Page semi-protected Orange (fruit) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia See also Orange (colour), Les orangers (for the painting also called "Orange rees"), or Orange (disam!iguation) Orange Orange-Whole-#-Split$pg %n orange, &hole and split Scientific classification 'ingdom Plantae (unranked) %ngiosperms (unranked) udicots (unranked) *osids Orde Order r Sapi Sapind ndal ales es Family Fam ily *utace *utaceae ae +enus +enu s itrus itrus Species sinensis .inomial name itrus sinensis (L) Os!eck/01 he orange (specifically, the s&eet orange) is the fruit of the citrus species itrus sinensis si nensis in the family *utaceae/21 he fruit of the itrus sinensis is considered a s&eet orange, &hereas the fruit of the itrus aurantium is considered a !itter orange he orange is a hy!rid, !et&een pomelo (itrus ma3ima) and mandarin (itrus reticulata) 4t has genes that are 5267 pomelo and 5867 mandarin9/:1/;1 ho&e<er ho&e<er,, it is not a simple !ackcrossed .0 hy!rid, !ut hy!ridi=ed o<er multiple generations/61 he chloroplast genes, and therefore the maternal line, seem to !e pomelo/:1 he s&eet orange has had its full genome se>uenced,/:1 arlier estimates of the percentage of pomelo genes <arying from 56?7 to @7 ha<e !een reported/;1 he s&eet orange reproduces ase3ually (apomi3is through nucellar em!ryony)9 <arieties of s&eet orange arise through mutations/:1 Oranges in Florida S&eet oranges &ere mentioned in hinese literature in :0; ./:1 %s of 0AB8, orange trees &ere found to !e the most culti<ated fruit tree in the &orld/@1 Orange trees are &idely gro&n in tropical and su!tropical climates for their s&eet fruit he fruit of the orange tree can !e eaten fresh, or processed for its $uice or fragrant peel/81 %s of 2?02, s&eet oranges accounted for appro3imately 8?7 of citrus production/B1 4n 2?0?, @B: million metric tons of oranges &ere gro&n &orld&ide, production !eing particularly pre<alent in .ra=il and the CS states of Florida/A1 and alifornia /0?1 ontents /hide1 0 .otanical information and terminology 2 tymology : Darieties :0 ommon oranges :00 Dalencia :02 Earts ardiff Dalencia :0: Eamlin :0; Otheroranges <arieties of common oranges :2 Ga<el
:20 ara cara na<els :22 Other <arieties of na<els :: .lood oranges ::0 Other <arieties of !lood oranges :; %cidless oranges :6 HI JoKi orange ; %ttri!utes ;0 Gutritional <alue and phytochemicals ;2 %cidity ;: +rading 6 Eistory @ ulti<ation @0 limate @2 Propagation @: Ear<est @; egreening @6 Storage @@ Pests and diseases @@0 ottony cushion scale @@2 itrus greening disease @@: +reasy spot 8 Production B Muice and other products B0 Products made from oranges A See also 0? *eferences 00 3ternal links .otanical information and terminology Nain article itrus ta3onomy Orange !lossoms and oranges on tree %ll citrus trees !elong to the the single genus itrus and remain alm almost ost entirely interfertile his means that there is only one superspecies that includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and <arious other types and hy!rids/001 hy!rids/001 %s the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hy!rids, !ud unions, and culti<ars, their ta3onomy is fairly contro<ersial, confusing or inconsistent/B1/021 he fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium (a kind of modified !erry) !ecause it has numerous seeds, is fleshy and a nd soft, deri<es from a single o<ary and is co<ered !y a rind originated !y a rugged thickening of the o<ary &all/0:1/0;1 Slices of a Ga<el orange ifferent names ha<e !een gi<en to the many <arieties of the genus Orange applies primarily to the s&eet orange itrus sinensis (L) Os!eck he orange tree is an e<ergreen, flo&ering tree, &ith an a<erage height of A to 0? m (:? to :: ft), although some <ery old specimens can reach 06 m (;A ft)/061 4ts o<al lea<es, alternately arranged, are ; to 0? cm (0@ to :A in) long and ha<e crenulate margins/0@1 %lthough the s&eet orange presents different si=es and a nd shapes <arying from spherical to o!long, it generally has ten segments (carpels) inside, and contains up to si3 seeds (or pips)/081 and a porous &hite tissue called pith or, more properly, me mesocarp socarp or al!edo lines its rind/0B1 When unripe, the fruit is green he grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from !right orange to yello&-orange, !ut fre>uently retains green patches or, under &arm climate conditions, remains entirely green Like all other citrus fruits, the s&eet orange is nonclimacteric he itrus sinensis is su!di<ided into i nto four classes &ith distinct characteristics common oranges, !lood or pigmented oranges, na<el oranges, and acidless oranges/0A1/2?1/201 oranges/0A1/2?1/201 Other citrus groups also kno&n as oranges o ranges are
.itter orange (itrus aurantium), also kno&n as Se<ille orange, sour orange (especially &hen used as rootstock for a s&eet orange tree), !igarade orange and marmalade orange Like the s&eet orange, it is a pomelo 3 mandarin hy!rid/221 .ergamot orange (itrus !ergamia *isso), gro&n mainly in 4taly for its peel, producing a primary essence for perfumes, also used to fla<or arl +rey tea 4t is a hy!rid, pro!a!ly !itter orange 3 limetta/2:1 rifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), sometimes included in the genus (classified as itrus trifoliata) 4t often ser<es as a rootstock for s&eet orange trees and other itrus culti<ars/2;1 Four satsumas Satsumas Nandarin orange (itrus reticulata) is an original species of citrus, and is a progenitor of the common orange %n enormous num!er of culti<ars culti<ars ha<e, like the s&eet orange, a mi3 of pomelo pomelo and mandarin ancestry Some culti<ars are mandarin-pomelo hy!rids, !red from the same parents as the s&eet orange (eg the tangor and ponkan tangerine) Other culti<ars are s&eet orange 3 mandarin hy!rids (eg clementines) Nandarin traits generally include !eing smaller and o!late, easier to peel, and less acidic/261 Pomelo traits include a thick &hite al!edo (rind pith, mesocarp) that is more closely attached to the segments Orange trees generally are grafted he !ottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, &hile the fruit-!earing top has t&o different names !ud&ood (&hen referring to the process of grafting) and scion (&hen mentioning the <ariety of orange)/2@1 tymology Nain article Orange (&ord) he &ord orange deri<es from the Sanskrit &ord for "orange tree" ( नरङग nQraṅga), ga), & &hi hich ch is नरङग nQra pro!a!ly of ra<idian origin/281 he Sanskrit &ord reached uropean languages through Persian ( ارnQrang) and its %ra!ic deri<ati<e RTU (nQran$) % cluster of orange !lossoms he &ord entered Late Niddle nglish in the fourteenth century <ia Old French orenge (in the phrase pomme dorenge)/2B1 he French &ord, in turn, comes from Old Pro<enVal auran$a, !ased on %ra!ic nQran$/281 4n se<eral languages, the initial n present in earlier forms of the &ord dropped off !ecause it may ha<e !een mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an n soundin French, for e3ample, une norenge may ha<e !een heard as une orenge his linguistic change is called $uncture loss he color &as named after the fruit,/2A1 and the first recorded use of orange as a color name in nglish &as in 0602/:?1/:01 % closeup of an orange !lossom %s Portuguese merchants &ere &ere presuma!ly the first to introduce the s&eet orange in urope, in se<eral modern 4ndo-uropean languages the fruit has !een named after them Some e3amples are %l!anian portokall, .ulgarian XYZX[\] (portokal), +reek ^_`_b (portokali), Nacedonian portokal, Persian Uj (porteghal), and *omanian portocal/:21/::1 *elated names can !e found in other languages, such as %ra!ic U (!ourtou>al), +eorgian ფორთოხალი (p'ort'oxali), Turkish Turkish portakal and Amharic irtukan!"#$% Also, in south&rn talian dial&cts (&!! &apolitan), an oran& is portoallo or purtuallo, lit&rall* +(th&) ortuu&s& (on&)+, in contrast to standard talian arancia!
n oth&r ndo-.urop&an lanua&s, th& /ords 0or oran& allud& to th& &ast& &ast&rn rn oriin o0 th& 0ruit and can & translat&d lit&rall* as +appl& 0rom 1hina+! 2om& &xampl&s ar& 3o/ 4&rman Ap0&lsin&, 5utch app&lsi&n and sinaasapp&l, 2/&dish ap&lsin, and or/&ian app&lsin!"##% A similar cas& is u&rto 6ican 2panish china!"#7%"#8%
9arious 2la:ic lanua&s us& th& :ariants pomaran; (2lo:ak), pom&ran; (1<&ch), pomaran;a (2lo:&n&), and pomara=c<a (olish), all 0rom >ld ?r&nch pomm& d'or&n&! "#@%"not in citation i:&n% 9ari&ti&s An oran& tr&&! 1ommon oran&s 1ommon (also call&d +/hit&+, +round+, or +lond+ constitut& t/o-thirdsoran&s o0 all th& oran& production! Th& maorit* o0 thisoran&s) crop is us&d mostl*aout 0or uic& &xtraction!"BC%"$B% 9al&ncia Dain articl&E 9al&ncia oran& An oran& ro:& in ?lorida! Th& 9al&ncia 9al&ncia oran& is a lat&-s&ason 0ruit, and th&r&0or& a popular :ari&t* /h&n na:&l oran&s ar& out o0 s&ason! This is /h* an anthropomorphic oran& /as chos&n as th& mascot 0or th& BCF$ ?? ? ?A A Gorld 1up, h&ld in 2pain! Th& mascot /as nam&d aranito (+littl& oran&+) and /or& th& colors o0 th& 2panish national 0ootall t&am! Hart's TardiI 9al&ncia Thomas 6i:&rs, an .nlish nurs&r*man, import&d this :ari&t* 0rom th& A<or&s slands and BF@8 und&r th& nam& .xc&lsior! .xc&lsior ! Around BFJK,to h&.!pro:id&d tr&&s to 2!catalou&d L! arsons,itain 3on sland nurs&r*man, /ho in turn sold th&m H! Hart o0 ?&d&ral oint, ?lorida!"#J% Hamlin This culti:ar /as disco:&r&d * A! 4! Hamlin n&ar n&ar 4l&n/ood, ?lorida, in BFJC! Th& 0ruit is small, smooth, not hihl* color&d, s&&dl&ss, and uic*, /ith a pal& *&llo/ color&d uic&, &sp&ciall* in 0ruits that com& 0rom l&mon rootstock! Th& tr&& is hih*i&ldin and cold-tol&rant and it produc&s ood Mualit* 0ruit, /hich is har:&st&d 0rom >cto&r to 5&c&m&r! t thri:&s in humid sutropical climat&s! n cool&r, mor& arid ar&as, th& tr&&s produc& &dil& 0ruit, ut too small 0or comm&rcial us&!"B8% Tr&&s Tr&&s 0rom ro:&s in hammocks or ar&as co:&r&d co:&r&d /ith pin& 0or&st ar& udd&d on sour oran& tr&&s, a m&thod that i:&s a hih solids cont&nt! >n ssand, and, th&* ar& ra0t&d on rouh l&mon rootstock!"@% Th& Hamlin oran& is on& o0 th& most popular uic& oran&s in ?lorida andThis r&plac&s th& Lro/n :ari&t*th& as l&adin th& principal &arl*- in s&ason uic& oran&! culti:ar is arson no/"n&&ds updat&% &arl* oran& ?lorida and, possil*, in th& r&st o0 th& /orld!"B8% >th&r :ari&ti&s o0 common oran&s r&0&r to caption ndian h*rid >ran& Namala >ran&s L&lladonnaE ro/n in tal* L&rnaE ro/n mainl* in 2pain Liondo 1omun& (+ordinar* lond+)E /id&l* ro/n in th& D&dit&rran&an asin, &sp&ciall* in orth A0rica, .*pt, 4r&&c& (/h&r& it is call&d +koin&s+), tal* (/h&r& it is also kno/n as +3iscio+), and 2painO it also is call&d +L&l&di+ and +ostral&+O"BC% in tal*, this :ari&t* rip&ns r ip&ns in 5&c&m&r, &arli&r & arli&r than th& comp&tin Tarocco Tarocco :ari&t*"#F% Liondo 6iccioE ro/n in tal* o0 &xc&ll&nt Pa:or ro/n in Al&ria, Dorocco, and 2painO 1adan&raE a s&&dl&ss oran&
it &ins to rip&n in o:&m&r and is kno/n * a /id& :ari&t* o0 trad& nam&s, such as 1ad&na ?ina, ?ina, 1ad&na sin Qu&so, r&coc& d& 9al&nc& (+&arl* 0rom 9al&ncia+), 9al&ncia+), r&coc& d&s 1anari&s, and 9al&nc& san &pins (+s&&dl&ss 9al&ncia+)O"BC% it /as Rrst ro/n in 2pain in BFJK"#C% 1alar&s& or 1alar&s& >:al&E ro/n in tal* 1ar:alhalE ro/n in ortual 1ast&llanaE ro/n in 2pain An oran& tr&& co:&r&d dama&d 0rom 1h&rr* >ran&E ro/n inand south&rn 1hina andsno/, Qapanin th& &th&rlands! 1lanorE ro/n in 2outh A0rica 5om QoSoE ro/n in ortual ?ukuharaE ?uk uharaE ro/n in Qapan 4ardn&rE ro/n in ?lorida, this mid-s&ason oran& rip&ns around th& &innin o0 ?&ruar*, approximat&l* approximat&l* th& sam& tim& as th& Dids/&&t :ari&t*O 4ardn&r is aout as hard* as 2unstar and Dids/&&t"7K% HomosassaE ro/n in ?lorida QaIa oran&E ro/n in th& Diddl& .ast, also kno/n as +2hamouti+ Qinch&nE th& most popular oran& in 1hina QoppaE ro/n in 2outh A0rica A0rica and T&xas T&xas Nh&ttmaliE ro/n in sra&l and 3&anon ?il ?il&E1ross &E1ross 1ut >ran&!o A cross cuttin scan o0 th& int&rior o0 an oran&! NonaE a t*p&0or o0 man* 9al&ncia oran& in Ha/aii in BJC$ 1aptain/&r& 4&or& 9 ancou:&rO d&cad&s in introduc&d th& nin&t&&nth c&ntur*, th&s&*oran&s th& l&adin &xport 0rom th& Nona district on th& Li sland o0 Ha/aiiO in Nailua-Nona, som& o0 th& oriinal stock still &ars 0ruit 0r uit 3u& 4im 4onE ro/n in ?lorida, is an &arl* & arl* scion d&:&lop&d * 3u& 4im 4on, a 1hin&s& immirant kno/n as th& +1itrus 4&nius+O in BFFF, 3u& cross-pollinat&d t/o oran& :ari&ti&s th& Hart's lat& 9al&ncia 9al&ncia and th& D&dit&rran&an 2/&&t and otain&d a 0ruit oth s/&&t and 0rost-tol&rantO this :ari&t* /as propaat&d at th& 4l&n 2t! Dar* urs&r*, /hich in BCBB r&c&i:&d th& 2il:&r Gild&r D&dal * th& Am&rican omoloical 2oci&t*O"@%"7B% oriinall* oriinall* consid&r&d a h*rid, th& 3u& 4im 4on oran& /as lat&r 0ound to & a nuc&llar s&&dlin o0 th& 9al&ncia 9al&ncia t*p&,"7$% /hich is prop&rl* call&d 3u& 4im 4onO sinc& $KK@, th& 3u& 4im 4on :ari&t* is ro/n in ?lorida, althouh sold und&r th& &n&ral nam& 9al&ncia Dac&t&raE ro/n in 2pain, it is kno/n 0or its uniMu& Pa:or >ran& s&&dlin U althouh a h*rid, oran& usuall* com&s tru& 0rom s&&d, throuh mat&rnal apomixis! DaltaE ro/n in akistan Daltais& Llond&E ro/n in north A0rica Daltais& >:al&E ro/n in 2outh A0rica and in 1ali0ornia und&r th& nam&s o0 4ar&*'s or 1ali0ornia D&dit&rran&an 2/&&t DarrsE ro/n in T&xas, T&xas, 1ali0ornia and ran, it is r&lati:&l* lo/ in acid Dids/&&tE ro/n in ?lorida, it is a n&/&r n& /&r scion similar to th& Hamlin and in&appl& :ari&ti&s, it is hardi&r than in&appl& and rip&ns lat&rO th& 0ruit production and Mualit* ar& similar to thos& o0 th& Hamlin, ut th& uic& has a d&&p&r color"7K% Doro TaroccoE TaroccoE ro/n in tal*, it is o:al, r&s&ml&s a tan&lo, and has a distincti:& caram&l-color&d &ndocarpO this color is th& r&sult o0 a pim&nt call&d anthocarpium, not usuall* 0ound in citrus&s, ut common in r&d 0ruits and Po/&rsO th& oriinal mutation occurr&d in 2icil* in th& s&:&nt&&nth c&ntur* DosamiE ro/n in ndia and akistan, it is so lo/ in acid and insipid that it miht & classiR&d as acidl&ss arinaE ro/n in Andhra, 2outh ndia
arson Lro/nE ro/n in ?lorida, D&xico, and Turk&*, it onc& /as a /id&l*-ro/n ?lorida uic& oran&, its popularit* has d&clin&d sinc& n&/ :ari&ti&s /ith mor& uic&, &tt&r *i&ld, and hih&r acid and suar cont&nt ha:& &&n d&:&lop&dO it oriinat&d as a chanc& s&&dlin in ?lorida in BF@8O its 0ruits ar& round, m&dium lar&, ha:& a thick, p&l* p&&l and contain BK to #K s&&dsO it still is ro/n &caus& it is th& &arli&st maturin 0ruit in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, usuall* maturin in &arl* & arl* 2&pt&m&r in th& 9all&* district o0 T&xas,"$B% T&xas,"$B% and 0rom &arl* >cto&r to Qanuar* in ?loridaO"7K% its p&&l and uic& color ar& poor, as is th& Mualit* o0 its uic&"$B% &raE intons Lra<il, it is :&r* popular in th& Lra<ilian citrus industr* and *i&ld&d J!8 millionro/n m&tric in $KK8 &ra 1oroaE ro/n in Lra<il &ra atalE ro/n in Lra<il &ra 6ioE ro/n in Lra<il in&appl&E ro/n in orth and 2outh Am&rica and ndia r&mi&rE ro/n in 2outh A0rica 6hod& 6&dE is a mutation o0 th& 9al&ncia oran&, ut th& color o0 its P&sh is mor& int&ns&O it has mor& uic&, and l&ss acidit* and :itamin 1 than th& 9al 9al&nciaO &nciaO it /as disco:&r&d * aul 6hod& in BC88 in a ro:& n&ar 2&rin, ?lorida 6ol&E it /as Rrst shipp&d 0rom 2pain in BF8B * Qos&ph 6ol& to his hom&st&ad hom&s t&ad in /hat is no/ 6ol&'s ark in Tampa, Tampa, ?loridaO it is kno/n 0or its hih suar cont&nt Wu&&nE ro/n in 2outh A0rica 2alustianaE ro/n in orth A0rica 2athudiE ro/n in Tamil adu, 2outh ndia 2&l&ta, 2&l&ctaE it is hiho0in2hamouti acid 2hamouti Dasr*Ero/n Dasr*E ro/nininAustralia .*ptO itand is a Lra<il, rich&r :ari&t* 2unstarE ro/n in ?lorida, this n&/&r culti:ar rip&ns in mid-s&ason (5&c&m&r (5& c&m&r to Darch) and it is mor& r&sistant to cold and 0ruit-drop than th& comp&tin in&appl& :ari&t*O th& color o0 its uic& is dark&r than that o0 th& comp&tin Hamlin"7K% TomanoE TomanoE ro/n in 2outh A0rica A0rica 9&rnaE ro/n in Al&ria, D&xico, Dorocco, and 2pain 9ici&daE ro/n in Al&ria, Dorocco, and 2pain G&stinE ro/n in Lra<il a:&l oran&s a:&l oran&s ar& charact&ri<&d * th& ro/th o0 a s&cond 0ruit at th& ap&x, /hich protrud&s slihtl* and r&s&ml&s a human na:&l! Th&* ar& primaril* ro/n 0or human consumption 0or :arious r&asonsE th&ir thick&r skin mak&s th&m &as* to p&&l, "clariRcation n&&d&d% th&* ar& l&ss uic* and th&ir itt&rn&ss a r&sult o0 th& hih conc&ntrations o0 limonin and oth&r limonoids r&nd&rs th&m l&ss suital& 0or uic&! "BC% Th&ir /id&spr&ad distriution ro/in s&ason ha:& mad& :&r* popular popular! ! n th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, and th&*lon ar& a:ailal& 0rom o:&m&r to na:&l April, oran&s /ith p&ak suppli&s in Qanuar*, ?&ruar*, and Darch!"7#% r&0&r to caption A na:&l oran&, p&&l&d and s&ction&dO th& und&rd&:&lop&d t/in 0ruit is locat&d on th& ottom riht Accordin to a BCBJ stud* * al&mon 5ors&tt, Archiald 5ixon 2ham&l and Gilson op&no& o0 th& Vnit&d 2tat&s 5&partm&nt o0 Aricultur& (V25A (V25A), ), a sinl& mutation in a 2&l&cta oran& tr&& plant&d on th& rounds o0 a monast&r* n&ar Lahia, Lra<il, proal* *i&ld&d th& Rrst na:&l oran& &t/&&n BFBK and BF$K!"77% &:&rth&l&ss, a r&s&arch&r at th& Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia, 6i:&rsid&, has su&st&d that th& par&nt :ari&t* /as mor& lik&l* th& ortuu&s& na:&l oran& (Vmio), d&scri&d * Antoin& 6isso and i&rr& i&rr& Antoin& oit&au in th&ir ook Histoir& natur&ll& d&s oran&rs (+atural Histor* o0 >ran& Tr&&s+, Tr&&s+, BFBFBF$$)!"77% Th& mutation caus&d th& oran& to d&:&lops&m&nts a s&cond 0ruit at its as&, opposit& as a conoin&d t/ina:&l in a s&t o0 small&r &m&dd&d /ithin th& p&<h& o0 st&m, th& primar* oran&!"78%
oran&s /&r& introduc&d in Australia in BF$7 and in ?lorida in BF#8! n BFJK, t/&l:& cuttins o0 th& oriinal tr&& /&r& transplant&d to 6i:&rsid&, 1ali0ornia, /h&r& th& 0ruit &cam& kno/n as +Gashinton+!"7@% This culti:ar /as :&r* succ&ss0ul, and rapidl* spr&ad to oth&r countri&s!"77% L&caus& th& mutation l&0t th& 0ruit s&&dl&ss and, th&r&0or&, st&ril&, th& onl* m&thod to culti:at& na:&l oran&s /as to ra0t cuttins onto oth&r :ari&ti&s o0 citrus tr&&s! Th& 1ali0ornia 1itrus 2tat& Historic ark and th& >rcutt 6anch Horticultur& Horticultur& 1&nt&r pr&s&r:& th& histor* o0 na:&l oran&s in 6i:&rsid&! Toda*, T oda*,not na:&l oran&s to & propaat&d throuh cuttin cuttinand and do&s allo/ 0or th& t h&continu& usual s&l&cti:& r&&din m&thodoloi&s, sora0tin! all na:&lThis oran&s can & consid&r&d 0ruits 0rom that sinl&, n&arl* t/o-hundr&d-*&ar-old tr&&E th&* ha:& &xactl* th& sam& &n&tic mak&-up as th& oriinal tr&& and ar&, a r&, th&r&0or&, clon&s! This cas& is similar to that o0 th& common *&llo/ s&&dl&ss anana, th& 1a:&ndish, or that o0 th& 4rann* 2mith appl&! >n rar& occasions, ho/&:&r, 0urth&r mutations can l&ad to n&/ :ari&ti&s!"77% 1ara cara na:&ls 2lic&s o0 common and cara cara oran&s on a plat& 1ara cara oran& slic&s (l&0t) 1ara cara oran&s (also call&d +r&d na:&l+) ar& a t*p& o0 na:&l oran& ro/n mainl* in 9&n&<u&la, 2outh A0rica and in 1ali0ornia's 2an QoaMuin 9all&* 9all&*!! Th&* ar& s/&&t and comparati:&l* lo/ in acid,"7J% /ith a riht oran& rind similar to that o0 oth&r na:&ls, ut th&ir P&sh is distincti:&l* pinkish r&d! t is &li&:&d that th&* ha:& oriinat&d as a/&r& crossdisco:&r&d &t/&&n th& Gashinton and th& na:&l, "7F% and th&* at th& Haci&ndana:&l 1ara 1ara in 9Lra<ilian al&ncia, 9&n&<u&la, 9Lahia &n&<u&la, in BCJ@!"7C% 2outh A0rican cara caras ar& r&ad* 0or mark&t in &arl* Auust, /hil& 9&n&<u&lan 0ruits arri:& in >cto&r and 1ali0ornian 0ruits in lat& o:&m&r!"7J%"7F% >th&r :ari&ti&s o0 na:&ls Lahianinha or Lahia 5r&am a:&l 3at& a:&l Gashinton or 1ali0ornia a:&l Llood oran&s 2&ction&d oran&s on a plat& 1omparison &t/&&n th& insid& and th& outsid& o0 r&ular and lood oran&s Dain Llood Lloodarticl&E oran&s ar& aoran& natural mutation o0 1! sin&nsis, althouh toda* th& maorit* o0 th&m ar& h*rids! Hih conc&ntrations o0 anthoc*anin i:& th& rind, P&sh, and uic& o0 th& 0ruit th&ir charact&ristic dark r&d color! Llood oran&s /&r& Rrst disco:&r&d and culti:at&d in 2icil* in th& R0t&&nth c&ntur*! c&ntur*! 2inc& th&n th&* ha:& spr&ad /orld/id&, ut ar& ro/n &sp&ciall* in 2pain and tal*Uund&r th& nam&s o0 sanuina and sanuin&lla, r&sp&cti:&l*! Th& lood oran&, /ith its distinct color and Pa:or, is &n&rall* consid&r&d th& most d&licious uic& oran&,"BC% and has 0ound a nich& as an inr&di&nt :ariation in traditional 2&:ill& marmalad&! >th&r :ari&ti&s o0 lood oran&s Dalt&s&E a small and hihl* color&d :ari&t*, &n&rall* thouht to ha:& oriinat&d in tal* as a mutation and culti:at&d th&r& 0or c&nturi&s! t also is ro/n &xt&nsi:&l* in south&rn 2pain urund* color! and Dalta! t is us&d in sor&ts and oth&r d&ss&rts du& to its rich
DoroE oriinall* 0rom 2icil*, it is common throuhout tal*! tal*! This m&dium-si<&d 0ruit has a r&lati:&l* lon har:&st, /hich lasts 0rom 5&c&m&r to April! 2anuin&lliE a mutant o0 th& 5ol& ?ina, disco:&r&d in BC$C in Alm&nara, in th& 1ast&llXn pro:inc& o0 2pain! t is culti:at&d in 2icil*! 2carl&t na:&lE a :ari&t* /ith th& sam& mutation as th& na:&l oran&! TaroccoE TaroccoE a r&lati:&l* n&/ n&/ :ari&t* d&:&lop&d in tal*! tal*! t &ins to rip&n in lat& Qanuar* Qanuar*!! "#F% Acidl&ss oran&s Acidl&ss oran&s ar& anin&arl*-s&ason 0ruit /ith :&r* lo/ l&:&ls l& :&ls o0inacid! Th&* also ar& call&d +s/&&t+ oran&s th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, /ith similar nam&s oth&r countri&sE douc& in ?ranc&, sucr&na in 2pain, dolc& or malt&s& in tal*, m&ski in orth A0rica and th& &ar .ast (/h&r& th&* ar& &sp&ciall* popular), Y&k&r portakal (+suar oran&+) in Turk&*,"8K% Turk&*,"8K% succari in .*pt, .*pt, and lima in Lra<il!"BC% Th& lack o0 acid, /hich prot&cts oran& uic& aainst spoila& in oth&r oth&r roups, r&nd&rs th&m &n&rall* unRt 0or proc&ssin as uic&, so s o th&* ar& primaril* &at&n! Th&* r&main proRtal& in ar&as o0 local consumption, ut rapid spoila& r&nd&rs th&m unsuital& 0or &xport to maor population c&ntr&s o0 .urop&, Asia, or th& Vnit&d 2tat&s!"BC% ZS [o\i oran& Th& ZS [o\i oran& (1am xS [o\i, citrus sin&nsis Za 5oai) is a culti:ar o0 oran& o0 2panish oriin (:al&ncia oran&]) culti:at&d in 9i&tnam at th& 0orm&r 1atholic s&ttl&m&nt xS [o\i, mod&rn hi 4rand 5i^n :illa& in hi h`inAn! nam& o0 th&at:illa&, and th& 0orm&r 2minair& d& 3_c, Za-5oai, th&ZS old[o\i nbmis th& script!"8B%"8$%"8#% Attriut&s utritional :alu& and ph*toch&micals >ran&s, ra/, all comm&rcial :ari&ti&s utritional :alu& p&r BKK (#!8 o<) .n&r*BCJ kQ (7J kcal) 1aroh*drat&s BB!J8 2uarsC!#8 5i 5i&t &tar ar* * R R&r $! $!7 7 ?at K!B$ rot&in K!C7 9itamins 9itamin A &Mui:! (B) BB Thiamin& (LB) (F) K!KFJ m 6ioPa:in (L$) (#) K!K7 m ia iacin (L#) ($) K!$F$ m antoth&nic acid (L8) (8) K!$8 m 9itamin L@ (8) K!K@ m ?olat& (LC) (F) #K 1holin& ($) F!7 m 9itamin 1 (@7) 8#!$ m 9itamin . (B) K!BF m Trac& T 1rac& alcium&tals m (7) 7K m
ron (B) K!B m Dan&sium (#) BK BK m m Danan&s an&s& & (B) K! K!K$8 m m hosphorus ($) B7 m otassium (7) BFB m einc (B) K!KJ m >th&r constitu&nts Gat at&r &r F@!J F@!J8 8 3ink Vnitsto V25A 5ataas& &ntr* f microrams g m f millirams V f nt&rnational units &rc&nta&s ar& rouhl* approximat&d approximat&d usin V2 r&comm&ndations 0or adults! 2ourc&E V25A utri&nt 5ataas& As /ith oth&r citrus 0ruits, oran& or an& pulp is an &xc&ll&nt sourc& o0 :itamin 1, pro:idin @7 o0 th& 5ail* 9alu& in a BKK s&r:in (riht tal&)! um&rous oth&r &ss&ntial & ss&ntial nutri&nts ar& pr&s&nt in lo/ amounts (riht tal&)! >ran&s contain di:&rs& ph*toch&micals, includin carot&noids (&ta-carot&n&, lut&in and &ta-cr*ptoxanthin), Pa:onoids (&!!, narin&nin)"87% and num&rous :olatil& oranic compounds producin oran& aroma, includin ald&h*d&s, &st&rs, t&rp&n&s, alcohols, and k&ton&s!"88% Acidit* L&in a citrus 0ruit, th& oran& is acidicE its pH l&:&ls ar& as lo/ as $!C,"8@% and as hih as 7!K!"8@%"8J% 4radin 2&& alsoE ?ood radin Th& Vnit&d 2tat&s 5&partm&nt o0 Aricultur& (V25A) (V25A) has &stalish&d th& 0ollo/in rad&s 0or ?lorida oran&s, /hich primaril* appl* to oran&s sold as 0r&sh 0ruitE V2 ?anc*, V2 o! B Lriht, V2 o! B, V2 o! B 4old&n, V2 o! B Lron<&, V2 o! B 6uss&t, V2 o! $ Lriht, V2 o! $, V2 o! $ 6uss&t, and V2 o! #!"8F% Th& &n&r &n&ral al charact&ristics rad&d ar& color (oth hu& and uni0ormit*), Rrmn&ss, maturit*, :ari&tal charact&ristics, t&xtur&, and shap&! ?anc*, th& hih&st r rad&, ad&, r&Muir&s th& hih&st rad& o0 color and an a n as&nc& o0 l&mish&s, /hil& th& t&rms Lriht, 4old&n, Lron<&, and 6uss&t conc&rn sol&l* discoloration! 4rad& num&rs ar& d&t&rmin&d * th&consum&r amount o0sa0&t*! unsihtl* on th& skin and Rrmn&ss o0 th& 0ruit that do not aI&ct sa0&t* ! Th& l&mish&s V25A s¶t&s l&mish&s into thr&& cat&ori&sE 4&n&ral l&mish&sE ammoniation, uckskin, cak&d m&lanos&, cr&asin, d&ca*, sca, split na:&ls, spra*urn, und&:&lop&d s&m&nts, unh&al&d s&m&nts, and /orm* 0ruit nuri&s to 0ruitE ruis&s, r&&n spots, oil spots, rouh, /id&, or protrudin na:&ls, scal&, scars, skin r&akdo/n, and thorn scratch&s 5ama& caus&d * dirt or oth&r 0or&in mat&rial, dis&as&, dr*n&ss, or mush* condition, hail, ins&cts, ricin&ss or /oodin&ss, and sunurn!"8F% Th& V25A us&s a s¶t& radin s*st&m 0or oran&s us&d 0or uic& &caus& app&aranc& and t&xtur& ar& irr&l&:ant in this cas&! Th&r& ar& onl* t/o rad&sE V2 4rad& AA Quic& and V2 4rad& A Quic&, /hich ar& i:&n to th& oran&s &0or& proc&ssin! Quic& rad&s ar& d&t&rmin&d * thr&& 0actorsE Th& uicin&ss th& oran& amount o0o0solids in th& uic& (at l&ast BK solids ar& r&Muir&d r&Muir&d 0or th& AA rad&)
Th& proportion o0 anh*dric citric acid in in 0ruit solids Histor* &llo/ &llo/ >ran&s and 4r&&n Tan&rin&s Tan&rin&s * ehao 3inran, 1hin&s& 0an paintin 0rom th& 2on d*nast* (D) Th& oran& is unkno/n in th& /ild stat&O is assum&d to ha:& oriinat&d in south&rn 1hina, north&ast&rn ndia, and p&rhaps south&ast&rn Asia,"@% and that th&* /&r& Rrst culti:at&d in 1hina around $8KK L1!"8C% n .urop&, citrus 0ruitsUamon th&m th& itt&r oran&, introduc&d to tal* * th& crusad&rs in th& BBth c&ntur*U/&r& ro/n /id&l* in th& south s outh 0or m&dicinal purpos&s,"@% ut th& s/&&t oran& /as unkno/n until th& lat& B8th c&ntur* or th& &innins o0 th& B@th c&ntur*, /h&n talian and ortuu&s& m&rchants rouht oran& tr&&s into th& D&dit&rran&an ar&a!"@% 2hortl* a0t&r/ard, th& s/&&t s/ &&t oran& Muickl* /as adopt&d as an &dil& 0ruit! t also /as consid&r&d a luxur* it&m and /&alth* p&opl& r&/ oran&s in pri:at& cons&r:atori&s, call&d oran&ri&s! L* B@7@, th& s/&&t oran& /as /&ll kno/n throuhout .urop&!"@% Q&an-Laptist& >udr*, Th& >ran& Tr&&, Tr&&, BJ7K 2panish tra:&l&rs introduc&d th& s/&&t oran& into th& Am&rican contin&nt! >n his s&cond :o*a& in B7C#, 1hristoph&r 1olumus ma* ha:& plant&d th& 0ruit in Hispaniola!"@K% 2us&Mu&nt &xp&ditions in th& mid-B8KKs rouht s/&&t oran&s to 2outh Am&rica and D&xico, andn&&d&d% to ?lorida in B8@8, /h&n &dro D&nnd&< d& A:ils 0ound&d 2t Auustin&!"citation 2panish missionari&s rouht oran& tr&&s to Ari<ona &t/&&n BJKJ and BJBK, /hil& th& ?ranciscans ?ranciscans did th& sam& in 2an 2a n 5i&o, 1ali0ornia, in BJ@C!"citation n&&d&d% An orchard /as plant&d at th& 2an 4ari&l Dission around BFK7 and a comm&rcial orchard /as &stalish&d in BF7B n&ar pr&s&nt-da* 3os An&l&s!"citation n&&d&d% n 3ouisiana, oran&s /&r& proal* introduc&d * ?r&nch &xplor&rs!"citation n&&d&d% Archiald D&n<i&s, th& otanist and naturalist on th& 9ancou:&r .xp&dition, coll&ct&d oran& s&&ds in 2outh A0rica, rais&d th& s&&dlins onoard and a:& th&m to s&:&ral Ha/aiian chi&0s in BJC$! .:&ntuall*, th& s/&&t oran& /as ro/n in /id& ar&as o0 th& Ha/aiian slands, ut its culti:ation stopp&d a0t&r th& arri:al o0 th& D&dit&rran&an 0ruit P* in th& &arl* BCKKs!"@%"@B% As oran&s ar& rich in :itamin 1 and do not spoil &asil*, durin th& A& o0 5isco:&r*, ortuu&s&, 2panish, and 5utch sailors plant&d citrus tr&&s alon trad& rout&s to pr&:&nt scur:*! Around BFJ$, ?lorida 0arm&rs otain&d s&&ds 0rom &/ >rl&ans! Dan* oran& ro:&s /&r& &stalish&d * ra0tin th& s/&&t oran& on to sour oran& rootstocks! 1ulti:ation 1limat& r&0&r to caption >ran& tr&& in Darch in 2anta 1lara, 1ali0ornia 3ik& most citrus plants, oran&s do /&ll und&r mod&rat& t&mp&ratur&sU&t/&&n B8!8 and $C 1 (8C!C and F7!$ ?)Uand r&Muir& consid&ral& amounts o0 sunshin& and /at&r! t has &&n su&st&d that th& us& o0 /at&r r&sourc&s * th& citrus industr* in th& Diddl& .ast is a contriutin 0actor to th& d&siccation o0 th& r&ion! "citation n&&d&d% Anoth&r siniRcant &l&m&nt in th& 0ull d&:&lopm&nt o0 th& 0ruit is th& t&mp&ratur& :ariation summ&r and /int&r and, &t/&&n da* and niht! n cool&r climat&s, oran&s&t/&&n can & ro/n indoors!
As oran&s ar& s&nsiti:& to 0rost, th&r& ar& diI&r&nt m&thods to pr&:&nt 0rost dama& to crops and tr&&s /h&n su0r&&<in t&mp&ratur&s ar& &xp&ct&d! A common proc&ss is to spra* th& tr&&s /ith /at&r so as to co:&r th&m /ith a thin la*&r o0 ic& that /ill sta* ust at th& 0r&&<in 0 r&&<in point, insulatin th&m &:&n i0 air t&mp&ratur&s drop 0ar lo/&r!! This is &caus& /at&r continu&s to los& h&at as lon as th& &n:ironm&nt is lo/&r cold&r than it is, and so th& /at&r turnin to ic& in th& &n:ironm&nt cannot dama& th& tr&&s! This practic&, ho/&:&r, oI&rs prot&ction onl* 0or a :&r* short tim&!"@$% Anoth&r proc&dur& urnin oil in smud& pots put th& tr&&s! Th&s& d&:ic&s urn /ith aisr&at d&al0u&l o0 particulat& &mission, s o&t/&&n so cond&nsation o0 /at&r :apour on th& particulat& soot pr&:&nts cond&nsation on plants and rais&s th& air t&mp&ratur& :&r* slihtl*! slihtl*! 2mud& pots /&r& d&:&lop&d 0or th& Rrst tim& a0t&r a disastrous 0r&&<& in 2outh&rn 1ali0ornia in Qanuar* BCB# d&stro*&d a /hol& crop!"@#% ropaation 2&& alsoE ?ruit tr&& propaation and 1itrus rootstock t is possil& to ro/ oran& tr&&s dir&ctl* 0rom s&&ds, ut th&* ma* & in0&rtil& or produc& 0ruit that ma* & diI&r&nt 0rom its par&nt! ?or th& s&&d o0 a comm&rcial oran& to ro/, it must & k&pt moist at all tim&s! >n& approach is placin th& s&&ds &t/&&n t/o sh&&ts o0 damp pap&r to/&l until th&* &rminat& and th&n plantin th&m, althouh man* culti:ators ust s&t th& s&&ds straiht into th& soil! 1omm&rciall* ro/n oran& tr&&s ar& propaat&d as&xuall* * ra0tin a matur& culti:ar onto a suital& s&&dlintorootstock &nsur& th& s am& sam& *i&ld, id&ntical 0ruit charact&ristics, and r&sistanc& dis&as&s to throuhout th& *&ars! ropaation in:ol:&s t/o sta&sE Rrst, a rootstock is ro/n 0rom s&&d! Th&n, /h&n it is approximat&l* on& *&ar old, th& l&a0* top is cut oI and a ud tak&n 0rom a sp&ciRc scion :ari&t*, is ra0t&d into its ark! Th& scion is /hat d&t&rmin&s th& :ari&t* o0 oran&, /hil& th& rootstock mak&s th& tr&& r&sistant to p&sts and dis&as&s and adaptal& to sp&ciRc soil and climatic conditions! Thus, rootstocks inPu&nc& th& rat& o0 ro/th and ha:& an &I&ct on 0ruit *i&ld and Mualit*!"@7% Mualit*!"@7% r&0&r to caption >ran& tr&& in 2outh&rn ?ranc& ?ranc& 6ootstocks must & compatil& /ith th& :ari&t* ins&rt&d into th&m &caus& oth&r/is&, th& tr&& ma* d&clin&, & l&ss producti:&, or di&!"@7% Amon th& s&:&ral ad:anta&s to ra0tin ar& that tr&&s matur& uni0orml* and &in to &ar 0ruit &arli&r than thos& r&produc&d *comin& s&&ds (#th& to 7&st *&ars in contrast J *&ars),"@8% and that it mak&s it possil& to attriut&s o0 a/ith scion@ to /ith thos& o0 a rootstock!"@@% Har:&st "icon%% This s&ction "icon s&ction r&Muir&s r&Muir&s &xpans &xpansion! ion! (o:&m (o:&m&r &r $KB$) >ran&s >ran& plant in pot at otanical ard&n o0 illnit< castl&, 4&rman*! 4&rman*! An oran& tr&& in 1ali0ornia! >ran&s in th& mark&t! 1anop*-shakin m&chanical har:&st&rs ar& &in us&d incr&asinl* in ?lorida to har:&st oran&s! 1urr&nt canop* shak&r machin&sconstant us& a s&ri&s s&rstrok& i&s o0 six-to-s&:&n-0oot lon tin&s to shak& th& tr&& canop* at a r&lati:&l* and 0r&Mu&nc* 0r&Mu&nc*!"@J% !"@J%
ormall*, oran&s ar& pick&d onc& th&* ar& pal& oran&!"@F% 5&r&&nin >ran&s must & matur& /h&n har:&st&d!"citation n&&d&d% n th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, la/s 0orid har:&stin immatur& 0ruit 0or human consumption in T&xas, T&xas, Ari<ona, 1ali0ornia and ?lorida!"@C% 6ip& oran&s, ho/&:&r, o0t&n ha:& som& r&&n or *&llo/-r&&n color in th& skin! .th*l&n& as is us&d to turn r&&n skin to oran&! This proc&ss is kno/n as +d&r&&nin+, call&d +assin+, +s/&atin+, or +curin+!"@C% >ran&s ar& nonclimact&ric 0ruits also and cannot post-har:&st rip&n int&rnall* in r&spons& to &th*l&n& as, thouh th&* /ill d&-r&&n &xt&rnall*!"JK% &xt&rnall*!"JK% 2tora& A stand /ith oran&s, a man n&xt to it, a cat on th& Poor A stand /ith oran&s in a mark&t at Aadir, Dorocco 1omm&rciall*, oran&s can & stor&d * r&0ri&ration in controll&d-atmosph&r& cham&rs 0or up to B$ /&&ks a0t&r har:&st! 2tora& li0& ultimat&l* d&p&nds on culti:ar, maturit*, pr&-har:&st conditions, and handlin!"JB% n stor&s and mark&ts, ho/&:&r, oran&s should & displa*&d on non-r&0ri&rat&d sh&l:&s! At hom&, oran&s ha:& a sh&l0 li0& o0 aout on& month!"J$% n &ith&r cas&, optimall*, th&* ar& stor&d loos&l* in an op&n or p&r0orat&d plastic a!"J$% &sts and3ist dis&as&s 2&& alsoE o0 citrus dis&as&s 1otton* cushion scal& Th& Rrst maor p&st that attack&d oran& tr&&s in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s /as th& cotton* cushion scal& (c&r*a purchasi), import&d 0rom Australia to 1ali0ornia in BF@F! Githin $K *&ars, it /ip&d out th& citrus orchards around 3os An&l&s, and limit&d oran& ro/th throuhout 1ali0ornia! n BFFF, th& V25A s&nt Al0r&d No&&l& to Australia to stud* this scal& ins&ct in its nati:& haitat! H& rouht ack /ith him sp&cim&ns o0 o:ius cardinalis, an Australian lad*ird &&tl&, and /ithin a d&cad& th& p&st /as controll&d!"#J% 1itrus r&&nin dis&as& Th& citrus r&&nin dis&as&, caus&d * th& act&rium 3i&roact&r asiaticum, has &&n th& most s&rious thr&at to oran& production sinc& $KBK! t is charact&ri<&d * str&aks o0 diI&r&nt shad&s on th& l&a:&s, and d&0orm&d, poorl*-color&d, unsa:or* 0ruit! ar&as /h&r& dis&as& is &nd&mic, citrus tr&&s li:& 0or/&st&rn onl* R:&h&misph&r&, to &iht *&arsn and n&:&r &arth& 0ruit suital& 0or consumption!"J#% n th& th& dis&as& /as disco:&r&d in ?lorida in BCCF, /h&r& it has attack&d n&arl* all th& tr&&s &:&r sinc&! t /as r&port&d in Lra<il * ?und&citrus Lrasil in $KK7!"J#% As 0rom $KKC, K!FJ o0 th& tr&&s in Lra<il's main oran& ro/in ar&as (2So aulo and Dinas 4&rais) sho/&d s*mptoms o0 r&&nin, an incr&as& o0 7C o:&r $KKF!"J7% Th& dis&as& is spr&ad primaril* * t/o sp&ci&s o0 ps*llid ins&cts! >n& o0 th&m is th& Asian citrus ps*llid (5iaphorina citri Nu/a*ama), an &jci&nt :&ctor o0 th& 3i&roact&r asiaticum! 4&n&ralist pr&dators such as th& lad*ird &&tl&s 1urinus co&rul&us, >lla :-nirum, Harmonia ax*ridis, and 1*clon&da sanuin&a, and th& lac&/ins 1&ra&ochr*sa spp! and 1hr*sop&rla spp! mak& siniRcant contriuti contriution on to th& mortalit* o0 th& Asian citrus ps*llid, /hich r&sults in FKBKK r&duction in ps*llid populations! n contrast, parasitism * Tamarixia Tamarixia radiata, a sp&ci&s-sp&ciRc parasitoid o0 th& Asian citrus ps*llid, is :arial& and &n&rall* lo/ in south/&st ?loridaE in $KK@, it amount&d to a r&duction o0 l&ss than B$ 0rom Da* to 2&pt&m&r and 8K in o:&m&r!
n $KKJ, 0oliar applications o0 ins&cticid&s r&duc&d ps*llid populations 0or a short tim&, ut also suppr&ss&d th& populations o0 pr&dator* lad*ird &&tl&s! 2oil application o0 aldicar pro:id&d limit&d control o0 Asian citrus ps*llid, /hil& dr&nch&s o0 imidacloprid to *oun tr&&s /&r& &I&cti:& 0or t/o months or mor&!"J8% Dana&m&nt o0 citrus r&&nin dis&as& is dijcult and r&Muir&s an int&rat&d approach that includ&s us& o0 cl&an stock, &limination o0 inoculum :ia :oluntar* and r&ulator* m&ans,o0us& o0 p&sticid&s control ps*llid :&ctors in th& citrus crop, andis ioloical control ps*llid :&ctors intonon-crop r&s&r:oirs! 1itrus r&&nin dis&as& not und&r compl&t&l* succ&ss0ul mana&m&nt!"J#% 4r&as* spot 4r&as* spot, a 0unal dis&as& caus&d * th& D*cospha&r&lla citri, produc&s l&a0 spots and pr&matur& d&0oliation, thus r&ducin th& tr&&'s :iour and *i&ld! Ascospor&s o0 D! citri ar& &n&rat&d in ps&udoth&cia in d&composin 0all&n l&a:&s!"J@% >nc& matur&, ascospor&s ar& &&ct&d and sus&Mu&ntl* disp&rs&d * air curr&nts! roduction Dain articl&E 1itrus production >ran& 4ro:& outsid& o0 2anta aula, 1ali0ornia! Lra<il is th& /orld's l&adin oran& produc&r, /ith an output almost as hih as that o0 th& n&xtar& thr&& countri&s comin&d (th&o0Vnit&d 2tat&s, and 1hina)!r&ion >ran& ro:&s locat&d mainl* in th& stat& 2So aulo, in ndia, th& south&ast&rn o0 Lra<il, and account 0or approximat&l* FK o0 th& national production! As almost CC o0 th& 0ruit is proc&ss&d 0or &xport, 8# o0 total loal 0ro<&n conc&ntrat&d oran& uic& production com&s 0rom this this ar&a and th& /&st&rn part o0 th& stat& o0 Dinas 4&rais! n Lra<il, th& 0our pr&dominant oran& :ari&ti&s us&d 0or otainin uic& ar& Hamlin, &ra 6io, atal, and 9al&ncia!"JJ%"JF% Th& Vnit&d 2tat&s is th& s&cond lar&st produc&r! produc&r! 4ro:&s ar& locat&d &sp&ciall* in ?lorida, 1ali0ornia, T&xas, T&xas, and Ari<ona! Th& maorit* o0 1ali0ornia's crop is sold as 0r&sh 0ruit, /h&r&as ?lorida's oran&s ar& d&stin&d to uic& products! Did-south ?lorida produc&s aout hal0 as man* oran&s as Lra<il, ut th& ulk o0 its or oran& an& uic& is not &xport&d! Th& ndian 6i:&r ar&a o0 ?lorida is kno/n 0or th& hih Mualit* o0 its uic&, /hich o0t&n is sold 0r&sh in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s and 0r&Mu&ntl* l&nd&d /ith uic& produc&d in oth&r r&ions &caus& ndian 6i:&r tr&&s *i&ld :&r* s/&&t s/&& t oran&s, ut in r&lati:&l* small Muantiti&s!"JC% roduction o0 oran& uic& &t/&&n th& 2So aulo and mid-south ?lorida ar&as mak&s up rouhl* F8 o0 th& /orld mark&t! Lra<il &xports CC o0 its production, /hil& CK o0 ?lorida's production is consum&d in th& Vnit&d 2tat&s!"FK% >ran& uic& is trad&d int&rnationall* in th& 0orm o0 0ro<&n, conc&ntrat&d oran& uic& to r&duc& th& :olum& us&d so that stora& and transportation costs ar& lo/&r!"FB% lo/&r!"FB% Th& .urop&an Vnion is th& third lar&st lar&st produc&r o0 oran&s /orld/id&!"JF% >th&r countri&s /ith a siniRcant production o0 oran&s ar& 2outh A0rica, Dorocco, and Ar&ntina! Top Top t&n countri&s /ith th&tonn&s) lar&st production o0 oran& in $KB$"F$% (million
6ank 1ountr* roduction 6ank 1ountr* B Lra<il BF B F!K @ 2pain $! $ !C $ Vnit&d 2tat&s F!B J .*pt $! $ !J # 1hina @!8 F tal* B!J 7 ndia 8!K C Turk&*B!@ 8 D&xico #!@ BK 2outh A0rica B!@
roduction
Quic& and /hos& oth&r products >ran&s, Pa:or ma* :ar* 0rom s/&&t to sour, ar& commonl* p&&l&d and &at&n 0r&sh or sMu&&<&d 0or uic&! Th& thick itt&r rind is usuall* discard&d, ut can & proc&ss&d into animal 0&&d * d&siccation, usin pr&ssur& and h&at! t also is us&d in c&rtain r&cip&s as a 0ood Pa:orin or arnish! Th& out&rmost la*&r o0 th& rrind ind can & thinl* rat&d /ith a <&st&r to produc& oran& <&st! e&st is popular in cookin &caus& it contains oils and has a stron Pa:or similar to that o0 th& ora oran& n& pulp! Th& /hit& part o0 th& rind, includin th& pith, is a sourc& o0 p&ctin and has n&arl* th& sam& amount o0 :itamin 1 as th& P&sh P&s h and oth&r nutri&nts!"citation n&&d&d% Althouh not as uic* or tast* as th& P&sh, oran& p&&l is &dil& and has siniRcant cont&nts o0 :itamin 1, di&tar* R&r, total pol*ph&nols, carot&noids, limon&n& and di&tar* min&rals, such as potassium and man&sium!"F#% roducts mad& 0rom oran&s >ran& uic& isth& otain&d th& 0ruit on can a sp&cial tool at (a hom& uic&r or, or sMu&&<&r) and coll&ctin uic& in*a sMu&&<in tra* und&rn&ath! This & mad& on a much lar&r scal&, industriall*! industriall*! Lra<il is th& lar&st produc&r o0 oran& uic& in th& /orld, 0ollo/&d * th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, /h&r& it is on& o0 th& commoditi&s trad&d on th& &/ ork Loard o0 Trad&! 2k&l&tal mod&l o0 oct*l ac&tat& >ct*l ac&tat& is r&sponsil& 0or th& 0raranc& o0 oran&s ?ro<&n ?ro<&n oran& uic& conc&ntrat& is mad& 0rom 0r&shl* sMu&&<&d and Rlt&r&d oran& uic&!"F7% 2/&&t oran& oil is a *-product *-product o0 th& uic& industr* produc&d * pr&ssin th& p&&l! t is us&d 0or Pa:orin 0ood and drinks and also in th& p&r0um& industr* and aromath&rap* 0or its 0raranc&! 2/&&t oran& oil consists o0 approximat&l* CK 5limon&n&, a sol:&nt us&d in :arious hous&hold ch&micals, such as /ood condition&rs 0or 0urnitur& andUalon /ith oth&r citrus oilsUd&t&r&nts and hand cl&ans&rs! t is an &jci&nt cl&anin a&nt /ith a pl&asant sm&ll, promot&d 0or &in & in &n:ironm&ntall* 0ri&ndl* th&r&0or&, pr&0&ral& to p&troch&micals! 5-limon&n& is, li0& ho/&:&r, classiR&dand 0rom slihtl* toxic to humans,"F8% to :&r* toxic to marin& in diI&r&nt countri&s!"F@% 3imon&n& is consid&r&d a natural ch&mopr&:&nti:& a&nt in humans,"FJ%"FF% and th&r& is no &:id&nc& 0or its carcino&nicit* carcino&nicit* or ¬oxicit*, as onc& &li&:&d! Th& 1arcino&nic ot&nc* ot&nc* ro&ct &stimat&s that 5-limon&n& ma* aI&ct human canc&r on a l&:&l rouhl* &Mui:al&nt to that 0or caI&ic acid :ia di&tar* coI&& intak&,"FC% /h&r&as th& nt&rnational A&nc* 0or 6&s&arch on 1anc&r (A61) classiR&s it und&r 1lass #, /hich m&ans it is not classiRal& as to its carcino&nicit* to humans!"CK% >ran& lossoms ar& us&d in s&:&ral diI&r&nt /a*s, as ar& 0ruit p&&ls and th& l&a:&s and /ood o0 th& tr&&! Th& oran& lossom, /hich is th& stat& Po/&r o0 ?lorida,"CB% is hihl* 0rarant and traditionall* associat&d /ith ood 0ortun&! t has lon &&n popular in ridal ouMu&ts and h&ad /r&aths! >ran& lossom &ss&nc& is an important compon&nt in th& makin o0 p&r0um&!
>ran& lossom p&tals can also & mad& into a d&licat&l* citrus-sc&nt&d :&rsion o0 ros&/at&r, kno/n as +oran& lossom /at&r+ or +oran& Po/&r /at&r+! t is a common inr&di&nt in ?r&nch and Diddl& .ast&rn cuisin&s, &sp&ciall* in d&ss&rts and ak&d oods! n som& Diddl& .ast&rn countri&s, drops o0 oran& Po/&r /at&r ar& add&d to disuis& th& unpl&asant tast& tas t& o0 hard /at&r dra/n 0rom /&lls or stor&d in Mullahs (traditional .*ptian /at&r pitch&rs mad& o0 porous cla*)! n th& Vnit&d 2tat&s, oran& Po/&r /at&r is us&d to mak& oran& lossom scon&s and marshmallo/s! n 2pain,lossom 0all&n lossoms dri&dhon&*) and us&d to mak&* t&a! >ran& hon&* (orar& citrus is otain&d puttin &&hi:&s in th& citrus ro:&s /hil& tr&&s loom! L* this m&thod, &&s also pollinat& s&&d&d citrus :ari&ti&s! This t*p& o0 hon&* has an oran&* tast& and is hihl* pri<&d! Darmalad& usuall* is mad& /ith 2&:ill& oran&s! All parts o0 th& 0ruit ar& us&dE th& pith and pips (s¶t&d and plac&d in a muslin a) ar& oil&d in a mixtur& o0 uic&, sli:&r&d p&&l, slic&d-up P&sh, suar, and /at&r to &xtract th&ir p&ctin, /hich h&lps th& cons&r:& to s&t! >ran& p&&l is us&d * ard&n&rs as a slu r&p&ll&nt! >ran& l&a:&s can & oil&d to mak& t&a! >ran&/ood sticks ar& us&d as cuticl& push&rs in manicur&s and p&dicur&s, and as spud&rs 0or manipulatin sl&nd&r &l&ctronic /ir&s! >ran&/ood is us&d in th& sam& /a* as m&sMuit&, oak, and hickor* 0or s&asonin rill&d m&at! A ar o0 oran& uic& /ith oran&s or an&s around it >ran&s and oran& uic& r&0&r to caption Quic& sMu&&<&r r&0&r to caption A ar o0 marmalad& 2&& also 1am s\nh (4r&&n oran& or 3onan! 1itrus r&ticulata maxima) >ran& production in Lra<il Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia 1itrus .xp&rim&nt 2tation .li<a Ti&ts (0or th& histor* o0 oran& ro:&s in 1ali0ornia, Vnit&d 2tat&s) lant propaation 6&0&r&nc&s Qump up +1itrus sin&nsis in0ormation 0rom 0rom 4246+! /// ///!ars-rin!o: !ars-rin!o:!! 6&tri&:&d $KKF-K#-BJ! Qump up +1itrus sin&nsis (3!) >s&ck (pro sp!) (maxima r&ticulata) r&ticulata) s/&&t oran&+! lants!V25A!o: lants!V25A ! dra0t &nom& o0 s/&&t oran& (1itrus sin&nsis)+! atur& Qump up toE a c d !o:! & +Th& 4&n&tics 78E 8C@@! doiEBK!BK#Fn!$7J$! Qump up toE a Andrs 4arca 3or ($KB#)! >rani<aciXn d& la di:&rsidad &ntica d& los ctricos (5?) (Th&sis)! p! JC! Qump up +A &n&alo* o0 th& citrus 0amil*+! atur& Liot&chnolo* Liot&chnolo* #$E @7K@7$! doiEBK!BK#Fnt!$C87! Qump up toE a c d & 0 h Dorton, Q!, ?ruits o0 Garm 1limat&s 1limat&s (BCFJ) Diami, ?3, pp! B#7B7$! Qump up 1itrus sin&nsis in0ormation 0rom 0rom 4246! Ars-rin!o: Ars-rin!o:!! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up toE a >ranisms! 1itrus 4&nom& 5ataas& Qump up httpE///!consum&rsunion!or0oodKCKF0ooddcCCF!htm httpE///!consum&rsunion!or0oodKCKF0ooddcCCF!htm!! Dissin or &mpt* titl&f (h&lp) Qump up +2tat&s Ghich roduc& roduc& th& Dost o0 opular Nids ?ood+! ? ?A> A> 2tatistics! 6&tri&:&d BJ, $KBB! Qump up o:&m&r 2up&rsp&ci&s! 2ci&ntiRc-/&!com! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$!
Qump up icolosi, .!O 5&n, e! !O 4&ntil&, A!O 3a Dal0a, 2!O 1ontin&lla, 4!O Triulato, Triulato, .! ($KKK)! +1itrus ph*lo&n* and &n&tic oriin o0 important sp&ci&s as in:&stiat&d * mol&cular mark&rs+! TA4 Th&or&tical and Appli&d 4&n&tics BKK (F)E BB88BB@@! doiEBK!BKKJsKKB$$KK8B7BC! Qump up Lail&*, H! and Lail&*, .! (BCJ@)! Hortus Third! Third! 1orn&ll Vni:&rsit* DacDillan! DacDillan! !! p! $J8! Qump up 2&&d and ?ruits! ?ruits! .su!&du! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up toE a c Gillard Hodson (BC@JBCFC) "BC7#%! +7+! n G& G&&r, &r, H&r&rt QohnO r&: o0 Galt&r Galt&r 6&uth&r and 1ali0orniaE Harr* G! G! 3a/ton! Th& o0 1itrus ndustr*, Horticultural 9ari&ti&s 1itrus! 6i:&rsid&, Vni:&rsit* 1ali0ornia 5i:ision o0 Aricultural 2ci&nc&s! Qump up 1itrus sin&nsis .nc*clop&dia o0 3i0&! .>3! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up pip 5&Rnition /ith th&saurus, &xampl&s, audio and mor&! mor&! ourdictionar* ourdictionar*!com !com ($KBB-KC-$#)! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up pith 5&Rnition /ith th&saurus, &xampl&s, audio and mor&! mor&! ourdictionar* ourdictionar*!com !com ($KBB-KC-$#)! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up toE a c d & 0 h Nimall, 5an A! (Qun& #K, BCCC)! +1itrus proc&ssinE a compl&t& uid&+ ($d &d!)! &/ orkE orkE 2prin&r! 2prin&r! p! 78K! 2L K-F#7$-B$8F-J! Qump up G&&r, H&r&rt QohnO 6&uth&r, 6&uth&r, Galt&r and 3a/ton, Harr* G G!! (BC@JBCFC) "BCK#%! +Th& 1itrus ndustr*+! 6i:&rsid&, 1ali0orniaE Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia 5i:ision o0 Aricultural 2ci&nc&s! Qump up toE a c d Hom& ?ruit ?ruit roduction >ran&s, Qulian G! 2auls, h!5!, ro0&ssor .xt&nsion Horticulturist, T&xas T&xas 1oop&rati:& .xt&nsion (5&c&m&r, BCCF), ai&-horticultur&!tamu!&du Qump up +lant roRl& roRl& 0or 1itrus aurantium 3! (pro sp!), httpEplants!usda!o:a:aproRl&]s*molf1AVF Qump up 6?3 Anal*sis o0 th& >riin o0 1itrus L&ramia, 1itrus Qamhiri, Qamhiri, and 1itrus 3imonia Qump up 4&rald Nlinaman! +lant o0 th& G&&k! G&&k! Hard* >ran& or T Tri0oliat& ri0oliat& >ran&! 3atinE oncirus tri0oliat+! Vni:&rsit* o0 Arkansas! 5i:ision o0 Aricultur&! Qump up Tan&rin&s Tan&rin&s (mandarin oran&s) nutrition 0acts and h&alth &n&Rts! utrition-and-*ou!com! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up 2cion 5&Rnition and Dor& Dor& 0rom th& ?r&& ?r&& D&rriam-G&st&r D&rriam-G&st&r 5ictionar*! 5ictionar*! D&rriam-/&st&r!com! D&rriam-/&st&r !com! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up toE a +5&Rnition o0 oran&+! 1ollins .nlish 5ictionar* (collinsdictionar*!com)! Qump up +5&Rnition o0 oran&+! >.5 onlin& (///!ox0orddictionari (///!ox0orddictionari&s!com)! &s!com)! Qump up at&rson, an ($KK#)! A 5ictionar* 5ictionar* o0 1olourE A 3&xi 3&xicon con o0 th& 3anua& o0 1olour (Bst pap&rack &d!)! 3ondonE Thoroood (pulish&d $KK7)! p! $FK! 2L BF87BF-#J8-#! >131 @K7BBK$8! Qump up +oran& colour oran& color, n! (and ad!)+! >x0ord .nlish 5ictionar* 5ictionar*!! >.5! 6&tri&:&d BC April $KBB! Qump up Da&r<, Alo*s QohnO Dorris 6&a 6&a aul (BC#K), A 5ict 5ictionar* ionar* o0 1olor, &/ orkE orkE Dc4ra/-Hill, p! $KK Qump up toE a +Dultilinual Dultiscript Dultiscript lant am& 5ataas&E 2ortin 1itrus am&s+! Vni:&rsit* o0 D&lourn& (///!s&arch!unim&l!&du!au)! (///!s&arch!unim&l!&du!au)! 6&tri&:&d BB 5&c&m&r $KB$! Qump up toE a >st&rr&n, 6o&rt 1! and 3& Loss&, Dathias ($KBB)! Th& .urop&ans, 2&cond .ditionE A 4&oraph* o0 &opl&, 1ultur&, and .n:ironm&nt! 4uil0ord r&ss! p! B$C! 2L CJF-B-@KCBF-B7K-@! Qump up 1harl&s 5uI (BCJB)! 2panish 0or &inn&rs! Harp&r1ollins! p! BCB! 2L CJF-K-K@-7@#$JB-#! Qump up 2&& also 3ist o0 u&rto 6ican slan /ords and phras&s Qump up ! Hoad, T! ? T! ?!! (BCC@)! +oran&+! Th&Da* 1oncis& >x0ord 5ictionar* o0 .nlish .t*molo*! .t*molo* HihL&am 6&s&arch! 6&tri&:&d BC, $KBK!
Qump up toE a 1oit, Qohn .liot (BCB8)! 1itrus 0ruitsE an account o0 th& citrus 0ruit industr*, /ith sp&cial r&0&r&nc& to 1ali0ornia r&Muir&m&nts and practic&s and similar conditions! Th& Dacmillan 1ompan*! 1ompan*! 6&tri&:&d $ >cto&r $KBB! Qump up toE a Dat&rial d&ntiRcation 2h&&t! G&capua!com! G&capua!com! 6&tri&:&d on $KBBBK-K$ (in ?r&nch)! Qump up 1itrus a&s 2/&&t oran&s! Vs&rs!k*mp!n&t! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K$! Qump up toE a c d ?&ruson, Qam&s Q! our our ?lorida 5oor*ard 1itrus 4uid& App&ndic&s, 5&Rnitions and 4lossar*! 4lossar*! &dis!i0as!uP!&du Qump up $KB$! +Th& 3i0& o0 3u& 4im 4on+! G&st G&st 9olusia 9olusia Historical 2oci&t*! 2oci&t*! 6&tri&:&d 8 5&c&m&r Qump up >ran&! Hort!purdu&!&du! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BK-K $KBB-BK-K$! $! Qump up T*p&s T*p&s o0 >ran&s Llood, a:&l, 9al&ncia! 9al&ncia! 2unkist! 6&tri&:&d on $KBB-BKK$! Qump up toE a c d 2taI o0 th& 1itrus .xp&rim&nt 2tation, 1oll&& o0 atural and Aricultural 2ci&nc&s (BCBK$KBB)! +2/&&t >ran&s and Th&ir H*rids+! 1itrus 9ari&t* 1oll&ction! Vni:&rsit* o0 1ali0ornia (6i:&rsid&)! 6&tri&:&d Qanuar* BC, $KBB! Qump up +1ommodit* ?act ?act 2h&&tE 1itrus ?ruits+ ?ruits+ (5?)! 1ali0ornia ?oundation ?oundation 0or Aricultur& in th& 1lassroom! 6&tri&:&d $KB$-K#-K@! Qump up 2aund&rs, Gilliam +.xp&rim&ntal +.xp&rim&ntal 4ard&ns and 4rounds+, in V25A, &arook &arook o0 Aricultur& BFCJ, BFK IO V25A, V25A, &arook &arook o0 Aricultur& BCKK, @7! Qump up toE a +VL1 Lotanical 4ard&n, Lotan* hoto o0 th& 5a*+! Qump up toE a 2uss&r, All&n (BCCJ)! Th& 4r&at 1itrus LookE A 4uid& /ith 6&cip&s! T&n T&n 2p&&d r&ss! 2L CJF-K-FCFB8-F88-J! CJF-K-FCFB8-F88-J! Qump 1araq&Yitl&riE na:&l oran&! Vni:&rsit* 1ali0ornia, 6i:&rsid& Qump up up 1ara ortakal q&Yitl&riE 2&k&r portakal (ino0Turkish) Turkish) Qump up Alain ?or&st, ?or&st, oshiharu oshiharu Tsuo Tsuo 1atholicism& &t socits asiatiMu&s, BCFF, pa& B@7! +A l':^ch d& Za 5oai, son pa*s natal o il &st r&:&nu, il 0ait rinstall&r un :illa& sur d&s t&rr&s plus 0&rtil&s &t mi&ux irriu&s pour * implant&r un& :arit d'oran& &spanol& introduit& par l&s missionnair&s &t d&:&nu& clr& d&puis!+ Qump up Qournal d'aricultur& d'aricultur& tropical& &t d& otaniMu& appliMu& Dusum national d'histoir& natur&ll& (?ranc&), (?ranc&), BC@8, 9olum& B$, pa& 8#F! +Aucun& :arit d'importation n'&st supri&ur& aux :arits :i&tnami&nn&s E Za-5oai, prs d& 9inh, 1am 5bn, !!!+ Qump up 2tud* on induction o0 t&traploid citrus citrus plants d&ri:&d ?r ?rom om local diploid culti:ars Qump up AschoI QN, Nau0mann 2, Nalkan >, &idhart 2, 1arl& 6, 2ch/&i&rt 6D ($KB8)! +n 9itro Lioacc&ssiilit* o0 1arot&noids, ?la:onoids, and 9itamin 1 0rom 5iI&r&ntl* roc&ss&d roc&ss&d >ran&s and >ran& Quic&s "1itrus sin&nsis (3!) >s&ck%+! Q Aric ?ood 1h&m! in pr&ss, Qan6, FE 8JFFJ! doiEBK!BK$B08K8$CJt! D5oran& $88#C#C7! Qump up &r&<-1acho &r&<-1 acho 6ous&I 63 ($KKF)! +?r&sh +?r&sh sMu&&<&d uic& odorE a r&:i&/+! 1rit 6&: ?ood 2ci utr 7F (J)E @FBC8! doiEBK!BKFKBK7KF#CKJKB@#FCK$! D5 BF@@#@BF! Qump up toE a 2inclair, Galton L!O Lartholom&/, .!T! .!T! and 6aams&*, 6! 1! (BC78)! +Anal*sis o0 th& oranic acids o0 oran& uic&+ (5?)! lant h*siolo* $K (B)E #BF! doiEBK!BBK7pp!$K!B!#! D1 7#J@C#! D5 B@@8#C@@! Qump up 1&nt&rs 0or 5is&as& 1ontrol and r&:&ntion (151) (151) (Qul* B@, BCCC)! +>utr&ak o0 2almon&lla 2&rot*p& Du&nch&n n0&ctions Associat&d /ith Vnpast&uri<&d >ran& Quic& Vnit&d 2tat&s and 1anada, Qun& BCCC+! Doridit* and Dortalit* G&&kl* 6&port (1&nt&rs 0or 5is&as& 1ontrol) 7F ($J)E 8F$8F8! D5 BK7$FKC@! Qump up toE a Vnit&d 2tat&s 2tandards 0or 4rad&s o0 ?lorida >ran&s and Tan&los Tan&los (V25AO ?&ruar*, ?&ruar*, BCCJ) Qump up G&&r, H&r&rt Qohn (BC@JBCFC)! (BC@JBCFC)! 1hapt&r ! Histor* and 5&:&lopm&nt o0 th& 1itrus in >64 >? 1T6V2, 9ol! 9ol! B! Vni:&rsit* 1ali0ornia Qump up ndustr* 2auls, Qulian G! (5&c&m&r G! BCCF)! +H>D. ?6VTo06>5V1T>->6A4.2+!
Th& T&xas T&xas AD Vni:&rsit* 2*st&m! 6&tri&:&d 6&tri&:&d #K o:&m&r $KB$! Qump up Dau, 6onald and N&ssin, N&ssin, Qa*ma Dartin (April $KKJ)! +1&ratitis capitata (Gi&d&mann)+! Nno/l&d& Dast&r, Vni:&rsit* o0 Ha/aii! 6&tri&:&d 8 5&c&m&r $KB$! Qump up +Ho/ 1old 1an Gat&r Gat&r 4&t]+! .GT> LL2! Aronn& ational 3aorator* 3aorator*!! $KK$-KC-KF! 6&tri&:&d $KKC-K7-B@! Qump up Door&, ?rank ?rank .nsor (BCC8)! +6&dlands Astrid& th& ? ?r&&/a* r&&/a*EE Th& 5&:&lopm&nt o0 4ood Automoil& 6oads+! 6&dlands, 1ali0orniaE Door& Historical ?oundation! p! C! 2L K-CB7B@J-KJ-#! Qump up toEo0aGA! 3ac&*, N&:in (Qul* $KB$)! +1itrus 0or GA+ 4o:&rnm&nt 5&partm&nt o0 Aricultur& and rootstocks ?ood! 6&tri&:&d #K(5?)! o:&m&r $KB$! Qump up 5r ric&, Dartin! +1itrus ropaation ropaation and 6ootstocks+! ultim ultimat&citrus!com! at&citrus!com! 6&tri&:&d #K o:&m&r $KB$! Qump up 1itrus ropaation! ropaation! 6&s&arch roram roram on 1itrus 6ootstock Lr&&din Lr&&din and 4&n&tics! ars-rin!o: Qump up .hsani, 6! &t al! (Qun& $KKJ) +n-situ D&asur&m&nt D&asur&m&nt o0 th& Actual 5&tachm&nt ?orc& o0 >ran&s Har:&st&d * a 1anop* 2hak&r Har:&stin Dachin&+! Astracts 0or th& $KKJ Qoint Annual D&&tin o0 th& ?lorida 2tat& Horticultur& 2oci&t*! 2oci&t*! Qump up +?r&sh +?r&sh 1itrus 5ir&ct+! 0r&shcitrusdir&ct!/ordpr&ss!com! 0r&shcitrusdir&ct!/ordpr&ss!com! 6 6&tri&:&d &tri&:&d on BKth Qanuar* $KB7! Qump up toE a Gan&r, Al0r&d L! and 2auls, Qulian G! +Har:&stin and r&-pack Handlin+! Th& T&xas T&xas AD Vni:&rsit* 2*st&m! 6&tri&:&d $C o:&m&r $KB$! Qump up Arpaia, Dar* 3u and Nad&r, Ad&l A! A! +>ran&E 6&comm&ndations 0or Daintainin osthar:&st T&chnolo* T&chnolo* Qump up 6it&nour, D!A!Wualit*+! >ran&!V15a:is ?rom Th&osthar:&st ?rom 1omm&rcial 2tora& o01&nt&r! ? ?ruits, ruits, 9&&tal&s, and ?lorist ? lorist and urs&r* 2tocks! V25A ($KK7) Qump up toE a Hom& 2tora& 4uid& 0or ?r&sh ?ruits ?ruits 9&&tal&s! 1anadian roduc& Dark&tin Association! 6&tri&:&d Darch $KB$! Qump up toE a c Asian 1itrus sllids (2t&rnorr*nchaE s*llida&) and 4r&&nin 5is&as& o0 1itrus, * 2usan .! Hal&rt and N&r&man& 3! Danunath, ?lorida .ntomoloist (Astract! 2&pt&m&r $KK7) p! ##K ?13A!&du ?13 A!&du Qump up 4A 6&port um&rE L6CKK@, L6CKK@, V25A ?or&in ?or&in Aricultural 2&r:ic& (Qun&, $KKC) Qump up Wur&shi, Qa//ad A! and 2tansl*, hilip hilip A! (Qun& $KKJ) +nt&rat&d approach&s 0or manain th& Asian citrus ps*llid (Homopt&raE s*llida&) in ?lorida+! Astracts 0or th& $KKJ Qoint Annual D&&tin o0 th& ?lorida 2tat& Horticultur& 2oci&t* Qump up Dondal, 2!! &t al! (Qun& $KKJ) +.I&ct o0 Gat&r Gat&r Dana&m&nt and 2oil Application o0 itro&n ?&rtili<&rs, &trol&um >ils, and 3im& on noculum roduction * D*cospha&r&lla citri, th& 1aus& 1itrus 4r&as* 2pot+! Astracts 0or th& $KKJ Qoint Annual D&&tin o0 th& ?lorida 2tat&o0Horticultur& 2oci&t* Qump up 4A 6&port um&rE L6BKKK8, L6BKKK8, V25A ?or&in ?or&in Aricultural 2&r:ic& (@B8$KBK) Qump up toE a ?ro<&n ?ro<&n 1onc&ntrat&d >ran& Quic& (?1>Q) 1ommodit* Dark&t, 1r&dit and ?inanc& 6isk Anal*sis! cr&dRnrisk!com Qump up +Histor* o0 th& ndian 6i:&r 1itrus 5istrict+! ndian 6i:&r 6i:&r 1itrus 3&au& (ircitrusl&au&!or)! 6&tri&:&d $J o:&m&r $KB$! Qump up V25A ?or&in ?or&in Aricultural 2&r:ic&! +V25A V!2 and th& G Gorld orld 2ituationE 1itrus+ (5?)! Qump up 2pr&&n, Thomas H! ro&ctions ro&ctions o0 Gorld roduction roduction and 1onsumption o0 1itrus to $KBK! Qump up ?aostat! ?aostat! ?aostat!0ao!or! ?aostat!0ao!or! 6&tri&:&d on $KB7-KB-$@! Qump up Larros H6, ?&rr&ira ?&rr&ira TA, TA, 4&no:&s& D ($KB$)! +Antioxidant capacit* capacit* and min&ral cont&nt o0 pulp and p&&l 0rom comm&rcial culti:ars o0 citrus 0rom Lra<il+! ?ood 1h&m (7)E BFC$F! doiEBK!BKB@!0oodch&m!$KB$!K#!KCK! $#77$@#8! Qump up To/ns&nd, TB#7 o/ns&nd, 1h&t! +Th& 2tor* o0 ?lorida >ran& Quic&E ?rom ?romD5 th& 4ro:& to
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