Open Source

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The open source definition Most software that you buy or download only comes in the compiled ready-to-run version. Compiled means that the actual program code that the developer created, known as the source code, has run through a special program called a compiler that translates the source code into a form that the computer can understand. It is extremely difficult to modify the compiled version of most applications and nearly impossible to see exactly how the developer created different parts of the program. Most commercial software manufacturers see this as an advantage that keeps other companies from copying their code and using it in a competing product. It also gives them control over the quality and features found in a particular product. Open source software is at the opposite end of the spectrum. The source code is included with the compiled version and modification or customization is actually encouraged. The software developers who support the open source concept believe that by allowing anyone who's interested to modify the source code, the application will be more useful and error-free over the long term. To be considered as open source software by the software development industry, certain criteria must be met:


The program must be freely distributed (It can be part of a package that is sold though, such as Red Hat has done with Linux in the example below).

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Source code must be included. Anyone must be allowed to modify the source code. Modified versions can be redistributed. The license must not require the exclusion of other software or interfere with the operation of other software. Let's take a look at a real world example of open source software. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, developed a new operating system based on Minix, a derivative of Unix, which he dubbed Linux. Torvalds released version 0.02 of Linux under the GNU General Public License, which provides a good legal definition of open source

software. A lot of people around the world downloaded Linux and began working with it. Many of these users were programmers in their own right and made modifications to the source code that Torvalds had included A common concern for end-users who wish to use open source software is the lack of a warranty and technical support. Because the software's license encourages modification and customization, it is nearly impossible to support. This is why Red Hat Software, founded in 1994, created the "Official Red Hat Linux" and is able to sell this normally "free" software. The main value that Red Hat adds to the package is a warranty and technical support. For most businesses, the assurance of technical support has been a key factor in the decision to buy Linux instead of simply downloading it for free. In addition to Red Hat, there are several other companies that have packaged Linux, usually with additional software, for resale

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria: 1. Free redistribution The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale. 2. Source code The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.

3. Derived works The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software. 4. Integrity of the author's source code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software. 5. No discrimination against persons or groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. 6. No discrimination against fields of endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research. 7. Distribution of license The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. 8. License must not be specific to a product The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.

9. License must not restrict other software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software. 10. License must be technology-neutral No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.

THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) Meaning of open source OS The Open Source Definition is a bill of rights for the computer user. Its define certain rights that a software license must grant you to be certified as Open Source. Those who don’t make their programs Open Source are finding it difficult to compete with those who do, as users gain a new appreciation of rights they always should have .Programs like the Linux operating system and Netscape’s web browser have become extremely popular, displacing other software with more restrictive licenses. Companies that use Open Source software have the advantage of its very rapid development, often by several collaborating companies, and much of it contributed by individuals who simply need an improvement to serve their own needs Example of open source OS LINUX Linux commonly pronounced IPA in English. Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system. Linux is a one of the typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used and redistributed by anyone. The name ‘Linux’ comes from Linux kernel, originally written in 1991

by Linus Torvalds. The system’s utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution is the basis for the alternative name GNU/Linux.

DARWIN Darwin is an open source UNIX Computer operating system released by Apple inc. in 2000. It is composed of code develop by Apple along with code derived from NEXTSTEP as well as from FreeBSD and other free software projects

THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE APPLICATION SOFTWARE Meaning of open source application software Application software is designed to handle specific type of information and achieve useful results, answer problems and suit a user’s particular needs. Application software can be mainly classified under few categories. The categories is enterprise software, Enterprise infrastructure software, Information worker software, Media and entertainment software, Educational software, Media development software and product engineering software.

Example of open source application software MOZILLA FIREFOX

Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite, managed by the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox had 19.73% of the recorded usage share of web browsers as of August 2008, making it the second-most popular browser in current use worldwide, after Internet Explorer . OPEN OFFICE WRITER

Open Office Writer is a word processor component of the Open Office.org software package. Writer is a word processor similar to Microsoft Word and Corel’s WordPerfect, with some of their features. As with the entire Open Office suite, Writer can be used across a variety of platform, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux.

THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN ICT (Adobe Photoshop CS3 and CS4)

Adobe Photoshop CS3

Adobe Photoshop CS3 is marketed with three main components of improvement over previous versions. Adobe Creative Suite 3 (CS3) was announced on March 27, 2007. It introduced universal binaries for all major programs for the Apple Macintosh. It work more productively, edit with unrivalled power, and composite with breakthrough tools. New features propagating productivity include streamlined interface, improved Camera Raw, better control over print options, enhanced PDF support, and better management with Adobe Bridge. Editing tools new to CS3 are the Clone Source palette and nondestructive Smart Filters, and other features such as the Brightness/Contrast adjustment and Vanishing Point module were enhanced. The Black and White adjustment option improves users control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tool sand improved Image Stitching Technology. CS3 Extended contains all features of CS3 plus tools for editing and importing some 3D graphics file formats, enhancing video, and comprehensive image analysis tools, utilizing MATLAB integration and DICOM file support.

Adobe Photoshop CS4 Adobe Photoshop CS4 was announced on September 23, 2008 as the successor to Adobe Creative Suite 3. It was officially released on October 15, 2008.CS4 features additions such as the ability to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2Dimages around 3D shapes, convert gradient

maps to 3D objects, add depth to layer sand text, get print-quality output with the new raytracing rendering engine, and enjoy exporting to supported common 3D formats, the new Adjustment and Mask Panels, content-aware scaling, and Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options. On 30April, Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which includes all the same features of Adobe Photoshop CS4 with the addition of capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D,and high end film and video users. The successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4,is the first 64bit Photoshop on consumer computers.

Latest Development in ICT Hardware (Lexmark X8350 and Lexmark X9575 Professional) Lexmark X8350 Lexmark X8350 is a printer that can prints up to 19 ppm colour and up to 25 ppm black. This printer also can print, copy, scan, fax, reduce and enlarge photos and documents. The exclusive Lexmark Photo Editor Software enhances photos. Beside that, this printer also can fax with 89 speed dials and 10 groups with 30 numbers per group, 5 quick dial buttons, Caller ID and distinctive ring detection. Users also can adjust ringer volume, call waiting disable capability, automatic redial, confirmation, error and activity reports, broadcast transmission and delayed transmission, junk fax block, auto Answer Button and scan before dial. Fax forwarding & print, BVRP Host Fax Solution, Print-to-Fax via Lexmark N4000e or N4050e print server with send only. The printer can support Compact Flash Type I & II, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo with adapter, Microdrive, Multi Media, Secure Digital, Mini Secure Digital (Mini SD), SmartMedia and XD cards.

Lexmark X9575 Professional Lexmark X9575 Professional let users gain freedom and flexibility with built-in 802.11g wireless technology. Compatible with Wi-Fi certified IEEE802.11g/b/n. High quality printing from virtually anywhere over a secure wireless network. Share the Lexmark X9575 among multiple computers. In addition, users can fax up to 50-pages capacity Auto Document Feeder (ADF) for multiple page faxing and copying. Standalone black and color faxing with 33.6 Kbps modem speed 99-speed dials, automatic redial, supports caller ID and up to 100-page fax memory. User also can view and edit photos as large as 2.4" (6 cm) color display, print directly from digital memory card, PictBridge™ compatible digital cameras or USB Flash drive and fast borderless photos on popular photo sizes. Lexmark Productivity Studio Software makes it easy to crop, rotate, resize photos and apply photo effects, plus 1-touch color fix and red eye reduction. This printer can also scan flatbed scanner with 48-bit color depth; 16-bit grayscale. The resolution is up to 1200 x 4800 dpi optical resolution. It also have function that can copy with 1-touch PC-free copying (color or black) 1 to 99copies at a time. This printer also allows users to print fast. It is up to 33 ppm black and 28 ppm color printing. It also can print Microsoft Office documents and PDFsdirectly from USB Flash drives.

PERVASIVE COMPUTING Meaning of pervasive computing Pervasive computing is trend towards increasingly ubiquitous (another name for the movement is ubiquitous computing), connected computing devices in the environment, a trend being brought about by a convergence and particularly.

Example of pervasive computing BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communication technology facilitating data transmission avers distance from fixed and/or mobile devices, creating wireless personal area network (PANs). The intent behind the development of Bluetooth was the creation of a single digital wireless protocol capable of connecting multiple devices and overcoming problems arising from synchronization of these devices. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency hopping spread spectrum WIRELESS

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some from of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as wireless.

CONCLUSION Software that is not part of an operating system is application software. It can be portrayed as computer programs that are used to accomplish specific tasks not related to the computer itself where they can be installed on your machine using disks or CDs. Software can be acquired in two ways which the custom software and public software. Most modern software is written in Visual BASIC, Delphi or database languages. Software is divided into three categories which are operating system, programming and application software. The development in Information, Communication and Technologies (ICT) and technologies in every developing country has brought the world through the development in ICT. Like the other developing country, Malaysia gets the opportunity to be one of the countries that received the latest development of ICT. ICT not only can give the information to human’s beings but also gives many benefits for us today and also for future generations.

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