSRI
Lokasi 101-B Primary Reformer No Gambar AOP-03/04-X6-PF0103 Kata Panduan No Parameter Utama No Flow Potensi Bahaya Reformer meledak, plant shutdown Pencegahan FI-91,FRC-3, FI-8, FICA-19,FI-10,FRC-2

More

More Flow

Tekanan tinggi

FI-91,FRC-3, FI-8, FICA-19,FI-10,FRC-2, PRA-43 FI-91,FRC-3, FI-8, FICA-19,FI-10,FRC-2

Less

Less Flow

Reaksi tak terjadi, temperatur tinggi

More

More Pressure

Reformer meledak

PDIA-53, PDIA-55, PRA-43

More

Temperature

Merusak katalis, reaktor meledak

TI-I-77 – TI-I-85, TI-I-3, TI-I-117

Occupational Safety and Health

457

BONTANG LNG PLANT

Occupational Safety and Health

458

OUTLINE
PENDAHULUAN

 

KOTA BONTANG BONTANG LNG PLANT PT BADAK NGL

PROSES PRODUKSI DI BONTANG LNG PLANT KESELAMATAN KERJA, KESEHATAN DAN LINGKUNGAN
ANALISA KESEHATAN DAN LINGKUNGAN ANALISA KESELAMATAN KERJA
HIRA HAZID HAZOPS

KESIMPULAN

Occupational Safety and Health

459

KOTA BONTANG
Geografis, keadaan dan SDA
 Terletak

di pantai timur propinsi Kalimantan Timur  Daerahnya dilalui garis khatulistiwa dan dikelilingi hutan tropis basah dan juga hutan mangroove  Beriklim tropis basah  Curah hujan cukup tinggi (20003000 mm/tahun)  Terdapat kawasan hutan lindung alami dengan pantai yang bersih  Sumber daya alam terbesar berupa gas alam dan bahan baku pupuk yang saat ini merupakan komoditas ekspor utama

Occupational Safety and Health

460

Penduduk dan sosial masyarakat
    

Penduduk bontang terdiri dari suku bugis, banjar, kutai, dayak, madura, dll Jumlah penduduk pada 2002 tercatat 106.225 jiwa Tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk cukup tinggi Mayoritas penduduk bekerja sebagai karyawan, wiraswasta, petani dan nelayan Tingkat kesehatan masyarakat cukup baik

Occupational Safety and Health

461

Bontang LNG Plant
 



   

Bontang LNG Plant Terletak di Bontang Selatan Bermula dari ditemukannya cadangan gas raksasa di lapangan badak oleh Huffco pada 1972 Bontang LNG plant selesai dibangun dan langsung memulai produksinya dengan 2 train yaitu train A dan B pada tahun 1977 Saat ini Bontang LNG Plant memiliki 8 train yaitu A – H Kapasitas produksi saat ini 22 juta ton LNG/tahun dan 1.2 juta ton LPG/tahun Hasil produksi hampir seluruhnya diekspor ke Jepang, Korea dan Taiwan Saat ini, hampir seluruh pekerjanya sebagian besar orang Indonesia

Occupational Safety and Health

462

Bontang LNG Plant

Occupational Safety and Health

463

Produksi Bontang LNG Plant
Tahun
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Produksi LNG (tons) 713.729 3.332.043 3.257.282 4.155.302 4.076.656 4.263.888 4.476.952 7.298.748 7.399.474 Pengapalan LNG 12 58 57 72 71 74 78 125 129 Produksi LPG (tons) Pengapalan LPG

-

52.744 385.080 465.263 1 11 13

1986
1987 1988 1989 1990

7.067.191
6.966.899 8.063.054 8.064.536 9.799.297

126
123 145 147 178

-

Occupational Safety and Health

464

Produksi Bontang LNG Plant (Continued)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 10.985.525 11.789.147 12.149.872 14.107.104 13.707.104 15.214.927 15.621.658 16.413.427 18.497.258 20.588.062 21.383.543 20.219.962 197 211 214 249 240 245 294 309 340 380 408 356 509.686 582.134 680.650 785.895 733.251 945.040 961.132 976.305 1.058.065 931.120 1.154.159 906.057 16 15 23 23 17 21 20 25 25 21 26 20

Occupational Safety and Health

465

PT Badak NGL
  

  

Nama PT badak diambil dari nama lapangan gas raksasa di daerah badak Didirikan pada 26 November 1974 Pada awalnya merupakan perusahaan nonprofit dengan pemegang saham Pertamina, Vico dan Jilco Merupakan operator Bontang LNG Plant Sangat memperhatikan aspek keselamatan kerja dan lingkungan Melakukan program bina masyarakat

Occupational Safety and Health

466

Penghargaan-penghargaan yang telah diterima PT Badak NGL (COMPANY IMAGE)
Diberikan Oleh: Penghargaan Jumlah

British Safety Council
USA

Five Stars Award Sword of Honor
Award of Honor Patra Karya Raksatama Patra Karya Nirbhaya Karya Utama Patra Adikarya Bhumi Utama

2 6
7 2 1 2

Pemerintah RI

Instansi Internasional

”ISO14001 accreditation” ”Safety Award” ”Zero Accident” ”ISO 9001 version 2000 for Quality Management System”

1

Occupational Safety and Health

467

Proses Produksi di Bontang LNG Plant

Occupational Safety and Health

468

Sumber-sumber gas alam





VICO Lapangan mutiara, sambera, badak dan nilam TOTAL INDONESIA Lapangan tambora, tunu, senipah, bekapai, handil dan peciko UNOCAL INDONESIA Lapangan attaka dan west seno Gas-gas dari sumur-sumur tsb dialirkan menuju bontang LNG Plant dengan pipa transmisi 36” dan 42” dan tiba pada Bontang LNG Plant pada tekanan sekitar 47 kg/cm2 Sebelum dialirkan ke setiap train sebagai feed gas, gas alam tersebut terlebih dahulu dilewatkan ke Knock Out Drum untuk menjalani proses pemisahan awal





Occupational Safety and Health

469

Komposisi Feed Gas
N2 CO2 C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 C6 0,12 % 5,80 % 83,7 % 4,95 % 3,30 % 0,70 % 0,80 % 0,30 % 0,20 % 0,13 %

Occupational Safety and Health

470

Produk Bontang LNG Plant
Komposisi LNG : C1 min 85 % N2 max 1 % C4 max 2 % C5+ max 0,1 % H2S max 0,025 ppbw / 100 ScF Sulfur max 1,3 gr / 100 ScF Densitas min 453 kg / m3

Occupational Safety and Health

471

Produk Bontang LNG Plant (Continue..)
Komposisi LPG Propana : C2 max 1,86 % C3 min 96,25 % C4 max 1,89 % Komposisi LPG butana : C3 max 4,64 % C4 min 94,84 % C5+ max 0,88 %
Occupational Safety and Health 472

Keselamatan kerja, kesehatan dan lingkungan
Bahan baku dan produk yang terlibat  CH4/fuel gas  C3H8/propane  C2H4/ethylene  C3H6/propylene  nC4H10/butane  C5H12-C11H24/kondensat  (C6H14 - C12H26)/nafta  N2  CO2  Hg  Sulfur

Occupational Safety and Health

473

Sumber pencemar :  Limbah gas (CO2 , SOx , NOx ,dll)  Limbah cair (Limbah Hg, C5+,dll)  Limbah padat (partikulat, Smog, dll) Dampak negatif dari beberapa aspek:  biologis : *. flora dan fauna *. manusia  fisika kimia : #. kualitas udara #. iklim makro #. kualitas air  Sosial ekonomi : +. Demonstrasi warga +. Perkelahian
Occupational Safety and Health 474

Masalah lingkungan

Pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan
Cara yang dapat digunakan dalam pencegahan pencemaran limbah adalah dengan melakukan pencegahan pencemaran pada “sumber pencemar” di dalam area pabrik, seperti: 1. Penyempurnaan meode proses serta peralatan yang dipakai 2. Menjaga kebersihan dari tumpahan/ceceran bahan kimia serta ceceran lainnya 3. Menambah unit pemanfaatan hasil samping 4. Penggunaan kembali air buangan proses (daur ulang) serta usaha-usaha lainnya yang tidak menimbulkan gangguan terhadap peralatan manusia/karyawan serta lingkungan.

Occupational Safety and Health

475

ANALISA KESELAMATAN KERJA HIRA Jenis kegiatan yang di buat HIRA: a.Pembersihan Storage Tank b.Pemasangan Instalasi Listrik c.Pemasangan dan fitting pipa d.Pengecekan alat (pemanas, indikator, Heat exchanger,dll) e.Pengangkutan bahan baku dan produk

Occupational Safety and Health

476

Tabel HIRA
Aktivitas Potensi bahaya Efek bahaya Tingkat efek bahaya Frekuensi bahaya Resiko Pencegahan Resiko akhir Pembersihan tangki penyimpanan Sisa minyak Safety shoes atau boot dengan grip khusus Masker, alat bantu pernapasan

Tergelincir

L

H

M

L

Cairan Pembersih

Keracun an

M

H

M

L

...

...

Occupational Safety and Health

477

HAZID
Lokasi yang dibahas pada HAZID 1. Well Facilities 2. Main Office, gedung serba guna 3. Plant keseluruhan 4. LNG/LPG Tank Storage Facilities 5. Small Refinery Facilities 6. Main Facilities 7. Loading Ship 8. Pipeline Facilities 9. Unit Pengolahan Limbah

Occupational Safety and Health

478

HAZID
No Lokasi Deskripsi Penyebab

POTENSI BAHAYA
+Plant shut down (gas tidak dapat diambil dari dalam tanah) +Kebakaran (karena gas alam mudah meledak) +Pencemaran lingkungan

EFEK BAHAY A
Servere: Kerugian besar karena Plant shut down, Dapat berakibat kematian bila terjadi ledakan besar

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCE GAHAN
Peremajaan Kompressor, pengecekan alat secara rutin, menyiapkan aliran bypass agar tidak sampai Plant Shut Down (PSD)

1.

Well Facilities

Kebocora Kompresor

*Korosi, kavitasi atau karena adanya kandungan air yang cukup banyak pada gas alam akibat suhu dan tekanan gas turun (kompressor rusak)

unlikely

2.

Main Office, gedung serbaguna

Depan gedung main office terjadi pemogokan kerja/demo

*Gaji karyawan dinilai sudah terlalu rendah dengan kondisi bahan-bahan kebutuhan pokok yang terus naik. *pencemaran lingkungan tempat tinggal warga oleh limbah pabrik atau kebocoran gas.

+Hancurnya gedung karena terjadi bentrok dengan warga setempat, bisa pula terjadi kebakaran

Servere: Dapat terjadi fatality

Unlikely

Selalu memperhatikan kebutuhan rakyat kecil

Occupational Safety and Health

479

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCE GAHAN

3.

Plant keseluruh an

Seluruh fasilitas operasi dan pendukung plant kebanjiran

*Tempat penampungan air (DAM) rusak, curah hujan terlalu tinggi dengan intensitas yang besar

+Kebanjiran (dapat menyebabkan alat-alat DAM rusak) +Penyakit +Plant Shut Down

Severe: Karena plant shut down kerugian perusahaan besar

Most: Karena daerah Bontang adalah daerah beriklim tropik basah dengan curah hujan yang tinggi

Membuat waduk, DAM, membuang sampah pada tempatnya

4.

LNG/ LPG Tank Storage Facilities

Kebocoran tank storage

*Korosi, bencana alam seperti gempa bumi hebat, banjir

+Dapat terjadi ledakan karena LNG/LPG mudah meledak, +kematian

Severe: Fatality kerugian produk yang hilang serta image perusahaan turun

Unlikely

Peremajaan tank, pemerikasaan rutin, penyimpanan storage tank di gedung atau ruangan tertutup

Occupational Safety and Health

480

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCE GAHAN

LNG/ LPG Tank Storage Facilities

Pressure Regulator pd tangki tidak berfungsi dengan baik sehingga tekanan tidak terkontrol

*Tidak rutin memeriksa keadaan tangki khususnya Pressure Regulator.

+Kebakaran dan ledakan besar (karena tekanan terlalu tinggi shg suhunya lebih tinggi daripada suhu ignitation)

Severe: Fatality kerugian dalam jumlah besar

Unlikely

Peremajaan fasilitas yang sudah rusak, rutin memeriksa tekanan pada tangki

5.

Small Refinery Facilities (Fasilitas pendukung operasi)

Kebocoran pompa atau pompa tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik

*Korosi, adanya fraksi uap (gelembunggelembung udara) pada aliran inlet pompa sehingga pompa rusak

+Kerugian materi yang terbuang, pompa yang rusak

Minor

Most

Memeriksakan pompa secara rutin, pengecekan dan pengauditan kondisi pompa, menutup aliran ke pompa dan mengaktifkan bypass line

Occupational Safety and Health

481

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCEG AHAN

5

Small Refinery Facilities (Fasilitas pendukung operasi)

Kerusakan boiler

*Suhu operasi terlalu tinggi melebihi suhu maksimal boiler

+Gangguan produksi, turbin rusak (tidak dapat berfungsi secara maksimal)

Minor

Unlikely

Membeli boiler dengan pertaha-nan yang tinggi

Small Refinery Facilities (Fasilitas pendukung operasi

Valve/katup macet (aliran tidak dapat dibuka atau ditutup dengan baik)

*Korosi, friksi terlalu besar

+Plant Shut Down (tidak ada aliran atau aliran tidak dapat ditahan sehingga menimbul-kan kerusakan alat lain)

Major: dapat terjadi Plant Shut Down

Likely

Ada aliran bypass atau aliran cabang yang dapat digunakan pada plant

Occupational Safety and Health

482

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Cause

POTENSI BAHAYA +Kualitas produk LNG turun, kemungki-nan terjadi kerusakan alat lain krn masih adanya kondesat liquid

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCEG AHAN

6.

Main utilities

Kebocoran knock out drum sehingga kondesat liquid tidak terpisah dari feed gas

*KOD (knock out drum) mengalami fracture atau fatique karena pemakaian yang terus menerus dengan perawatan yang minim

Major: Image perusahaan turun, kerugian material yang terbuang

Unlikely

Peremajaan alat KOD dan pemeriksa-an secara rutin sesuai dengan SOP

Main utilities

CO2 absorber mengalami kerusa-kan

*Amine yang mengabsorb CO2 terkontaminasi sehingga kadar CO2 yang dapat diserap kecil, feed gas tercemar *Korosi lebih besar dari korosi allowance absorber (3,2mm)

+Kualitas LNG turun karena adanya kontaminan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan alat lain +Pd P dan T yang terlalu tinggi absorber dapat meledak

Major: Image perusahaan turun, kerugian asset (absorber dan alatalat lain)

Unlikely

Sebelum masuk LNG plant amine mengalami proses pemurnian terlebih dahulu, pemeriksa-an rutin temperatur dan tekanan indikator dan kontroler

Occupational Safety and Health

483

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCE GAHAN

Main utilities

Amine regenerato r tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik sehingga regenerasi amine tidak dapat dilakukan

*Korosi, kadar CO2 yang diabsorb amine terlalu besar sehingga larutan MDEA tidak teregenerasi dengan baik

+Masih adanya kandungan CO2 pada LNG/LPG (kualitas LNG/LPG turun)

Minor

Unlikely

Peremajaan alat, adanya regenerator bertahap

Main utilities

Kerusakan feed dryer sehingga kandungan outletnya masih mengandung kadar H2O cukup tinggi

*Korosi lebih besar daripada korosi allowance (1,5mm), tekanan kerja lebih besar daripada tekanan kerja maksimum

+Turunnya mutu LNG, LPG

Minor

Unlikely

Adanya aliran recycle produk untuk pengurangan kadar air lagi, adanya T dan P controler

Occupational Safety and Health

484

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCE GAHAN

Adanya kebocoran pipa aliran outlet mercury (hg) removel vessel

*Penyumbatan partikel endapan, korosi, kekentalan aliran fluida terlalu besar sehingga dapat menjadi penyumbatan pipa

+Pencemaran lingkungan oleh limbah hg

Minor

Likely

Pengecekan rutin sesuai dengan SOP

Kerusakan scrub column sehingga metana tidak dapat dipisahkan dari fraksi berat lainnya

*Alat pengontrol dan indikator T dan P pada volum tidak berfungsi dengan baik sehingga operator dapat melakukan kesalahan operasi column

+Kerugian alat (scrub column mahal), produk LNG tidak dapat diperoleh (tidak dapat terpisah dari fraksi lain)

Major: Dapat terjadi plant shut down karena LNG tidak dihasilkan

Unlikely

Selalu mengaudit secara rutin T dan P indikator, memilih material scrub column yang tahan korosi dan tekanan tinggi

Occupational Safety and Health

485

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

DEETHA NIZER (C2), DEPROP ANIZER (C3), DEBUTA NIZER (C4)
column, scrub column overhead condenser (C5+) tidak berfungsi dengan baik

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCEG AHAN

*Korosi, sudah waktunya untuk diganti (telah lama dipakai dengan perawatan yang minim), T dan P indikator dan regulator rusak

+Kerugian sangat besar karena dapat terjadi plant shut down (karena pemisahan C2, C3, C4, C5+ dari fraksi hidrokarbon lain tidak dapat dilakukan

Major: Produk gagal dihasilkan

Unlikely

Selalu mengaudit secara rutin T dan P indikator, memilih material scrub column yang tahan korosi dan tekanan tinggi

Heat exchan-ger rusak sehingga C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 tidak dapat dicairkan

*Suhu air pendingin tidak cukup rendah untuk mendinginkan gas alam menjadi LNG dan LPG

+Kerugian besar karena tidak terbentuk LNG, LPG. Gas C1-C5 dengan P tinggi dpt menimbulk-an ledakan

Severe: Jika sampai terjadi ledakan dapat menimbulka n fatality

Unlikely

Sistem pendinginan bertahap dari media pendingin

Occupational Safety and Health

486

No

Lokasi

Deskripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKUEN SI BAHAYA

PENCE GAHAN

7.

Loading ship

Kapal karam sehingga tank LNG/LPG tumpah ke lautan

*Kecerobohan armada kapal dalam pengoperasian kapal pengangkut *Iklim (badai, hujan keras)

+Pencemaran lingkungan (banyak ikan, hewan, tumbuhan laut mati)

Severe: Major environmen tal effect

Likely

Memenuhi SOP pengoperasian kapal

8.

Pipeline facilities

Kebocoran pipa pengangkut gas alam dari badak field

*Korosi, tekanan gas terlalu besar sehingga dapat terjadi blow out

+Kerugian besar terutama karena terbuangnya gas alam

Major: Tingkat pencemara n lingkungan yang cukup tinggi

Likely

Pengecekan secara rutin dan auditing operasi

Kebocoran pipa pengangkut LNG, LPG

*Korosi, tekanan cairan dan friksi yang besar

+Kerugian besar terutama karena terbuangnya LPG, LNG +Pencemaran lingkungan

Severe: Karena LNG dan LPG dapat mencema-ri daerah pemukiman dan sumber air minum

Unlikely

Pengecekan secara rutin dan auditing operasi

Occupational Safety and Health

487

No

Lokasi

Des-kripsi

Sebab

POTENSI BAHAYA

EFEK BAHAYA

FREKU ENSI BAHAY A

PENCE GAHAN

9.

Unit pengolaha n limbah

Alat-alat pengo-lah limbah tidak berfungsi dengan baik sehing-ga limbah yang dibuang dapat mencemari lingkungan

*Alat-alat tersebut sudah fatique, fracture sudah waktunya keremajaan

+Pencemaran lingkungan

Major: Pencemaran lingkungan mence-mari daerah pemukiman

Unlikely

Selalu mengaudit secara rutin T dan P indikator, memilih material unit pengolah-an limbah yang tahan korosi dan tekanan tinggi

Occupational Safety and Health

488

HAZOPS
PLANT-5 : LIQUEFACTION SYSTEM
5HV-18 5PV-15
B/D

From 3E-12 5PV-13A

TO 2K-1
LTSS

5PV-2
5Y-5

8"
8"

6"

5TV-45
B/D

5ESDV-2

5HV-2
Q
2" 2"

E

LPG TO PLT-17

5E-2
LTSS

DRY FLARE
B/D

5HV-3

5Y-4

AR

A K

5FV-2
5TV-2 10" B/D 5TV-1A

5ESDV- 21
AG AJ AF AH

5Y-6

5EDPV- 1

B/D

5PSV-13A/ B

5ESDV- 20
B/D

2"

5C-2

2"

5-E-1

B/D 5HV-6

5C-1

5PV-17

5LV-7

5ESDV- 22

AE

AC

AD

AB

5ESDV-1
5Y-3A/B 20" 5HV-14 5HV-5 5Y-1 5HV-21 12" 5Y-2 5TV-1B REINJ.
4"

LNG TO STG

From 4E-9

5G-1A/B
LTSS

5HV-4

4HV-11 B/D

B/D
5HV-44

4C-7

66"

B/D

FG

FEED GAS

Zbn June 2001

Occupational Safety and Health

489

Tabel HAZOPS
No No Aliran Kata Panduan Par. Utama Potensi Bahaya Pencegahan Ket.

1.

8”-FGBO3-201

Aliran

Tidak ada

Flash drum separator 5C-1 kosong, Instalasi inhibit

5ESDV-20, PI & FI

Sistem shutdown jika tidak ada aliran masuk 5C-1. FI dan PI dipasang pada pipa aliran masuk.
490

Occupational Safety and Health

No

No Aliran

Kata Panduan

Par. Utama

Potensi Bahaya
Tek. Flash drum separat or 5c-1 turun; Level turun

Pencegahan

Keterangan

Aliran

kecil

5ESDV- 20, PI&FI, LI &LC

Sis. shutdown jika tekanan 5C-1 tidak m’cukupi. FI pada pipa aliran masuk. PI di dalam flash drum 5C-1

B’lebih

Tek flash drum separat or 5C-1 naik;Lev el naik

5ESDV-20, FI&FIC, LI &LIT, PI

5ESDV-20, FI dan FIC pada pipa aliran masuk 5C1PI dan LI di dalam 5C-1

Occupational Safety and Health

491

No

No aliran

Kata panduan

Par. Utama

Potensi bahaya
Suhu flash drum naik; Tek. Flash drum naik Suhu flash drum turun; Tek. Flash dum turun Instalasi inhibit, ME tdk dpt bekerja

Pencegahan

Keterangan

Temp

Naik

5esdv-20, Ti&tic

TI di dalam 5C-1

Turun

5esdv-20, Ti&tic

TI di dalam 5C-1

2

4”-fg bo3202

Aliran

Tdk ada

5esdv-21, Pi

Dipasang pada pipa

Occupational Safety and Health

492

No

No Kata Aliran Panduan

Par. Utama

Potensi Bahaya
Tek MHE 5E1 turun, Suhu MHE turun

Pencegahan

Keterangan

Aliran

Kecil

5ESDV-21, PI, TI &TIC

5ESDV-21 & PI Dipasang pd pipa; TI pd MHE 5E-1 5ESDV-21, PI &PIC pd pipa; TI pd MHE 5E-1

Berlebih

Tek MHE 5E1 naik, Suhu MHE naik

5ESDV-21, PI&PIC, TI&TIC

Occupational Safety and Health

493

No

No Aliran

Kata Panduan

Par. Utama

Potensi Bahaya

Pencegahan

Keterangan

Tekanan

Naik

Suhu MHE 5E-1 naik; Tek MHE 5E-1 naik

5ESDV-21, TI &TIC, PI &PIC

TI &PI pd MHE 5E-1PIC dan 5ESDV pd pipa

Turun

Suhu MHE 5E-1 turun; Tek MHE 5E-1 turun

5ESDV-21, TI&TIC, PI&PIC

TI & PI pd MHE 5E-1PIC dan 5ESDV-22 pada pipa

…
Occupational Safety and Health 494

Kesimpulan


 



Keselamatan kerja merupakan salah satu aspek yang harus diperhatikan demi kelancaran proses produksi suatu perusahaan. Perusahaan juga perlu memperhatikan aspek kesehatan dan lingkungan PT Badak NGL sebagai salah satu perusahaan pengolah gas alam, sudah memiliki standar keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja yang baik. Mari kita bersama mewujudkan tempat kerja yang selamat dan sehat

Occupational Safety and Health

495

KESELAMATAN KERJA
British Petroleum Indonesia

Occupational Safety and Health

496

Profil Perusahaan
BP Internasional adalah grup petroleum dan petrokimia terbesar di dunia Operasinya global, >100,000 karyawan serta strongholds di Eropa, Amerika Utara & Selatan, Australasia & Afrika. Saat ini bisnis BP sedang berkembang di bidang gas & tenaga, serta pengembangan solar Keuntungan tahun 2001 adalah sebesar US$13 milyar
Occupational Safety and Health 497

Profil Perusahaan (Cont‟d)
Grup BP beroperasi di Indonesia, sejak tahun 1971. Hulu  eksplorasi & produksi, bahan kimia, gas, energi & sumber daya terbaharui Hilir serta penyulingan & pemasaran BP adalah operator minyak dan gas lepas pantai terbesar di Indonesia, serta pemasok utama gas alam pulau Jawa.
Occupational Safety and Health 498

Profil Perusahaan (Cont‟d)
Aktivitas hulu dan hilir dipusatkan di Jakarta. Operasi hulu di lapangan paling besar berlokasi di pulau Pagerungan (Jawa Timur) dan Jawa Barat. Aktivitas lainnya (kimia, solar, pelumas) juga terkonsentrasi di pulau Jawa. BP Indonesia mempekerjakan 1540 karyawan dengan mayoritas (93%) penduduk Indonesia.
Occupational Safety and Health 499

Konsumen

bor
Production Separator
Gas Compresor 2

NLG

Well

PLN Atmospheric Separator
Gas Compresor 1

Proses Produksi
Booster Gas Compresor

Tanker
Crude Oil Pump
Occupational Safety and Health 500

Aspek Kesehatan
Utilitas Lain dalam Proses
Asbes Silika Uap logam NORM Radiasi Ion Glycol Hidrokarbon Aromatik Hidrogen Sulfida Metanol Ashpyxiates

Occupational Safety and Health

501

Standar Kerja di BP
Fasilitas Panas Masuk Ruangan Tertutup Isolasi Energi Pembukaan & Pemasangan Blind Peralatan Safety yang diNon-aktifkan Tagging & Flagging

Occupational Safety and Health

502

Standar Masuk Ruangan Tertutup
Mengenali bahaya dengan tepat:  Mengunjungi lokasi kerja, identifikasi bahaya.  Menyusun JSA  Gas Tester yang disetujui harus digunakan untuk memeriksa adanya kekurangan/kelebihan oksigen dan udara beracun. Melakukan pengawasan, penjagaan dan tindakan termasuk tindakan darurat untuk mengevakuasi guna melindungi personil yang terlibat dalam tugas tersebut. Mengkoordinasikan semua izin dan prosedur keselamatan yang perlu termasuk kerja panas dan atau isolasi energi.
Occupational Safety and Health 503

Cont’d
Pelatihan untuk Masuk Ruang Tetutup





AGT (Authorized Gas Testers) Tim penyelamat akan menerima peralatan perlindungan perorangan (PPE) dan peralatan penyelamatan (termasuk perangkat BA, Breathing Apparatus) dan dilatih cara penggunaannya. Mereka harus dilatih oleh anggota tim kebakaran. Personil yang baru tidak boleh menangani tugas diatas kecuali jika sedang dalam pelatihan dan didampingi oleh personil yang kompeten yang mengenal bahaya-bahaya masuk ruang tertutup.

Occupational Safety and Health

504

Prosedur Tagging dan Lagging
Menetapkan persyaratan tagging dan flagging untuk mencegah terjadinya cedera akibat kecelakaan dengan cara memastikan bahwa semua personil mengetahui bahwa katup-katup atau peralatan dalam keadaan tidak normal. Tagging dan flagging  elemen visual untuk mengingatkan personil akan adanya peralatan yang tidak pada tempatnya/terisolir. Bendera Tag
Occupational Safety and Health 505

Aspek Lingkungan
Limbah berbahaya dan beracun Limbah yang tidak Berbahaya Limbah rumahtangga

Occupational Safety and Health

506

Limbah Bahan Berbahaya & Beracun (Limbah B3)
Lumpur bor, solvent, zat asam, baterai, berbagai macam bahan kimia komersial, logam berat, lumpur minyak (sludge), bahan-bahan yang mudah terbakar, meledak, reaktif, menyebabkan infeksi, dan/atau bahan-bahan korosif. Penanganan:  Tidak boleh dibuang langsung ke dalam air, tanah/ke udara.  Pihak-pihak yang menghasilkan limbah B3 harus menjamin bahwa limbah tersebut diproses, diolah/dibuang sebagaimana mestinya.  Tidak boleh disimpan lebih dari 90 hari dan hanya di kawasan yang memenuhi standar-standar tertentu.  Pengiriman limbah B3 harus dilakukan ke fasilitas pengolahan yang disetujui.  Aktivitas penanganan limbah B3 harus dilaporkan kepada Bagian HSE. Safety and Health Occupational 507

Limbah yang tidak Berbahaya
Saringan molekular yang digunakan dalam penyerapan air, drum yang tidak bisa digunakan yang telah dibersihkan sebagaimana mestinya, kaleng-kaleng aerosol yang kosong, semen sisa, material packing, bola lampu neon, sebagian besar bahan penyerap/kain kotor.

Occupational Safety and Health

508

Limbah Rumahtangga
Limbah Padat


Semua limbah yang bisa terurai secara alamiah boleh dikirim ke lahan penimbunan / dijadikan kompos. (contoh: sisa makanan, sampah) Semua limbah tidak bisa terurai secara alamiah harus dibuang ke lahan penimbunan tanah yang sehat dan diizinkan. (contoh: plastik, gelas, kaleng logam, besi tua)



Occupational Safety and Health

509

(cont’d)
Limbah cair






Limbah sanitasi (limbah manusia dan grey water dari pencucian dan dapur) harus diolah dalam septic tank atau sistem pengolahan lain yang sesuai sebelum dibuang. Limbah cair rumahtangga/kantor bisa terjadi dari larutan detergen pencuci bekas yang sudah lama/tidak digunakan, thinner, toner, dsb. Cairan ini tidak boleh dibuang langsung ke air permukaan dan pada umumnya tidak boleh dikeluarkan melalui tempat pencucian piring atau saluran pembuangan lain.
Occupational Safety and Health 510

Aspek Keselamatan
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Penggunaan peralatan & instalasi lain
Transportasi (udara & air)

Occupational Safety and Health

511

Personal Protective Equipment
Topi keselamatan (helm) Sepatu kerja Coveralls Sarung tangan kerja Kacamata pengaman Helm pengelasan Tabir pengelasan Pelindung muka Penutup telinga (earplug) Peralatan perlindungan pernapasan Breathing apparatus Alat bantu napas Abbrasive blasting
Occupational Safety and Health 512

Penggunaan Peralatan/Fasilitas
Scaffold Pelindung jatuh




Sabuk, tali peredam kejut (self retracting lifeline, sambungan angker, & penyangga angker

Tangga Rigging Penanganan & pengambilan sampel berbahaya
Occupational Safety and Health 513

Perancah (Scaffold)
        

Pastikan ground/decking cukup untuk menahan beban Semua tiang standar vertical dibangun tegak lurus terhadap ground Punya ikat depan & samping Ada pagar pengaman Tempat berpijak terbuat dari scaffold boards, papan / batangan besi Tangga akses kencang Terlindung dari angin (clamp logam) Personil memakai life jacket & sabuk keselamatan Memberi tanda peringatan & batas
Occupational Safety and Health 514

Transportasi
Transportasi juga merupakan potensi bahaya peraturan & prosedur Udara Helikopter Dibuat prosedur standar & larangan Air Kapal Dibuat standar penggunaan (pemeriksaan awal & pembatasan, check-in, naik ke kapal, jika ada hambatan cuaca)
Occupational Safety and Health 515

Analisa Keselamatan Kerja
Analisa KK di BP:
JSA (Job Safety Analysis) Hanya dilakukan bila suatu pekerjaan akan dilakukan. HAZOP

Occupational Safety and Health

516

HAZOP
Tujuan dilakukan HAZOP :  Identifikasi keselamatan, bahaya & masalah operasi yang berhubungan dengan proses yang secara langsung mengancam keselamatan pekerja produksi/penyebab masalah operasi.  Menentukan keseriusan dampak masalah teridentifikasi.  Identifikasi secara engineering & procedural safeguards yang sebelumnya telah dibuat.  Evaluasi kelayakan engineering & procedural procedural safeguards.  Rekomendasi safeguards atau prosedur operasi tambahan jika diperlukan.
Occupational Safety and Health 517

Ruang Lingkup Studi (HAZOP cont‟d)
Dilakukan pada 4 platforms Uniform Complex : U Flow UB UWA UW Flow K Platforms: KA K Process K Compression yang terhubung dengan Uniform Complex
Occupational Safety and Health 518

Metodologi Studi
Kolom Kepala
No
Guide Word / Deviation

Deskripsi
Nomor yang direferensi
Kata-kata panduan yang dijadikan standard untuk menganalisis dan menentukan potensi masalah Penyebab atau masalah yang teridentifikasi Deskripsi konsekuensi dampak yang mungkin terjadi dari penyebab Tersebut Jenis masalah yang terlibat termasuk operasional, keselamatan, keuangan dan peraturan Deskripsi petunjuk keselamatan Deskripsi kegiatan yg direkomendasi Bagian yang bertanggung jawab atas kejadian
Occupational Safety and Health 519

Possible Causes Possible Consequences

Type

Safeguard Recommendations / Comments Action Party

Matriks Tingkat Resiko
High
> 1 in 10, Likely

Probability

Medium

Low
< 1 in 1000, extremely unlikely

Potensial Consequences

1 in 10 – 1000, sometimes

Hazard
Very High

Personnel
Multiple Fatality Single Fatality Permanent Disability Minor Injuries

Asset
>$5

Environment
1K-10K bbls spill H H H

High

$0.5-$5 $0.1$0.5 $0.001$0.1

100-1K bbls spill

H

H

H

Medium

15-100bbls spills

H

M

M

Low

1-15 bbls spill

M

M

L

Very Low

First Aid (single injury)

<$0.1

<1 bbls spill

M

L

L

Occupational Safety and Health

520

Tingkat Resiko






Low Priority resiko tidak serius & aktifitas yang direkomendasi tidak digunakan untuk major modification. Medium Priority resiko cukup signifikan & aktifitas yang direkomendasikan perlu investigasi lanjut untuk dapat solusi terbaik. High Priority resiko signifikan & berhubungan dengan desain / filosofi keselamatan. Aktifitas dilakukan segera untuk dapat solusi optimal & implementasi dilaksanakan secepat mungkin.
Occupational Safety and Health 521

Kata Panduan
Kata Panduan Kata Panduan Kata Panduan Kata Panduan

No Flow
Less Flow

More Level
Less Pressure

Composition
Corrosion/Erosion

Personnel Safety
External Factors

More Flow

More Pressure

Instrumentation

Operations

Reverse Flow

Less Temperature

Relief

Maintenance

Misdirected Flow

More Temperature

Personnel Safety

Drawing

Less Level

Contaminants

Relief

Occupational Safety and Health

522

Analisa Kerugian
SDM
Semua pembayaran kesehatan karyawan ditangggung penuh oleh perusahaan. Jika kecelakaan kerja terjadi di tempat kerja maka perusahaan menyediakan alat pengangkutan korban menuju rumah sakit, semua biaya pengobatan dan perawatan ditangggung sampai dapat bekerja kembali. Jika pekerja tidak dapat bekerja / cacat karena kecelakaan, meninggal karena kecelakaan / meningggal mendadak di tempat kerja maka perusahaan memberikan santunan untuk pekerja dan atau keluarganya sebesar 72 x Upah.
Occupational Safety and Health 523

Asset
Semua peralatan yang dimiliki perusahaan diasuransikan. Jika kecelakaan tidak besar maka perusahan memperbaiki sendiri.

Lingkungan
Jika terjadi kerusakan lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh kecelakan maupun operasi perusahaan, maka perusahaan berusaha memenuhi kewajiban sesuai dengan klaim yang ada.

Produktivitas
Perusahaan langsung menghentikan aktifitas produksi jika terjadi kecelakaan. Selain itu warning kecil pun juga menjadi perhatian utama. Sangat memungkinkan jika suatu warning kecil dapat menghentikan operasi produksi.
Occupational Safety and Health 524

KILANG UNIT PENGOLAHAN V
PERTAMINA BALIKPAPAN

Occupational Safety and Health

525

Sejarah dan latar belakang
   



1897 → ditemukan sumber minyak di Sanga, Tarakan, Samboja, dan Bunyu 1946 → direnovasi karena hancur dalam PD II, membangun PMK I & II, Wax Plant, HVU I 1997 → PMK I & II diganti menjadi CDU V, dan HVU I menjadi HVU III Crude Oil berasal dari Minas, Tanjung Sepinggan, Badak, Handil, Bekapai, Arjuna, Attaka, dll. Kadangkadang berasal dari luar negeri : Jabiru, Chalyst, Crude(Auatralia), dan Tapis crude(Malaysia) Produk → motor gasoline, kerosene, avtur, solar, minyak diesel, fuel oil, Heavy Naphta, LPG, wax
Occupational Safety and Health 526

IKHTISAR KILANG
KILANG BALIKPAPAN I  Crude Distillation Unit  Unit Penyulingan Hampa (HVU III)  Wax Plant  Dehydration Plant KILANG BALIKPAPAN II  Hydroskimming Complex (HSC)  Hydrocracking Complex (HCC)

Occupational Safety and Health

527

PLANT PENUNJANG

    

Fuel Gas System, Plant 15 Flare System, Plant 19 Caustic Soda Plant, Plant 25 BFW and Steam, Plant 31 Cooling Water System, Plant 32
Air and Nitrogen Plant, Plant 35

Occupational Safety and Health

528

CRUDE OIL (MINYAK BUMI)
   



Secara fisik merupakan cairan yang mengandung gas, cairan, dan elemen-elemen padat yang terlarut di dalamnya Terbentuk dari peristiwa dekomposisi berbagai macam hewan dan tumbuhan jutaan tahun yang lalu Umumnya bercampur dengan air garam dan gas alam, yang membentuk 3 lapisan Dipergunakan luas sebagai bahan bakar Berdasarkan strukturnya, dibagi menjadi 4 golongan utama : 1. Senyawa golongan parafin 2. Senyawa golongan naphten 3. Senyawa golongan aromatik 4. Senyawa golongan olefin

Occupational Safety and Health

529

PROSES

Minyak Mentah
Pemanasan Awal Desalter

Crude heater
Kolom Destilasi Produk
Occupational Safety and Health 530

Kerosene HGO LGO

Produk

Overhead vapor

Overhead Liquid

Reduced Crude
Occupational Safety and Health 531

Aspek Keselamatan Material
Potensi Bahaya

Material

Penanganan

Crude Oil (bahan baku)

• • • •

Iritasi mata Iritasi saluran pernapasan Iritasi kulit Gangguan syaraf

• • • •

Jika terkena mata, segera basuh dengan air Jika tertelan jangan dimuntahkan, segera hubungi dokter Bawa korban ke udara segar jika terhirup Jika terbakar, padamkan dengan dry chemical, CO2, water spray

Occupational Safety and Health

532

Material produk

Potensi Bahaya

Penanganan

LPG

• Pada konsentrasi uap yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan iritasi dan rasa terbakar pada mata dan kulit. • Jika terhirup dapat menyebabkan asphyxiant, pusing, nausea dan pingsan

• Segera cuci dengan air • Jika terhirup segera beri udara segar dan perawatan medis • Jika terjadi kebakaran gunakan fire extinguisher dry chemical, CO2atau water spray • Jauhkan LPG dari sumber api atau panas

Occupational Safety and Health

533

• Kerosene

Menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit jika mengalami kontak yang lama dan berulang. • Berakibat fatal jika terbawa dalam respirasi dan menyebabkan iritasi pada gastrointestinal serta diare

• Segera cuci kulit yang terkena iritasi dengan air sabun. • Jika tertelan jangan muntahkan dengan paksa, beri perawatan medis. • Segera padamkan api yang timbul dengan menggunakan extinguisher CO2, dry chemical, foam atau water spray.

Occupational Safety and Health

534

• • Light naptha

Iritasi ringan pada mata dan kulit Jika tertelan dapat merusakparuparu dan saluran pernafasan • Kontak terlalu lama danberulang dapat menyebabkan kanker kulit dan merusak sistem saraf pheripheral

• Segera basahi mata dengan air dan untuk kulit gunakan air sabun (jika terjadi iritasi). • Jika terhirup segera beri udara segar • Jika tertelan jangan muntahkansecara paksa, segera beri perawatan medis Jauhkan dari sumber api dan panas

Occupational Safety and Health

535

heavy naptha

• Iritasi ringan jika terkena mata dan kulit. • Jika tertelan atau terhirup menyebabkan batuk, cegukan, sesak nafas, sakit kepala, nausea dan tidak sadarkan diri (jika tertelan dalam jumlah besar)

• Basahi mata atau kulit yang terkena iritasi dengan air bersih. • Jika terhirup segera beri udara segar dan jika tertelan segera beri perawatan medis. • Jika terjadi kebakaran segera padamkan menggunakan dry chemical, CO2, foam atau water spray.

Occupational Safety and Health

536

Gas Oil

• Iritasi ringan pada mata dan kulit • Jika tertelan dapat merusak paru-paru dan saluran pernafasan

• Segera basahi mata dengan air dan untuk kulit gunakan air sabun (jika terjadi iritasi). • Jika terhirup segera beri udara segar • Jika tertelan jangan muntahkan secara paksa, segera beri perawatan medis

Occupational Safety and Health

537

Lindungan Lingkungan
  



Effluent Water Treatment Plant Elevatic Flare Stack Alat Peredam Kebisingan Incinerator

Occupational Safety and Health

538

HIRA (HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESMENT)


Merupakan identifikasi resiko terhadap suatu kegiatan  Contoh kegiatan yang diidentifikasi antara lain: - Pengecekan berkala kondisi operasi oleh operator lapangan - Memperbaiki pompa - Mengganti sambungan pipa yang dilas

Occupational Safety and Health

539

No

Jenis kegiatan

Hazard potency

Tingkat efek bahaya

Tingkat kemungkinan

Resiko

Pencegahan

Resiko akhir

Iritasi mata Pengecekan berkala kondisi operasi Keracunan gas bocor

M

L

L

Menggunakan google

L

1

M

L

M

Menggunakan masker full face dan respiratory mask

L

2

Mengganti sambungan pipa yang dilas

Keracunan sisa gas yang masih terperangkap di pipa

H

M

M

mengecek kondisi pipa dan memakai respiratory mask

L

Occupational Safety and Health

540

Panas yang besar dari percikan api las Mengganti sambungan pipa yang dilas

M

M

M

Menyiapkan fire extiguisher yang cocok

L

Percikan api mengenai gas

H

M

M

Memastikan tidak ada gas yang tersisa di pipa

L

Occupational Safety and Health

541

Hazid (Hazard Identification)
 Merupakan

proses identifikasi bahaya yang mungkin terjadi terhadap plant yang mencakup setiap bagian plant tersebut  Contoh bagian plant yang diidentifikasi resiko bahaya yang mungkin terjadi adalah storage tank dan pipe rack

Occupational Safety and Health

542

No

Description

Location

Cause

Hazard potency

Hazard effect

Hazard frequency

prevention

Kelebihan kapasitas (overload)

Major

Likely

LC, FC, PC

1

Tempat penyimpanan bahan baku atau produk

Storage tank Tangki pecah Gempa bumi Severe Unlike ly Konstruksi tahan gempa dan pemasangan seismograf

Occupational Safety and Health

543

Kebakaran

Tangki terbakar dan meledak



Severe

Unlikely

 

Fire alarn Fire extinguisher water sprinkle



Korosi

Kebocoran

Major

Likely



Corrosion inhibitor maintanance secara berkala

Pondasi piperack rubuh karena korosi 2 Tempat meletakkan kumpulan pipa Piperack

Pipa-pipa berjatuh-an



Major

Unlikely


Pengecekan berkala Renovasi piperack

Keba-karan

Pipa terbakar



Major

Unlikely

 

Fire alarn Fire extinguisher water sprinkle

Occupational Safety and Health

544

HAZOPS
(Hazard and Operability Study)
 Merupakan

proses identifikasi bahaya yang mungkin terjadi terhadap suatu bagian pemrosesan pada pabrik  Dilakukan pada saat sebelum membangun pabrik, akan mengganti salah satu atau lebih alat  Parameter dasar HAZOPS adalah flow, temperature, pressure

Occupational Safety and Health

545

Deviasi Para meter Penyebab Kata panduan Akibat Implikasi Pence gahan
Ket.

Peralatan Furnace

No 1

No

Penyumbatan pada aliran masuk

Beban furnace berlebih

Furnace meledak

FC dan TC

LC, LALL

Flow Hasil pemanasan kurang sempurna

More

Bukaan valve terlalu besar

Pemanasan di furnace tidak optimal

TC

LAHH

Occupational Safety and Health

546

Reverse

Penyumbatan pada pipa keluaran furnace

Bercampurnya aliran crude panas dan dingin

Kerusakan pada furnace

PC

Pengecekan berkala

Suhu

Less

Aliran bahan bakar kecil

Crude kurang panas

Kolom destilasi bekerja berat

TC

Occupational Safety and Health

547

Crude terlalu panas Aliran bahan bakar terlalu besar

Komponen ringan menguap

More

TC

Beban panas furnace berlebih

Pemborosan biaya bahan bakar

Less

Aliran masuk furnace berkurang

Temperatur furnace menurun

Beban kerja furnace bertambah

PC

PI

Pressure Aliran masuk furnace bertambah

More

Temperatur furnace meningkat

Kerusakan furnace

PC

PI

Occupational Safety and Health

548

KESIMPULAN
 Analisis

identifikasi bahaya suatu pabrik perlu dilakukan untuk menjamin keselamatan para pekerja dan investasi pabrik.  Peningkatan kinerja pabrik sangat ditentukan oleh keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja.

Occupational Safety and Health

549

KESELAMATAN KERJA PT Ecogreen Oleochemicals

Occupational Safety and Health

550

PT Ecogreen Oleochemicals PT Ecogreen Oleochemical
Perusahaan Diagram Alir Proses • Profil Perusahaan  Reaksi-Reaksi • Diagram Alir Proses  Analisa Keselamatan Kerja • Reaksi-Reaksi  Aspek Kesehatan dan Lingkungan
 Profil

• Analisa Keselamatan Kerja • Aspek Kesehatan, Keselamatan dan Lingkungan

Lokasi Pabrik
PT Ecogreen Oleochemicals berlokasi di Kabil, Pulau Batam, Propinsi Riau, Indonesia, sekitar 20 km sebelah tenggara Singapura. Daerah Kabil terietak di tepi laut. bagian tenggara Pulau Batam dengan rata-rata suhu udara 29°C dan kelembaban sekitar 85%.
Occupational Safety and Health 552

Lokasi Pabrik

Tata Letak Pabrik
Area pabrik dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu area proses dan area non proses: Pada area proses ditempatkan peralatan dan bangunan untuk proses produksi, termasuk utilitas, tank farm, pusat pengendali (control center), serta pengemasan, pcngisian truk tanki, dan gudang penyimpanan produk
Occupational Safety and Health 554

Kapasitas


Di Indonesia, plant saturated fatty alcohol milik Ecogreen yang pertama adalah di Medan dengan kapasitas 30,000 MT/tahun mulai beroperasi secara komersial pada tahun 1991. Tiga tahun kemudian plant kedua didirikan di Batam dengan kapasitas 60,000 MT/tahun untuk fatty alcohol, 9,000MT/tahun untuk gliserin dan 6,000 MT untuk metilester

Occupational Safety and Health

555

BAHAN BAKU
 Minyak

dan lemak nabati  Minyak kernel kelapa sawit (CPO)  Minyak Kelapa (coconut oil)

Occupational Safety and Health

556

Produk dan Pemasaran
Berbagai macam produk yang diproduksi :  Indonesia : saturated fatty alcohol, shortchain fatty acid dan gliserin.  Jerman : sorbitol powder dan liquid, primary fatty amines, unsaturated fatty alcohol dan specialty ester.  Singapura : natural alcohol dan nonyl phenol ethoaylates.

Occupational Safety and Health

557

Diagram Alir Proses Pabrik

Occupational Safety and Health

558

Reaksi Trans-esterifikasi

Occupational Safety and Health

559

Reaksi Dehidrogenasi

Occupational Safety and Health

560

Analisa Keselamatan Kerja
 Analisa

HIRA  Analisa HAZID  Analisa HAZOPS

Occupational Safety and Health

561

Analisa HIRA(lanjutan)

Occupational Safety and Health

562

Analisa HAZID

Occupational Safety and Health

563

Analisa HAZID (lanjutan)

Occupational Safety and Health

564

Analisa HAZID(lanjutan)

Occupational Safety and Health

565

Analisa HAZID (lanjutan)

Occupational Safety and Health

566

Analisa HIRA

Occupational Safety and Health

567

Analisa HAZID (lanjutan)

Occupational Safety and Health

568

Analisa Hazops
• Pompa

• Kompresor

• Heat Exchanger
• Reaktor (Hidrogenasi) • Separator • Degasser
Occupational Safety and Health 569

cooler H2

Cooler

Cooler

pump

P3

Hasil C2 Fatty alcohol P2 Fatty alcohol2

Hasil2 C3 P4

Analisa Hazops (pompa)

Occupational Safety and Health

571

Analisa Hazops (kompresor)

Occupational Safety and Health

572

Occupational Safety and Health

573

Occupational Safety and Health

574

Occupational Safety and Health

575

Occupational Safety and Health

576

Aspek Kesehatan, Keselamatan Kerja dan Lingkungan
Aspek Kesehatan  Bahan baku (minyak kelapa & kelapa sawit) : tidak berbahaya  Produk (fatty alkohol) : tidak berbahaya

Occupational Safety and Health

577

Aspek Keselamatan Kerja : Pembentukan Panitia Pembina Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (P2K3) untuk membuat program jangka pendek dan jangka panjang demi kepentingan masa depan dan keselamatan kerja seluruh komponen PT Ecogreen Oleochemicals.

Occupational Safety and Health

578

Dasar Pembentukan P2K3 :
Setiap tenaga kerja berhak mendapat perlindungan atas keselamatannya dalam melakukan pekerjaan untuk kesejahteraan hidup dan meningkatkan produksi serta produktivitas perusahaan. 2. Setiap orang lainnya yang berada di tempat kerja perlu terjamin pula keselamatannya. 3. Setiap sumber produksi perlu dipakai dan dipergunakan secara aman dan efisien. 4. Perlu diadakan segala daya upaya untuk membina norma-norma perlindungan kerja.
1.
Occupational Safety and Health 579

Program-Program P2K3 :
 Pemenuhan

kelengkapan klinik khusus di PT Ecogreen Oleochemicals  Membenahi hydran yang ada di dalam maupun diluar areal pabrik  Mengadakan pengecekan tabung pemadam secara berkala rutin.  Membuat layout area yang dianggap berbahaya  Mengadakan training pemadaman kebakaran kepada seluruh karyawan.
Occupational Safety and Health 580

Perlengkapan Umum Keselamatan
 Sarung

tangan  Wearpack  Masker  Goggle  Alat pemadam kebakaran  Denah evakuasi dan posisi alat pemadam
Occupational Safety and Health 581

Aspek
-

Lingkungan

Sebagian besar bahan bersifat alami : aman Gas yang dibuang : CO & CO2

Occupational Safety and Health

582