ODL-FINAL
Content
KOD KURSUS/COURSE CODE
: OUMH 1103
TAJUK KURSUS/COURSE TITLE : Learning skills for open distance learners SEMESTER/SEMESTER : May 2011
STUDENT NAME : Zulkifli Bin Mohd Yusof STUDENT ID : 660501107839001
DISTANCE LEARNERS Introduction. What is Distance Learning? Distance learning (DL) is a brilliant concept, it can be a moving forward way for many different types of people. From young to old, it all really depends on your own pace preference unlike traditional courses. There are several questions you should ask yourself before considering taking part in DL.Are you willing to sit in a classroom? Do you have time to sit in a classroom? Do you want to take full time study and quit your job? You should be considering DL if your answered to these questions are NO. However DL nature is different from traditional learning, which requires some skills such as (IT) information technology skills and time management skills. These skills are very important in DL and need to be developed. In this report, we will share findings on the importance of essential skills towards DL. Learning skills for DL. The definition of learning skills is the skills that are provided to the student in order to equip them with the necessary knowledge to develop into an and performance. In order to success in DL, there is at least three main skills involved that the learners should take charge.. The three main skills are making out the blended learning which combine the traditional face to face classroom activities with online learning activities. The three main skills are as follow:1 . Skills in face to face learning. 2 . Skills in online learning. 3 . Skills in self learning. efficient DL. Learning skills affect academic achievement whereby they anticipate an increase in academic skills
Skills in face to face learning. Face to face tutorials been observe as more effective learning environments. It creates greater opportunity forinteraction with the tutor and the possibility of getting direct information on right and wrong answers. While in class, you can discuss or give out some of your ideas and obtain new ideas from other fellow students too. Even though the tutors is no longer the sole source of knowledge but instead they can become a facilitator to support student learning, while the student actively participates in what and how knowledge is imparted. However according to Mecham & Evans (1989), having a good tutor is vitally important in helping to get the most out of a course and achieve a credit. It was also stated by Reisetter, La Pointe and Korcuska (2007), online learners and face to face learners are equally satisfied with the quality of their learning. Their findings showed that both learning styles scored equally with regard to learning outcomes and satisfaction. Alonso and Blazquez (2009) stated that interaction between tutors and face to face students can be more efficacious. Visual contact and such contact as an encouraging back-slaps and are useful resources for motivating students and also to promote reflection and conceptual understanding. In face to face situation, the tutor is there to provide support and guidance. Students can let them know immediately if they have questions or problems with the content material or the program. Students can take some note given by the tutors and discuss with fellow students to get some other opinions, so skills on taking and making notes are important. Although attendance is not compulsory, student must attend their tutorial to grab all the information during discussions and get together with fellow students. DL does not mean you are learning alone, it is still comprise a classroom consisting of tutors, fellow students and perhaps others with whom you will interact. In no way to be alone because we need our fellow students to gain and exchange information through discussion questions, chats, group projects and other activities.
The classroom environment can be created through your participation. Seeing and speaking to others can develop personal and professional relationships. The classmates you get to know may come from very different situations, positions and background and they can offer a wealth of knowledge and experience. If you are willing to share your thoughts, experiences and knowledge with your classmates, they may also return the favor. A similar point is made by Kearsley (2000) that feedback from fellow students is often quite helpful because it comes from their perspective rather than an expert (p. 81). Some research by Falchikov (1996), stated that overall, feedback from fellow students may be more positive than that received from the instructors/ tutors
Skills in online learning. Changes in technology have accelerated the growth of distance learning. The improved access and availability of information technology has enabled more adult students to participate in the learning process. Students enroll in DL, do so because it is so convenience. They are either time bound due to work or travel schedules, or location bound due to geographic factor or family commitments. In general one can say an adult DL is typically employed full time and has personal commitments that compound his efforts in furthering his education. Unlike a traditional course, the online learner cannot passively listen to a lecture while taking notes. Therefore the online learner must have the other skills i.e reading for information skills, note making and note taking skills, evaluating relevant information skills, information gathering process skills and reading and writing skills. All these skills are essential acquiring to become a successful DL. These are the foundational skills that must be developed. As mentioned by Alford and Lawson (2009), Online learning may referred to by several different titles, such as • Distance education
• • • •
Distributed education Online education E-learning Web-based education
However you or others refer to it, this environment offers unique challenges and unique opportunities. No matter how convenient or flexible online learning, pursuing online learning takes time. You must consider how much time you have to dedicate to study every day. You must also scrutinize or estimate the time commitment needed for the DL. The most attractive part of DL is the flexibility where you manage your own time for learning. Unlike traditional learning, if you are sick, no problem. Attendance is not an issue. You can study at your own pace. Therefore you have to discipline and motivate yourself to study independently at anyplace, anytime and most importantly any pace. Online learners must benefit from the available time . Identify the best time of day or night in order to carry out yourwork. Identify when you are able to access the internet and your course modules. You must plan your work and at the same time set aside a certain time to study on your modules and bond to this schedule. An online learner requires Information Technology (IT) knowledge and equipped with personal computer and relevant gadgets such as printer and scanner. Most importantly, you must have the internet connection in order to surf the internet from the Internet Service Providers. You must have the skills on how to navigate and search for relevant information through World Wide Web. Through internet, the student can also take part in online discussion or forum, where you can discuss with your tutors or fellow students. Online discussion is a unique way for students to demonstrate their knowledge via interactions. Schmidt. (2002). Saying that ,there are a multitude of web technologies and platforms available for providing web-enhanced courses. The web technologies enables teachers
and students from any academic discipline to share ideas, experiences and materials in synchronous and asynchronous formats. If the students require any information services for their learning and research activities, adigital library would provide the support for the required information services in a virtual learning environment. The student can use this digital library to search and download course materials, academic exercises, examination materials, e-books and ejournals. Other than university digital library, search can be done using other available databases such as Google, Yahoo and such. The student must have the skills to use the digital library, memories content effectively and how to use academic scholar information for their assignments. This shows that there is concern on application of skills to effectively search online resources using the digital library and to use such resources to complete their assignment. Researched between traditional courses and distance learning has been done by many scholars. Researched by Halstead & Coudret. (2000). Leasure at. al. (2000). Rose., Friesby,. Hamlin & Jones. (2000). Woo & Kimmick. (2000). Yucha & Princen. (2000). have concluded that there are no differences on learning outcomes for students in online learning environment and face to face invironment. Other researched by Kearns, Shoaf & Summey. (2004). Found that outcomes were improved for students taking online learnings. While Motiwalla and Tello. (2000) found that students in online courses were more satisfied with the course. Skills in self learning. In self learning there are some aspects and skills that you should require such as • • • Time management Managing stress Study environment
Time management.
In self learning environment, time management is important. You must know how to divide your time to study. Set aside certain hours of study time per day. If you allow your personal schedule to interfere then you may become discouraged. Online learner requires self discipline and a greater amount of time than a traditional course. You must develop self discipline, without self discipline, you cannot be a successful online learner. Self discipline means motivating yourself to pay regular and consistent attention to the work that needs to be done, and doing it without delay. When it comes to set aside your study time, everyone is different. Everyone has their own preferred time and style of learning. The same studying and learning techniques that work for your fellow students may not be the best styles and techniques for you, and vice versa. Having learn how you learn best, you can begin to look at specific strategies and evaluate how well they may work for you in your DL. Online learners must use their time efficiently and know how to manage their time and aware of deadlines and how long it will take to complete each assignment. Kearsley,(2000); Phipps and Merisotis (1999); Palloff and Pratt (1999) has pointed out that interacting in a web-based course can require two or three times the amount of time investment than in face to face course. Roblyer (1999), noted that online student who have difficulty managing time are more likely to achieve less in a distance learner course or drop out altogether. According to Gibson (1998), pointed out that at key construct relating to DL persistence is their self efficacy for learning at a distance and that personal of competence are related to online learners perceptions of their ability to manage time effectively. Another important thing is self motivation. According to Curry (1991), learner success in any learning situation requires positive motivation. Therefore, it is an appropriate to say that learning styles or success in academic tasks may be related to the appropriate combination of maintenance of motivation and managing your learning situation. Managing stress
The best way to deal with the cause of your stress, firstly is to increase your awareness of what your stressor are. What is really bothering you? You cannot concentrate or put strategies into action if the real cause of your problems is bothering you. The best way to start to get a handle on the cause of your stress is to troubleshooting and pinpoint exactly what is bothering you. Different people may have different approach to ease their stress. Some people by performing exercise regularly, some people by outing once a week and some people by talking or seeing someone. If you can handle your stress well that will assist you to be more focused towards your study. As most of the distance learners are adult and working people, they also have commitment with their families. Therefore they must be able to deal with job and family pressures.
Study environment. As an online learner, students do most of their studies and research at home. Therefore they should have a nice, comfort and quiet place for study. The proper study environment also plays a vital role in order to avoid stress. Our study place environment can have a major impact on our attitudes to our study and in turn to our personal efficiency and productivity. According to Croome (2000), that people produce less when they are tired, have personal worries, suffer stress from dissatisfaction with the job or the organization. The physical environment can enhance one’s work, but an unsatisfactory environment can hinder work output. The assumption that there is a direct cause which will effect relationship between physical conditions and human behavior. Therefore you must create your study environment to suit with your own comfort.
Conclusion Evaluation based on findings made, it can be concluded that DL requires essential skills, self discipline and greater amount of time compared to traditional learner. It is noticeable that the course helps learners to acquire all the needed skills for the open and distance learning. Basic computer and Internet skill, managing learning, note taking and making, presenting information, coping with assessments, information gathering process including searching, retrieval, and evaluating are a must for all distance learner students. Students have concerns on how to effectively conduct searches mainly using online technologies and this could include searches done using the OUM Digital Library and using other available databases such as Google, Yahoo and such. If the student has not acquired the skills that have been identified, they may be frustrated. References Alford, P. & Lawson, A. (2009). Distance Education Student Primer : Skills for Being a Successful Online Learner. California: Creative Commons Attribution.
Alonso, D.L. & Blazquez, E.F. (2009). Are the Functions of Teachers in e-Learning and Face-to-face Learning Environments Really Different? Educational Technology & Society, 12 (4), 331–343. 331 ISSN.
Croome, D.C. (2005). Creating the productive workplace. Abingdon, : Taylor & Francis Group.
Curry, L. (1990). Learning styles in secondary schools: A review of instruments and Implications for their use. Madison, WI: National Center for Effective Secondary School.
Falchikov, N. (1996). Student self assessment in higher education: A meta-analysis.
Review of Higher Education Research, 59 (4), 395-430.
Gibson, C.C. (1998). The distance learner’s academic self-concept. In C.C. Gibson (Ed) Distance learners in higher education: institutional responses for quality outcomes (p.65-76). Madison, WI.: Atwood Publishing.
Halstead, J. & Coudret, N. (2000). Implementing web-based instruction in a school of nursing ; Implications for faculty and students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 16, 273-81. Kearns, L., Shoaf, J. & Summey, M. (2004). Performance and satisfaction of seconddegree BSN students in web-based and traditional course delivery environments. Journal of Nursing Education, 43, 280-84.
Kearsley, G. (2000). Online Education: Learning and Teaching in Cyberspace. California: Wadsworth.
Leasure, A., Davis, L. & Thievon, S. (2000). Comparison of student outcomes and preferences in a traditional vs. world wide web-based baccalaureate nursing research course. Journal of Nursing Education, 39, 149-54.
Meacham, D. & Evans, D. (1989). Distance Education: The design of study materials. Open Learning Institute. Charles Stuart University. Journal of Higher Education, 44, 661-679.
Motiwalla, L. & Tello, S. (2000). Distance learning on the internet : An exploratory study. The Internet and Higher Education, 2, 253-64..
Palloff, R.M. and Pratt, K. (1999). Building Learning Communities in Cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Phipps, R. and Merisotis, J. (1999). What’s the difference? A review of contemporary Research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education. Washington, D.C: The Institute for Higher Education Policy.
Reisetter, M.,LaPointe, L. & Korcuska, J. (2007). The Impact of Altered Realities : Implications of Online Delivery for Learners. Interactions, Expectations and Learning Skills. International Journal on E-Learning, 1 (6), 55-80.
Roblyer, M.D. (1999). Is Choice Importance in Distance Learning? A study of student motives for taking Internet-Based courses at the high school and community college levels. Journal of Research on Computing Education, 32(1), 157-171.
Rose, M., Frisby, A,. Hamlin, M. & Jones. (2000). Evaluation of the effectiveness of a web-based graduate epidemiology course. Computers in Nursing, 18, 162-67. Schmidt, K. (2002). The web-enhanced classroom. Journal of Industrial Technology, 18(2), 2-6.
Woo, M. & Kimmick, J. (2000). Comparison of internet versus lecture instructional methods for teaching nursing. Journal of Professional Nursing, 16, 132-39.
: OUMH 1103
TAJUK KURSUS/COURSE TITLE : Learning skills for open distance learners SEMESTER/SEMESTER : May 2011
STUDENT NAME : Zulkifli Bin Mohd Yusof STUDENT ID : 660501107839001
DISTANCE LEARNERS Introduction. What is Distance Learning? Distance learning (DL) is a brilliant concept, it can be a moving forward way for many different types of people. From young to old, it all really depends on your own pace preference unlike traditional courses. There are several questions you should ask yourself before considering taking part in DL.Are you willing to sit in a classroom? Do you have time to sit in a classroom? Do you want to take full time study and quit your job? You should be considering DL if your answered to these questions are NO. However DL nature is different from traditional learning, which requires some skills such as (IT) information technology skills and time management skills. These skills are very important in DL and need to be developed. In this report, we will share findings on the importance of essential skills towards DL. Learning skills for DL. The definition of learning skills is the skills that are provided to the student in order to equip them with the necessary knowledge to develop into an and performance. In order to success in DL, there is at least three main skills involved that the learners should take charge.. The three main skills are making out the blended learning which combine the traditional face to face classroom activities with online learning activities. The three main skills are as follow:1 . Skills in face to face learning. 2 . Skills in online learning. 3 . Skills in self learning. efficient DL. Learning skills affect academic achievement whereby they anticipate an increase in academic skills
Skills in face to face learning. Face to face tutorials been observe as more effective learning environments. It creates greater opportunity forinteraction with the tutor and the possibility of getting direct information on right and wrong answers. While in class, you can discuss or give out some of your ideas and obtain new ideas from other fellow students too. Even though the tutors is no longer the sole source of knowledge but instead they can become a facilitator to support student learning, while the student actively participates in what and how knowledge is imparted. However according to Mecham & Evans (1989), having a good tutor is vitally important in helping to get the most out of a course and achieve a credit. It was also stated by Reisetter, La Pointe and Korcuska (2007), online learners and face to face learners are equally satisfied with the quality of their learning. Their findings showed that both learning styles scored equally with regard to learning outcomes and satisfaction. Alonso and Blazquez (2009) stated that interaction between tutors and face to face students can be more efficacious. Visual contact and such contact as an encouraging back-slaps and are useful resources for motivating students and also to promote reflection and conceptual understanding. In face to face situation, the tutor is there to provide support and guidance. Students can let them know immediately if they have questions or problems with the content material or the program. Students can take some note given by the tutors and discuss with fellow students to get some other opinions, so skills on taking and making notes are important. Although attendance is not compulsory, student must attend their tutorial to grab all the information during discussions and get together with fellow students. DL does not mean you are learning alone, it is still comprise a classroom consisting of tutors, fellow students and perhaps others with whom you will interact. In no way to be alone because we need our fellow students to gain and exchange information through discussion questions, chats, group projects and other activities.
The classroom environment can be created through your participation. Seeing and speaking to others can develop personal and professional relationships. The classmates you get to know may come from very different situations, positions and background and they can offer a wealth of knowledge and experience. If you are willing to share your thoughts, experiences and knowledge with your classmates, they may also return the favor. A similar point is made by Kearsley (2000) that feedback from fellow students is often quite helpful because it comes from their perspective rather than an expert (p. 81). Some research by Falchikov (1996), stated that overall, feedback from fellow students may be more positive than that received from the instructors/ tutors
Skills in online learning. Changes in technology have accelerated the growth of distance learning. The improved access and availability of information technology has enabled more adult students to participate in the learning process. Students enroll in DL, do so because it is so convenience. They are either time bound due to work or travel schedules, or location bound due to geographic factor or family commitments. In general one can say an adult DL is typically employed full time and has personal commitments that compound his efforts in furthering his education. Unlike a traditional course, the online learner cannot passively listen to a lecture while taking notes. Therefore the online learner must have the other skills i.e reading for information skills, note making and note taking skills, evaluating relevant information skills, information gathering process skills and reading and writing skills. All these skills are essential acquiring to become a successful DL. These are the foundational skills that must be developed. As mentioned by Alford and Lawson (2009), Online learning may referred to by several different titles, such as • Distance education
• • • •
Distributed education Online education E-learning Web-based education
However you or others refer to it, this environment offers unique challenges and unique opportunities. No matter how convenient or flexible online learning, pursuing online learning takes time. You must consider how much time you have to dedicate to study every day. You must also scrutinize or estimate the time commitment needed for the DL. The most attractive part of DL is the flexibility where you manage your own time for learning. Unlike traditional learning, if you are sick, no problem. Attendance is not an issue. You can study at your own pace. Therefore you have to discipline and motivate yourself to study independently at anyplace, anytime and most importantly any pace. Online learners must benefit from the available time . Identify the best time of day or night in order to carry out yourwork. Identify when you are able to access the internet and your course modules. You must plan your work and at the same time set aside a certain time to study on your modules and bond to this schedule. An online learner requires Information Technology (IT) knowledge and equipped with personal computer and relevant gadgets such as printer and scanner. Most importantly, you must have the internet connection in order to surf the internet from the Internet Service Providers. You must have the skills on how to navigate and search for relevant information through World Wide Web. Through internet, the student can also take part in online discussion or forum, where you can discuss with your tutors or fellow students. Online discussion is a unique way for students to demonstrate their knowledge via interactions. Schmidt. (2002). Saying that ,there are a multitude of web technologies and platforms available for providing web-enhanced courses. The web technologies enables teachers
and students from any academic discipline to share ideas, experiences and materials in synchronous and asynchronous formats. If the students require any information services for their learning and research activities, adigital library would provide the support for the required information services in a virtual learning environment. The student can use this digital library to search and download course materials, academic exercises, examination materials, e-books and ejournals. Other than university digital library, search can be done using other available databases such as Google, Yahoo and such. The student must have the skills to use the digital library, memories content effectively and how to use academic scholar information for their assignments. This shows that there is concern on application of skills to effectively search online resources using the digital library and to use such resources to complete their assignment. Researched between traditional courses and distance learning has been done by many scholars. Researched by Halstead & Coudret. (2000). Leasure at. al. (2000). Rose., Friesby,. Hamlin & Jones. (2000). Woo & Kimmick. (2000). Yucha & Princen. (2000). have concluded that there are no differences on learning outcomes for students in online learning environment and face to face invironment. Other researched by Kearns, Shoaf & Summey. (2004). Found that outcomes were improved for students taking online learnings. While Motiwalla and Tello. (2000) found that students in online courses were more satisfied with the course. Skills in self learning. In self learning there are some aspects and skills that you should require such as • • • Time management Managing stress Study environment
Time management.
In self learning environment, time management is important. You must know how to divide your time to study. Set aside certain hours of study time per day. If you allow your personal schedule to interfere then you may become discouraged. Online learner requires self discipline and a greater amount of time than a traditional course. You must develop self discipline, without self discipline, you cannot be a successful online learner. Self discipline means motivating yourself to pay regular and consistent attention to the work that needs to be done, and doing it without delay. When it comes to set aside your study time, everyone is different. Everyone has their own preferred time and style of learning. The same studying and learning techniques that work for your fellow students may not be the best styles and techniques for you, and vice versa. Having learn how you learn best, you can begin to look at specific strategies and evaluate how well they may work for you in your DL. Online learners must use their time efficiently and know how to manage their time and aware of deadlines and how long it will take to complete each assignment. Kearsley,(2000); Phipps and Merisotis (1999); Palloff and Pratt (1999) has pointed out that interacting in a web-based course can require two or three times the amount of time investment than in face to face course. Roblyer (1999), noted that online student who have difficulty managing time are more likely to achieve less in a distance learner course or drop out altogether. According to Gibson (1998), pointed out that at key construct relating to DL persistence is their self efficacy for learning at a distance and that personal of competence are related to online learners perceptions of their ability to manage time effectively. Another important thing is self motivation. According to Curry (1991), learner success in any learning situation requires positive motivation. Therefore, it is an appropriate to say that learning styles or success in academic tasks may be related to the appropriate combination of maintenance of motivation and managing your learning situation. Managing stress
The best way to deal with the cause of your stress, firstly is to increase your awareness of what your stressor are. What is really bothering you? You cannot concentrate or put strategies into action if the real cause of your problems is bothering you. The best way to start to get a handle on the cause of your stress is to troubleshooting and pinpoint exactly what is bothering you. Different people may have different approach to ease their stress. Some people by performing exercise regularly, some people by outing once a week and some people by talking or seeing someone. If you can handle your stress well that will assist you to be more focused towards your study. As most of the distance learners are adult and working people, they also have commitment with their families. Therefore they must be able to deal with job and family pressures.
Study environment. As an online learner, students do most of their studies and research at home. Therefore they should have a nice, comfort and quiet place for study. The proper study environment also plays a vital role in order to avoid stress. Our study place environment can have a major impact on our attitudes to our study and in turn to our personal efficiency and productivity. According to Croome (2000), that people produce less when they are tired, have personal worries, suffer stress from dissatisfaction with the job or the organization. The physical environment can enhance one’s work, but an unsatisfactory environment can hinder work output. The assumption that there is a direct cause which will effect relationship between physical conditions and human behavior. Therefore you must create your study environment to suit with your own comfort.
Conclusion Evaluation based on findings made, it can be concluded that DL requires essential skills, self discipline and greater amount of time compared to traditional learner. It is noticeable that the course helps learners to acquire all the needed skills for the open and distance learning. Basic computer and Internet skill, managing learning, note taking and making, presenting information, coping with assessments, information gathering process including searching, retrieval, and evaluating are a must for all distance learner students. Students have concerns on how to effectively conduct searches mainly using online technologies and this could include searches done using the OUM Digital Library and using other available databases such as Google, Yahoo and such. If the student has not acquired the skills that have been identified, they may be frustrated. References Alford, P. & Lawson, A. (2009). Distance Education Student Primer : Skills for Being a Successful Online Learner. California: Creative Commons Attribution.
Alonso, D.L. & Blazquez, E.F. (2009). Are the Functions of Teachers in e-Learning and Face-to-face Learning Environments Really Different? Educational Technology & Society, 12 (4), 331–343. 331 ISSN.
Croome, D.C. (2005). Creating the productive workplace. Abingdon, : Taylor & Francis Group.
Curry, L. (1990). Learning styles in secondary schools: A review of instruments and Implications for their use. Madison, WI: National Center for Effective Secondary School.
Falchikov, N. (1996). Student self assessment in higher education: A meta-analysis.
Review of Higher Education Research, 59 (4), 395-430.
Gibson, C.C. (1998). The distance learner’s academic self-concept. In C.C. Gibson (Ed) Distance learners in higher education: institutional responses for quality outcomes (p.65-76). Madison, WI.: Atwood Publishing.
Halstead, J. & Coudret, N. (2000). Implementing web-based instruction in a school of nursing ; Implications for faculty and students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 16, 273-81. Kearns, L., Shoaf, J. & Summey, M. (2004). Performance and satisfaction of seconddegree BSN students in web-based and traditional course delivery environments. Journal of Nursing Education, 43, 280-84.
Kearsley, G. (2000). Online Education: Learning and Teaching in Cyberspace. California: Wadsworth.
Leasure, A., Davis, L. & Thievon, S. (2000). Comparison of student outcomes and preferences in a traditional vs. world wide web-based baccalaureate nursing research course. Journal of Nursing Education, 39, 149-54.
Meacham, D. & Evans, D. (1989). Distance Education: The design of study materials. Open Learning Institute. Charles Stuart University. Journal of Higher Education, 44, 661-679.
Motiwalla, L. & Tello, S. (2000). Distance learning on the internet : An exploratory study. The Internet and Higher Education, 2, 253-64..
Palloff, R.M. and Pratt, K. (1999). Building Learning Communities in Cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Phipps, R. and Merisotis, J. (1999). What’s the difference? A review of contemporary Research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education. Washington, D.C: The Institute for Higher Education Policy.
Reisetter, M.,LaPointe, L. & Korcuska, J. (2007). The Impact of Altered Realities : Implications of Online Delivery for Learners. Interactions, Expectations and Learning Skills. International Journal on E-Learning, 1 (6), 55-80.
Roblyer, M.D. (1999). Is Choice Importance in Distance Learning? A study of student motives for taking Internet-Based courses at the high school and community college levels. Journal of Research on Computing Education, 32(1), 157-171.
Rose, M., Frisby, A,. Hamlin, M. & Jones. (2000). Evaluation of the effectiveness of a web-based graduate epidemiology course. Computers in Nursing, 18, 162-67. Schmidt, K. (2002). The web-enhanced classroom. Journal of Industrial Technology, 18(2), 2-6.
Woo, M. & Kimmick, J. (2000). Comparison of internet versus lecture instructional methods for teaching nursing. Journal of Professional Nursing, 16, 132-39.
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