OTFNews662

Volume • 66 No. 2 March • April 2004

Golf Tee-off and Sportsturf Short Courses brought smiles to Coach Tressel, alumni, students and friends.

Inside: 2004 OTF Officers & Trustees
See pages 4–5

Hortshorts
See pages 26–27

Latest Industry Websites
See pages 30–31

This Issue Sponsored By:
March • April 2004

TurfNews distributes useful and timely advice, information and research from Ohio’s most knowledgeable experts and professionals to OTF members and those in the turfgrass industry. Vol. 66 • No. 2 • 2004 TurfNews is produced by the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation, PO Box 3388, Zanesville, Ohio 43702–3388, 1–888–OTF–3445 and is available to all members. www.OhioTurfgrass.org Back issues of OTF TurfNews are available on our website at www.OhioTurfgrass.org

Inside:

Message From The 2004 OTF President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2004 OTF Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2004 OTF Trustees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 OTF News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9 2003 Report on OTF Research Funding Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–13
Golf Course Tips

2004 Calendar of Events
Northeast Ohio Lawn Care Seminar (OLCA)
June 17, 2004 OARDC, Wooster, OH 800-510-5296

OLCA/OSTMA Collaborative Golf Outing
July 28, 2004 Apple Valley GC, Howard, OH 800-510-5296 (OLCA) or 888-824-9805 (OSTMA)

Freeze Injury Has Popped Up Through Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SportsTurf Tips

Ohio Sod Producers Association Summer Field Day
August 7, 2004 Eastside Nursery, London, OH 888-683-3445

Coring—Are You Wasting Your Time? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Residential Lawn Care Tips

OTF/OSU Turfgrass Research Field Day
August 18, 2004 OTF Research & Education Center, Columbus, OH 888-683-3445

Why is Turfgrass Called the Bandage of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . 16–17 Sod Producers Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Graduate Student Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
New Growth & Technology

Ohio Lawn Care Diagnostic Seminar (OLCA)
August 19, 2004 OTF Research & Education Center, Columbus, OH 800-510-5296 For more information or to register for OTF events, please contact the OTF office at 888-683-3445 or visit www.OhioTurfgrass.org.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 2

Using Composts to Improve Turf Performances . . . . . . . . . . . 20–25 HortShorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–27 Member Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Corporate Sponsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Message from the Director of Education . . . 30–31

Message From The President
Constant Change
t has been said that the only thing constant is change. The saying is decades old but probably never more true than it is today. Constant change over the past several years has probably affected each and every one of us in one way or another in our respective lives or careers, or both. Changing dynamics in our society, economy and communities have all contributed to an ever changing landscape in which we all work and live. Constant change is alive and well in the turfgrass industry as well as in state funded universities in Ohio. The charge to do more with less has been given at the university level much the same as it has at the industry level. Because of all this change, it’s more important than ever for the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation to work in support of the research and education efforts of our partners at Ohio State to ensure a constantly improving turfgrass industry here in Ohio. Does turfgrass research at Ohio State depend solely on the support of OTF? No. However, the importance of alternative sources of funding such as OTF’s has never been more critical or more necessary. With the continued support of OTF and its members, our partnership with OSU will continue to thrive and be one that is admired throughout the country. One final note on change, your OTF board has changed slightly with the addition of two new trustees- Joe Enciso of Century Equipment and Randy Shaver of Strategic Golf Alliance. Welcome!

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BUGDOC (Dr. Shetlar) Says:
There coming! Cicadas, that is! Ohio is due for the emergence of Brood X (that's brood 10) not some alien designation of the periodical cicadas this spring. So, get ready for the music. I have constructed a website to address the questions that are going to come pouring in during the last week of May through early July. The website address is http:/bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/ PerioCicada/ I will give more information about this (entomological curiosity) in a future P.E.S.T. Newsletter. (For more information on receiving my seasonal newsletter on ornamental and turf insects email me at [email protected]). In short, this brood will emerge over much of the western part of Ohio. There is nothing you can do to stop it and there is nothing to fear. They will just be really noisy for a month or so. Pictures of the critter are below.

Respectfully, George Furrer
2004 President, OTF

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 3

OTF 2004 Officers

President
George Furrer eorge Furrer has served on the OTF Board of Directors since 1998, serving on the Executive Committee for the last two years. He was the Program Development Committee co-chair in 2000. George is a 1984 graduate of The Ohio State University—ATI in Wooster. He is currently a Market Sales Representative for Lesco, Inc., working primarily with the golf course business in Central Ohio. During his 15-year career, he has worked with Golf Course Superintendents, Lawn Care Operators, Sports Turf Managers, and Grounds Managers. George resides in Powell, OH with his wife Karla and their three children ages nine, six, and four.

Treasurer
Boyd Montgomery, CSFM oyd is the Facilities & Maintenance Director for Sylvania Recreation Corporation and currently oversees 30 baseball/softball diamonds, 325 acres of grass to mow and maintain, over 25 soccer fields, 2-4 lacrosse and flag football fields, 1 high school football stadium, and 4.5 miles of the university bike trail system. Boyd’s primary responsibility is to oversee the 135acre Sylvania Pacesetter Park. The state-ofthe-art, multi-purpose recreational facility won the 1998 STMA parks & recreation softball field of the year, and the 1998 OSTMA Chapter softball and soccer field of the year. Boyd also is the Director for the adult softball program in Sylvania (135+ teams strong) and organizes and runs most of the major tournaments Pacesetter Park holds. Boyd was awarded the George Toma Golden Rake award by the STMA in 1999 Boyd is a member of the STMA, OTF, PGMS, OLCA, and Executive Director and Co-Founder of the Ohio STMA Chapter. Boyd was the first in Ohio to become certified by the Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) as Sports Field Manager. He obtained his Associates Degree from Owens Community College, and recently has taken up teaching and is a part-time professor at Owens teaching irrigation practices. Boyd is a frequent speaker at Turfgrass Conferences across the US.

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Vice President
Dr. Chuck Darrah r. Chuck Darrah, CLC LABS, has served as an OTF Trustee since 1993. He has served on the Program Development Committee since 1994, and in 2002 as the Membership Development Committee chair. Chuck holds a Ph.D. in agronomy from Cornell University. He was an Assistant Professor of Agronomy and Extension Turf Specialist at the University of Maryland from 197679. He was a Senior Research Scientist for Chemlawn Services Corp. and Director of Technical Service at Chemlawn from 19821990. Chuck has been a member of many Green Industry trade associations and is a Past President of Ohio Lawn Care Association. He is currently the President of CLC LABS, a soil testing and green industry consulting group. Chuck resides in Dublin, OH with his wife Linda and 2 daughters.

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OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 4

OTF 2004 Trustees

–Term Expires 2007

Randy Shaver andy Shaver graduated from The Ohio State University/ Columbus with a Bachelor of Science degree in Agriculture. He is currently involved with three separate companies, holding the title of president with both Strategic Golf Alliance, Inc., which owns and operates golf courses, and Strategic Turf Systems, Inc. which is one of the Midwest’s largest aerification companies. Recently he became a partner in Kaple Lumber Co., Inc. and its subsidiaries. Kaple Lumber Co. was established in 1896 and is a producer of Appalachian hardwood lumber, pallets, hardwood bark mulch and colored mulch. He started his golf course career at The Shelby Country Club as the assistant superintendent; later becoming the assistant superintendent at The Findlay Country Club where he was then hired as the golf course superintendent. Randy resides in Ontario, OH with his wife Jennifer, and their children Olivia and Griffin.

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Joe Enciso

Todd Voss

Joe Enciso is one of eight chil-

dren raised in Mechanicsburg, Ohio by Francis and MaryAnn Enciso. He is 40 years old and living in Hilliard, Ohio. After graduating from Mechanicsburg High School, Joe attended and graduated from The Ohio State University with degrees in Agronomy and Business. Joe has been working in Golf Course Irrigation since 1982 and has worked for K&P Supply, Baker Vehicle Systems and currently for Century Equipment, where he started in 1993 and is currently the Golf Irrigation Sales Manager. He is a member of seven area chapters of the GCSAA and has been involved with and a member of OTF for his entire sales career. Joe is married to Laurie, who is expecting their first child in May, and their American bulldog, Parker. Joe enjoys playing golf with his friends and spending lots of time with his wife and family. The Ohio State Buckeyes is his other pastime. Go BUCKS!

ToddOhioan, but wasofactually born in likes to think himself as a native
Northern California. He spent the first eighteen years in Kent, Ohio. The son of a Golf Course Superintendent, Todd grew up within the industry working for his dad, Joe Voss. After spending a couple of years at Kent State University and working at Silver Lake County Club, he enrolled in the two-year Turfgrass Management Program at Penn State. After graduation, Todd was employed at Double Eagle Club for three years as Assistant. In the spring of 1994, Todd accepted the position as Superintendent to do the grow-in of Fox Meadow in Medina, Ohio. After two years he returned to Double Eagle Club, where he is currently the Superintendent. This is Todd’s second term on the OTF Board. He currently serves as the Chair of the Membership Committee and sits on the Program Development and Tradeshow Development Committees. In addition, he currently serves on the USGA Greens Section Committee. When not at work, Todd enjoys spending time with his wife Heidi and dogs (Nittany and Bunker) on their boat.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 5

OTF News
Don’t Let Your Member Benefits Expire!
Now is the time to renew your membership to OTF. The OTF Membership year runs from February 1—January 31. Membership renewal invoices were mailed to all 2003 members in late January, with a May 1 due date. Please renew your membership immediately. If OTF does not receive your dues before May 1, you will not be listed in the 2004 Membership Directory, you will stop receiving this newsletter, and other valuable OTF member benefits and services will expire. Following is a brief description of each OTF Membership Type: Organizational—any company currently involved in the management of turfgrass, including: golf courses, lawn care companies, landscapers, nurseries, sod producers, parks and recreation, grounds maintenance, cemeteries, athletic fields, suppliers, and all other related organizations. Organizational members have one contact person with full voting privileges. Affiliate Organizational—Any person whose company has already joined as an Organizational Member. Affiliate members receive all OTF mailings, are listed in the Membership Directory, and receive member benefits, but have no voting privileges. This is only available to Organizational Members. Individual—Anyone currently involved in the management of turfgrass. Individual members have full voting privileges. Student—Any student currently enrolled in a high school, vocational, technical school, college, or university. Student members have no voting privileges. Faculty—Any person involved in teaching turfgrass management, landscape, horticulture, or other related field. Faculty members have no voting privileges. If you have questions about your membership, please call OTF at 888-683-3445, or visit www.OhioTurfgrass.org.

Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust Announces 2004 Officers and Trustees
The Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust (OTRT), the tax-exempt fund-raising arm of OTF, is directed by a six- member Board of Directors. The OTRT mission is to “raise and distribute funds for the research and educational activities relating to the planting, growing, and marketing of turfgrass”. OTRT is pleased to announce that Paul Jacquemin, The Andersons, has been elected to a 2-year Term as President. Jacquemin succeeds Randy Tischer, Green Velvet Sod Farms, who served as OTRT President the past two years. Tischer remains a trustee of the organization. Joe Duncan, Ever Green Lawn Care, was elected to succeed Paul Jacquemin as Treasurer. Duncan joined the OTRT Board of Directors in 2003. Both Duncan and Jacquemin are Past Presidents of OTF. Bob O’Brien, Century Equipment, was elected to serve another 3-year term as Trustee. O’Brien, another OTF Past President, has been an OTRT Trustee since 2000. Additionally, Dr. Chuck Darrah, CLC LABS, was elected as a new trustee. As current Vice President of OTF, Darrah serves as the liaison between the OTF and OTRT Boards of Directors, as required by both organization’s bylaws. Darrah replaces Mark Heinlein, the Motz Group, who previously served as the OTF liaison. Thanks to Mark Heinlein for his many years of service! OTRT is a non-profit, charitable foundation designated as a 501 (c)3 organization by the IRS. Utilizing its tax-exempt status, OTRT plans to raise significant funds specifically for turfgrass research (see related Founders Club article). OTRT is dedicated to a strong turf program in Ohio and appreciates the past support of OTF’s members as it looks forward to an even bigger and better future.

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OTF Founders Club Off to a Fast Start
Joe Motz, Joe Duncan, and Randy Tischer became three of the first Founders Club Members.
he Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust, the fund raising arm of the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation, launched its Founders Club campaign at the 2003 Ohio Turfgrass Foundation Conference and Show with great success. In its official debut, the Founders Club received $52,250 in financial commitments. “This is a fantastic day for all companies and people interested in the betterment of turfgrass,” commented Kevin Thompson, Executive Director of the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation, “as these generous donations will support cutting edge scientific turfgrass research in perpetuity.” Generating more than $1 billion of revenue in Ohio annually, the turfgrass industry requires educated and well trained students in the areas of grounds, sports turf, commercial sod and golf turf management. The Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust is dedicated to securing long term funding to protect the future of the industry through support of turfgrass research and education. The Founders Club donations establish a funding vehicle in which the principle will be protected; only the interest income generated from the principle will

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be earmarked for turfgrass research and scholarships. The goal of the Founders Club is to raise over $500,000 through multiple levels of sponsorship: Platinum, Gold, Silver and Bronze. Each level has corresponding recognition and benefits to express appreciation of donors. Pledges may be made and paid for over a three-year period. The Founders Club is administered under the Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust, designated by the Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)3, with all donations tax deductible to the fullest extent allowable by law. More Founders Club information, and listing of recognition benefits, may be obtained by calling OTF or visiting the OTF website. All OTF members are encouraged to become members of the Founders Club! For more information please contact Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust, Kevin Thompson, Executive Director, PO Box 3388, Zanesville, OH 43702, phone toll free 888-683-3445, fax 740-452-2552, email [email protected], website www.OhioTurfgrass.org.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 7

Inaugural Ohio State Golf Turf Spring Tee-Off
A Big Success!

The Ohio Turfgrass Foundation was very pleased with

the inaugural Ohio State Golf Turf Spring Tee-Off, March 25-27, and would like to thank everyone who helped in making it a successful event. OTF Trustee and Membership Committee Chair Todd Voss, Double Eagle GC, initiated the program with a goal of creating an annual reunion and networking atmosphere for OTF Members, OSU alumni and current turfgrass students. Attendees participated in a three-day comprehensive educational program presented by OSU and OARDC faculty and industry professionals. Topics ranged from Plant Growth Regulator Use to Maintaining the Integrity of the Golf Course. A highlight of the Conference was the OSU Turf Club Luncheon where club President Brad Novotny, OSU senior, announced the great success of the OSU Turf teams in the National GCSAA Collegiate Turf Bowl in San Diego, CA (see related article). OTF Executive Director, Kevin Thompson presented the Turf Club with a $1,000 check from OTF to assist in their travel expenses. Students were encouraged to participate in the Job Fair later that evening which was comprised of golf courses, suppliers, and other green industry employers. Comments from attendees included, “Overall, great conference and will be back!” and “Thanks for another opportunity to receive education, advice, and networking with our peers at a very reasonable price.” OTF is already planning the conference for 2005, set tentatively for March 2–4. OTF appreciates all those who attended, presented, and participated in the first Annual Ohio State Golf Turf Spring Tee-Off.

A Special Thanks to Our Job Fair Participants:
Bayer Environmental Sciences Columbus, OH The Camargo Club Cincinnati, OH The Country Club Pepper Pike, OH Double Eagle Club Galena, OH Elyria C.C. Elyria, OH Kinsale Golf & Fitness Center Powell, OH Longaberger G.C. Newark, OH LESCO, Inc. Powell, OH Mayfield C.C. South Euclid, OH Medallion C.C. Westerville, OH

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OSU Turf Club Takes San Diego By Storm
Twenty-eight OSU Turf Club members recently attended the GCSAA Conference and Show in San Diego. The great experience was made possible by a generous donation from OTF. Three teams from Ohio State competed in the annual Turf Bowl. The Turf Bowl is a three-hour test that encompasses everything from turf, weed, insect, disease, seed and soil identifications to turf mathematics. This year, the team of Sean Brennan, Matt Cochran, Mark Kuligowski, and Kyle Smith placed fourth, the highest showing yet for an Ohio State team. The Turf Bowl is a very competitive event, with 67 teams from 50 universities around the nation competing this year. The Turf Club also attended seminars, dined with Dr. Bobby Moser, Dean of the OSU College of Agriculture, and worked the booth. The Turf Club booth was donated by OTF. The show also gave students an opportunity to interact with superintendents, company representatives, and other students. This networking has resulted in countless internships and job opportunities around the nation and world! The trip was made possible largely by the support of the Ohio Turfgrass Research Foundation and by Turf Club fundraising efforts at the OTF Conference & Show in December. “In all—the entire trip was quite a memorable experience. The Turf Club is already excited and planning for next year in Orlando, where we plan to continue to represent the OSU Turfgrass program with pride,” explains Vice President Erica Titus.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 9

2003 Report on OTF Research Funding Support
Every year, OTF funds are donated to support the operations of the turfgrass research facilities in Columbus and Wooster, along with the research programs of the OSU Turfgrass Science Team. In 2003, these funds exceeded $137,000. In its 43-year history, OTF has donated nearly $4 million to the OSU Turfgrass Program. In 2001, a new committee was formed to review the financial needs of the two facilities along with the turfgrass program needs in Horticulture & Crop Science, Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Natural Resources. Additional requests for funding are also evaluated and considered. The Research Review Advisory Committee (RRAC) is made up of seven members of the OSU Turfgrass Science Team and OTRT Board of Directors. The RRAC’s primary function is to ensure that the needs of OTF members and Ohio’s turfgrass industry are being met. Turfrgass researchers who receive OTF funds are asked to prepare yearend “Impact Statements” outlining how funds were used to enhance Ohio’s turfgrass industry. It is important to note, that while OTF provides substantial funding, it does not come close to fulfilling the financials needs of the OSU turfgrass program. Additional sources of funding are required and actively sought. Following are the 2003 Impact Statements outlining how YOUR funds, generated by membership dues, registration fees, exhibitor fees, donations, etc., were used:

Dr. Michael J. Boehm
Department of Plant Pathology Columbus Campus Overview of Program: My research program focuses on the biology and ecology of fungal turfgrass pathogens with emphasis on biological control, microbial ecology and the development of integrated disease management approaches. Particular focus centers on the biology, ecology and management of dollar spot on golf courses; the development and use of molecular-based diagnostic tools; and on the biological control of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. I teach the following classes: Plant Health Science Forum; General Plant Pathology; Turfgrass Diseases; and Integrated Turf Health and Pest Management. I also provide guest lectures in other courses and advise undergraduates, graduate students and postdocs. My Extension efforts focus on collaborating with Joe Rimelspach to define industry-driven applied research initiatives, co-authoring extension publications, conducting outreach educational sessions, and making on-site visits. I serve on various university and professional scientific society committees and serve as a reviewer for manuscripts and grant proposals related to my areas of expertise. Specific Use of 2003 Allocated OTF Funds: Last year’s OTF allocation ($10,000) was used to pay 7.5 months of Mr. Young Ki Jo’s stipend. Annual stipend and fees for Young-Ki in 2003 totaled $24,794 ($16,080 stipend; $8,714 tuition & fees). I used other funding pulled into the program to cover the balance of his stipend and was able to get the Department to pick up his tuition and fees. Young-Ki contributes to the research and out-

reach educational facets of the turfgrass pathology program by working on the molecular basis of gray leaf spot resistance in turfgrass and via the assessment of fungicide resistance in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot.

Dr. Karl Danneberger
Department of Horticulture & Crop Science Columbus Campus 1. Undergraduate Student Research Projects Several research projects were conducted during 2003 by undergraduate senior turfgrass majors as part of meeting their degree requirements. A few of these studies are described here. a. Impact of Two Antifreeze Solutions on Turfgrass Health—Antifreeze solutions are sometimes placed in hoses and spray tanks to prevent line freezing or pump freezing during the winter months. Occasionally, the solutions are sprayed mistakenly out on turf during early spring. In this study we used two antifreeze products, EasyGoing(r) a Recreational Vehicle (RV) antifreeze used for drain lines, and a car antifreeze Car and Driver(r) coolant/antifreeze. The treatments consisted of each antifreeze diluted to a 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 v:v (coolant:water). The treatments were applied to an “L93” creeping bentgrass turf mowed at 1/2 inch on April 7, 2003. Damage occurred with all treatments. However, recovery occurred to all plots within a month after treatment. The RV antifreeze appeared to cause the least severe damage.

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 10

b. Effect of Primo®-Proxy® Combinations on Poa Annua Seedhead Control—A field study was initiated with Primo/Proxy combinations at various rates on April 16, 2003 The site consisted of a mixture of annual bluegrass and “Penncross” creeping bentgrass mowed at 1/2 to 5/8 inch. Seedhead counts were taken using a 1 foot square grid randomly placed in each plot. Counts were taken on April 29th, May 6th, and May 28th. In our study we did not find a drastic reduction in Poa annua seedheads with Proxy alone or in combination with Primo. 2. Graduate Student Research Support Jia Yan, Ph.D. student, is investigating the mechanism of low light tolerance in creeping bentgrass. This past year she has transferred two genes, BAS1 and PHYB gene, separately into creeping bentgrass using particle gun, with roundup resistant gene as the selectable marker. After serial roundup selection and tissue culture following the bombardment, Jia will get the creeping bentgrass expressing foreign genes. 3. Web Based Delivery of Information to the Ohio Turfgrass Industry (Superintendents’ Korner) This past year represented the 3rd year of offering Superintendents’ Korner, a web based information site for Ohio golf course superintendents. Roughly 51 postings were made during 2003. Continual improvements in the site continued through 2003.

of full sunlight with high (>1) and low (<1) R:FR ratios to distinguish between developmental effects of low R:FR ratio (spectral composition) and low PPF (light intensity) on turfgrass photomorphogenesis. Under low PPF, high R:FR ratios led to increased tillering, leaf blade width and thickness, and chlorophyll contents. Reductions in PPF caused a decline in root growth, regardless of R:FR ratio. Results suggest that while turfgrass photomorphogenesis in shade is influenced by changes in PPF, many characters are further influenced by changes in the R:FR ratio. 2. Reducing nitrogen fertility requirements with genetically darker Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and spoonfeeding programs, Richard Rathjens, Ph.D. Project Our long-term goal is to enhance the ability of turfgrasses to persist in golf course environments with reduced levels of nitrogen fertilization. The hypothesis for the proposed research is that spoon fed, genetically darker cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass can be maintained with greatly reduced annual fertility requirements. 3. Physiological Response of turfgrass to reduced quality and quantity of light, Qingfang Chen, Ph.D. Project The purpose of the project is to investigate physiological responses of turfgrass to different reductions in quality and quantity of light. The hypothesis for the proposed research is that over-expression of phytochrome B in various turfgrass species will likewise reduce the negative effects and qualities as a result of low red/far red ratio.

Dr. David Gardner
Department of Horticulture & Crop Science Columbus Campus Several significant goals were accomplished in 2003. Two new Ph.D. students, Richard Rathjens, and Qingfang Chen, began to progress in their studies. Also, Ben Wherley graduated in spring quarter with his M.S. degree. He is now a Ph.D. student at N.C. State. Ben’s work focused on elucidating the physiological and morphological differences between tall fescue cultivars that are either tolerant or intolerant of shaded conditions. In 2003, I requested $10,000 to support the following projects:

Dr. Parwinder Grewal
Department of Entomology OARDC, Wooster

Overall Objective of my Program The overall goal of my research is to develop pest management methods that are less expensive and compatible with societal needs. Today, turf management relies heavily on the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers to control agronomic, pathological, and pest problems, and these inputs are expensive and tend to disrupt naturally occurring ecological interactions. 1. Turfgrass Photomorphogenesis as influenced by Decisions made by turfgrass managers can influence interacchanges in the spectral composition and intensity of tions among various living and non-living components in a turfshadelight, Ben Wherley, M.S. Project grass ecosystem, which may affect turfgrass health and use. Previous research neglects changes in spectral distribution Therefore, I am developing ecosystem-level approaches to pest e.g. red:far-red (R:FR) ratios common of natural shade. management by understanding and managing the ecological Turfgrass plants may respond simultaneously, but in differcomplexity in turfgrass landscapes. The overall mission of my Bill Prest, Sweetbriar Golf Club, ent ways to changes in light intensity and spectral composiextension program is to develop and deliver ecologically-based Fred Bosch, OTF prepresents the 2003 George Biddulph tion. Two tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) culti- Past President,2003 sents Mark Kuligowski with the Memorial Scholarship to Ryan Margraf. pest management approaches to users in Ohio, USA, and the vars of differing shade tolerance were established under Don Sweda Memorial Scholarship. rest of the world. low photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in approximately 8%

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Dr. Ed McCoy
School of Natural Resources OARDC, Wooster Active Projects & Sponsors OTF funding received by the Turf Soils program ($10,000) in 2003 was used to support program infrastructure and aid in progress on various foundation and industry supported research projects. These projects include: Simulation of Putting Green Hydrology: Sponsored by the U.S. Golf Association, this research seeks to calibrate and validate the HYDRUS-2D model of water flow in soil and to employ this model to generate simulations of putting green hydrology for a variety of realistic and interesting greens construction and environmental scenarios. The product should aid to improve the design and construction of putting greens. Wetting Agents and Irrigation Water Conservation: Sponsored by Aquatrols Corp., this research will quantify any water savings from use of wetting agents, identify their mode of action, and formulate adjustments to irrigation scheduling practices to realize water savings. This will mostly be accomplished by a two-year field study wherein a complete water balance will be conducted for a bentgrass turf maintained as a golf course fairway. Irrigation Water Conservation in AXIS’ Amended Putting Green Root Zones: Sponsored by Eagle-Picher Minerals, this research will employ a computer simulation approach to quantify any long-term water savings for an AXIS amended putting green as compared with an unamended root zone. Further, the study will identify an optimum irrigation protocol for an AXIS amended putting green located in a specified geographic region of the country. Evaluation of Recycled Foundry Sand for Use in Athletic Field Root Zones: Sponsored by General Motors, this research will investigate whether recycled foundry sand containing various organic amendments will perform adequately as an athletic field root zone given standard construction practices. This fieldstudy will also determine if specific amendment properties impact athletic turf management on sandy root zones. Finally, the study will evaluate the acceptability of using a 15 cm as opposed to a 30 cm root zone depth. The impact of the Turf Soils program in 2003 can best be judged by the citable contributions listed on the attached pages. These include 3 newsletter and trade publications, 4 scientific articles or abstracts, and 7 extension talks, scientific presentations and workshops. Service was also given to the US Golf Association in the 2004 Revision to the Putting Green Construction Guidelines.

Joseph W. Rimelspach
Department of Plant Pathology Columbus Campus The focus of the Turfgrass Plant Pathology Program at The Ohio State University is to develop and maintain a premiere turfgrass pathology program for the state of Ohio and beyond. Availability and accessibility to a state extension turfgrass pathologist has been made possible by OTF and OTRT past support of this position. The annual granting of funds to operate at a highly professional level has made a substantial difference in the quality and quantity of services provided to the turfgrass industry in Ohio in 2003. The following categories are interrelated and essential in providing turfgrass disease management and turfgrass health maintenance services to the industry. Many aspects of these efforts are supported by funds from OTRT/OTF. Information Transfer The Turfgrass Plant Pathology Program developed and communicated information on the maintenance of environmentally sound turfgrass, solving turfgrass problems, diagnosing diseases, and the use of integrated turfgrass health management systems. These and other services were provided to the Ohio turfgrass industry, county OSU Extension personnel, and Ohio citizens through: • Short courses, workshops, seminars, agent in-services, and continuing education programs • Extension publications, written & electronic information, newsletters, and trade articles • Field days, tours, regional demonstration plots, phone follow-up, and industry presentations • Electronic information transfer, e-mail and web sites. Diagnostic Services • Site and field visits are provided to the industry and are a highly valuable component of the turfgrass extension program. • Assistance on research projects in other departments and programs is provided through diagnostic services of turfgrass diseases and disorders. Applied Research Research was conducted to evaluate and research fungicides, materials and cultural techniques for the management of turfgrass diseases and to promote healthy turfgrass. Studies are often a collaborative effort between disciplines to make a holistic evaluation of turfgrass health management. A key area of work at the present time involves the management of dollar spot on golf courses, fungicide resistance questions, and disease management on residential turf. These studies are not

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adequately supported by university or private research funds. Support helps to address key issues, such as these, facing the industry. The Turfgrass Plant Pathology Program greatly appreciated the OTRT/OTF generous financial support and input to the program this past year.

Dr. David Shetlar
Department of Entomology Columbus Campus OTF 2003 funds ($8,000) were used to support my two technicians (Dan Digman and Wade Pinkston) who have been involved with my field efficacy evaluations, a Meridian Non-Target Activity Evaluation project, my turfgrass population monitoring project, and web development.

Pamela Sherratt
Department of Horticulture & Crop Science Columbus Campus The Buckeye Sports Turf Program is gaining momentum. Aimed at supporting schools, colleges, universities and professional sports field manager’s worldwide, the program is gaining recognition as the source of independent scientific information for anyone looking after athletic fields. This year, more than ever, support is critical if I am to achieve these goals. I am actively seeking grants from OARCD and industry that require matchingfunds in most cases. A continued and appreciated OTF programmatic support of at least $5000 would help me to reach my goals in 2004, which are as follows: 1. Sports Turf Certificate On-line With remunerated support from Dr. Tim Rhodus and his web developer team, I am currently writing the Buckeye Sports Turf Certificate Level 1, which will be an on-line program for field managers that want to take a class over the Internet. The launch will hopefully be spring 04. Levels 2 and 3 will follow. 2. Continued Sports Turf Extension & Outreach Support • Statewide educational programs & workshops e.g. Sports Turf Short Course (March 1-3). • Travel to high schools/colleges/pro stadiums that need help • Continued web-site development (remunerated support from Dr. Tim Rhodus & team) • Travel to scientific and industry meetings. This spring alone I am speaking at: the MSU Turfgrass Conference, STMA, CENTS Show, Tri-State Seminar, and Penn State’s Conference. • Booth/Display materials—to promote our program and increase programmatic support, it is essential that we attend events such as Coach Tressel’s Football clinic and the university development meetings. 3. Sports Turf Research In cooperation with Dr. John Street, a research study, initiated in spring 2003, will continue in to the 2004 season. Support enables me to employ a student worker during the summer

Dr. John R. Street
Department of Horticulture & Crop Science Columbus Campus I. Program Focus Responsibilities include 75% Extension and 25% Research in turfgrass science and management. Extension duties include (1) conducting and coordinating statewide Extension educational programs for the turfgrass industry in Ohio; (2) cooperating with county Extension personnel in turfgrass management programs for the professional turfgrass managers and nonprofessional homeowners; and (3) developing Extension educational publications and mass media products in turfgrass science/management. Research responsibilities include (1) the development of applied research in turfgrass to support extension educational programs and existing research efforts within the turfgrass team and (2) support the graduate education program in turfgrass by serving as an academic graduate student advisor and providing guidance on graduate student committees. Primary research interests are in (1) management of sports turf on high sand-based rootzones with a major focus on methods/techniques to enhance sod surface stabilization; (2) turfgrass weed control with emphasis on the evaluation of new herbicide technology and improving the efficacy of herbicide applications made to turfgrass; and (3) turfgrass nutrition/fertilization with emphasis on fertility strategies to improve the overall quality and stress tolerance of cool season grasses. II. Extension/Outreach Teaching The extension/outreach teaching program under my direction developed and communicated information via a variety of informational service methods on integrated weed management systems and strategies, cultural/maintenance practices to sustain healthy turf systems, new technology in the areas of weed control/herbicides, fertility/fertilizers, PGRs, and a variety of sports turf management subjects. There was a continued effort to develop, broaden, and strengthen the sports turf management program. Pam Sherratt serves as Extension Coordinator of the Sports Turf Program and I serve as Administrative Supervisor/Advisor.

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 13

Golf Course Tips Freeze Injury Has Popped Up Through Ohio
Dr. Karl Danneberger
The Ohio State University Department of Horticulture and Crop Science

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reeze injury has occurred on golf course greens from central Ohio through the Pittsburgh area. Injury was most apparent in the low-lying areas where the soil was saturated and water accumulated and froze (ice) on the surface. Annual bluegrass suffered the greatest amount of injury, while creeping bentgrass shows no signs of injury. The freeze/thaw cycles that occurred during the latter part of February triggered a series of events that caused the damage. As temperatures warmed, the crown of annual bluegrass hydrated resulting in high levels of water in the growing point. The resultant hydration causes a loss in cold hardiness. Research has shown that temperatures above 40°F for 8 hours reduce the freeze tolerance of annual bluegrass 5 to 10°F (Prairie Turfgrass Research Center, Olds College, Canada). With the loss of freeze tolerance and subsequent increase in water in and around the plant, there was just more water to freeze. Thus, in late February low-lying areas were subjected to rising temperatures that melted all or portions of the ice followed by a rapid drop in temperature and a re-icing. The repetitive nature of the freeze/thaw cycle did the plants in. To determine the severity of damage and the recovery potential, check the viability of the plant’s crown. If the crown is brown and soft that plant is dead, if it’s white and firm the plant will recover. Often times its difficult to see the crown when the plant is mowed at low heights. In this case take a sample and move to a warm well-lit place and observe to see if growth occurs. The greens that received a significant amount of shade suffered a greater amount of freeze injury than greens in open areas or ones that received morning light (southern exposure). Freeze injury occurs during the transition from winter to spring, corresponding to the period when the “health” of the plant or its energy levels are at its lowest. With the addition of shade, these plants go into winter less “healthy”, resulting in plants

even less tolerant to the stresses occurring during the winter/spring transition. Now for the good news, which may be relative, the annual bluegrass should come back from its seed bank in the green. If damage has occurred, core (quadra-tine) cultivate the injured areas and leave the holes open. This should help the soil warm up and dry out sooner promoting more optimum conditions for germination. In most cases annual bluegrass will germinate the quickest. However, I would also seed with creeping bentgrass once average soil temperatures (2 inch depth) are above 50°F. I would not expect a high degree of creeping bentgrass establishment because the seedlings will have a difficult time competing with annual bluegrass at this time, but why not try. Fertilize in moderate amounts with a balanced fertilizer should be done. I would emphasize moderate fertilization in that you do not want to cause excessive growth and succulence going into late spring or early summer. During early spring, fertilizing with a dark colored fertilizer may help warm the turf. Covers are sometimes used but I am not a proponent of using covers early in the spring. In general, the soils are cold and wet and covering them to get warmth is a marginal proposition. In addition, the tendency in spring is for the turf to remain wet and maintain a relatively high humidity under the covers, which increases the potential for colonization of the damaged areas by moss and algae. If you are to use covers, be cautious and monitor conditions carefully. To sum it up, I would quadra-tine (or use something similar) damaged areas as soon as possible and often as possible. During coring I would also seed with creeping bentgrass. I would fertilize with a balanced or starter fertilizer using moderate amounts and early on I would try to use a dark colored fertilizer. Once the turf begins growing, I would start to lightly topdress. Finally, I would pray for an early and warm spring.

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 14

Sports Turf Tips Coring–Are You Wasting Your Time?
Field managers regularly “aerate” fields each year with various pieces of equipment with the aim of increasing the air content within the soil. From the article “It’s all in the air” (Vol.66, No.1) it is clear that AIR in a rootzone is the key component to ensuring healthy turf growth and a free-draining field surface. The equipment used for aeration is very important, particularly TINE SIZE and TINE SPACING. How much Pamela J. Sherratt & Dr. John R. aeration is needed?remove up to Universityfield Street • The Ohio State 50% of the Some field managers may aim to surface so that they can top-dress the field and eventually change the soil texture to a more desirable material, such as sand. In a low traffic lawn situation, one recommendation from MSU is to impact at least 5-6% of the surface each time. Which equipment is best? Basically, the largest tine size (diameter) possible, with the closest spacing (see table 1). Using the right equipment can make a huge difference to the time spent coring.

Table 1. Spacing and Tine Size Effect from Coring
Percent Surface Impacted Tine Size
1/4

2x2 1.2 2.8 4.9 11.0 19.6

4x4 0.3 0.7 1.2 2.8 4.9

4x6 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.8 3.3

6x8 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.6

inch inch inch

3/8

1/2

3/4 inch 1 inch

As an example, the aim is to remove 10% of the field surface during core aeration this spring:

Equipment # 1: Tine size = 0.5" diameter, tine spacing = 4" x 4" This would require at least 8 passes to impact 10% of the field surface

Equipment # 2: Tine size = 3/4 inch, tine spacing = 2" x 2" This would require 1 pass to impact 10% of the field surface

Example
In summary, a decent piece of aeration equipment will be the most effective tool for impacting soil air & surface drainage properties. Old pieces of equipment, with small tine size and large tine spacing can only be effective if multiple passes are made each time. If multiple passes are not made, then it may just be a waste of time. Dr. John R Street • [email protected] Pam Sherratt • [email protected]
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 15

Residential Turf Tips
Why is Turfgrass Called the Bandage of the Earth?
Dr. Parwinder Grewal
Department of Entomology • The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster

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oil is a basic part of any ecosystem and is practically non-renewable. It takes virtually millions of years to build biologically and chemically active topsoil that can support plant growth. Therefore, protection of the topsoil must be a prime objective for any landscape activity. Turfgrass can protect this invaluable resource by controlling erosion caused wind and water run-off. The dense leaves, thatch, and roots of turfgrass provide an excellent cover that tremendously reduces soil erosion, even on severe slopes. With well-established and well-maintained turfgrass, almost no soil will be lost even in heavy rainstorms. To the surrounding ambient, this means less mud and dust. On a larger viewpoint, it means conservation of topsoil and less sediment pollution of our rivers and lakes. A study concluded that a 30 minutes storm producing a 3-inch rainfall could cause

a soil loss of 199 pounds per acre from bare ground. But with healthy turfgrass cover, the loss will be reduced to 9-54 pounds per acre. How does turfgrass reduces soil erosion? A healthy turfgass lawn absorbs rainfall six times more effectively than a wheat field and four times better than a hay field. Turfgrass stabilizes the soil surface with its numerous roots and shoots. An acre of turfgrass will typically possess 185 million to 49 billion shoots and roots. Regular mowing of turfgrass increases shoots compared to ungrazed grassland. In this regard, putting and bowling greens mowed at a 4 mm height possess up to 27 billion shoot per acre. Thus, turfgrass offers a cost-effective method of controlling water and wind erosion of soil and is called a “bandage for the earth”.

The Role of Turfgrass in Environmental Protection and Their Benefits to Humans
James B. Beard and Robert L. Green* ABSTRACT Turfgrasses have been utilized by humans to enhance their environment for more than 10 centuries. The complexity and comprehensiveness of these environmental benefits that improve our quality-of-life are just now being quantitatively documented through research. Turfgrass benefits may be divided into (i) functional, (ii) recreational, and (iii) aesthetic components. Specific functional benefits include: excellent soil erosion control and dust stabilization thereby protecting of a vital soil resource; improved recharge and quality protection groundwater, plus flood control; enhanced entrapment and biodegradation of synthetic organic compounds; soil improvement that includes CO2 conversion; accelerated restoration of disturbed soils; 2 substantial urban heat dissipation-temperature moderation; reduced noise, glare, and visual pollution problems; decreased noxious pests and allergy-related pollens; safety in vehicle operations on roadsides and engine longevity on airfields; lowered fire hazards via open, green turfed firebreaks; and improved security of sensitive installations provided by high visibility zones. The recreational benefits include a low-cost surface for outdoor sport and leisure activities, enhanced physical health of participants, and a unique low-cost cushion against personal impact injuries. The aesthetic benefits include enhanced beauty and attractiveness; a complimentary relationship to the total landscape ecosystem of flowers, shrubs, and trees; improved mental health with a positive therapeutic impact, social harmony and stability; improved work productivity; and an overall better quality-of-life, especially in densely populated urban areas.
*International Sportsturf Institute and the University of California, respectively Reprinted from the Journal of Environmental Quality

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 16

Turfgrass Functional Benefits
Part One Soil Erosion Control and Dust Stabilization
Turfgrasses are relatively inexpensive, durable ground covers that protect our valuable, nonrenewable soil resource from water and wind erosion. Agricultural operations and similar activities such as construction involve extensive land disruption, in contrast to turfed land areas, which are maintained in a longterm stable state. Runoff water from agriculture and urban areas currently account for 64 and 5%, respectively, of the nonpoint surfacewater pollution affecting the 265, 485km of rivers in the USA; and 57 and 12%, respectively, of the nonpoint surface-water pollution affecting the 3.3 million hectares of lakes in the USA. Sediment and nutrients account for 47 and 13%, respectively, of the nonpoint surface-water pollution in rivers and 22 and 59%, respectively, of the nonpoint surface-water pollution in lakes. In the 1987 USDA National Resources Inventory it was estimated that annual sheer and rill erosion on the 153 million hectares of cultivated cropland in the USA was 9184 kg ha-1 (US Department of Agriculture, 1989). Gross et al. (1991) reported sediment losses of ≈10 to 60 kg ha-1 from turfgrass plots during a 30 min storm that produced 76 mm h-1 of rainfall; soil loss for bare soil plots averaged 223 kg ha-1. They concluded that well-maintained residential turfgrass stands should not be a significant source of sediment entering bodies of water. It generally is recognized that a few large storms each year are responsible for most soil erosion losses (Menzel, 1991). Other studies and reviews (Gross et al., 1990; Morton et al., 1988; Petrovic, 1990; Watschke and Mumma, 1989; Watson, 1985) have demonstrated or concluded that quality turfgrass stands modify the overland flow process so that runoff is insignificant in all but the most intense rainfall events. The ability of grasses to function as vegetative filter strips that greatly reduce the quantity of sediment transported into surface streams and rivers is well documented, especially when positioned downslope of cropland, mines, and animal production facilities (Barfield and Albrecht, 1982; Dillaha et al., 1988; US Environmental Protection Agency, 1976; Young, 1980). A key characteristic of mowed turfgrasses that contributes to this very effective erosion control is a dense ground cover with a high shoot density ranging from 75 million to > 20 billion shoots per hectare (Beard, 1973; Lush, 1990). Regular mowing, as practiced in turf culture, increases the shoot density substantially because of enhanced tillering when compared with ungrazed grasslands (Beard, 1973). Putting and bowling greens mowed at a 4-mm height possess up to 66 billion shoots ha-1. The erosion control effectiveness of turfgrass is the combined result of a high shoot density and root mass for surface soil stabilization, plus a high biomass matrix that provides resistance to lateral surface water flow, thus slowing otherwise potentially erosive water velocities. Therefore, perennial turfgrasses offer one of the most cost-efficient methods to control water and wind erosion of soil. Such control is very important in eliminating dust and mud problems around homes, factories, schools, and businesses. When this major erosion control benefit is combined with the groundwater recharge, organic chemical decomposition, and soil improvement benefits discussed in the next three sections, the resultant relatively stable turfgrass ecosystem is quite effective in soil and water preservation.

Groundwater Recharge and Surface Water Quality
One of the key mechanisms by which turfgrasses preserve water is their superior capability to trap and hold runoff, which results in more water infiltrating and filtering through the soil-turfgrass ecosystem. A mowed turfgrass possesses a leaf and stem biomass ranging from 1000 to 30, 000 kg ha-1, depending on the grass species, season, and cultural regime (Lush, 1990). This biomass is composed of a matrix of relatively fine-textured stems and narrow leaves with numerous, random open spaces. The canopy matrix is porous in terms of the water infiltration capability. Studies in Maryland conducted on the same research site have shown that surface-water runoff losses from a cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) site averaged 6.7 mm ha-1 4 wk-1 during the tobacco-growing season (May-September); whereas, the surface-water runoff loss from perennial turfgrass averaged only 0.6 mm ha-1 4 wk-1 (Angle, 1985; Gross et al., 1990). Surface runoff losses of total N and P for tobacco were 2.34 and 0.48 kg ha-1 4 wk-1, respectively. Losses of N and P from the turf averaged only 0.012 and 0.002 kg ha-1 4 wk-1, respectively. Other studies have shown a similar ability of a turfgrass cover to reduce runoff, and therefore enhance soil water infiltration and groundwater recharge (Bennett, 1939; Gross et al., 1991; Jean and Juang, 1979; Morton et al., 1988; Watschke and Mumma, 1989). Finally the reduced runoff volume from a turfgrass cover offers the potential to decrease the storm-water management requirements and costly structures used in urban development (Schuyler, 1987). Turfgrass ecosystems can support abundant populations of earthworms (Lumbricidae) of from 200 to 300 m-2 (Potter et al., 1985, 1990a). Earthworm, activity increases the amount of macropore space within the soil that results in higher soil water infiltration rates and water-retention capacity (Lee, 1985).

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Sod Producers Tips

Sod Producers Donate $2,000 to OSU Turf Program
At their January meeting, members of the Ohio Sod Producers Association agreed to donate $2,000 to The Ohio State University Turfgrass Science Program. Representing over 21 sod producers and suppliers located throughout Ohio and West Virginia, OSPA members have made a commitment to giving back to Ohio State University’s great turf program. Newly elected President, Brad Dutton of Eastside Nursery in Columbus is shown making the donation to Joe Rimelspach, Chairman of the OSU Turfgrass Science Program. Since forming a unique relationship with the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation in 2002, OSPA has dramatically increased its level of activity and commitment to its members and the turf community.

Ohio Sod Producers Host Annual Winter Sod Seminar
The Ohio Sod Producers held their annual Winter Sod Seminar in Columbus, February 24th. Over 30 sod producers gathered for this daylong seminar focused on “New Technology and Laws”. The morning session covered the awesome benefits that laser-leveling can provide sod producers throughout Ohio. The John Deere Company was joined by laser-leveling expert Mark Frey from Louisiana. Together they demonstrated the phenomenal rewards that can be obtained through a comprehensive laser-leveling program. After a break for lunch and a short business meeting, Mr. Larry Woolum, Director of Regulatory Affairs from the Ohio Trucking Association, helped sod producers understand the latest state and federal trucking regulations. Topics such as proper load securement, licensing, load restrictions and driver safety were discussed. OSPA would like to thank Princeton Delivery Systems, Inc. for sponsoring Mr. Woolum’s informative and eye-opening session.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 18

Upcoming OSPA Events
August 7th Summer Field Day at Eastside Nursery’s London Farm Monthly Meeting in Columbus, OH Annual Meeting and Luncheon in addition to the Sod-specific educational track at the Ohio Turfgrass Conference and Show. November 10th December 8th

Interested in becoming a member of The Ohio Sod Producers Association? It’s easy! Just contact OSPA at (888) 683-3445. OSPA, a division of OTF.

Graduate Student Corner

Endophyte Produced Alkaloids in Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass
Supervisor:

Dr. Parwinder. Grewal
Department of Entomology • The Ohio State University

Dr. Seppo O. Salminen Post-doctoral Researcher

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was born in Finland. I received my Bachelor’s degree at UCLA and my Ph.D. at the University of California at Riverside in Plant Physiology-Plant Biochemistry with Dr. Roy E. Young. My work as a Post-doctoral researcher in the laboratory of Dr. Parwinder Grewal has focused on endophyte produced alkaloids in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. Infection of tall fescue by a fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum, and perennial ryegrass by Neotyphodium lolii, results in a synthesis of alkaloids, which are toxic to insect herbivores or act as feeding deterrents. EPA regulations have restricted the use of many pesticides, and this has increased a need for finding alternative

means of pest control. We have been investigating if the levels of the endophyte produced alkaloids can be increased in turfgrasses by cultural practices. We have found that simple cultural practices, including mowing height and mowing frequency can influence the levels of alkaloids. Increasing the mowing height to 3 inches or decreasing the mowing frequency increased the levels of the alkaloids in both tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. This confirms the hypothesis that plants will allocate more resources towards defensive compounds if they are not constantly trying to replenish the photosynthetic area lost as the result of frequent mowing. To investigate whether one or more of the alkaloids would have a major impact on insect performance we fed either tall fescue or perennial ryegrass to fall armyworms and looked for correlations between the alkaloid levels and fall armyworm dry weights. Our data supported a four-component model for tall fescue explaining 47% of the variation, and for perennial ryegrass a three- component model accounting for 70% of the variation in the dry weight. Interestingly, an endophyte-independent plant synthesized alkaloid was also a part of this model. Currently we are looking at seasonal variations in alkaloid levels to see if there are times during the growing season when these grasses would be more susceptible to pest invasion as a result of low alkaloid levels.

Publications:
Salminen, S.O. and P.S. Grewal. 2002. Does decreased mowing frequency enhance alkaloid production in endophytic tall fescue and perennial ryegrass? J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 939-950. Salminen, S.O., P.S. Grewal.and M.F. Quigley. 2003. Does mowing height influence alkaloid production in endophytic tall fescue and perennial ryegrass? J. Chem. Ecol. 29, 1319-1328. Salminen, S.O., D.S. Richmond, S.K. Grewal, and P.S. Grewal. 2004. Influence of temperature on alkaloid levels and fall armyworm performance in endophytic tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. J. Chem. Ecol. In press.

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 19

New Growth and Technology

Using Composts to Improve Turf Performances
Dr. Peter Landschoot
Department of Agronomy Penn State University

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f you have been searching for ways to improve turf performance in marginal or poor soils, consider using compost as a soil amendment. In clay soils, good quality compost will improve structure, reduce surface crusting and compaction, promote drainage, and provide nutrients. In sandy soils, compost increases water and nutrient retention, supplies nutrients, and increases microbial activity. These improvements promote faster turf establishment, improved turf density and color, increased rooting, and less need for fertilizer and irrigation. In many cases, compost production sites are located near areas of intensive turf use, providing a readilyavailable and reasonably-priced source of organic matter. Depending on your location, compost may be less expensive than topsoil and peat. When considering costs, keep in mind that compost usually produces better turf than equal or greater amounts of topsoil. Selecting a compost—some guidelines to follow Before selecting a compost, realize that not all products are alike. Composts are made from many different sources, including household refuse (municipal solid waste), leaves and grass clippings (yard trimmings), sewage sludge (biosolids), animal manure, paper mill by-products, and food residuals, just to name a few. Compost quality varies depending on the source and how it is produced. Because of quality differences among compost products, it is important to have some basis for determining suitability for use on turf. Ideally, the product in question has been field tested at a university and/or has been used successfully by other turf managers. Using a

compost with a proven track record can take some of the guess work out of the selection process provided that the product is consistent from batch to batch. Whether you are using a field-tested product or one that has never been used on turf, obtain a sample of the compost prior to use and examine it for undesirable objects and peculiar or offensive odors. If the producer does not have an analysis of chemical and physical properties, submit a representative sample to a laboratory that will conduct appropriate tests and provide recommendations that you can understand. Some basic guidelines for evaluating the suitability of a compost for use on turf follows. Appearance: Although the appearance of compost will differ slightly among products, the color should resemble a dark topsoil and have a light, crumbly structure. It should be free of large stones, large pieces of wood, trash (especially glass), and other objectionable objects. Particle size: The size of compost particles can vary depending on the method of application and how the turf is used. For use in surface applications on athletic fields or lawns, a compost should pass through a 3/8 inch screen. Composts with slightly larger particles can be used as soil amendments if thoroughly tilled into the soil prior to seeding or sodding. Odor: A good quality compost should have an ‘earthy’ aroma (similar to that of a woods or forest) and should not emit peculiar or offensive odors such as those associated with ammonia or sulfur. Peculiar odors may be an indication that the compost is not mature (not fully composted). Immature composts may have adverse effects on turf and should not be used.

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Figure 1. Composts should be free of large stones, large pieces of wood, trash (especially glass), and other objectionable objects. Weed seeds: If the product has been properly composted and stored, weed seed contamination will not be a problem. The composting process should destroy nearly all viable seeds. Occasionally, temperature control in some composting operations is not monitored adequately and some weed seeds survive. Another source of contamination is from weed plants growing on compost piles that have been stored outdoors for long periods. If these weeds are not controlled they can deposit seeds in the compost. Although a few weed seeds do not necessarily preclude the use of a compost as a soil amendment for turf, composts containing large amounts of weed seed are unacceptable. If possible, inspect the production site to make sure that weeds are not growing in and around the compost piles. Moisture content: The moisture content of a compost is important where uniform application and good mixing with soil is desired. Composts with moisture contents between 30 and 50% are usually ideal for handling, surface applications, and soil incorporation. Wet composts (greater than 60% moisture content) tend to form clumps and do not spread evenly when applied on turf surfaces. Tilling wet material into soil may result in poor mixing poor establishment. Also, wet composts are heavy and difficult to handle. Dry composts (less than 20% moisture content) are easy to handle and spread easily, but may produce excessive dust. On windy days, the dust may leave a film on windows or siding of nearby buildings. Dust may be inhaled or get into the eyes of the applicator. Dry composts that are high in organic matter content tend to ‘float’ on the soil surface during attempts to incorporate them. In this case, the equipment operator may have to spend more time and effort working the material into the soil. Organic matter and ash content: When using compost as an organic matter supplement, keep in mind that not all of the product is organic. In fact,

some products contain less that 50% by weight of organic matter. Organic matter content can be determined by a lab test, but the most common procedure employed by laboratories considers everything that is combustible as organic matter (including wood chips, bark, leaves, and plastic). Hence, a lab test may not tell you everything about the quality of the organic matter. Although it is impossible to determine how much organic matter is present simply by looking at the product, a visual examination may tell you if the compost contains mostly decomposed, humus-like material or undecomposed organic matter, such as wood. Some test labs report a value called ‘ash content’. Ash is the mineral matter that remains after the compost sample has been subjected to extremely high temperatures in a furnace. Assuming that everything burned-off in the furnace is organic matter, the percentage of ash in the sample can be subtracted from 100 to provide an estimate of percent organic matter. For example, an ash content of 20% indicates that there is an estimated 80% organic matter in the sample. Keep in mind that you are only estimating organic matter, in reality you have measured weight loss of any material that is combustible at high temperatures.

Figure 2. Try to find a product that is consistent from batch to batch and preferably one that has been used successfully by other turf managers. Carbon to nitrogen ratio: The amount of carbon (C) relative to the amount of nitrogen (N) in a compost product is an important indicator of nitrogen availability. The carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of a compost should fall below 30:1. If it’s above 30:1, soil microorganisms can immobilize nitrogen making it unavailable to the turf. Fortunately, most commercial composts have C:N ratios below 30:1. Nutrients: When compared with fertilizers, composts generally contain low amounts of nutrients. Whereas a small amount of quick-release nitrogen (ammonium) is present in some composts, most nitrogen is in the organic form and is slowly available to turf. Studies of composted biosolids show that only about
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 21

10% of the total nitrogen is available to plants during the first growing season. Little is known about the nitrogen release characteristics of other composts. Other nutrients, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium can be present in significant quantities in composts. Some composts, however, may contain very low concentrations of one or more of these nutrients, thus, fertilizer supplements may be required to provide all of the turf’s nutrient needs. Typically, large amounts of compost must be applied to supply all or most of the turf’s nutrient requirements. This is difficult to achieve with surface applications since only a small amount of material can be applied in a single application. However, a 1 or 2 inch layer of compost tilled 4 to 6 inches into a soil can supply all of the nutrients necessary for turf growth and development for an entire year and possibly longer. The amounts of nutrients supplied by a compost depend on the source (animal manure composts are typically higher in plant nutrients than yard trimmings composts) and the availability of the nutrients. More research is needed to determine the availability of nutrients from different composts. pH: The pH of most composts is between 6.0 and 8.0, a range favorable for turf root growth. A few composts, however, fall outside of this range. The pH of a compost may be detrimental to turf when very high (greater than 8.5) or very low (less than 5.5). Extremes in pH may result in reduced availability of some plant nutrients and/or toxicity problems. In a turf establishment study at Penn State seedling inhibition occurred following incorporation of a 2 inch layer of poultry manure compost (pH of 9.1) into a clay loam soil. It is likely that the high pH and presence of ammonium in the compost caused ammonia toxicity and subsequent death of the seedlings. Fortunately, most soils are buffered against rapid and drastic changes in pH and even composts with extremes in pH may not alter the overall soil pH a great deal. To be on the safe side, however, try using materials with a pH as near to neutral (7.0) as possible. Metals: Composts made from biosolids often have higher metal concentrations than those made from other sources. State and federal government agencies have established maximum levels of metals in biosolids compost that are to be used for land application. Composts used for turf usually have to meet the same standards set for other crops. There are several biosolids

composts that have been used successfully on turf in Pennsylvania that fall below the maximum allowable metal concentrations for land application. Soluble salts: High concentrations of soluble salts may be present in certain types of compost, such as those made with spent mushroom substrates or animal manures. Excessive soluble salts can cause injury to turf by reducing water absorption, by toxicity, or by a combination of both of these factors. A common question among turf managers concerning soluble salts is: at what salt concentration will turf injury occur? The answer is that it depends on the type of salt, the salt tolerance of the turf, and the method of application. Most soil laboratories can analyze composts for salt content. However, the salt concentration by itself may be somewhat misleading since the type of salt may be more important in determining the potential for plant injury. For example, salts containing sodium are more toxic to turfgrasses than potassium salts. Turfgrass species and varieties vary in their tolerance to soluble salts. Salt sensitive grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass may be injured at concentrations of about 3 mmhos/cm in the germination and seedling stage (turfgrasses are particularly vulnerable in the early stages of growth). A moderately-tolerant grass, such as tall fescue, may not be injured unless the compost has a higher salt level (greater than 6 mmhos/cm). The method of compost application may also influence the degree of salt injury. When composts are incorporated into soils, the salt concentrations are greatly diluted. Irrigation further diminishes salt concentrations by leaching them out of the root zone. In a recent establishment study at Penn State a spent mushroom substrate compost with a soluble salt content of 8.10 mmhos/cm was incorporated into a clay loam soil and irrigated daily until Kentucky bluegrass seeds germinated (approximately 20 days). Despite this high concentration, no noticeable seedling inhibition occurred, presumably due to the dilution effect of soil incorporation and leaching. It should be noted that the salts were primarily composed of potassium and calcium and that the results might have been different if high levels of sodium were present. Surface applications of high-salt composts may cause injury to established grasses, especially during hot weather. Always irrigate to leach salts from the compost/soil mix immediately following surface applications to avoid the possibility of salt injury.

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 22

Guidelines summary The preceding paragraphs serve only as a general guide. Some composts may meet these criteria, but could have other properties that make them unsuitable for turf use. Others may have properties that do not fall within these guidelines, yet are acceptable for use in some situations. When choosing a compost as a soil amendment prior to seeding or for surface application it is important that you are familiar with the product and how it will affect the turf. Try to find a product that is consistent from batch to batch and preferably one that has been thoroughly researched and/or used successfully by other turf managers. If you are unfamiliar with the product, be sure to examine it for color, objectionable objects, particle sizes, and odors. It may be worth your while to visit the site where the compost is stored to make sure it is not contaminated with weeds or weed seeds. Other important considerations are moisture content, organic matter content, C:N ratio, nutrients, pH, metals, and soluble salts.

Figure 3. Composts are typically applied to the soil surface at a 1- or 2-inch layer, then incorporated into the soil with rotary tilling equipment.

Table 1. Guidelines for Choosing a Compost.*
Appearance, size, and odor Color: Size (surface applications): Size (incorporated): Odor: Moisture content: Organic matter: Ash content: Carbon : nitrogen ratio: Nitrogen: Phosphorus: pH: Metals: Soluble salts: Brown to black 1/4 to 3/8 inch 1/4 to 1/2 “Earthy” Physical appearance 30 to 50 percent Greater than 30 percent Less than 70 percent Chemical properties Below or equal to 30:1 0.5 to 3.0 percent Greater than 0.2 percent 6.0 to 8.0 Determined by state and federal agencies Depends on turf species, type of salt, concentration, and application method. Consult test lab or other expert to determine how this will affect the turf.

*Use this information only as a general guide. Some composts have properties that do not fall within these guidelines yet are acceptable in certain situations. Others, though they may fit these criteria, may have serious drawbacks.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 23

Methods of compost application Soil incorporation prior to turf establishment: In most cases, composts are applied to the soil surface at a rate between a one inch layer (approximately 3.1 cubic yards per 1000 ft2) and a two inch layer (about 6.2 cubic yards per 1000 ft2) then incorporated into the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. In order to obtain maximum performance from your application make sure that the compost is thoroughly mixed with the soil and is not forming a layer at the soil surface. Depending on the product, this may require several passes with rotary tilling equipment. The lower rate (1 inch layer) is better suited for marginally-good soils and the higher rate (2 inch layer) for very sandy soils, clay soils, or subsoils low in organic matter. We have found that if more than two inches are used, it may be difficult to mix the material 4 to 6 inches into the soil. On clay or compacted soils, it is helpful to rototill the soil first, then apply the compost and incorporate. Although high nutrient-containing composts, such as biosolids compost or composted animal manures, can usually supply enough nutrients for good establishment, some composts (such as those made from yard trimmings or municipal solid wastes) may require additional phosphorus and potassium as well as starter fertilizer for vigorous seedling growth. Although many composts can raise the pH of slightly acid soils, soils with a very low pH (below 5.5) may require additional lime. If you plan to use a compost with a high soluble salt concentration, make sure to thoroughly irrigate the site after incorporation and prior to seed germination in order to leach the salts.

Surface applications on established turf: Composts are frequently used as surface applications (topdressings) on established turf. This practice provides a means of gradually incorporating organic matter into the soil without causing extensive disruption of the surface. The two most limiting factors associated with this practice are finding suitable application equipment and working the material into the soil. Since compost is light and bulky, a spreader with a large hopper is preferred. Modified manure spreaders with conveyor belts and brushes mounted on the back are ideal for spreading compost over large areas. Conventional tractor-mounted fertilizer spreaders have been used successfully, but may require many refills. If spreaders are not available, compost can be applied to the surface by spreading piles into a thin layer with a York rake or a grading blade. For applications over small areas, the compost can be spread with a shovel and worked into the turf with a leaf rake. When applying compost as a topdressing, it is important to apply a thin layer (about 1/4 inch) and work it into the soil. Successive applications of thick layers without soil incorporation will result in a build-up of organic matter at the soil surface that may cause rapid drying of turf roots and form a layer that restricts rooting into the soil. The best way to incorporate compost into the soil is through aeration. A good method of incorporation is to apply the compost first, followed by several passes with an aerator equipped with hollow-tines and a heavy drag mat attached. The drag mat will break-up the cores and mix the compost with the soil, dragging some of the mix back into the holes. This operation is best performed during cool/moist seasons when grass is actively growing. Aeration and dragging can be stressful to the turf during hot, dry weather.

This publication is available from the Publications Distribution Center, the Pennsylvania State University, 112 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802.

Figure 4. Modified spreaders with conveyer belts and brushes mounted on the back are ideal for surface applications of compost.

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 24

Table 2. Suggested amounts of compost (cubic yards) per unit area applied to established turf as surface applications or tilled into soil prior to establishment.
Inches of compost applied Surface application Unit area in square feet 1,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
1/4 1/2

Tilled into soil 1 3 15 31 62 93 123 11/2 5 23 46 93 139 185 2 6 31 62 123 185 247

1* 4 8 15 23 31

2 8 15 31 43 62

*amounts of compost in cubic yards rounded to nearest whole numbers.
Prepared by Peter Landschoot, associate professor of turfgrass science., Penn State University.

Composted Biosolids Incorporation Improves Turfgrass Establishment on Disturbed Urban Soil and Reduces Leaf Rust Severity.
Cerinda Loschinkohl and Michael J. Boehm Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Additional index words composted sewage sludge, Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis perennial ryegrass. Lolium perenne, subsoil, leaf rust, Puccinia sp. The effects of incorporation of compost to a disturbed urban soil on turfgrass establishment, growth, and rust severity were assessed in a replicated field study. A blend of two locally available composted biosolids (sewage sludge) was incorporated into a nutrientdeficient subsoil at a rate of 130 m3·ha-1, adding NO3-N, P, and K at 126, 546, and 182 kg·ha-1, respectively, to each compost-amended plot. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and mixture of these two species were seeded into both compost-amended and nonamended plots and observed for 1 year. Turfgrass establishment estimated from visual assessments of percentage cover and growth measured by clipping yields were significantly (P <0.05) enhanced by the incorporation of the composted biosolids. These effects were first observed and most pronounced on plots seeded with perennial ryegrass and were apparent for the duration of the study. The severity of leaf rust caused by Puccinia sp. was significantly (P< 0.05) less on perennial ryegrass seeded on the compost-amended plots. This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential benefits of amending disturbed urban soils with composted biosolids to enhance turfgrass establishment and is the first report of the suppression of a foliar turfgrass disease through the incorporation of compost into soil.
Reprinted from HortsScience OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 25

HortShorts
By Erik A. Draper, James A. Chatfield, and Kenneth D. Cochran Ohio State University Extension • Nursery Landscape and Turf Team

More on the Magnificence of Maples
One of the greatest and most versatile and diverse genera of trees in the northern hemisphere worldwide is Acer, the Latin moniker for maples. This is true not only of Asia and Europe but also for North America and all of Ohio. Already in early March, silver maples (Acer saccharinum) are flowering and sugar maples (Acer saccharum) are awakening for the season as sugary sap courses through its veins, literally to be tapped into by the lucky few managers of the sugar bush.

Lets Take a Closer Look at Maples.
Sugar Maples
Sugar maples are actually not the only maples that produce tappable quantities of sap sugary enough to be boiled down into maple syrup, though they are the most prolific. In some parts of the country and in former times silver maple and even box elder maple (also known as Manitoba maple in Canada) qualified as maple syrup producers. Some native American cultures had their own low carb version of maple syrup, drinking the sap straight from the tree as a cool, refreshing “elixir”, rather than concentrating the sap into syrup by boiling off the water. Just like modern-day dieters, though, they probably made up their carb count in volume by drinking lots and lots of this lower carb version of plant sugar. At any rate, today maple syrup production is a multimillion dollar industry in Ohio and is estimated as a half billion dollar industry in North America. North American natives red (Acer rubrum), silver, and Manitoba maples. Linnaeus later named Acer pensylvanicum, our native striped maple, from samples brought back from America, and in so doing forever misspelled the name of this particular maple common to the Laurel Highlands of Pennsylvania. Maples are wondrous multi-taskers, providing usefulness and beauty, from foliage to form, from flowers to fruits, from forests to furniture. Consider, for example, the many uses of maple. Maples are arguably the most important hardwood in North America. Think of all the wonderful uses of sugar maple alone. Gymnasium and dance floors. Bowling alleys - and bowling pins. Furniture galore. House walls and floors. And in the past, railway ties, whip handles, rifle stocks, bicycle rims. Think of the history of maple use. Take, for example, Virgil’s account in the Aeneid, in which maple is described as being one of the woods used in the Trojan Horse. Or how about this: D.M. Gelderen et. al. note in Maples of the World, that sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) “provides the most famous and distinguished use of maple wood the back, sidewalls, and pegs of violins”. Rocky Mountain maple (A. glabrum) was used by native Americans for snowshoes and tepee pegs; bigleaf maple (A. macrophyllum) for canoe paddles; silver and red maple for arrows. Red maple veneer was used in World War II for the skin of fighter planes. Why, maples were even the spur for the development of a potash industry in colonial North America. An average settler cut down around 6000 maples to clear land for a farm in certain areas. They had to burn it, so voila—potash was a byproduct. And maple syrup has a higher calcium content than milk!

Paleobotanists
Paleobotanists find evidence of maples way back in the fossil record, first in the late Tertiary period, some 70 million years ago. Maples were first “officially” classified in the genus Acer by Linnaeus himself, the ‘father” of the Latin binomial system for classifying organisms, though Linnaeus was not the first botanist to use the term. Acer comes from a Latinized Greek word meaning “sharp”, referring to the pointed lobes of the leaves of many maple species. There are over 200 species of maples described now, many of them of Asiatic origin, but when Linnaeus published his Species Plantarum in 1753, he did not know of many of these and described only nine, including our

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Despite all this, many know maples because of their uses as a landscape and urban forest tree. Maple is certainly a major contributor to Ohio’s nursery industry. For example, the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association notes that: “‘Red Sunset’ red maple is the largest selling shade tree in the United States, with Ohio sales exceeding $10 million annually. ‘Autumn Blaze’ maple, which was introduced and patented by an Ohio nursery, is also a very large-selling tree. Market demand for these trees is based on publications by OSU’s Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center’s scientists showing superior performance in OARDC’s Shade Tree Evaluation Research Project in Secrest Arboretum.” These landscape maples provide the quickest introduction to this wonderful genus of trees. Come to OARDC’s Secrest Arboretum in Wooster and enjoy the wonderful cream and salmon-colored chimeral variegations of Japanese maples (Acer palmatum), the T-shaped curled leaf form of the ‘Naruto’ cultivar of Trident maple (A. buergerianum ‘Naruto’), the extreme telephone pole-like form of ‘Temple’s Upright’ sugar maple (Acer saccharum ‘Temple’s Upright’) or the perfect small tree rounded shape of hedge maple (Acer campestre), not to mention a wider range of more common sugar, red, Norway and black maple cultivars. Enjoy the graceful form of Acer pseudosieboldianum, the Korean maple, the lovely chartreuse-yellow perfect little flower clusters of Norway maple come April, the attractive burgundy red helicopter fruits of Tatarian maple (Acer tataricum) in summer and the end of the season last gasp of the ‘Autumn Flame’ Freeman maple hybrid (Acer rubrum x Acer saccharinum). Finally, if you want to read more about maples, there are a number of excellent books with breathtaking photography. Here are three, available from Timber Press: “Japanese Maples” by J.D. Vertrees, 3rd edition; “Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia, by C.J. van Gelderen and D.M.van Gelderen; and “An Illustrated Guide to Maples” by Antoine Le Hardy De Beaulieu.
OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 27

Member Spotlight Measure of Success
“OTF is the leading source of information for management of green industry problems.” dedication and hard work that it takes to succeed in maintaining a small business and admires anyone “who is successful in small business.” As expected with owning your own business there are challenges. Imler explains that “finding and maintaining good applicators and staying above the service standards” is the most challenging aspect of his career. In addition to his business, Imler has continued to sell his measuring wheel. To date, he has sold over 45,000 wheels. Another aspect of Imler’s career is his association with OTF, which began in 1975. He believes that OTF is important because it supports and protects the industry, and keeps him current on all levels of the green industry. He explains how OTF plays a vital, two-dimensional role in society. On one dimension OTF is “the leading source of information for management of green industry problems, “ and on the other dimension, OTF “adds credibility to corrective actions.” Over the years Imler has learned a great deal and wants to tell newcomers to the field to “maintain high standards, not to compromise business ethics, listen to the customer, and be realistic in your promises.” In addition to his involvement with OTF, he is also a member of PLCAA, the Chamber of Commerce (Grandview Heights/ Marble Cliff), Presidents Advisory Council-Lawn Doctor Inc., and the Board of Zoning Appeals (Grandview Heights). Another aspect of Imler’s lawn care career is his involvement with Ohio Lawn Care Association, which began in 1992. Imler believes that the Lawn Care Association “looks out for lawn care operators and tries to protect and serve small lawn care owners.” He has served as a board member for many years, and is presently the President of Ohio Lawn Care Association. Even though it seems Imler is very busy with his professional life, he balances his career and his personal life with grace. He has spent his free time to design and install a 1200gallon pond with a waterfall in the front yard of his home. He and his wife Patricia, of thirty-one years, have raised three children Kelly, Jill, and Mark. As he has succeeded, so have his children. Imler prides himself on his children’s success. His daughter, Kelly, is a Paramedic at Riverside Hospital, as well as a Fire Fighter for Bloom Township. His other daughter, Jill, is the program director of Wendy’s Gymnastics. And, his son Mark, a sophomore of Grandview High School, is in the Upper Arlington Special Olympics, works at Kroger, and does occasional work for Vorys Sign Company. His wife is the office manager of CLC LABS. When measuring Imler’s success, one can look both to his professional and personal life.

Dennis Imler Franchise owner of Lawn Doctor Arlington-Hilliard and Dublin-Powell-Worthington Owner, Imler Measuring Wheel

rom working a carryout at Big Bear to creating the Imler Measuring Wheel, Dennis Imler has come a long way. Throughout the years, his wife Patricia, his family, and friends, have encouraged his success. Growing up in the Hilltop area of Columbus, Imler wanted to become an architect, but as most people’s aspirations change, so did Imler’s. In 1972, he graduated from Franklin University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration and Industrial Management. Shortly after graduation, Imler began doing industrial sales for the Ross-Willoughby Company. In 1974, while still working for Ross-Willoughby, he developed and manufactured the Imler Measuring Wheel, which ChemLawn Corporation uses to measure lawns. After 16 years at Ross-Willoughby, he switched companies and continued with his industrial sales career at Scallan Supply. In 1990, Imler began working for Artglo Sign Company where he was the sales manager. After selling for other companies for so many years, Imler decided to go into business for himself. In 1991, his lawn care career began with his purchase of a franchise from Lawn Doctor. Today, Imler is Franchise Owner of Lawn Doctor of ArlingtonHilliard and Lawn Doctor of Dublin-Powell-Worthington. With his staff of three technicians and one administrative assistant, he serves over 1,300 customers. His days are filled with sales calls, service calls, evaluations, scheduling applications, and handling receivables and payables. He measures his success on his 13 years of business in the lawn care and landscape industry. He knows the

F

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 28

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OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 29

Message From Your Director of Education

ell, the 2004 growing season is almost upon us. Only Mother Nature really knows what 2004 will bring us. She has already thrown us a few curveballs including deadly hurricanes and floods, frozen saturated soils, large areas of standing water atop frozen soil, ice cover, and a day in the 70°s. Check out Dr. D’s article. Yes, winter injury has already been confirmed. Well, to change the subject, our winter educational meetings went really well. The OTF Conference and Show was very successful with a total attendance of over 4500. The new format appeared to be satisfactory to most. We will be adjusting the 2004 format based on the Conference and Show committee’s recommendations. Please mark December 7-10 on your calendar for the 2004 Ohio Turfgrass Conference and Show. The 2004 OSU Golf Turf Spring Tee-Off Conference was also successful. I would like to have seen more of our OSU alumni there, but I know it takes time to build a new event—like making a fine wine? A key purpose of this OSU/OTF conference, in addition to tee-off educational information, is the establishment over time of a better relationship among past alumni, friends, OSU/ATI students, and the OSU turfgrass team. The ultimate goal is optimizing camaraderie among Buckeyes past, present, and future. The 3-day event will again be programmed for winter 2005. A special thanks to Todd Voss for the concept. The OSU Sports Turf Short Course (March 1-3, 2004 ) was held in the Buckeye Recruiting room in Ohio Stadium. What a great atmosphere that was! We felt Woody’s presence the entire time. Coach Tressel provided opening remarks on Wednesday morning and then spent time posing for photos and signing autographs. It was great to rub elbows with the coach one on one. The key speakers were Dr. Ed McCoy (OSU/OARDC), Dr. Andy McNitt (Penn State), Dr. Gil Landry (Georgia), Dr. Dave Minner (Iowa), and Dr. A. J. Powell (Kentucky). These are the five top sports turf experts in the world. You missed some great stuff if you weren’t there. Pam Sherratt “sports turf woman” did an excellent management job. Thanks Pam. Finally, I leave you with a list of turfgrass-related web sites for your educational browsing and pleasure for 2004. May these sites make your 2004 a little greener. Remember, BYGL ( Buckeye Yard and Garden Line) starts the week of April 5. BYGL is a weekly newsletter publication of the OSU Extension Nursery, Landscape, Turf Team (ENLTT) providing information on timely topics, pest problems, and current hort and turf problems across the entire state. The on-line site is enhanced with links to more information and color photos. The web address is http://www.bygl.html.osu.edu.

W

OTF TurfNews • Vol 66 • No. 2 • 2004 • Page 30

Turfgrass Related Websites for 2004
Turfgrass-Related Web Sites at The Ohio State University
The Ohio State University (main opening page) OhioLine (main fact sheet & bulletins page) Webgarden (plant dictionary & Buckeye Yard & Garden OnLine) C. Wayne Ellett Plant & Pest Diagnostic Clinic Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center (OARDC) Ohio Pesticide Applicator Training Department of Horticulture & Crop Science Superintendent’s Korner Buckeye Sports Turf Program Department of Entomology Entomology Extension School of Natural Resources Department of Plant Pathology Turfgrass Program http://www.osu.edu/index.php http://ohioline.osu.edu http://webgarden.osu.edu http://ppdc.osu.edu http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu http://pested.osu.edu http://hcs.osu.edu http://hcs.osu.edu/sk http://hcs.osu.edu/sportsturf http://iris.biosci.ohio_state.edu/osuent/ http://bugs.osu.edu http://snr.osu.edu/ http://plantpath.osu.edu/ http://ohiostateturf.osu.edu

Government & Professional Organizations
Ohio Department of Agriculture United States Environmental Protection Agency Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Ohio Turfgrass Foundation Ohio Lawn Care Association Lawn Institute Professional Lawn Care Association Ohio Sports Turf Managers Association Sports Turf Managers Association National Turfgrass Evaluation Program http://www.state.oh.us/agr http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/pestlabels http://gcsaa.org http://www.OhioTurfgrass.org http://www.OhioLawnCare.org http://www.lawninstitute.com http://www.plcaa.org http://www.ostma.org http://www.sportsturfmanager.com http://www.ntep.org

Labels & MSDS Sheets
CMDS http://www.cdms.net/manuf/manuf.asp

Yours for a greener turf,
Dr. John R. Street Director of Education
OTF TurfNews • Vol 64 • No. 1 • 2002 • Page 31

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OTF Board of Trustees
Trustees Term Expires 2005 Glen Pottenger Larch Tree Golf Course Trustees Term Expires 2006 Mark Grunkemeyer Buckeye Ecocare Mark Jordan Westfield Companies Country Club Dan Walter City of Blue Ash Golf Course Trustees Term Expires 2007 Joe Enciso Century Equipment Randy Shaver Strategic Turf Systems Todd Voss Double Eagle Golf Club

2004 OTF Officers
President George Furrer Lesco, Inc. Vice President Dr. Chuck Darrah CLC LABS Treasurer Boyd Montgomery Sylvania Recreation Immediate Past President John Mowat Century Equipment Director of Education Dr. John R. Street The Ohio State University Executive Director Kevin Thompson OTF/Offinger Management Co.

OSU Turfgrass Science Team
Dr. Michael J. Boehm The Ohio State University Dept. Plant Pathology Dr. Karl Danneberger The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. & Crop Science Dr. David Gardner The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. & Crop Science Dr. Parwinder Grewal OARDC/OSU Dept. Entomology Dr. Ed McCoy OARDC School of Natural Resources Mr. Joseph W. Rimelspach (Chairman) The Ohio State University Dept. Plant Pathology Ms. Pamela Sherratt The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. & Crop Science Dr. Dave Shetlar The Ohio State University Dept. Entomology Dr. John R. Street The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. & Crop Science Dr. Daniel Voltz The Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute Mr. David A. Willoughby The Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute