Orange

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 Page semi-protected Orange (fruit) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia See also Orange (colour), Les orangers (for the painting also called "Orange rees"), or Orange (disam!iguation) Orange Orange-Whole-#-Split$pg  %n orange, &hole and split Scientific classification 'ingdom Plantae (unranked) %ngiosperms (unranked) udicots (unranked) *osids Orde Order r Sapi Sapind ndal ales es Family Fam ily *utace *utaceae ae +enus +enu s itrus itrus Species   sinensis .inomial name itrus  sinensis (L) Os!eck/01 he orange (specifically, the s&eet orange) is the fruit of the citrus species itrus  sinensis si nensis in the family *utaceae/21 he fruit of the itrus  sinensis is considered a s&eet orange, &hereas the fruit of the itrus  aurantium is considered a !itter orange he orange is a hy!rid, !et&een pomelo (itrus ma3ima) and mandarin (itrus reticulata) 4t has genes that are 5267 pomelo and 5867 mandarin9/:1/;1 ho&e<er ho&e<er,, it is not a simple !ackcrossed .0 hy!rid, !ut hy!ridi=ed o<er multiple generations/61 he chloroplast genes, and therefore the maternal line, seem to !e pomelo/:1 he s&eet orange has had its full genome se>uenced,/:1 arlier estimates of the percentage of pomelo genes <arying from 56?7 to @7 ha<e !een reported/;1 he s&eet orange reproduces ase3ually (apomi3is through nucellar em!ryony)9 <arieties of s&eet orange arise through mutations/:1 Oranges in Florida S&eet oranges &ere mentioned in hinese literature in :0; ./:1 %s of 0AB8, orange trees &ere found to !e the most culti<ated fruit tree in the &orld/@1 Orange trees are &idely gro&n in tropical and su!tropical climates for their s&eet fruit he fruit of the orange tree can !e eaten fresh, or processed for its $uice or fragrant peel/81 %s of 2?02, s&eet oranges accounted for appro3imately 8?7 of citrus production/B1 4n 2?0?, @B: million metric tons of oranges &ere gro&n &orld&ide, production !eing particularly pre<alent in .ra=il and the CS states of Florida/A1 and alifornia /0?1 ontents /hide1 0 .otanical information and terminology 2 tymology : Darieties :0 ommon oranges :00 Dalencia :02 Earts ardiff Dalencia :0: Eamlin :0; Otheroranges <arieties of common oranges :2 Ga<el

 

:20 ara cara na<els :22 Other <arieties of na<els :: .lood oranges ::0 Other <arieties of !lood oranges :; %cidless oranges :6 HI JoKi orange ; %ttri!utes ;0 Gutritional <alue and phytochemicals ;2 %cidity ;: +rading 6 Eistory @ ulti<ation @0 limate @2 Propagation @: Ear<est @; egreening @6 Storage @@ Pests and diseases @@0 ottony cushion scale @@2 itrus greening disease @@: +reasy spot 8 Production B Muice and other products B0 Products made from oranges A See also 0? *eferences 00 3ternal links .otanical information and terminology Nain article itrus ta3onomy Orange !lossoms and oranges on tree  %ll citrus trees !elong to the the single genus itrus and remain alm almost ost entirely interfertile his means that there is only one superspecies that includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and <arious other types and hy!rids/001 hy!rids/001 %s the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hy!rids, !ud unions, and culti<ars, their ta3onomy is fairly contro<ersial, confusing or inconsistent/B1/021 he fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium (a kind of modified !erry) !ecause it has numerous seeds, is fleshy and a nd soft, deri<es from a single o<ary and is co<ered !y a rind originated !y a rugged thickening of the o<ary &all/0:1/0;1 Slices of a Ga<el orange ifferent names ha<e !een gi<en to the many <arieties of the genus Orange applies primarily to the s&eet orange  itrus sinensis (L) Os!eck he orange tree is an e<ergreen, flo&ering tree, &ith an a<erage height of A to 0? m (:? to :: ft), although some <ery old specimens can reach 06 m (;A ft)/061 4ts o<al lea<es, alternately arranged, are ; to 0? cm (0@ to :A in) long and ha<e crenulate margins/0@1 %lthough the s&eet orange presents different si=es and a nd shapes <arying from spherical to o!long, it generally has ten segments (carpels) inside, and contains up to si3 seeds (or pips)/081 and a porous &hite tissue  called pith or, more properly, me mesocarp socarp or al!edo lines its rind/0B1 When unripe, the fruit is green he grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from !right orange to yello&-orange, !ut fre>uently retains green patches or, under &arm climate conditions, remains entirely green Like all other citrus fruits, the s&eet orange is nonclimacteric he itrus sinensis is su!di<ided into i nto four classes &ith distinct characteristics common oranges, !lood or pigmented oranges, na<el oranges, and acidless oranges/0A1/2?1/201 oranges/0A1/2?1/201 Other citrus groups also kno&n as oranges o ranges are

 

.itter orange (itrus aurantium), also kno&n as Se<ille orange, sour orange (especially &hen used as rootstock for a s&eet orange tree), !igarade orange and marmalade orange Like the s&eet orange, it is a pomelo 3 mandarin hy!rid/221 .ergamot orange (itrus !ergamia *isso), gro&n mainly in 4taly for its peel, producing a primary essence for perfumes, also used to fla<or arl +rey tea 4t is a hy!rid, pro!a!ly !itter orange 3 limetta/2:1 rifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), sometimes included in the genus (classified as itrus trifoliata) 4t often ser<es as a rootstock for s&eet orange trees and other itrus culti<ars/2;1 Four satsumas Satsumas Nandarin orange (itrus reticulata) is an original species of citrus, and is a progenitor of the common orange  %n enormous num!er of culti<ars culti<ars ha<e, like the s&eet orange, a mi3 of pomelo pomelo and mandarin ancestry Some culti<ars are mandarin-pomelo hy!rids, !red from the same parents as the s&eet orange (eg the tangor and ponkan tangerine) Other culti<ars are s&eet orange 3 mandarin hy!rids (eg clementines) Nandarin traits generally include !eing smaller and o!late, easier to peel, and less acidic/261 Pomelo traits include a thick &hite al!edo (rind pith, mesocarp) that is more closely attached to the segments Orange trees generally are grafted he !ottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, &hile the fruit-!earing top has t&o different names !ud&ood (&hen referring to the process of grafting) and scion (&hen mentioning the <ariety of orange)/2@1 tymology Nain article Orange (&ord) he &ord orange deri<es from the Sanskrit &ord for "orange tree" ( नरङग nQraṅga), ga), & &hi hich ch is  नरङग nQra pro!a!ly of ra<idian origin/281 he Sanskrit &ord reached uropean languages through Persian   ‫( ار‬nQrang) and its %ra!ic deri<ati<e RTU (nQran$)  % cluster of orange !lossoms he &ord entered Late Niddle nglish in the fourteenth century <ia Old French orenge (in the phrase pomme dorenge)/2B1 he French &ord, in turn, comes from Old Pro<enVal auran$a, !ased on %ra!ic nQran$/281 4n se<eral languages, the initial n present in earlier forms of the &ord dropped off !ecause it may ha<e !een mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an n soundin French, for e3ample, une norenge may ha<e !een heard as une orenge his linguistic change is called $uncture loss he color &as named after the fruit,/2A1 and the first recorded use of orange as a color name in nglish &as in 0602/:?1/:01  % closeup of an orange !lossom  %s Portuguese merchants &ere &ere presuma!ly the first to introduce the s&eet orange in urope, in se<eral modern 4ndo-uropean languages the fruit has !een named after them Some e3amples are %l!anian portokall, .ulgarian XYZX[\] (portokal), +reek ^_`_b (portokali), Nacedonian portokal, Persian Uj (porteghal), and *omanian portocal/:21/::1 *elated names can !e found in other languages, such as %ra!ic U (!ourtou>al), +eorgian ფორთოხალი (p'ort'oxali), Turkish Turkish portakal and Amharic irtukan!"#$% Also, in south&rn talian dial&cts (&!! &apolitan), an oran& is portoallo or purtuallo, lit&rall* +(th&) ortuu&s& (on&)+, in contrast to standard talian arancia!

n oth&r ndo-.urop&an lanua&s, th& /ords 0or oran& allud& to th& &ast& &ast&rn rn oriin o0 th& 0ruit and can & translat&d lit&rall* as +appl& 0rom 1hina+! 2om& &xampl&s ar& 3o/ 4&rman Ap0&lsin&, 5utch app&lsi&n and sinaasapp&l, 2/&dish ap&lsin, and or/&ian app&lsin!"##% A similar cas& is u&rto 6ican 2panish china!"#7%"#8%

 

9arious 2la:ic lanua&s us& th& :ariants pomaran; (2lo:ak), pom&ran; (1<&ch), pomaran;a (2lo:&n&), and pomara=c<a (olish), all 0rom >ld ?r&nch pomm& d'or&n&! "#@%"not in citation i:&n% 9ari&ti&s An oran& tr&&! 1ommon oran&s 1ommon (also call&d +/hit&+, +round+, or +lond+ constitut& t/o-thirdsoran&s o0 all th& oran& production! Th& maorit* o0 thisoran&s) crop is us&d mostl*aout 0or  uic& &xtraction!"BC%"$B% 9al&ncia Dain articl&E 9al&ncia oran& An oran& ro:& in ?lorida!  Th& 9al&ncia 9al&ncia oran& is a lat&-s&ason 0ruit, and th&r&0or& a popular :ari&t* /h&n na:&l oran&s ar& out o0 s&ason! This is /h* an anthropomorphic oran& /as chos&n as th& mascot 0or th& BCF$ ?? ? ?A A Gorld 1up, h&ld in 2pain! Th& mascot /as nam&d aranito (+littl& oran&+) and /or& th& colors o0 th& 2panish national 0ootall t&am! Hart's TardiI 9al&ncia  Thomas 6i:&rs, an .nlish nurs&r*man, import&d this :ari&t* 0rom th& A<or&s slands and BF@8 und&r th& nam& .xc&lsior! .xc&lsior ! Around BFJK,to h&.!pro:id&d tr&&s to 2!catalou&d L! arsons,itain 3on sland nurs&r*man, /ho in turn sold th&m H! Hart o0 ?&d&ral oint, ?lorida!"#J% Hamlin  This culti:ar /as disco:&r&d * A! 4! Hamlin n&ar n&ar 4l&n/ood, ?lorida, in BFJC! Th& 0ruit is small, smooth, not hihl* color&d, s&&dl&ss, and uic*, /ith a pal& *&llo/ color&d uic&, &sp&ciall* in 0ruits that com& 0rom l&mon rootstock! Th& tr&& is hih*i&ldin and cold-tol&rant and it produc&s ood Mualit* 0ruit, /hich is har:&st&d 0rom >cto&r to 5&c&m&r! t thri:&s in humid sutropical climat&s! n cool&r, mor& arid ar&as, th& tr&&s produc& &dil& 0ruit, ut too small 0or comm&rcial us&!"B8%  Tr&&s  Tr&&s 0rom ro:&s in hammocks or ar&as co:&r&d co:&r&d /ith pin& 0or&st ar& udd&d on sour oran& tr&&s, a m&thod that i:&s a hih solids cont&nt! >n ssand, and, th&* ar& ra0t&d on rouh l&mon rootstock!"@% Th& Hamlin oran& is on& o0 th& most popular uic& oran&s in ?lorida andThis r&plac&s th& Lro/n :ari&t*th& as l&adin th& principal &arl*- in s&ason uic& oran&! culti:ar is arson no/"n&&ds updat&% &arl* oran& ?lorida and, possil*, in th& r&st o0 th& /orld!"B8% >th&r :ari&ti&s o0 common oran&s r&0&r to caption ndian h*rid >ran& Namala >ran&s L&lladonnaE ro/n in tal* L&rnaE ro/n mainl* in 2pain Liondo 1omun& (+ordinar* lond+)E /id&l* ro/n in th& D&dit&rran&an asin, &sp&ciall* in orth A0rica, .*pt, 4r&&c& (/h&r& it is call&d +koin&s+), tal* (/h&r& it is also kno/n as +3iscio+), and 2painO it also is call&d +L&l&di+ and +ostral&+O"BC% in tal*, this :ari&t* rip&ns r ip&ns in 5&c&m&r, &arli&r & arli&r than th& comp&tin Tarocco Tarocco :ari&t*"#F% Liondo 6iccioE ro/n in tal* o0 &xc&ll&nt Pa:or ro/n in Al&ria, Dorocco, and 2painO 1adan&raE a s&&dl&ss oran&

 

it &ins to rip&n in o:&m&r and is kno/n * a /id& :ari&t* o0 trad& nam&s, such as 1ad&na ?ina, ?ina, 1ad&na sin Qu&so, r&coc& d& 9al&nc& (+&arl* 0rom 9al&ncia+), 9al&ncia+), r&coc& d&s 1anari&s, and 9al&nc& san &pins (+s&&dl&ss 9al&ncia+)O"BC% it /as Rrst ro/n in 2pain in BFJK"#C% 1alar&s& or 1alar&s& >:al&E ro/n in tal* 1ar:alhalE ro/n in ortual 1ast&llanaE ro/n in 2pain An oran& tr&& co:&r&d dama&d 0rom 1h&rr* >ran&E ro/n inand south&rn 1hina andsno/, Qapanin th& &th&rlands! 1lanorE ro/n in 2outh A0rica 5om QoSoE ro/n in ortual ?ukuharaE ?uk uharaE ro/n in Qapan 4ardn&rE ro/n in ?lorida, this mid-s&ason oran& rip&ns around th& &innin o0 ?&ruar*, approximat&l* approximat&l* th& sam& tim& as th& Dids/&&t :ari&t*O 4ardn&r is aout as hard* as 2unstar and Dids/&&t"7K% HomosassaE ro/n in ?lorida  QaIa oran&E ro/n in th& Diddl& .ast, also kno/n as +2hamouti+  Qinch&nE th& most popular oran& in 1hina  QoppaE ro/n in 2outh A0rica A0rica and T&xas T&xas Nh&ttmaliE ro/n in sra&l and 3&anon ?il ?il&E1ross &E1ross 1ut >ran&!o A cross cuttin scan o0 th& int&rior o0 an oran&! NonaE a t*p&0or o0 man* 9al&ncia oran& in Ha/aii in BJC$ 1aptain/&r& 4&or& 9 ancou:&rO d&cad&s in introduc&d th& nin&t&&nth c&ntur*, th&s&*oran&s th& l&adin &xport 0rom th& Nona district on th& Li sland o0 Ha/aiiO in Nailua-Nona, som& o0 th& oriinal stock still &ars 0ruit 0r uit 3u& 4im 4onE ro/n in ?lorida, is an &arl* & arl* scion d&:&lop&d * 3u& 4im 4on, a 1hin&s& immirant kno/n as th& +1itrus 4&nius+O in BFFF, 3u& cross-pollinat&d t/o oran& :ari&ti&s  th& Hart's lat& 9al&ncia 9al&ncia and th& D&dit&rran&an 2/&&t  and otain&d a 0ruit oth s/&&t and 0rost-tol&rantO this :ari&t* /as propaat&d at th& 4l&n 2t! Dar* urs&r*, /hich in BCBB r&c&i:&d th& 2il:&r Gild&r D&dal * th& Am&rican omoloical 2oci&t*O"@%"7B% oriinall* oriinall* consid&r&d a h*rid, th& 3u& 4im 4on oran& /as lat&r 0ound to & a nuc&llar s&&dlin o0 th& 9al&ncia 9al&ncia t*p&,"7$% /hich is prop&rl* call&d 3u& 4im 4onO sinc& $KK@, th& 3u& 4im 4on :ari&t* is ro/n in ?lorida, althouh sold und&r th& &n&ral nam& 9al&ncia Dac&t&raE ro/n in 2pain, it is kno/n 0or its uniMu& Pa:or >ran& s&&dlin U althouh a h*rid, oran& usuall* com&s tru& 0rom s&&d, throuh mat&rnal apomixis! DaltaE ro/n in akistan Daltais& Llond&E ro/n in north A0rica Daltais& >:al&E ro/n in 2outh A0rica and in 1ali0ornia und&r th& nam&s o0 4ar&*'s or 1ali0ornia D&dit&rran&an 2/&&t DarrsE ro/n in T&xas, T&xas, 1ali0ornia and ran, it is r&lati:&l* lo/ in acid Dids/&&tE ro/n in ?lorida, it is a n&/&r n& /&r scion similar to th& Hamlin and in&appl& :ari&ti&s, it is hardi&r than in&appl& and rip&ns lat&rO th& 0ruit production and Mualit* ar& similar to thos& o0 th& Hamlin, ut th& uic& has a d&&p&r color"7K% Doro TaroccoE TaroccoE ro/n in tal*, it is o:al, r&s&ml&s a tan&lo, and has a distincti:& caram&l-color&d &ndocarpO this color is th& r&sult o0 a pim&nt call&d anthocarpium, not usuall* 0ound in citrus&s, ut common in r&d 0ruits and Po/&rsO th& oriinal mutation occurr&d in 2icil* in th& s&:&nt&&nth c&ntur* DosamiE ro/n in ndia and akistan, it is so lo/ in acid and insipid that it miht & classiR&d as acidl&ss arinaE ro/n in Andhra, 2outh ndia

 

arson Lro/nE ro/n in ?lorida, D&xico, and Turk&*, it onc& /as a /id&l*-ro/n ?lorida uic& oran&, its popularit* has d&clin&d sinc& n&/ :ari&ti&s /ith mor& uic&, &tt&r *i&ld, and hih&r acid and suar cont&nt ha:& &&n d&:&lop&dO it oriinat&d as a chanc& s&&dlin in ?lorida in BF@8O its 0ruits ar& round, m&dium lar&, ha:& a thick, p&l* p&&l and contain BK to #K s&&dsO it still is ro/n &caus& it is th& &arli&st maturin 0ruit in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, usuall* maturin in &arl* & arl* 2&pt&m&r in th& 9all&* district o0 T&xas,"$B% T&xas,"$B% and 0rom &arl* >cto&r to Qanuar* in ?loridaO"7K% its p&&l and  uic& color ar& poor, as is th& Mualit* o0 its uic&"$B% &raE intons Lra<il, it is :&r* popular in th& Lra<ilian citrus industr* and *i&ld&d J!8 millionro/n m&tric in $KK8 &ra 1oroaE ro/n in Lra<il &ra atalE ro/n in Lra<il &ra 6ioE ro/n in Lra<il in&appl&E ro/n in orth and 2outh Am&rica and ndia r&mi&rE ro/n in 2outh A0rica 6hod& 6&dE is a mutation o0 th& 9al&ncia oran&, ut th& color o0 its P&sh is mor& int&ns&O it has mor& uic&, and l&ss acidit* and :itamin 1 than th& 9al 9al&nciaO &nciaO it /as disco:&r&d * aul 6hod& in BC88 in a ro:& n&ar 2&rin, ?lorida 6ol&E it /as Rrst shipp&d 0rom 2pain in BF8B * Qos&ph 6ol& to his hom&st&ad hom&s t&ad in /hat is no/ 6ol&'s ark in Tampa, Tampa, ?loridaO it is kno/n 0or its hih suar cont&nt Wu&&nE ro/n in 2outh A0rica 2alustianaE ro/n in orth A0rica 2athudiE ro/n in Tamil adu, 2outh ndia 2&l&ta, 2&l&ctaE it is hiho0in2hamouti acid 2hamouti Dasr*Ero/n Dasr*E ro/nininAustralia .*ptO itand is a Lra<il, rich&r :ari&t* 2unstarE ro/n in ?lorida, this n&/&r culti:ar rip&ns in mid-s&ason (5&c&m&r (5& c&m&r to Darch) and it is mor& r&sistant to cold and 0ruit-drop than th& comp&tin in&appl& :ari&t*O th& color o0 its uic& is dark&r than that o0 th& comp&tin Hamlin"7K%  TomanoE  TomanoE ro/n in 2outh A0rica A0rica 9&rnaE ro/n in Al&ria, D&xico, Dorocco, and 2pain 9ici&daE ro/n in Al&ria, Dorocco, and 2pain G&stinE ro/n in Lra<il a:&l oran&s a:&l oran&s ar& charact&ri<&d * th& ro/th o0 a s&cond 0ruit at th& ap&x, /hich protrud&s slihtl* and r&s&ml&s a human na:&l! Th&* ar& primaril* ro/n 0or human consumption 0or :arious r&asonsE th&ir thick&r skin mak&s th&m &as* to p&&l, "clariRcation n&&d&d% th&* ar& l&ss uic* and th&ir itt&rn&ss  a r&sult o0 th& hih conc&ntrations o0 limonin and oth&r limonoids  r&nd&rs th&m l&ss suital& 0or uic&! "BC% Th&ir /id&spr&ad distriution ro/in s&ason ha:& mad& :&r* popular popular! ! n th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, and th&*lon ar& a:ailal& 0rom o:&m&r to na:&l April, oran&s /ith p&ak suppli&s in Qanuar*, ?&ruar*, and Darch!"7#% r&0&r to caption A na:&l oran&, p&&l&d and s&ction&dO th& und&rd&:&lop&d t/in 0ruit is locat&d on th& ottom riht Accordin to a BCBJ stud* * al&mon 5ors&tt, Archiald 5ixon 2ham&l and Gilson op&no& o0 th& Vnit&d 2tat&s 5&partm&nt o0 Aricultur& (V25A (V25A), ), a sinl& mutation in a 2&l&cta oran& tr&& plant&d on th& rounds o0 a monast&r* n&ar Lahia, Lra<il, proal* *i&ld&d th& Rrst na:&l oran& &t/&&n BFBK and BF$K!"77% &:&rth&l&ss, a r&s&arch&r at th& Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia, 6i:&rsid&, has su&st&d that th& par&nt :ari&t* /as mor& lik&l* th& ortuu&s& na:&l oran& (Vmio), d&scri&d * Antoin& 6isso and i&rr& i&rr& Antoin& oit&au in th&ir ook Histoir& natur&ll& d&s oran&rs (+atural Histor* o0 >ran& Tr&&s+, Tr&&s+, BFBFBF$$)!"77% Th& mutation caus&d th& oran& to d&:&lops&m&nts a s&cond 0ruit at its as&, opposit& as a conoin&d t/ina:&l in a s&t o0 small&r &m&dd&d /ithin th& p&&lth& o0 st&m, th& primar* oran&!"78%

 

oran&s /&r& introduc&d in Australia in BF$7 and in ?lorida in BF#8! n BFJK, t/&l:& cuttins o0 th& oriinal tr&& /&r& transplant&d to 6i:&rsid&, 1ali0ornia, /h&r& th& 0ruit &cam& kno/n as +Gashinton+!"7@% This culti:ar /as :&r* succ&ss0ul, and rapidl* spr&ad to oth&r countri&s!"77% L&caus& th& mutation l&0t th& 0ruit s&&dl&ss and, th&r&0or&, st&ril&, th& onl* m&thod to culti:at& na:&l oran&s /as to ra0t cuttins onto oth&r :ari&ti&s o0 citrus tr&&s! Th& 1ali0ornia 1itrus 2tat& Historic ark and th& >rcutt 6anch Horticultur& Horticultur& 1&nt&r pr&s&r:& th& histor* o0 na:&l oran&s in 6i:&rsid&!  Toda*,  T oda*,not na:&l oran&s to & propaat&d throuh cuttin cuttinand and do&s allo/ 0or th& t h&continu& usual s&l&cti:& r&&din m&thodoloi&s, sora0tin! all na:&lThis oran&s can & consid&r&d 0ruits 0rom that sinl&, n&arl* t/o-hundr&d-*&ar-old tr&&E th&* ha:& &xactl* th& sam& &n&tic mak&-up as th& oriinal tr&& and ar&, a r&, th&r&0or&, clon&s! This cas& is similar to that o0 th& common *&llo/ s&&dl&ss anana, th& 1a:&ndish, or that o0 th& 4rann* 2mith appl&! >n rar& occasions, ho/&:&r, 0urth&r mutations can l&ad to n&/ :ari&ti&s!"77% 1ara cara na:&ls 2lic&s o0 common and cara cara oran&s on a plat& 1ara cara oran& slic&s (l&0t) 1ara cara oran&s (also call&d +r&d na:&l+) ar& a t*p& o0 na:&l oran& ro/n mainl* in 9&n&<u&la, 2outh A0rica and in 1ali0ornia's 2an QoaMuin 9all&* 9all&*!! Th&* ar& s/&&t and comparati:&l* lo/ in acid,"7J% /ith a riht oran& rind similar to that o0 oth&r na:&ls, ut th&ir P&sh is distincti:&l* pinkish r&d! t is &li&:&d that th&* ha:& oriinat&d as a/&r& crossdisco:&r&d &t/&&n th& Gashinton and th& na:&l, "7F% and th&* at th& Haci&ndana:&l 1ara 1ara in 9Lra<ilian al&ncia, 9&n&<u&la, 9Lahia &n&<u&la, in BCJ@!"7C% 2outh A0rican cara caras ar& r&ad* 0or mark&t in &arl* Auust, /hil& 9&n&<u&lan 0ruits arri:& in >cto&r and 1ali0ornian 0ruits in lat& o:&m&r!"7J%"7F% >th&r :ari&ti&s o0 na:&ls Lahianinha or Lahia 5r&am a:&l 3at& a:&l Gashinton or 1ali0ornia a:&l Llood oran&s 2&ction&d oran&s on a plat& 1omparison &t/&&n th& insid& and th& outsid& o0 r&ular and lood oran&s Dain Llood Lloodarticl&E oran&s ar& aoran& natural mutation o0 1! sin&nsis, althouh toda* th& maorit* o0 th&m ar& h*rids! Hih conc&ntrations o0 anthoc*anin i:& th& rind, P&sh, and uic& o0 th& 0ruit th&ir charact&ristic dark r&d color! Llood oran&s /&r& Rrst disco:&r&d and culti:at&d in 2icil* in th& R0t&&nth c&ntur*! c&ntur*! 2inc& th&n th&* ha:& spr&ad /orld/id&, ut ar& ro/n &sp&ciall* in 2pain and tal*Uund&r th& nam&s o0 sanuina and sanuin&lla, r&sp&cti:&l*!  Th& lood oran&, /ith its distinct color and Pa:or, is &n&rall* consid&r&d th& most d&licious uic& oran&,"BC% and has 0ound a nich& as an inr&di&nt :ariation in traditional 2&:ill& marmalad&! >th&r :ari&ti&s o0 lood oran&s Dalt&s&E a small and hihl* color&d :ari&t*, &n&rall* thouht to ha:& oriinat&d in tal* as a mutation and culti:at&d th&r& 0or c&nturi&s! t also is ro/n &xt&nsi:&l* in south&rn 2pain urund* color! and Dalta! t is us&d in sor&ts and oth&r d&ss&rts du& to its rich

 

DoroE oriinall* 0rom 2icil*, it is common throuhout tal*! tal*! This m&dium-si<&d 0ruit has a r&lati:&l* lon har:&st, /hich lasts 0rom 5&c&m&r to April! 2anuin&lliE a mutant o0 th& 5ol& ?ina, disco:&r&d in BC$C in Alm&nara, in th& 1ast&llXn pro:inc& o0 2pain! t is culti:at&d in 2icil*! 2carl&t na:&lE a :ari&t* /ith th& sam& mutation as th& na:&l oran&!  TaroccoE  TaroccoE a r&lati:&l* n&/ n&/ :ari&t* d&:&lop&d in tal*! tal*! t &ins to rip&n in lat& Qanuar* Qanuar*!! "#F% Acidl&ss oran&s Acidl&ss oran&s ar& anin&arl*-s&ason 0ruit /ith :&r* lo/ l&:&ls l& :&ls o0inacid! Th&* also ar& call&d +s/&&t+ oran&s th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, /ith similar nam&s oth&r countri&sE douc& in ?ranc&, sucr&na in 2pain, dolc& or malt&s& in tal*, m&ski in orth A0rica and th& &ar .ast (/h&r& th&* ar& &sp&ciall* popular), Y&k&r portakal (+suar oran&+) in  Turk&*,"8K%  Turk&*,"8K% succari in .*pt, .*pt, and lima in Lra<il!"BC%  Th& lack o0 acid, /hich prot&cts oran& uic& aainst spoila& in oth&r oth&r roups, r&nd&rs th&m &n&rall* unRt 0or proc&ssin as uic&, so s o th&* ar& primaril* &at&n! Th&* r&main proRtal& in ar&as o0 local consumption, ut rapid spoila& r&nd&rs th&m unsuital& 0or &xport to maor population c&ntr&s o0 .urop&, Asia, or th& Vnit&d 2tat&s!"BC% ZS [o\i oran&  Th& ZS [o\i oran& (1am xS [o\i, citrus sin&nsis Za 5oai) is a culti:ar o0 oran& o0 2panish oriin (:al&ncia oran&]) culti:at&d in 9i&tnam at th& 0orm&r 1atholic s&ttl&m&nt xS [o\i, mod&rn hi 4rand 5i^n :illa& in hi h`inAn! nam& o0 th&at:illa&, and th& 0orm&r 2minair& d& 3_c, Za-5oai, th&ZS old[o\i nbmis th& script!"8B%"8$%"8#% Attriut&s utritional :alu& and ph*toch&micals >ran&s, ra/, all comm&rcial :ari&ti&s utritional :alu& p&r BKK  (#!8 o<) .n&r*BCJ kQ (7J kcal) 1aroh*drat&s BB!J8  2uarsC!#8  5i 5i&t &tar ar* * R R&r $! $!7 7 ?at K!B$  rot&in K!C7  9itamins 9itamin A &Mui:! (B) BB   Thiamin& (LB) (F) K!KFJ m 6ioPa:in (L$) (#) K!K7 m ia iacin (L#) ($) K!$F$ m antoth&nic acid (L8) (8) K!$8 m 9itamin L@ (8) K!K@ m ?olat& (LC) (F) #K  1holin& ($) F!7 m 9itamin 1 (@7) 8#!$ m 9itamin . (B) K!BF m  Trac&  T 1rac& alcium&tals m (7) 7K m

 

ron (B) K!B m Dan&sium (#) BK BK m m Danan&s an&s& & (B) K! K!K$8 m m hosphorus ($) B7 m otassium (7) BFB m einc (B) K!KJ m >th&r constitu&nts Gat at&r &r F@!J F@!J8 8 3ink Vnitsto V25A 5ataas& &ntr*  f microrams g m f millirams V f nt&rnational units &rc&nta&s ar& rouhl* approximat&d approximat&d usin V2 r&comm&ndations 0or adults! 2ourc&E V25A utri&nt 5ataas& As /ith oth&r citrus 0ruits, oran& or an& pulp is an &xc&ll&nt sourc& o0 :itamin 1, pro:idin @7 o0 th& 5ail* 9alu& in a BKK  s&r:in (riht tal&)! um&rous oth&r &ss&ntial & ss&ntial nutri&nts ar& pr&s&nt in lo/ amounts (riht tal&)! >ran&s contain di:&rs& ph*toch&micals, includin carot&noids (&ta-carot&n&, lut&in and &ta-cr*ptoxanthin), Pa:onoids (&!!, narin&nin)"87% and num&rous :olatil& oranic compounds producin oran& aroma, includin ald&h*d&s, &st&rs, t&rp&n&s, alcohols, and k&ton&s!"88% Acidit* L&in a citrus 0ruit, th& oran& is acidicE its pH l&:&ls ar& as lo/ as $!C,"8@% and as hih as 7!K!"8@%"8J% 4radin 2&& alsoE ?ood radin  Th& Vnit&d 2tat&s 5&partm&nt o0 Aricultur& (V25A) (V25A) has &stalish&d th& 0ollo/in rad&s 0or ?lorida oran&s, /hich primaril* appl* to oran&s sold as 0r&sh 0ruitE V2 ?anc*, V2 o! B Lriht, V2 o! B, V2 o! B 4old&n, V2 o! B Lron<&, V2 o! B 6uss&t, V2 o! $ Lriht, V2 o! $, V2 o! $ 6uss&t, and V2 o! #!"8F% Th& &n&r &n&ral al charact&ristics rad&d ar& color (oth hu& and uni0ormit*), Rrmn&ss, maturit*, :ari&tal charact&ristics, t&xtur&, and shap&! ?anc*, th& hih&st r rad&, ad&, r&Muir&s th& hih&st rad& o0 color and an a n as&nc& o0 l&mish&s, /hil& th& t&rms Lriht, 4old&n, Lron<&, and 6uss&t conc&rn sol&l* discoloration! 4rad& num&rs ar& d&t&rmin&d * th&consum&r amount o0sa0&t*! unsihtl* on th& skin and Rrmn&ss o0 th& 0ruit that do not aI&ct sa0&t* ! Th& l&mish&s V25A s&parat&s l&mish&s into thr&& cat&ori&sE 4&n&ral l&mish&sE ammoniation, uckskin, cak&d m&lanos&, cr&asin, d&ca*, sca, split na:&ls, spra*urn, und&:&lop&d s&m&nts, unh&al&d s&m&nts, and /orm* 0ruit nuri&s to 0ruitE ruis&s, r&&n spots, oil spots, rouh, /id&, or protrudin na:&ls, scal&, scars, skin r&akdo/n, and thorn scratch&s 5ama& caus&d * dirt or oth&r 0or&in mat&rial, dis&as&, dr*n&ss, or mush* condition, hail, ins&cts, ricin&ss or /oodin&ss, and sunurn!"8F%  Th& V25A us&s a s&parat& radin s*st&m 0or oran&s us&d 0or uic& &caus& app&aranc& and t&xtur& ar& irr&l&:ant in this cas&! Th&r& ar& onl* t/o rad&sE V2 4rad& AA Quic& and V2 4rad& A Quic&, /hich ar& i:&n to th& oran&s &0or& proc&ssin! Quic& rad&s ar& d&t&rmin&d * thr&& 0actorsE  Th& uicin&ss th& oran& amount o0o0solids in th& uic& (at l&ast BK solids ar& r&Muir&d r&Muir&d 0or th& AA rad&)

 

 Th& proportion o0 anh*dric citric acid in in 0ruit solids Histor*  &llo/  &llo/ >ran&s and 4r&&n Tan&rin&s Tan&rin&s * ehao 3inran, 1hin&s& 0an paintin 0rom th& 2on d*nast* (D)  Th& oran& is unkno/n in th& /ild stat&O is assum&d to ha:& oriinat&d in south&rn 1hina, north&ast&rn ndia, and p&rhaps south&ast&rn Asia,"@% and that th&* /&r& Rrst culti:at&d in 1hina around $8KK L1!"8C% n .urop&, citrus 0ruitsUamon th&m th& itt&r oran&, introduc&d to tal* * th& crusad&rs in th& BBth c&ntur*U/&r& ro/n /id&l* in th& south s outh 0or m&dicinal purpos&s,"@% ut th& s/&&t oran& /as unkno/n until th& lat& B8th c&ntur* or th& &innins o0 th& B@th c&ntur*, /h&n talian and ortuu&s& m&rchants rouht oran& tr&&s into th& D&dit&rran&an ar&a!"@% 2hortl* a0t&r/ard, th& s/&&t s/ &&t oran& Muickl* /as adopt&d as an &dil& 0ruit! t also /as consid&r&d a luxur* it&m and /&alth* p&opl& r&/ oran&s in pri:at& cons&r:atori&s, call&d oran&ri&s! L* B@7@, th& s/&&t oran& /as /&ll kno/n throuhout .urop&!"@%  Q&an-Laptist& >udr*, Th& >ran& Tr&&, Tr&&, BJ7K 2panish tra:&l&rs introduc&d th& s/&&t oran& into th& Am&rican contin&nt! >n his s&cond :o*a& in B7C#, 1hristoph&r 1olumus ma* ha:& plant&d th& 0ruit in Hispaniola!"@K% 2us&Mu&nt &xp&ditions in th& mid-B8KKs rouht s/&&t oran&s to 2outh Am&rica and D&xico, andn&&d&d% to ?lorida in B8@8, /h&n &dro D&nnd&< d& A:ils 0ound&d 2t Auustin&!"citation 2panish missionari&s rouht oran& tr&&s to Ari<ona &t/&&n BJKJ and BJBK, /hil& th& ?ranciscans ?ranciscans did th& sam& in 2an 2a n 5i&o, 1ali0ornia, in BJ@C!"citation n&&d&d% An orchard /as plant&d at th& 2an 4ari&l Dission around BFK7 and a comm&rcial orchard /as &stalish&d in BF7B n&ar pr&s&nt-da* 3os An&l&s!"citation n&&d&d% n 3ouisiana, oran&s /&r& proal* introduc&d * ?r&nch &xplor&rs!"citation n&&d&d% Archiald D&n<i&s, th& otanist and naturalist on th& 9ancou:&r .xp&dition, coll&ct&d oran& s&&ds in 2outh A0rica, rais&d th& s&&dlins onoard and a:& th&m to s&:&ral Ha/aiian chi&0s in BJC$! .:&ntuall*, th& s/&&t oran& /as ro/n in /id& ar&as o0 th& Ha/aiian slands, ut its culti:ation stopp&d a0t&r th& arri:al o0 th& D&dit&rran&an 0ruit P* in th& &arl* BCKKs!"@%"@B% As oran&s ar& rich in :itamin 1 and do not spoil &asil*, durin th& A& o0 5isco:&r*, ortuu&s&, 2panish, and 5utch sailors plant&d citrus tr&&s alon trad& rout&s to pr&:&nt scur:*! Around BFJ$, ?lorida 0arm&rs otain&d s&&ds 0rom &/ >rl&ans! Dan* oran& ro:&s /&r& &stalish&d * ra0tin th& s/&&t oran& on to sour oran& rootstocks! 1ulti:ation 1limat& r&0&r to caption >ran& tr&& in Darch in 2anta 1lara, 1ali0ornia 3ik& most citrus plants, oran&s do /&ll und&r mod&rat& t&mp&ratur&sU&t/&&n B8!8 and $C 1 (8C!C and F7!$ ?)Uand r&Muir& consid&ral& amounts o0 sunshin& and /at&r! t has &&n su&st&d that th& us& o0 /at&r r&sourc&s * th& citrus industr* in th& Diddl& .ast is a contriutin 0actor to th& d&siccation o0 th& r&ion! "citation n&&d&d% Anoth&r siniRcant &l&m&nt in th& 0ull d&:&lopm&nt o0 th& 0ruit is th& t&mp&ratur& :ariation summ&r and /int&r and, &t/&&n da* and niht! n cool&r climat&s, oran&s&t/&&n can & ro/n indoors!

 

As oran&s ar& s&nsiti:& to 0rost, th&r& ar& diI&r&nt m&thods to pr&:&nt 0rost dama& to crops and tr&&s /h&n su0r&&<in t&mp&ratur&s ar& &xp&ct&d! A common proc&ss is to spra* th& tr&&s /ith /at&r so as to co:&r th&m /ith a thin la*&r o0 ic& that /ill sta* ust at th& 0r&&<in 0 r&&<in point, insulatin th&m &:&n i0 air t&mp&ratur&s drop 0ar lo/&r!! This is &caus& /at&r continu&s to los& h&at as lon as th& &n:ironm&nt is lo/&r cold&r than it is, and so th& /at&r turnin to ic& in th& &n:ironm&nt cannot dama& th& tr&&s! This practic&, ho/&:&r, oI&rs prot&ction onl* 0or a :&r* short tim&!"@$% Anoth&r proc&dur& urnin oil in smud& pots put th& tr&&s! Th&s& d&:ic&s urn /ith aisr&at d&al0u&l o0 particulat& &mission, s o&t/&&n so cond&nsation o0 /at&r :apour on th& particulat& soot pr&:&nts cond&nsation on plants and rais&s th& air t&mp&ratur& :&r* slihtl*! slihtl*! 2mud& pots /&r& d&:&lop&d 0or th& Rrst tim& a0t&r a disastrous 0r&&<& in 2outh&rn 1ali0ornia in Qanuar* BCB# d&stro*&d a /hol& crop!"@#% ropaation 2&& alsoE ?ruit tr&& propaation and 1itrus rootstock t is possil& to ro/ oran& tr&&s dir&ctl* 0rom s&&ds, ut th&* ma* & in0&rtil& or produc& 0ruit that ma* & diI&r&nt 0rom its par&nt! ?or th& s&&d o0 a comm&rcial oran& to ro/, it must & k&pt moist at all tim&s! >n& approach is placin th& s&&ds &t/&&n t/o sh&&ts o0 damp pap&r to/&l until th&* &rminat& and th&n plantin th&m, althouh man* culti:ators ust s&t th& s&&ds straiht into th& soil! 1omm&rciall* ro/n oran& tr&&s ar& propaat&d as&xuall* * ra0tin a matur& culti:ar onto a suital& s&&dlintorootstock &nsur& th& s am& sam& *i&ld, id&ntical 0ruit charact&ristics, and r&sistanc& dis&as&s to throuhout th& *&ars! ropaation in:ol:&s t/o sta&sE Rrst, a rootstock is ro/n 0rom s&&d! Th&n, /h&n it is approximat&l* on& *&ar old, th& l&a0* top is cut oI and a ud tak&n 0rom a sp&ciRc scion :ari&t*, is ra0t&d into its ark! Th& scion is /hat d&t&rmin&s th& :ari&t* o0 oran&, /hil& th& rootstock mak&s th& tr&& r&sistant to p&sts and dis&as&s and adaptal& to sp&ciRc soil and climatic conditions! Thus, rootstocks inPu&nc& th& rat& o0 ro/th and ha:& an &I&ct on 0ruit *i&ld and Mualit*!"@7% Mualit*!"@7% r&0&r to caption >ran& tr&& in 2outh&rn ?ranc& ?ranc& 6ootstocks must & compatil& /ith th& :ari&t* ins&rt&d into th&m &caus& oth&r/is&, th& tr&& ma* d&clin&, & l&ss producti:&, or di&!"@7% Amon th& s&:&ral ad:anta&s to ra0tin ar& that tr&&s matur& uni0orml* and &in to &ar 0ruit &arli&r than thos& r&produc&d *comin& s&&ds (#th& to 7&st *&ars in contrast J *&ars),"@8% and that it mak&s it possil& to attriut&s o0 a/ith scion@ to /ith thos& o0 a rootstock!"@@% Har:&st "icon%% This s&ction "icon s&ction r&Muir&s r&Muir&s &xpans &xpansion! ion! (o:&m (o:&m&r &r $KB$) >ran&s >ran& plant in pot at otanical ard&n o0 illnit< castl&, 4&rman*! 4&rman*! An oran& tr&& in 1ali0ornia! >ran&s in th& mark&t! 1anop*-shakin m&chanical har:&st&rs ar& &in us&d incr&asinl* in ?lorida to har:&st oran&s! 1urr&nt canop* shak&r machin&sconstant us& a s&ri&s s&rstrok& i&s o0 six-to-s&:&n-0oot lon tin&s to shak& th& tr&& canop* at a r&lati:&l* and 0r&Mu&nc* 0r&Mu&nc*!"@J% !"@J%

 

ormall*, oran&s ar& pick&d onc& th&* ar& pal& oran&!"@F% 5&r&&nin >ran&s must & matur& /h&n har:&st&d!"citation n&&d&d% n th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, la/s 0orid har:&stin immatur& 0ruit 0or human consumption in T&xas, T&xas, Ari<ona, 1ali0ornia and ?lorida!"@C% 6ip& oran&s, ho/&:&r, o0t&n ha:& som& r&&n or *&llo/-r&&n color in th& skin! .th*l&n& as is us&d to turn r&&n skin to oran&! This proc&ss is kno/n as +d&r&&nin+, call&d +assin+, +s/&atin+, or +curin+!"@C% >ran&s ar& nonclimact&ric 0ruits also and cannot post-har:&st rip&n int&rnall* in r&spons& to &th*l&n& as, thouh th&* /ill d&-r&&n &xt&rnall*!"JK% &xt&rnall*!"JK% 2tora& A stand /ith oran&s, a man n&xt to it, a cat on th& Poor A stand /ith oran&s in a mark&t at Aadir, Dorocco 1omm&rciall*, oran&s can & stor&d * r&0ri&ration in controll&d-atmosph&r& cham&rs 0or up to B$ /&&ks a0t&r har:&st! 2tora& li0& ultimat&l* d&p&nds on culti:ar, maturit*, pr&-har:&st conditions, and handlin!"JB% n stor&s and mark&ts, ho/&:&r, oran&s should & displa*&d on non-r&0ri&rat&d sh&l:&s! At hom&, oran&s ha:& a sh&l0 li0& o0 aout on& month!"J$% n &ith&r cas&, optimall*, th&* ar& stor&d loos&l* in an op&n or p&r0orat&d plastic a!"J$% &sts and3ist dis&as&s 2&& alsoE o0 citrus dis&as&s 1otton* cushion scal&  Th& Rrst maor p&st that attack&d oran& tr&&s in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s /as th& cotton* cushion scal& (c&r*a purchasi), import&d 0rom Australia to 1ali0ornia in BF@F! Githin $K *&ars, it /ip&d out th& citrus orchards around 3os An&l&s, and limit&d oran& ro/th throuhout 1ali0ornia! n BFFF, th& V25A s&nt Al0r&d No&&l& to Australia to stud* this scal& ins&ct in its nati:& haitat! H& rouht ack /ith him sp&cim&ns o0 o:ius cardinalis, an Australian lad*ird &&tl&, and /ithin a d&cad& th& p&st /as controll&d!"#J% 1itrus r&&nin dis&as&  Th& citrus r&&nin dis&as&, caus&d * th& act&rium 3i&roact&r asiaticum, has &&n th& most s&rious thr&at to oran& production sinc& $KBK! t is charact&ri<&d * str&aks o0 diI&r&nt shad&s on th& l&a:&s, and d&0orm&d, poorl*-color&d, unsa:or* 0ruit! ar&as /h&r& dis&as& is &nd&mic, citrus tr&&s li:& 0or/&st&rn onl* R:&h&misph&r&, to &iht *&arsn and n&:&r &arth& 0ruit suital& 0or consumption!"J#% n th& th& dis&as& /as disco:&r&d in ?lorida in BCCF, /h&r& it has attack&d n&arl* all th& tr&&s &:&r sinc&! t /as r&port&d in Lra<il * ?und&citrus Lrasil in $KK7!"J#% As 0rom $KKC, K!FJ o0 th& tr&&s in Lra<il's main oran& ro/in ar&as (2So aulo and Dinas 4&rais) sho/&d s*mptoms o0 r&&nin, an incr&as& o0 7C o:&r $KKF!"J7%  Th& dis&as& is spr&ad primaril* * t/o sp&ci&s o0 ps*llid ins&cts! >n& o0 th&m is th& Asian citrus ps*llid (5iaphorina citri Nu/a*ama), an &jci&nt :&ctor o0 th& 3i&roact&r asiaticum! 4&n&ralist pr&dators such as th& lad*ird &&tl&s 1urinus co&rul&us, >lla :-nirum, Harmonia ax*ridis, and 1*clon&da sanuin&a, and th& lac&/ins 1&ra&ochr*sa spp! and 1hr*sop&rla spp! mak& siniRcant contriuti contriution on to th& mortalit* o0 th& Asian citrus ps*llid, /hich r&sults in FKBKK r&duction in ps*llid populations! n contrast, parasitism * Tamarixia Tamarixia radiata, a sp&ci&s-sp&ciRc parasitoid o0 th& Asian citrus ps*llid, is :arial& and &n&rall* lo/ in south/&st ?loridaE in $KK@, it amount&d to a r&duction o0 l&ss than B$ 0rom Da* to 2&pt&m&r and 8K in o:&m&r!

 

n $KKJ, 0oliar applications o0 ins&cticid&s r&duc&d ps*llid populations 0or a short tim&, ut also suppr&ss&d th& populations o0 pr&dator* lad*ird &&tl&s! 2oil application o0 aldicar pro:id&d limit&d control o0 Asian citrus ps*llid, /hil& dr&nch&s o0 imidacloprid to *oun tr&&s /&r& &I&cti:& 0or t/o months or mor&!"J8% Dana&m&nt o0 citrus r&&nin dis&as& is dijcult and r&Muir&s an int&rat&d approach that includ&s us& o0 cl&an stock, &limination o0 inoculum :ia :oluntar* and r&ulator* m&ans,o0us& o0 p&sticid&s control ps*llid :&ctors in th& citrus crop, andis ioloical control ps*llid :&ctors intonon-crop r&s&r:oirs! 1itrus r&&nin dis&as& not und&r compl&t&l* succ&ss0ul mana&m&nt!"J#% 4r&as* spot 4r&as* spot, a 0unal dis&as& caus&d * th& D*cospha&r&lla citri, produc&s l&a0 spots and pr&matur& d&0oliation, thus r&ducin th& tr&&'s :iour and *i&ld! Ascospor&s o0 D! citri ar& &n&rat&d in ps&udoth&cia in d&composin 0all&n l&a:&s!"J@% >nc& matur&, ascospor&s ar& &&ct&d and sus&Mu&ntl* disp&rs&d * air curr&nts! roduction Dain articl&E 1itrus production >ran& 4ro:& outsid& o0 2anta aula, 1ali0ornia! Lra<il is th& /orld's l&adin oran& produc&r, /ith an output almost as hih as that o0  th& n&xtar& thr&& countri&s comin&d (th&o0Vnit&d 2tat&s, and 1hina)!r&ion >ran& ro:&s locat&d mainl* in th& stat& 2So aulo, in ndia, th& south&ast&rn o0 Lra<il, and account 0or approximat&l* FK o0 th& national production! As almost CC o0 th& 0ruit is proc&ss&d 0or &xport, 8# o0 total loal 0ro<&n conc&ntrat&d oran&  uic& production com&s 0rom this this ar&a and th& /&st&rn part o0 th& stat& o0 Dinas 4&rais! n Lra<il, th& 0our pr&dominant oran& :ari&ti&s us&d 0or otainin uic& ar& Hamlin, &ra 6io, atal, and 9al&ncia!"JJ%"JF%  Th& Vnit&d 2tat&s is th& s&cond lar&st produc&r! produc&r! 4ro:&s ar& locat&d &sp&ciall* in ?lorida, 1ali0ornia, T&xas, T&xas, and Ari<ona! Th& maorit* o0 1ali0ornia's crop is sold as 0r&sh 0ruit, /h&r&as ?lorida's oran&s ar& d&stin&d to uic& products! Did-south ?lorida produc&s aout hal0 as man* oran&s as Lra<il, ut th& ulk o0 its or oran& an& uic& is not &xport&d! Th& ndian 6i:&r ar&a o0 ?lorida is kno/n 0or th& hih Mualit* o0 its uic&, /hich o0t&n is sold 0r&sh in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s and 0r&Mu&ntl* l&nd&d /ith uic& produc&d in oth&r r&ions &caus& ndian 6i:&r tr&&s *i&ld :&r* s/&&t s/&& t oran&s, ut in r&lati:&l* small Muantiti&s!"JC% roduction o0 oran& uic& &t/&&n th& 2So aulo and mid-south ?lorida ar&as mak&s up rouhl* F8 o0 th& /orld mark&t! Lra<il &xports CC o0 its production, /hil& CK o0 ?lorida's production is consum&d in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s!"FK% >ran& uic& is trad&d int&rnationall* in th& 0orm o0 0ro<&n, conc&ntrat&d oran& uic& to r&duc& th& :olum& us&d so that stora& and transportation costs ar& lo/&r!"FB% lo/&r!"FB%  Th& .urop&an Vnion is th& third lar&st lar&st produc&r o0 oran&s /orld/id&!"JF% >th&r countri&s /ith a siniRcant production o0 oran&s ar& 2outh A0rica, Dorocco, and Ar&ntina!  Top  Top t&n countri&s /ith th&tonn&s) lar&st production o0 oran& in $KB$"F$% (million

 

6ank 1ountr* roduction 6ank 1ountr* B Lra<il BF B F!K @ 2pain $! $ !C $ Vnit&d 2tat&s F!B J .*pt $! $ !J # 1hina @!8 F tal* B!J 7 ndia 8!K C Turk&*B!@ 8 D&xico #!@ BK 2outh A0rica B!@

roduction

 Quic& and /hos& oth&r products >ran&s, Pa:or ma* :ar* 0rom s/&&t to sour, ar& commonl* p&&l&d and &at&n 0r&sh or sMu&&<&d 0or uic&! Th& thick itt&r rind is usuall* discard&d, ut can & proc&ss&d into animal 0&&d * d&siccation, usin pr&ssur& and h&at! t also is us&d in c&rtain r&cip&s as a 0ood Pa:orin or arnish! Th& out&rmost la*&r o0 th& rrind ind can & thinl* rat&d /ith a <&st&r to produc& oran& <&st! e&st is popular in cookin &caus& it contains oils and has a stron Pa:or similar to that o0 th& ora oran& n& pulp! Th& /hit& part o0 th& rind, includin th& pith, is a sourc& o0 p&ctin and has n&arl* th& sam& amount o0 :itamin 1 as th& P&sh P&s h and oth&r nutri&nts!"citation n&&d&d% Althouh not as uic* or tast* as th& P&sh, oran& p&&l is &dil& and has siniRcant cont&nts o0 :itamin 1, di&tar* R&r, total pol*ph&nols, carot&noids, limon&n& and di&tar* min&rals, such as potassium and man&sium!"F#% roducts mad& 0rom oran&s >ran& uic& isth& otain&d th& 0ruit on can a sp&cial tool at (a hom& uic&r or, or sMu&&<&r) and coll&ctin uic& in*a sMu&&<in tra* und&rn&ath! This & mad& on a much lar&r scal&, industriall*! industriall*! Lra<il is th& lar&st produc&r o0 oran& uic& in th& /orld, 0ollo/&d * th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, /h&r& it is on& o0 th& commoditi&s trad&d on th& &/ ork Loard o0 Trad&! 2k&l&tal mod&l o0 oct*l ac&tat& >ct*l ac&tat& is r&sponsil& 0or th& 0raranc& o0 oran&s ?ro<&n ?ro<&n oran& uic& conc&ntrat& is mad& 0rom 0r&shl* sMu&&<&d and Rlt&r&d oran&  uic&!"F7% 2/&&t oran& oil is a *-product *-product o0 th& uic& industr* produc&d * pr&ssin th& p&&l! t is us&d 0or Pa:orin 0ood and drinks and also in th& p&r0um& industr* and aromath&rap* 0or its 0raranc&! 2/&&t oran& oil consists o0 approximat&l* CK 5limon&n&, a sol:&nt us&d in :arious hous&hold ch&micals, such as /ood condition&rs 0or 0urnitur& andUalon /ith oth&r citrus oilsUd&t&r&nts and hand cl&ans&rs! t is an &jci&nt cl&anin a&nt /ith a pl&asant sm&ll, promot&d 0or &in & in &n:ironm&ntall* 0ri&ndl* th&r&0or&, pr&0&ral& to p&troch&micals! 5-limon&n& is, li0& ho/&:&r, classiR&dand 0rom slihtl* toxic to humans,"F8% to :&r* toxic to marin& in diI&r&nt countri&s!"F@% 3imon&n& is consid&r&d a natural ch&mopr&:&nti:& a&nt in humans,"FJ%"FF% and th&r& is no &:id&nc& 0or its carcino&nicit* carcino&nicit* or &notoxicit*, as onc& &li&:&d! Th& 1arcino&nic ot&nc* ot&nc* ro&ct &stimat&s that 5-limon&n& ma* aI&ct human canc&r on a l&:&l rouhl* &Mui:al&nt to that 0or caI&ic acid :ia di&tar* coI&& intak&,"FC% /h&r&as th& nt&rnational A&nc* 0or 6&s&arch on 1anc&r (A61) classiR&s it und&r 1lass #, /hich m&ans it is not classiRal& as to its carcino&nicit* to humans!"CK% >ran& lossoms ar& us&d in s&:&ral diI&r&nt /a*s, as ar& 0ruit p&&ls and th& l&a:&s and /ood o0 th& tr&&!  Th& oran& lossom, /hich is th& stat& Po/&r o0 ?lorida,"CB% is hihl* 0rarant and traditionall* associat&d /ith ood 0ortun&! t has lon &&n popular in ridal ouMu&ts and h&ad /r&aths! >ran& lossom &ss&nc& is an important compon&nt in th& makin o0 p&r0um&!

 

>ran& lossom p&tals can also & mad& into a d&licat&l* citrus-sc&nt&d :&rsion o0 ros&/at&r, kno/n as +oran& lossom /at&r+ or +oran& Po/&r /at&r+! t is a common inr&di&nt in ?r&nch and Diddl& .ast&rn cuisin&s, &sp&ciall* in d&ss&rts and ak&d oods! n som& Diddl& .ast&rn countri&s, drops o0 oran& Po/&r /at&r ar& add&d to disuis& th& unpl&asant tast& tas t& o0 hard /at&r dra/n 0rom /&lls or stor&d in Mullahs (traditional .*ptian /at&r pitch&rs mad& o0 porous cla*)! n th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, oran& Po/&r /at&r is us&d to mak& oran& lossom scon&s and marshmallo/s! n 2pain,lossom 0all&n lossoms dri&dhon&*) and us&d to mak&* t&a! >ran& hon&* (orar& citrus is otain&d puttin &&hi:&s in th& citrus ro:&s /hil& tr&&s loom! L* this m&thod, &&s also pollinat& s&&d&d citrus :ari&ti&s!  This t*p& o0 hon&* has an oran&* tast& and is hihl* pri<&d! Darmalad& usuall* is mad& /ith 2&:ill& oran&s! All parts o0 th& 0ruit ar& us&dE th& pith and pips (s&parat&d and plac&d in a muslin a) ar& oil&d in a mixtur& o0 uic&, sli:&r&d p&&l, slic&d-up P&sh, suar, and /at&r to &xtract th&ir p&ctin, /hich h&lps th& cons&r:& to s&t! >ran& p&&l is us&d * ard&n&rs as a slu r&p&ll&nt! >ran& l&a:&s can & oil&d to mak& t&a! >ran&/ood sticks ar& us&d as cuticl& push&rs in manicur&s and p&dicur&s, and as spud&rs 0or manipulatin sl&nd&r &l&ctronic /ir&s! >ran&/ood is us&d in th& sam& /a* as m&sMuit&, oak, and hickor* 0or s&asonin rill&d m&at! A ar o0 oran& uic& /ith oran&s or an&s around it >ran&s and oran& uic& r&0&r to caption  Quic& sMu&&<&r r&0&r to caption A ar o0 marmalad& 2&& also 1am s\nh (4r&&n oran& or 3onan! 1itrus r&ticulata  maxima) >ran& production in Lra<il Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia 1itrus .xp&rim&nt 2tation .li<a Ti&ts (0or th& histor* o0 oran& ro:&s in 1ali0ornia, Vnit&d 2tat&s) lant propaation 6&0&r&nc&s  Qump up  +1itrus sin&nsis in0ormation 0rom 0rom 4246+! /// ///!ars-rin!o: !ars-rin!o:!! 6&tri&:&d $KKF-K#-BJ!  Qump up  +1itrus sin&nsis (3!) >s&ck (pro sp!) (maxima  r&ticulata) r&ticulata) s/&&t oran&+! lants!V25A!o: lants!V25A ! dra0t &nom& o0 s/&&t oran& (1itrus sin&nsis)+! atur&  Qump up toE a  c d !o:! & +Th& 4&n&tics 78E 8C@@! doiEBK!BK#Fn!$7J$!  Qump up toE a  Andrs 4arca 3or ($KB#)! >rani<aciXn d& la di:&rsidad &ntica d& los ctricos (5?) (Th&sis)! p! JC!  Qump up  +A &n&alo* o0 th& citrus 0amil*+! atur& Liot&chnolo* Liot&chnolo* #$E @7K@7$! doiEBK!BK#Fnt!$C87!  Qump up toE a  c d & 0  h Dorton, Q!, ?ruits o0 Garm 1limat&s 1limat&s (BCFJ) Diami, ?3, pp! B#7B7$!  Qump up  1itrus sin&nsis in0ormation 0rom 0rom 4246! Ars-rin!o: Ars-rin!o:!! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up toE a  >ranisms! 1itrus 4&nom& 5ataas&  Qump up  httpE///!consum&rsunion!or0oodKCKF0ooddcCCF!htm httpE///!consum&rsunion!or0oodKCKF0ooddcCCF!htm!! Dissin or &mpt* titl&f (h&lp)  Qump up  +2tat&s Ghich roduc& roduc& th& Dost o0 opular Nids ?ood+! ? ?A> A> 2tatistics! 6&tri&:&d BJ, $KBB!  Qump up o:&m&r 2up&rsp&ci&s! 2ci&ntiRc-/&!com! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!

 

 Qump up  icolosi, .!O 5&n, e! !O 4&ntil&, A!O 3a Dal0a, 2!O 1ontin&lla, 4!O Triulato, Triulato, .! ($KKK)! +1itrus ph*lo&n* and &n&tic oriin o0 important sp&ci&s as in:&stiat&d * mol&cular mark&rs+! TA4 Th&or&tical and Appli&d 4&n&tics BKK (F)E BB88BB@@! doiEBK!BKKJsKKB$$KK8B7BC!  Qump up  Lail&*, H! and Lail&*, .! (BCJ@)! Hortus Third! Third! 1orn&ll Vni:&rsit* DacDillan! DacDillan! !! p! $J8!  Qump up  2&&d and ?ruits! ?ruits! .su!&du! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up toE a  c Gillard Hodson (BC@JBCFC) "BC7#%! +7+! n G& G&&r, &r, H&r&rt  QohnO r&: o0 Galt&r Galt&r 6&uth&r and 1ali0orniaE Harr* G! G! 3a/ton! Th& o0 1itrus ndustr*, Horticultural 9ari&ti&s 1itrus! 6i:&rsid&, Vni:&rsit* 1ali0ornia 5i:ision o0 Aricultural 2ci&nc&s!  Qump up  1itrus sin&nsis  .nc*clop&dia o0 3i0&! .>3! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up  pip  5&Rnition /ith th&saurus, &xampl&s, audio and mor&! mor&!  ourdictionar*  ourdictionar*!com !com ($KBB-KC-$#)! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up  pith  5&Rnition /ith th&saurus, &xampl&s, audio and mor&! mor&!  ourdictionar*  ourdictionar*!com !com ($KBB-KC-$#)! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up toE a  c d & 0  h Nimall, 5an A! (Qun& #K, BCCC)! +1itrus proc&ssinE a compl&t& uid&+ ($d &d!)! &/ orkE orkE 2prin&r! 2prin&r! p! 78K! 2L K-F#7$-B$8F-J!  Qump up  G&&r, H&r&rt QohnO 6&uth&r, 6&uth&r, Galt&r and 3a/ton, Harr* G G!! (BC@JBCFC) "BCK#%! +Th& 1itrus ndustr*+! 6i:&rsid&, 1ali0orniaE Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia 5i:ision o0 Aricultural 2ci&nc&s!  Qump up toE a  c d Hom& ?ruit ?ruit roduction  >ran&s, Qulian G! 2auls, h!5!, ro0&ssor  .xt&nsion Horticulturist, T&xas T&xas 1oop&rati:& .xt&nsion (5&c&m&r, BCCF), ai&-horticultur&!tamu!&du  Qump up  +lant roRl& roRl& 0or 1itrus aurantium 3! (pro sp!), httpEplants!usda!o:a:aproRl&]s*molf1AVF  Qump up  6?3 Anal*sis o0 th& >riin o0 1itrus L&ramia, 1itrus Qamhiri, Qamhiri, and 1itrus 3imonia  Qump up  4&rald Nlinaman! +lant o0 th& G&&k! G&&k! Hard* >ran& or T Tri0oliat& ri0oliat& >ran&! 3atinE oncirus tri0oliat+! Vni:&rsit* o0 Arkansas! 5i:ision o0 Aricultur&!  Qump up  Tan&rin&s Tan&rin&s (mandarin oran&s) nutrition 0acts and h&alth &n&Rts! utrition-and-*ou!com! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up  2cion  5&Rnition and Dor& Dor& 0rom th& ?r&& ?r&& D&rriam-G&st&r D&rriam-G&st&r 5ictionar*! 5ictionar*! D&rriam-/&st&r!com! D&rriam-/&st&r !com! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up toE a  +5&Rnition o0 oran&+! 1ollins .nlish 5ictionar* (collinsdictionar*!com)!  Qump up  +5&Rnition o0 oran&+! >.5 onlin& (///!ox0orddictionari (///!ox0orddictionari&s!com)! &s!com)!  Qump up  at&rson, an ($KK#)! A 5ictionar* 5ictionar* o0 1olourE A 3&xi 3&xicon con o0 th& 3anua& o0 1olour (Bst pap&rack &d!)! 3ondonE Thoroood (pulish&d $KK7)! p! $FK! 2L BF87BF-#J8-#! >131 @K7BBK$8!  Qump up  +oran& colour  oran& color, n! (and ad!)+! >x0ord .nlish 5ictionar* 5ictionar*!! >.5! 6&tri&:&d BC April $KBB!  Qump up  Da&r<, Alo*s QohnO Dorris 6&a 6&a aul (BC#K), A 5ict 5ictionar* ionar* o0 1olor, &/ orkE orkE Dc4ra/-Hill, p! $KK  Qump up toE a  +Dultilinual Dultiscript Dultiscript lant am& 5ataas&E 2ortin 1itrus am&s+! Vni:&rsit* o0 D&lourn& (///!s&arch!unim&l!&du!au)! (///!s&arch!unim&l!&du!au)! 6&tri&:&d BB 5&c&m&r $KB$!  Qump up toE a  >st&rr&n, 6o&rt 1! and 3& Loss&, Dathias ($KBB)! Th& .urop&ans, 2&cond .ditionE A 4&oraph* o0 &opl&, 1ultur&, and .n:ironm&nt! 4uil0ord r&ss! p! B$C! 2L CJF-B-@KCBF-B7K-@!  Qump up  1harl&s 5uI (BCJB)! 2panish 0or &inn&rs! Harp&r1ollins! p! BCB! 2L CJF-K-K@-7@#$JB-#!  Qump up  2&& also 3ist o0 u&rto 6ican slan /ords and phras&s  Qump up ! Hoad, T! ? T! ?!! (BCC@)! +oran&+! Th&Da* 1oncis& >x0ord 5ictionar* o0 .nlish .t*molo*! .t*molo* HihL&am 6&s&arch! 6&tri&:&d BC, $KBK!

 

 Qump up toE a  1oit, Qohn .liot (BCB8)! 1itrus 0ruitsE an account o0 th& citrus 0ruit industr*, /ith sp&cial r&0&r&nc& to 1ali0ornia r&Muir&m&nts and practic&s and similar conditions! Th& Dacmillan 1ompan*! 1ompan*! 6&tri&:&d $ >cto&r $KBB!  Qump up toE a  Dat&rial d&ntiRcation 2h&&t! G&capua!com! G&capua!com! 6&tri&:&d on $KBBBK-K$ (in ?r&nch)!  Qump up  1itrus a&s  2/&&t oran&s! Vs&rs!k*mp!n&t! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!  Qump up toE a  c d ?&ruson, Qam&s Q! our our ?lorida 5oor*ard 1itrus 4uid&  App&ndic&s, 5&Rnitions and 4lossar*! 4lossar*! &dis!i0as!uP!&du  Qump up  $KB$! +Th& 3i0& o0 3u& 4im 4on+! G&st G&st 9olusia 9olusia Historical 2oci&t*! 2oci&t*! 6&tri&:&d 8 5&c&m&r  Qump up  >ran&! Hort!purdu&!&du! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K $KBB-BK-K$! $!  Qump up  T*p&s T*p&s o0 >ran&s  Llood, a:&l, 9al&ncia! 9al&ncia! 2unkist! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BKK$!  Qump up toE a  c d 2taI o0 th& 1itrus .xp&rim&nt 2tation, 1oll&& o0 atural and Aricultural 2ci&nc&s (BCBK$KBB)! +2/&&t >ran&s and Th&ir H*rids+! 1itrus 9ari&t* 1oll&ction! Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia (6i:&rsid&)! 6&tri&:&d Qanuar* BC, $KBB!  Qump up  +1ommodit* ?act ?act 2h&&tE 1itrus ?ruits+ ?ruits+ (5?)! 1ali0ornia ?oundation ?oundation 0or Aricultur& in th& 1lassroom! 6&tri&:&d $KB$-K#-K@!  Qump up  2aund&rs, Gilliam +.xp&rim&ntal +.xp&rim&ntal 4ard&ns and 4rounds+, in V25A,  &arook  &arook o0 Aricultur& BFCJ, BFK IO V25A, V25A,  &arook &arook o0 Aricultur& BCKK, @7!  Qump up toE a  +VL1 Lotanical 4ard&n, Lotan* hoto o0 th& 5a*+!  Qump up toE a  2uss&r, All&n (BCCJ)! Th& 4r&at 1itrus LookE A 4uid& /ith 6&cip&s!  T&n  T&n 2p&&d r&ss! 2L CJF-K-FCFB8-F88-J! CJF-K-FCFB8-F88-J!  Qump 1araq&Yitl&riE na:&l oran&! Vni:&rsit* 1ali0ornia, 6i:&rsid&  Qump up up   1ara ortakal q&Yitl&riE 2&k&r portakal (ino0Turkish) Turkish)  Qump up  Alain ?or&st, ?or&st, oshiharu oshiharu Tsuo Tsuo 1atholicism& &t socits asiatiMu&s, BCFF, pa& B@7! +A l':^ch d& Za 5oai, son pa*s natal o il &st r&:&nu, il 0ait rinstall&r un :illa& sur d&s t&rr&s plus 0&rtil&s &t mi&ux irriu&s pour * implant&r un& :arit d'oran& &spanol& introduit& par l&s missionnair&s &t d&:&nu& clr& d&puis!+  Qump up  Qournal d'aricultur& d'aricultur& tropical& &t d& otaniMu& appliMu& Dusum national d'histoir& natur&ll& (?ranc&), (?ranc&), BC@8, 9olum& B$, pa& 8#F! +Aucun& :arit d'importation n'&st supri&ur& aux :arits :i&tnami&nn&s E Za-5oai, prs d& 9inh, 1am 5bn, !!!+  Qump up  2tud* on induction o0 t&traploid citrus citrus plants d&ri:&d ?r ?rom om local diploid culti:ars  Qump up  AschoI QN, Nau0mann 2, Nalkan >, &idhart 2, 1arl& 6, 2ch/&i&rt 6D ($KB8)! +n 9itro Lioacc&ssiilit* o0 1arot&noids, ?la:onoids, and 9itamin 1 0rom 5iI&r&ntl* roc&ss&d roc&ss&d >ran&s and >ran& Quic&s "1itrus sin&nsis (3!) >s&ck%+! Q Aric ?ood 1h&m! in pr&ss, Qan6, FE 8JFFJ! doiEBK!BK$B08K8$CJt! D5oran& $88#C#C7!  Qump up  &r&<-1acho &r&<-1 acho 6ous&I 63 ($KKF)! +?r&sh +?r&sh sMu&&<&d uic& odorE a r&:i&/+! 1rit 6&: ?ood 2ci utr 7F (J)E @FBC8! doiEBK!BKFKBK7KF#CKJKB@#FCK$! D5 BF@@#@BF!  Qump up toE a  2inclair, Galton L!O Lartholom&/, .!T! .!T! and 6aams&*, 6! 1! (BC78)! +Anal*sis o0 th& oranic acids o0 oran& uic&+ (5?)! lant h*siolo* $K (B)E #BF! doiEBK!BBK7pp!$K!B!#! D1 7#J@C#! D5 B@@8#C@@!  Qump up  1&nt&rs 0or 5is&as& 1ontrol and r&:&ntion (151) (151) (Qul* B@, BCCC)! +>utr&ak o0 2almon&lla 2&rot*p& Du&nch&n n0&ctions Associat&d /ith Vnpast&uri<&d >ran& Quic&  Vnit&d 2tat&s and 1anada, Qun& BCCC+! Doridit* and Dortalit* G&&kl* 6&port (1&nt&rs 0or 5is&as& 1ontrol) 7F ($J)E 8F$8F8! D5 BK7$FKC@!  Qump up toE a  Vnit&d 2tat&s 2tandards 0or 4rad&s o0 ?lorida >ran&s and  Tan&los  Tan&los (V25AO ?&ruar*, ?&ruar*, BCCJ)  Qump up  G&&r, H&r&rt Qohn (BC@JBCFC)! (BC@JBCFC)! 1hapt&r ! Histor* and 5&:&lopm&nt o0  th& 1itrus in >64 >? 1T6V2, 9ol! 9ol! B! Vni:&rsit* 1ali0ornia  Qump up ndustr* 2auls, Qulian G! (5&c&m&r G! BCCF)! +H>D. ?6VTo06>5V1T>->6A4.2+!

 

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